scieee AI-readable full text Open interactive document viewer

Metafísica del amor de mujer en Marguerite Duras

Suárez Sánchez, Elena

Full text

0HWDItVLFDGHODPRUGHPXMHUHQ0DUJXHULWH'XUDV 68È5(=6iQFKH](OHQD 8QLYHUVLGDGGH6HYLOOD  0DUJXHULWH'XUDVQDFHDODHVFULWXUDGHVGHODDQJXVWLRVDQHFHVLGDGGHGDUOHXQ VHQWLGRDOPXQGRDVXPLHQGRHOGRORUTXHOHVXSRQHHVWDUYLYD  (VWHGRORUSURFHGHGH GLYHUVDVIXHQWHVVLHQGRODVHQVDFLyQGHGHVDUUDLJRXQDGHODVPiVLPSRUWDQWHV6LKD\ DOJR TXH REVHVLRQD D 'XUDV HV OD GLVWDQFLDHVSLULWXDO TXH ODDOHMD GH ORVGHPiV VHUHV 6HJ~Q HOOD OD VROHGDG SHUVLJXH DO VHU KXPDQR GHVGH VX QDFLPLHQWR SXHV \D HO SDUWR VXSRQH XQ YLROHQWR GHVSHUWDU SDUD HO UHFLpQ QDFLGR DO VHU VHSDUDGR GH VX PHGLR SURWHFWRU (VWH KHFKR PDUFDUi DO QLxR TXH DUUDVWUDUi GH SRU YLGD HVD LQGHIHQVLyQ \ FXULRVDPHQWH WDPELpQ D OD PDGUH TXH WHQGUi FRQFLHQFLD GH FXOSDELOLGDG SRU VHQWLUVH OLEHUDGD GH XQD FDUJD (Q HO FDVR GH 0DUJXHULWH 'XUDV HO PDOHVWDU YLWDO VH DFHQW~D GHQWUR GH VX HQWRUQR IDPLOLDU SDUD HOOD VXVWDQFLDO 'XUDQWH XQ WLHPSR HQ HIHFWR OD MRYHQ0DUJXHULWHOLPLWDVXKRUL]RQWHDODFRQYLYHQFLDFRQVXPDGUH\KHUPDQRVQ~FOHR TXHOHSURFXUDUiVREUHWRGRIUXVWUDFLyQ\VXIULPLHQWR /DHVFULWXUDVHFRQYLHUWHDVtHQYiOYXODGHHVFDSHHQGHVDKRJRGHVXDJUHVLYR LQFRQIRUPLVPR (O UHFKD]R GH WRGR FRQYHQFLRQDOLVPR VH SODVPD HVWLOtVWLFDPHQWH HQ IyUPXODV GH RSRVLFLyQ FRPR DQWtWHVLV FRQWUDGLFFLyQ R[tPRURQ R SDUDGRMD    (O DLVODPLHQWRQRGHVHDGRTXHOHSURFXUDVXSURSLDSHFXOLDULGDGVHWUDQVIRUPDUiHQVROHGDG SURGXFWLYD   /D DFWLYLGDG OLWHUDULD HV DVLPLVPR SDUD HOOD OD VROXFLyQ TXH OD DOHMD GHO VXLFLGLR DO TXH VH YHUtD DERFDGD SRU OR DEVXUGD TXH OH UHVXOWD OD YLGD (VFULELU HV XQ VXFHGiQHRGHODPXHUWH\HVRH[SOLFDORGRORURVRGHOSURFHVR³(FULUHRQFURLWTXHFµHVW IDFLOHF¶HVWOHFRQWUDLUHYRXVOHVDYH]F¶HVWO¶HQIHU  ´  $HVWHUHVSHFWRHVIXQGDPHQWDOODREUDGH'DQLHOOH%DMRPpH0DUJXHULWH'XUDVRXODGRXOHXU(GLWLRQV GH O¶8QLYHUVLWp GH %UX[HOOHV  HQ OD TXH VH DQDOL]D OD GRPLQDQWH GHO GRORU \ WRGDV VXV FDXVDV SUHYDOHFLHQGR HQWUH HOODV OD FRQFLHQFLD GH OD PXHUWH FRPR VHSDUDFLyQ VXSUHPD H LQHOXGLEOH %DMRPpH DILUPDDSURSyVLWRGH'XUDV³6HVWH[WHVSOHXUHURQWWRXVVDQVH[FHSWLRQDXFXQHODPRUWGHO¶pWHUQLWpHW O¶DJRQLHGXGXUDEOH´SiJ  6REUHODLPSUHVLyQWXUEDGRUDTXHSURGXFHQORVHVFULWRVGH'XUDVGLFH&KULVWLDQH%ORW/DEDUUqUH³(OOH LUULWHRXHIIUDLHIDVFLQHRXGpFRQFHUWHHWGDQVWRXVOHVFDVIDLWYLROHQFHFRQWUHWRXWRUGUHHWWRXWHUDLVRQ GRQQDQWjO¶LQVWLQFWVDFKDQFHHWDXGpVRUGUHVDUDLVRQ´0DUJXHULWH'XUDV(GLWLRQVGX6HXLOSiJ   6RQQXPHURVDVVXVDOXVLRQHVDODQHFHVLGDGGHODVROHGDGSDUDVXPHUJLUVHHQODOHFWXUD\ODHVFULWXUD ³2QGRLWSDUWLUVHXOYHUVOHFRQWLQHQWGHODOHFWXUH'pFRXYULUVHXO2SpUHUFHWWHQDLVVDQFHVHXO´/¶$XWUH -RXUQDOQQRYLHPEUH³6¶LOQ¶\DYDLWSDVGHVROLWXGHRQQ¶pFULUDLWSDV´0DUJXHULWH'XUDVj 0RQWUpDOWH[WRV\ FRQYHUVDFLRQHVUHXQLGRVSRU 6X]DQQH/DP\\$QGUp5R\ 4XpEHF(GLWLRQ6SLUDOH SiJ  '85$60DUJXHULWH2HXYUHVFLQpPDWRJUDSKLTXHV(GLFLyQYLGHRJUiILFDFUtWLFD0LQLVWqUHGHV 5HODWLRQVH[WpULHXUHVSiJ (QHVHLQILHUQRGHSDSHOVHGHEDWHQXQRVSHUVRQDMHVHQWUHORVFXDOHVODVPXMHUHV WLHQHQXQDXWpQWLFRSURWDJRQLVPR$XQTXHHQRFDVLRQHV'XUDVVHDUULHVJDDLQWHUSUHWDU HO SHQVDPLHQWR R HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GHO YDUyQ VH SXHGH DILUPDU TXH VX UHIOH[LyQ VLVWHPiWLFD VREUH OD LGHQWLGDG KXPDQD HVWi VXVWHQWDGD SRU XQ UHSHUWRULR GH SXQWRV GH YLVWD \ DFWLWXGHV IHPHQLQRV (Q SULPHU OXJDU SRUTXH DVHJXUD TXH VXV OLEURV VRQ HOOD PLVPDHQVHJXQGROXJDUSRUTXHVXVKHURtQDVOOHYDQHOSHVRGHOUHODWRGHODREUDGH WHDWUR R GHO JXLyQ FLQHPDWRJUiILFR (Q FXDOTXLHU FDVR HVWRV SHUVRQDMHV VRQ PDQLIHVWDFLRQHVGHO\RGHODDXWRUDFRPRHOODSURFODPDLQVLVWHQWHPHQWH  DVXPLHQGRHO SHQVDPLHQWRGH5RXVVHDXGHTXHVyORVHSXHGHKDEODUFRQSURSLHGDGGHODYLGDLQWHULRU GHXQRPLVPR   +D\DGHPiVRWURPRWLYRGHSUHIHUHQFLDSRUORVSHUVRQDMHVIHPHQLQRVTXHHVHO SUHGRPLQLRHQHOORVGHODVHQVLELOLGDG6HJ~Q'XUDVHOKRPEUHWLHQGHDFRQWURODUVXV HPRFLRQHVPLHQWUDVTXHODPXMHUVHDEDQGRQDDHOODVKDFLpQGRVHGHHVWDPDQHUDPiV YXOQHUDEOH /D UDFLRQDOLGDG IHPHQLQD VH VRPHWH D PHQXGR D OD LPDJLQDFLyQ 1DGD SUHYLVRUDVODVPXMHUHVGH'XUDVWLHQHQHQFRP~QVXFDSDFLGDGGHHQWUHJDWRWDOHQXQ PRPHQWR GDGR H LQFOXVR DOJ~Q UDVJR ItVLFR TXH GHQRWD VX FDSDFLGDG VRxDGRUD \ XQD SHFXOLDUFDQGLGH]   'HQWURGHORVSHUVRQDMHVIHPHQLQRVGHVWDFDFRQIXHU]DHOGHODPDGUH  ILJXUD REVHVLYD HQ ODV QRYHODV GXUDVLDQDV VLHPSUH GRWDGD GH YLUWXGHV \ GHIHFWRV FRUUHVSRQGLHQWHVDODPDGUHHQODYLGDUHDO0DULH/HJUDQG\DTXHpVWDSRVHtDVHJ~QOD HVFULWRUDORVDWULEXWRVGHXQJUDQSHUVRQDMHGHQRYHOD(OUDVJRPiVGHVWDFDGRGHVX SHUVRQDOLGDGHUDXQDQVLDGHDSUHQGHUUD\DQDHQODREVHVLyQVHJXLGDGHXQDREVWLQDFLyQ IHUR]HQOOHYDUDFDERODVHPSUHVDVTXHSUR\HFWDED$OJXQRVGDWRVELRJUiILFRVVREUHHOOD SDUHFHQ LPSUHVFLQGLEOHV SDUD HQWHQGHU D OD SHUVRQD \ DO SHUVRQDMH \ VREUH WRGR SDUD H[SOLFDUDOJXQDVUHDFFLRQHVGHVXKLMD3URIHVRUDGH(VFXHOD1RUPDOSLGHVHUGHVWLQDGD D OD ,QGRFKLQD IUDQFHVD DGRQGH PDUFKD VROD D SHVDU GH HVWDU FDVDGD HQ )UDQFLD (Q ,QGRFKLQDFRQRFHUiDOTXHVHUiVXVHJXQGRPDULGRWUDVHQYLXGDUGHOSULPHUR/DSDUHMD WHQGUiWUHVKLMRVSRUHOPD\RUGHORVFXDOHVVHQWLUiODPDGUHXQDLQMXVWD\GHVPHGLGD  (QHVWHVHQWLGR'XUDVSDUHFHWHQHUFRQFLHQFLDGHFRPSDUWLUGHWHUPLQDGRVUDVJRVGHSHUVRQDOLGDGFRQVXV KHURtQDV SRU HO KHFKR GH SHUWHQHFHU DO PLVPR VH[R DVXPLHQGR OD QDWXUDOH]D IHPHQLQD FRPR UDVJR GLIHUHQFLDGRUDWHPSRUDO³-pFULVVXUOHVIHPPHVSRXUpFULUHVXUPRLVXUPRLVHXOHjWUDYHUVOHVVLqFOHV´ 0DUJXHULWH'XUDV/D9LHPDWpULHOOH32/SiJ  ³-HSDUOHWRXMRXUVGHPRLYRXVVDYH]-HQHPHPrOHUDLVSDVGHSDUOHUGHVDXWUHV-HSDUOHGHFHTXHMH FRQQDLV´0DUJXHULWH'XUDVj0RQWUpDO2SFLWSiJ   'H HOODV GLFH³(OOHVRQWWRXWHVOHV\HX[ FODLUV (OOHVVRQWRXWHV