Towards a canon of Henry James's writer-hero tales

Re is a de Es udios No eame icanos, n." 5 ( 1997), pp. 9 -19 TOWARDS A CANON OF HENRY ]AMES'S WRITER-HERO TALES JoSÉ ANTONIO ÁLVAREZ AMORÓS Uni e sidad de La Comña C i icism on James's sho ic ion cons an ly e e s, unde one label o an o he , o a g oup o s o ies whose common ea u e is he p esence o an a is gene ally cas in a e y p ominen ole wi hin he na a ed wo ld. Among many simila denomina ions, hese wo ks ha e been called «S o ies o w i e s and a is s» (Ma híessen), «sho e ic ion [ o ] w i e s and a is s» (McElde y 120), o «a is ales» (Wi h-Neshe 118); ye , when he a is in ques ion is speci ically a man o le e s, he na a i es in which he appea s a e mo e accu a ely e ned «W i c -he o [ ales]» (Chapman 4) o e en «li e a y' ales,» i we eso o he exp ession James himsel used in his no ebooks.1 Such a weal h o equi alen ph ases, howe e , ends o conceal he un o una e absence o any easoned a emp a es ablishing which o James's s o ies can be ac ually conside ed w i e -he o ales and which o hem do no belong o a ca ego y whose limi s and composi ion appea o be app ehended by c i ics only in in ui i e as hi on. An hologies, o ins ance, seldom ha e iden ical con en s. Ma hiessen 's S o ies o W i e s and A is s includes na a i es le ou by Ke mode 's « The Figu e in he Ca pe » and O he S o ies and ice e sa. E en James's own selec ion o «'li e a y' ales» o olumes 15 a nd 16 o he New Yo k edi ion o his na a i e wo ks seems lag an ly incomplc c. These disc epancies could be explained by a combina ion o comme cial ac and a is ic judgemen on he edi o s' pa , bu i is di icul o de e mine he p opo ion in which hese wo c i e ia weighed wi h Ma hiessen, Ke mode and James himsel as hey made hei espec i e choices. The same p oblem occu s in c i ica! wo ks such as Sa a S. Chapman's o he wise excellen monog aph on Jam es's w i e -he o ales; o my mind he selec ion o he na a i es is somewha incohe en , since she includes «The Abasemen 1. The Comple e No ehooks o Hen y Jam es 154; he nc e o h c i ed in he ex as CN. 10 José An onio Ál a e: Amo ós o he No hmo es» (1900), whi ch could no e e n coun as a bo de -line case, while omi ing « Th c P i a e Li e» (1892) and «The Vel e Glo e» (1900 ) bo h o which a e undeniably s o ies o li e a y li e. Co nside in g hi s la ck o p ecision, i seems pe inen o asce ain he ex en o which hi s g oup o na a i e wo ks enjoys so ne kind o di e en ial s a us wi h in James 's p oduc ion, and h en decide on he inclusion o exclusion o i nd i idual slo ies. O cou se, we could al so pu his p ocess in e ms o c ea ing a en a i e cano n o James's w i e - he o ales. Th e me hod 1 wi ll ollow has no hing o iginal abou i a nd combines induc i e and deduc i e ea u es. Fi s , a gene al ule will ha e o be o mula ed, and hen h e c i c ia de i cd om his ule wi ll be applied o James 's sho ic ion in o de o ind ou which o his wo ks quali y as ales o li e a y li e and wlüch o hem a e loca ed ou side, o on he pe iphe y o , his canon. To se up his ule, 1 p opose o d aw on w o sou ces: i s , on he au ho ial s a emen s indica i e o James 's in en ions, second, on he sc n iny o he s o ies hemsel es -a nd pa icula ly o hose which h a e been ecei ed as undoub ed cases- in o de o abs ac hei dis inc i e ca u es and see i hey ecu in he es o hi s p oduc io n. This p ocedu e will ena ble us o de e mine whe h e hcse w i e -he o na a i es a e a spcci ic subse o James's sho ic ion and which o h em eally belong he e. The wo main sou ces o James 's opinions abou his own wo ks a e hi s no ebooks and his p e ac es , which espec i e) y ca y obse a ions made he o e he ac and a e he ac o a is ic c e a ion . In he no eb oo k en y o 13 h Feb ua y, 18 96 , in w hi ch he co ll ec e d ma e ial o « Jo hn Del a oy» (1898), Jame s eco ded he unpleasan expe ience o ha ing an essay on Alexand e Dumas ejec ed by an edi o beca use i was no su icien ly « pe sonal» o «cha y.» Bu he poin o his passage is a he he p ecise calego iza ion o his s o y, which shows ha , a he u n o he cen u y, i s au ho was pe ec ly conscio us o wo king owa ds a pa i- cula goal: R. U. Johnson 's le e o me he o he day, e u ning my li le pape on Dumas as shocking o hei p ude y, s ikes me as yielding he ge m o a lo ely li le i onic, sa i i c ale --o he se ies o sma ll hings on he li e and expe i ences o men o le l e s, he g oup o he li le «li e a y» ales. Isn ' he e an exquisi e li le s ubj ec in his se n ence abou hei calc ul a ion ha my a icle on A.D. would ha e been unobjec ionable h ough being me ely pe sonal? (CN 154) E en hou gh he is no explici as