LPSUXGHQWHV LPSUpYR\DQWHV 7RXWHV HOOHVIRQWOHPDOKHXUGHOHXUYLH´/D9LHPDWpULHOOH2SFLWSiJ  (QFRQWUDSRVLFLyQDOSHUVRQDMHGHOSDGUHVLHPSUHPXHUWRRDXVHQWHHQVXVREUDV SUHGLOHFFLyQ )DOOHFLGR HO SDGUH GH 0DUJXHULWH 'XUDV FXDQGR HOOD VyOR FXHQWD FXDWUR DxRV OD PDGUH SHUPDQHFH HQ $VLD PDQWHQLHQGR D VXV KLMRV \ SDVDQGR SHQDOLGDGHV 'HFLGHLQYHUWLUWRGRVVXVDKRUURVHQODFRPSUDGHXQDFRQFHVLyQGHWHUUHQRSDUDSODQWDU DUUR] DO ERUGH GHO 3DFtILFR LQYHUVLyQ TXH UHVXOWD VHU XQ IUDXGH SXHV OD FRVHFKD VH SHUGHUiSRUGRVYHFHVFRQVHFXWLYDVDOVHUDQHJDGDSRUODPDUHD (VWRVWULVWHVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVQDUUDGRVHQ8Q%DUUDJHFRQWUHOH3DFLILTXH \ YHLQWLVLHWH DxRV GHVSXpV HQ /¶(GHQ &LQpPD   VXSRQHQ OD UXLQD WRWDO \ SURYRFDQ XQ JUDYH GHVHTXLOLEULR HQ OD PHQWH GH OD PDGUH TXH VH GHVSUHRFXSDUi WRWDO H LQFRPSUHQVLEOHPHQWH GH ORV GRV KLMRV PHQRUHV UHVHUYDQGR XQ DPRU HQIHUPL]R H LQFHVWXRVRSDUDHOSULPRJpQLWR/RVGHVSUHFLDGRVVyORHQFXHQWUDQFRQVXHORHOXQRHQHO RWURFRQYLUWLpQGRVHHQFRPSDxHURVLQVHSDUDEOHVGHMXHJR\SURSLFLDQGRXQDLQWLPLGDG XQFDULxRYLROHQWR\SRVHVLYRTXH0DUJXHULWHDxRUDUiVLHPSUH\VREUHWRGRGHVSXpVGH ODPXHUWHGHHVWHKHUPDQRPHQRU $SHVDUGHTXHODPDGUHOOHJDLQFOXVRDTXHUHUFRPHUFLDUFRQODYLUJLQLGDGGHVX KLMDpVWDVHQWLUiSRUDTXpOODXQDPRUUHVSHWXRVR/DDPDUJXUDGHVHQWLUVHUHOHJDGD\ORV FHORVGHYRUDGRUHVTXHOHSURYRFDODUHODFLyQGHVXPDGUH\VXKHUPDQRPD\RUDOTXH GHVHDLQFOXVRGDUPXHUWH  QROHLPSLGHQVXLQWHJUDFLyQHQODIDPLOLDJUXSRHQHOTXH VXVPLHPEURVVHKLHUHQXQRVDRWURVFRQODSHUILGLDTXHSHUPLWHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRGHORV SXQWRVGpELOHVGHFDGDFXDO   %XHQD SDUWH GH ODV PXMHUHV GH 'XUDV FDUHFHQ GH HVH IHUYRU PDWHUQDO SRU HO WUDEDMR GH HVD FDSDFLGDG GH OXFKD SHUR VREUH WRGR FDUHFHQ GH XQD RFXSDFLyQ SURIHVLRQDO\DTXHDPHQXGRSHUWHQHFHQDXQDFODVHVRFLDOHOHYDGD\VXVPDULGRVODV PDQWLHQHQ$VtXQDSDUHQWH³VSOHHQ´FRQIRUPDODDFWLWXGYLWDOGHHVWDVPXMHUHVTXHQR VRQIHOLFHV$WRUPHQWDGDVWDUGHRWHPSUDQRSRUHO³GROFHIDUQLHQWH´TXHOHVLPSRQHVX GLVSRQLELOLGDG \ VX FDSDFLGDG GH HWHUQD HVSHUD DFDEDQ RSWDQGR SRU XQ HSLFXUHLVPR UHSDUDGRU XQD YH] TXH FRQVLJXHQ VXSHUDU VXV HWDSDV GHSUHVLYDV $XQ WUDWiQGRVH GH   'XUDV QR WLHQH LQFRQYHQLHQWH HQ UHDOL]DU YDULDFLRQHV VREUH HO PLVPR WHPD 1R KD\ TXH ROYLGDU TXH GXUDQWHXQWLHPSRSDUWLFLSyGHOPRYLPLHQWROLWHUDULRGHO1RXYHDX5RPDQTXHSODQWHDEDHQWUHRWUDVFRVDV ODFRQYHQLHQFLDGHXWLOL]DUODSURSLDYLGDUHFXHUGRVRVHQVDFLRQHVFRPR~QLFDPDWHULDWHPiWLFDORTXH SURYRFDEDHOWUDWDPLHQWRGHORVPLVPRVKHFKRVRSHUVRQDMHVGHVGHSHUVSHFWLYDVGLVWLQWDV(VWRRFXUUHQR VyORHQHVWDVREUDVFLWDGDV&RQFUHWDPHQWHHQ/¶$PDQWVHYXHOYHDWUDWDUODUHODFLyQHQWUHHOSHUVRQDMH IHPHQLQRSULQFLSDO\XQMRYHQPLOORQDULRRULHQWDO\DSUHVHQWDGDHQODVHJXQGDGHHVWDVREUDV  ³-HYRXODLVWXHUPRQIUqUHDvQp&¶pWDLWSRXUHQOHYHUGHGHYDQWPDPqUHO¶REMHWGHVRQDPRXUFH ILOVODSXQLUGHO¶DLPHUVLIRUWVLPDO´/¶$PDQW(GLWLRQVGH0LQXLWSiJ  (VWDVHVFDEURVDVUHODFLRQHV VHGHVFULEHQSUHIHUHQWHPHQWHHQ/HV,PSXGHQWV3ORQ\HQ/D9LH WUDQTXLOOH*DOOLPDUG(VXQDPELHQWHUHFXUUHQWHHQRWUDDXWRUDTXHIRUPySDUWHGHOPRYLPLHQWRGHO 1RXYHDX5RPDQDQWHVDOXGLGR1DWKDOLH6DUUDXWH6XQRYHOD0DUWHUHDXJLUDGHIRUPDH[FOXVLYDHQWRUQR DHVHWHPD PXMHUHV QR DFRPRGDGDV OD WHQGHQFLD HV WDPELpQ D OD GHSHQGHQFLD  GHO KRPEUH (Q DPERVFDVRVODQRUPDGHVXVYLGDVSDUHFHODGHXQKHGRQLVPRDFRPRGDWLFLRHQHOTXH VXE\DFHQRREVWDQWHXQVHQWLPLHQWRGHVRUGDUHEHOLyQFRQWUDHOYDFtRGHODH[LVWHQFLD (QODWyQLFDGHODDQWtWHVLVVLVWHPiWLFDGH'XUDVHVWHPDOHVWDUWHUPLQDUiSRUSURYRFDU UHDFFLRQHV TXH VXEOLPHQ HVWD GHSHQGHQFLD 6DFDQGR IXHU]DV GH VX SURSLD GHELOLGDG HVWRV VHUHV QDWXUDOPHQWH SDFtILFRV DFXPXODQ VX HQHUJtD SDUD VREUHSRQHUVH D OD FRQWUDULHGDG\VRUSUHQGHQSRUXQDV~ELWDUHEHOLyQRXQSURIXQGRHVWRLFLVPR (O SULPHU FDVR GH H[WUDxD HPDQFLSDFLyQ IHPHQLQD DSDUHFH HQ /HV ,PSXGHQWV 8QDYLXGDOOHQDGHGHXGDVSUHWHQGHFDVDUDVX~QLFDKLMDKHPEUD0DXGFRQXQ ULFR KHUHGHUR D FDPELRGH OD SURSLHGDGGH XQDV WLHUUDV(QWUH OD PDGUH\ VXV KLMRVD SHVDUGHODGLVFRUGLDSHUPDQHQWH\GHXQDDWPyVIHUDIDPLOLDUYLFLDGDUHLQDORTXH'XUDV OODPDXQDVHFUHWDVROLGDULGDGVHPHMDQWHDODTXHH[LVWtDHQVXYLGDUHDO  /RVGLVWLQWRV FRPSRQHQWHVGHOFODQQRVHDWUHYHQDVHSDUDUVHSHURQRSXHGHQGHMDUGHKDFHUVHGDxR (O WtWXOR GH OD QRYHOD KDFH UHIHUHQFLD QR VyOR D OD YLXGD \ D ORV KLMRV YDURQHV TXH DOLHQWDQVXLQLFLDWLYDPHUFDQWLOLVWDVLQRWDPELpQD0DXGTXHUHVXHOYHPDUFKDUVHDYLYLU FRQ XQ KRPEUH GLVWLQWR DO HOHJLGR SRU VX PDGUH GHMiQGRVH OOHYDU SRU VXV LQVWLQWRV VH[XDOHVFRQODLQWHQFLyQGHLQIULQJLUODPRUDOWUDGLFLRQDOGHOD)UDQFLDGHSURYLQFLDV (VWDSHUPLWtDDORVSDGUHVGLVSRQHUGHVXVKLMDVSDUDFRPHUFLDUFRQHOODVIXHUDQRQR PHQRUHV GH HGDG FRKLELHQGR WRGD LQLFLDWLYD DPRURVD HQ DUDV GH XQ PDWULPRQLR GH FRQYHQLHQFLD 'XUDV SUHVHQWD OD LPSXGLFLD GH 0DXG FRPR XQ DUPD UHLYLQGLFDWLYD GH FDUiFWHUIHPLQLVWD'LVSRQLHQGRGHVXFXHUSRSDUDSURYRFDUHOHVFiQGDOR\ODYHUJHQ]D GHVXIDPLOLDSRUHVFDSDUGHXQKRPEUHDOTXHQRDPDFDHHQORVEUD]RVGHRWURDOTXH WDPSRFR VHUi FDSD] GH DPDU (VWD HPDQFLSDFLyQ OOHYD LPSOtFLWR XQ JUDQ PDOHVWDU LQWHULRUTXHKDUiTXHHODEDQGRQRItVLFRGH0DXGVHFRPSDUHDXQVXLFLGLR /D9LHWUDQTXLOOHUHSLWHDOJXQRVGHORVSUHVXSXHVWRVGH/HV,PSXGHQWVXQ FXDGURUXUDOXQRVWHUUDWHQLHQWHVYHQLGRVDPHQRV\ODYROXQWDGGHODSURWDJRQLVWDGH UHDFFLRQDUFRQWUDODGHFLVLyQGHOJUXSRIDPLOLDU$HOORVVHDxDGHQHODQiOLVLVILORVyILFR GHODYLGD\ODPXHUWHSRUXQDSDUWH\SRURWUDHOSODQWHDPLHQWRGHODOLEHUDFLyQGHOD PXMHUQR\DGHO\XJRIDPLOLDUVLQRGHQWURGHODSDUHMD&RQRFDVLyQGHXQDVYDFDFLRQHV HQ OD SOD\D VROD \ GHVRFXSDGD )UDQFLQH OD SURWDJRQLVWD VH YHUi LQYROXFUDGD HQ XQD VHULH GH KHFKRV TXH OH KDFHQ WRPDU FRQFLHQFLD GH OD LQXWLOLGDG GH LPSOLFDUVH HQ   3DUD 0DUJXHULWH 'XUDV OD IDPLOLD HV XQD LQVWLWXFLyQ PLWLILFDGD \D TXH OD FRPXQLyQ TXH LPSRQH HV FDOGR GH FXOWLYR GH RGLRV GHYDVWDGRUHV ³/D YRFDWLRQ GLUHFWH QDWLYH GH OD IDPLOOH HVW XQH YRFDWLRQ DQLPDOHHIIUD\DQWH2QQ¶HVWSDVGHVWLQpjYLYUHHQVHPEOH´/H1RXYHO2EVHUYDWHXUGHVHSWLHPEUHGH  FXDOTXLHUDFFLyQ5HVROYHUiTXHOD~QLFDSRVWXUDYLWDOOyJLFDHVODLQGLIHUHQFLDUHIOH[LyQ PX\HQODOtQHDGHODRSFLyQGH0HXUVDXOWHQ/¶(WUDQJHU  6HLQLFLDDTXtXQDQXHYD\ SURJUHVLVWDPRUDOGHODPRUHQODTXHODWROHUDQFLDHVODPi[LPDUHJODSHURQRTXHGD FODURVLHVDOLEHUWDGTXHSURSXJQDODPXMHUHVUHVLJQDFLyQ\DFRPRGRDQWHHOGHVDPRU TXHWDUGHRWHPSUDQRPDQLILHVWDQORVKRPEUHVHQ'XUDVRFRQYHQFLPLHQWRVLQFHURGH UHVSHWRDODOLEHUWDGWRWDO (Q 8Q %DUUDJH FRQWUH OH 3DFLILTXH  6X]DQQH FRQVLHQWH HQ PRVWUDUVH GHVQXGDDQWH-RKLMRGHXQPLOORQDULRMDSRQpVFHGLHQGRDODVSUHWHQVLRQHVGHVXPDGUH GH FRQFHUWDU XQD ERGD TXH UHVXHOYD ORV SUREOHPDV HFRQyPLFRV GH WRGD OD IDPLOLD $O GDUVHFXHQWDGHTXHHOSDGUHGH-RQRFRQVHQWLUiQXQFDHVWDXQLyQODPDGUHOHVSURKtEH YHUVH 6X]DQQH KDVWLDGD GH ORV LQWHQWRV GH VX PDGUH GH YHQGHUOD DO PHMRUSRVWRU VH HQWUHJD D XQ WDO $JRVWL TXH OH UHSXJQD (VWH DFWR GHOLEHUDGR GH UHJDODU OD SUHFLDGD YLUJLQLGDGVHSUHVHQWDFRPRXQULWRLQLFLiWLFRGRORURVRSHURQHFHVDULRSDUDDFFHGHUDOD VDOYDFLyQILQDO\DTXHHQHVWDpSRFDODMRYHQGHVIORUDGDGHMDEDGHVHUXQYDORU(VXQD IRUPD GH DILUPDU OD SRVHVLyQ GH Vt PLVPR \ GH OLEHUDUVH VLQ YXHOWD DWUiV GH XQD VHUYLGXPEUHDQFHVWUDO3DUWHGHHVWHDUJXPHQWRVHXWLOL]DUiHQ/¶$PDQWDXQTXH ODUHODFLyQHQWUHORVMyYHQHVHVWiDOJRLGHDOL]DGDDVtFRPRHQ/¶$PDQWGHOD&KLQHGX 1RUG &RQ DOJXQD H[FHSFLyQ FRPR HVWDV ~OWLPDV REUDV FLWDGDV D SDUWLU GH  HO HVSDFLR IDPLOLDU \ OD DGROHVFHQFLD TXHGDUiQ UHOHJDGRV FRPR PDWHULD DUJXPHQWDO SDUD FHGHUWHUUHQRUHVSHFWLYDPHQWHDOPXQGRGHODSDUHMD\DODPDGXUH]/DVKHURtQDVGH/H 0DULQGH*LEUDOWDUQRYHODDOHJyULFDTXHLOXVWUDODWHRUtDIUHXGLDQDGHOGHVHR VRQPXMHUHVTXHQRQHFHVLWDQXQSUHWH[WRSDUDHQWUHJDUVHDVXVDPDQWHV-DFTXHOLQHHV OD FRPSDxHUD GHO QDUUDGRU TXH OD DEDQGRQDUi SRU $QQD XQD PLOORQDULD YLXGD TXH UHFRUUHHOPXQGRHQEXVFDGHXQPDULQHURTXHFRQRFLyXQGtDFRQVROiQGRVHPLHQWUDV WDQWRFRQWRGRKRPEUHGHVXDJUDGR(OPDULQHURHVHOSURWRWLSRGHODYHQWXUHURHUUDQWH\ FRVPRSROLWD TXH UHFKD]D WRGR LQPRYLOLVPR \ SHUVLJXH IHEULOPHQWH HO ULHVJR (V XQ PRGHORGHOLEHUWDGDVHJXLUSDUDHOUHVWRGHORVSHUVRQDMHVTXHSURSRQHODPRUDOGHOD DQWLUXWLQDODDVXQFLyQGHTXHWRGRORKXPDQRHVHItPHUR  (VWDQRYHODGH&DPXVVHSXEOLFDHQ(QHOOD0HXUVDXOWVHDEDQGRQDDODEVXUGRHQXQLPSXOVRGH LQRFHQFLD$SHVDUGHOFKRTXHGHODUD]yQFRQODYLGDFRQGHQDGDDPXHUWH&DPXVPDQWLHQHXQDSRVWXUD GHH[DOWDFLyQ GH ODYLGDSDWHQWHHQ/H0\WKHGH6LV\SKHTXHSXEOLFDHQHVWHPLVPRDxR(QHVWDREUD DILUPD VDFDU GHO DEVXUGR WUHV FRQVHFXHQFLDV UHYXHOWD OLEHUWDG \ SDVLyQ DFWLWXGHV TXH HQFRQWUDPRV HQ 'XUDVDSHVDUGHVXSHVLPLVPRYLWDO (VWD SUHFDULHGDG VH DSOLFD D ODV UHODFLRQHV VH[XDOHV \ D OD YLGD HQ SDUHMD FRQYLUWLpQGRVH HQ XQ FUHGR 1R VH WUDWD VLQ HPEDUJR GH XQD SURFODPDFLyQ GHO DPRU OLEUH VLQR GHO DYLVR GH TXH FXDOTXLHU UHODFLyQ SRU GXUDGHUD TXH SDUH]FD HVWi DPHQD]DGD6HSURSXJQDHQFRQVHFXHQFLDYLYLUHOPRPHQWRUHFKD]DUWRGRSUR\HFWRD ODUJR SOD]R GLODSLGDU ODV HQHUJtDV \ DFFHGHU DO SODFHU LQFOXVR SRU PHGLRV DUWLILFLDOHV FRPRHODOFRKROTXHHQFODYHEDXGHODLULDQDLUUXPSHHQHVWDQRYHODDOLJXDOTXHKDEtD LUUXPSLGR HQ OD YLGD GH 'XUDV SDUD FRQYHUWLUVH HQ XQ ³OHLWPRWLI´ TXH PDUFD HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWRGHORVDPDQWHV\VLPEROL]DODUXSWXUDFRQODPRUDOWUDGLFLRQDO,QFOXVR HQORVPHMRUHVPRPHQWRVGHFRPSHQHWUDFLyQHQWUH$QQD \ HO QDUUDGRU ODSRVLELOLGDG UHPRWD GH TXH HO PDULQHUR DSDUH]FD UHFXHUGD OD IUDJLOLGDG GH OD XQLyQ 3HUR HV SUHFLVDPHQWHDODWLVERGHVXSURSLRILQFXDQGRHODPRUUHVSODQGHFHVHJ~QODHVFULWRUD /HV3HWLWV &KHYDX[GH 7DUTXLQLDDUUHPHWHFRQWUDODLQVWLWXFLyQMXUtGLFD GHOPDWULPRQLRTXHGDSRUVHQWDGDODFRQVHUYDFLyQGHODPRU6LHODPRUHQYHMHFHOD VDOYDFLyQ GH OD SDUHMD HVWi SDUD 'XUDV HQ DVXPLU HVWD GHJUDGDFLyQ   (O PDWULPRQLR HQJHQGUDXQDPRQRWRQtDLQFRPSDWLEOHFRQHODPRU(QHOPHMRUGHORVFDVRVSHUPLWHXQ DIHFWR SURIXQGR TXH QR JDUDQWL]D OD UHQXQFLD D VRxDU FRQ OD SDVLyQ SURKLELGD 7DO GHVPLWLILFDFLyQ GD SDVR D XQD GHIHQVD GH OD YLGD PDWULPRQLDO VHJ~Q XQDV QXHYDV \ VXEYHUVLYDVQRUPDV\DTXHVHDILUPDTXHODSDVLyQQHFHVLWDUHDYLYDUVHSRUHODGXOWHULR (QHVWDREUDVHGDODDSUREDFLyQDXQDFWRGHLQILGHOLGDGFRQ\XJDOIHPHQLQD$O UHLYLQGLFDU HO GHUHFKR \ VRUSUHQGHQWHPHQWHHO GHEHU DOD LQILGHOLGDG WDQWRPDVFXOLQD FRPRIHPHQLQD'XUDVSUHWHQGHUHVWDEOHFHUHQWUHKRPEUH\PXMHUXQDLJXDOGDGQDWXUDO KDFLHQGR REVROHWD OD WHVLV GH TXH OD ILVLRORJtD PDVFXOLQD HV PiV SURFOLYH D OD SURPLVFXLGDG 'HVMRXUQpHVHQWLqUHVGDQVOHVDUEUHVFHOHEUDHOSDJDQLVPRTXHSUHGLFD HO GHUHFKR D GLVSRQHU OLEUHPHQWH GHO SURSLR FXHUSR OOHJDQGR D OD SURVWLWXFLyQ   3URJUHVDQGRHQHOFDPLQRDELHUWRGHGHVHPEDUD]DUVHGHODYLUJLQLGDG'XUDVFXHVWLRQD HOVLVWHPDGHYDORUHVFULVWLDQRVTXHOHLQFXOFDURQHQVXLQIDQFLDKDFLHQGRGHODFDVWLGDG XQD WDUD ,QIOXLGD SRU ODV LGHDV GH *HRUJHV %DWDLOOH D TXLHQ FRQRFLy HQ   VyOR   6H LQLFLD FRQ HVWD REUD XQD VHULH TXH WUDWD VREUH OD HYROXFLyQ GHO DPRU \ HO GHVHR GHQWUR GHO PDWULPRQLR/HV3HWLWV&KHYDX[GH7DUTXLQLD'L[KHXUHVHWGHPLHGXGRLUHQpWp/D0XVLFD6X]DQQD $QGOHU9pUD%D[WHU/D0XVLFDGHX[LqPH  (Q/H%RDXQRGHORVFXDWURUHODWRVFRUWRVTXHFRPSRQHQHVWDREUDVHGHILHQGHORTXH'XUDVOODPD WHPSHUDPHQWRVGHIDWDOLGDGHOGHODVHVLQRRODSURVWLWXWDTXHWLHQHQHQFRP~QQRSUDFWLFDUODPRUDOGHOD KLSRFUHVtD DFHSWD XQD PRUDOGH DGKHVLyQ DOD YLGD TXH FRQOOHYD ODVXSUHVLyQ WRWDO GHGLVWLQFLyQ HQWUHHOELHQ\HOPDO   /H 6TXDUH  \ 0RGHUDWR FDQWDELOH  SUHVHQWDV VHQGDV SDUHMDV HQWUH FODVHVVRFLDOHVPX\GLVWLQWDVTXHSRUPHGLRGHOGLiORJRVHSODQWHDQHODPRU/DQLxHUD GH /H 6TXDUH PDQWLHQH OD HVSHUDQ]D GH HQFRQWUDUOR (O YHQGHGRU TXH FRQRFH HQ XQ SDUTXHSUHGLFDODOLEHUWDG(VWHUHODWRHQIRUPDGHIiEXODFRQGHQDWRGDVODVIRUPDVGH HVSHUDODTXHVHUHFUHDHQHOSDVDGR\ODTXHVDFULILFDHOSUHVHQWHHQSURGHOIXWXUR6H UHFKD]DQ SXHV HO SUR\HFWR \ OD QRVWDOJLD (Q 0RGHUDWR FDQWDELOH GHQWUR GH OD PRQRWRQtDFRWLGLDQDODDFFLyQWUHSLGDQWHYLHQHGHODWUDJHGLD\ODSDVLyQ/DFXHVWLyQ GH VL VH SXHGH PDWDU SRU DPRU SODQWHDGD SRU OD YLVLyQ GH XQ FULPHQ SDVLRQDO LQWHUUXPSHODOtQHDVHUHQDGHODYLGDGHODSURWDJRQLVWD (Q'L[KHXUHVHWGHPLHGXVRLUHQpWp'XUDVDYDQ]DXQSDVRPiVHQOD OLEHUDFLyQLGHROyJLFD]DUDQGHDQGRDOS~EOLFROHFWRUDOLGHDUXQHVFDEURVRWULiQJXOR8Q PDWULPRQLRVXKLMDDGROHVFHQWH\XQDDPLJDGHpVWDKDFHQXQYLDMHD(VSDxDGXUDQWHHO FXDO PDULGR \ DPLJD VH VLHQWHQ DWUDtGRV /D HVSRVD OR DGYLHUWH \ FRQYHQFLGD GH TXH QDGD SXHGH KDFHU SRU GHWHQHU HVWD SDVLyQ UHVXHOYH DFHSWDU \ OR TXH HV PiV GHVFRQFHUWDQWHDOHQWDUHOGHVHRGHORVHQDPRUDGRVTXHOOHJDQDUHDOL]DUHODFWRVH[XDO PX\FHUFDGHGRQGHHOODVHHQFXHQWUD/DHVSRVDVHUHIXJLDHQHODOFRKROGHIRUPDWDQ SDFLHQWHTXHODREUDIXHFDOLILFDGDHQVXpSRFDGHPDVRTXLVWD 0iVTXHHOPDVRTXLVPRORTXH'XUDVSDUHFHTXHUHUGHVWDFDUHVODIDWDOLGDGGHO GHVHR ,PSDUDEOH FXDQGR VXUJH ORHV WDPELpQ HQVX GHVDSDULFLyQ /DSDVLyQ HV FRPR XQDJUDQIXHU]DHOpFWULFDXQ³FRXSGHIRXGUH´HQHOVHQWLGROLWHUDOTXHIRUPDRGHVKDFH SDUHMDVVLQTXHODHOHFFLyQRGHFLVLyQLQGLYLGXDOHVSXHGDQHYLWDUOR6LHOHQJDxDGRHV FRPSUHQVLYR HV SRUTXH HO KHFKR GH TXH HO FyQ\XJH VHD GHVHDGR SRU XQ WHUFHUR FRQVWLWX\HXQHVWtPXORSDUDVXDPRU/DFODQGHVWLQLGDGHQFLHQGHODOODPDGHOGHVHRHQ WRGRV (O HIHFWR EHQHILFLRVR SDUD 'XUDV GH OD DYHQWXUD H[WUDFRQ\XJDO DGTXLHUH XQD QDWXUDOH]DHVSHFXODUHQ/D0XVLFDREUDHQODTXHXQDSDUHMDGHVSXpVGHDxRVGH   'HVGH VX MXYHQWXG 'XUDV VH SODQWHD XQ GHVDFXHUGR FRQ ODV UHJODV PRUDOHV FXOWXUDOHV R VRFLDOHV /D FRQYHUVDFLyQPDQWHQLGDSRUORVDPDQWHVHQ+LURVKLPDPRQDPRXU*DOOLPDUGSiJGHQRWDXQ FLQLVPRTXHSURFHGHGHODVHJXULGDGHQVtPLVPR ³-HVXLVG¶XQHPRUDOLWpGRXWHXVHWXVDLV 4X¶HVWFHTXHWXDSSHOOHVrWUHG¶XQHPRUDOLWpGRXWHXVH" 'RXWHUGHODPRUDOHGHVDXWUHV´ (QOXJDUGHHVDVUHJODVSRQH0DUJXHULWH'XUDVODH[DOWDFLyQGHODLQGLYLGXDOLGDG6HUPRUDOHVVHUXQR PLVPRDXOWUDQ]DGHIRUPDDJUHVLYD\YLROHQWDWDQWRHQODYLGDUHDOFRPRHQOLWHUDWXUD1LHQODXQDQLHQ ODRWUDSXHGHH[LVWLUODREMHWLYLGDG VHSDUDFLyQPDWULPRQLDOVHGDFLWDHQXQKRWHOHOPLVPRGtDHQTXHVHKDUHVXHOWRVX GLYRUFLR$OOtHYRFDQVXYLGDSDVDGDFRQODEHQHYROHQFLDTXHSURFXUDHOWUDQVFXUVRGHO WLHPSR&RQYHQFLGRVGHTXHQRYDQDYROYHUVHDYHUKDEODQFRQWRGDIUDQTXH]D(OOD FRQRFLHQGR ORV HQJDxRV GH VX PDULGR OH IXH LQILHO D VX YH] HQ XQ DFWR GH UHEHOGtD &XDQGRWRGRSDUHFHLUUHYHUVLEOHODPXMHUYDDYROYHUVHDFDVDU\PDUFKDUiD(VWDGRV 8QLGRVVHGHVSLHUWDHQHOORVHOGHVHR\QRH[FOX\HQTXHDOJ~QGtDSXHGDQYLYLUMXQWRV XQDDYHQWXUD 0X\SDUHFLGRHVHOFXDGURGH6X]DQQD$QGOHUREUDWHDWUDOTXHSUHVHQWD XQWULiQJXORDPRURVRGHDOWDEXUJXHVtDHOPDULGRULFR\PXMHULHJRDPDQWHGHVXVKLMRV FRPSUHQVLYRHLQGXOJHQWHFRQWRGRVFRQVHUYDGRUODPXMHUGHVRFXSDGD\ILHOKDVWDTXH GHVHVSHUDGD SRU HO GHVSUHFLR GH TXH HV REMHWR GHFLGH UHEHODUVH HPXODQGR HO FRPSRUWDPLHQWR GH VX PDULGR \ FHGH D OD WHQWDFLyQ VHGXFLGD SRU XQYLYLGRU &XDQGR pVWH FRQILHVD D ODPXMHU TXH VXSURSLR PDULGR OHKD HQFDUJDGR VHGXFLUODWRGR SDUHFH LQGLFDUTXHHODPRUVHGHUUXPED/RVRUSUHQGHQWHHVODDUGLHQWHSURSXHVWDGHODPDQWHGH YLYLUDSDUWLUGHHVHPRPHQWRXQDPRUSHUIHFWRSRULUUHDOL]DEOH 'HQWURGHODSDVLyQOOHYDGDDVXOtPLWHGHODDWUDFFLyQSRUHODPRUWRWDOTXHVyOR SXHGH VHU HO LPSRVLEOH VH GLEXMD QHWDPHQWH HO LQFHVWR 3HUR DVt FRPR SHULyGLFRV DGXOWHULRV VRQ QHFHVDULRV VHJ~Q 'XUDV SDUD UHJHQHUDU OD UHODFLyQ FRQ\XJDO SDUD OLEHUDUVHGHOUHIOHMRDOLHQDQWHGHODILGHOLGDGQRUHFRPLHQGDHODPRULQFHVWXRVRDXQTXH HVWiHQHOIXQGDPHQWRGHWRGDVVXVREVHVLRQHV$OODGRGHODPRUSHUQLFLRVRGHODPDGUH SRUHOKLMRPD\RUHOGH0DUJXHULWHSRUVXRWURKHUPDQRVHH[SOLFLWDHQ$JDWKD /D3OXLHG¶pWp\/¶$PDQWGHOD&KLQHGX1RUG\HQDOJXQDVHQWUHYLVWDV   'XUDVGHILHQGHORSURVFULWRFRPRJDUDQWtDGHDPRUHWHUQRXQDPRUPDOGLWRSHUREODQFR 'HDKtTXHVHEXVTXHDpVWHXQVXVWLWXWLYR   (Q VXPD OD REUD GH 0DUJXHULWH 'XUDV QRV SDUHFH SURSXJQDU XQ DWUHYLGR URPDQWLFLVPR DOLPHQWDGR SRU OD E~VTXHGD GH XQD UHODFLyQ LGHDO /D VH[XDOLGDG HQ Vt PLVPD QR HV VLQyQLPR GH DPRU (O H[FOXVLYR GHVHR HQJHQGUD OD IDVFLQDFLyQ GH OD PXHUWH(Q/D0DODGLHGHODPRUWHOSHUVRQDMHPDVFXOLQRYLYHHODFWRVH[XDO  ³7RXWHPDYLHSHUVRQQHOOHDPRXUHXVHVH[XHOOHDGpSHQGXGHoDGHFHWDPRXUTX¶LO\DYDLWHQWUHOH SHWLWIUqUHHWPRLFHWWHKLVWRLUHGRUWRXDSSDUDvWGDQVOHVOLYUHV´'XMRXUDXOHQGHPDLQFRQYHUVDFLyQFRQ $9HLQVWHLQ)UDQFH&XOWXUHGHPDU]RGH  5HILULpQGRVHDHVWHDPRUSURVFULWRGLFH³,OVV¶DLPHQWLOVVRQWHQVHPEOHGHYDQWFHWWHLQWHUGLFWLRQ,OV V¶DLPHURQWWRXWHOHXUYLH&¶HVWoDFHTXHM¶DSSHOOHOHERQKHXUHWTXLHVWUHFKHUFKpFRQVWDPPHQWHW WRXMRXUVjWUDYHUVOHVWHQWDWLYHVGHWRXVOHVDPDQWV0DUJXHULWH'XUDVj0RQWUpDO2SFLWSiJ  SXURFRPRXQDVHVLQDWR\DTXHODSRVHVLyQItVLFDHVVLHPSUHDJUHVLYDSDUD'XUDVHO SHUVRQDMHIHPHQLQRORYLYHDVXYH]FRPRXQVXLFLGLR /DSDVLyQVyORVHGDFXDQGRHOGHVHRHVHTXLYDOHQWHDODPRU(QHOPRPHQWRHQ TXHODSDVLyQDFUHFLHQWDODLQWHOLJHQFLDVHFUHDODPDJLDHQTXHVHFRQIXQGHQILQDOPHQWH DPRUItVLFR\HVSLULWXDO/DVPXMHUHVGH'XUDVVRQSHUVRQDVIUXVWUDGDVSRUTXHQRVRQ FDSDFHV GH PDQWHQHU HVD PDJLD HQ ORV KRPEUHV TXH SHUVLJXHQ HQ HOODV GHWHUPLQDGDV FXDOLGDGHV³/HVKRPPHVFKH]'XUDVQHFKHUFKHQWTXHOHVIHPPHVVRODLUHVDYLGHVGH SOpQLWXGHHWGHVpUpQLWp´  3UHFLVDPHQWHORTXHQRVRQODVKHURtQDVGH'XUDV'RWDGDV SRU VX FUHDGRUD GH XQD PD\RU FDSDFLGDG GH DPDU TXH ORV KRPEUHV VXV VHQWLPLHQWRV HVWiQFRQGHQDGRVDOIUDFDVR\HOODVDXQDDQXODFLyQGHVtPLVPDVDIXHU]DGHLQKLELUVX FDSDFLGDGGHWHUQXUD  $'/(5/DXUH0DUJXHULWH'XUDV*DOOLPDUGSiJ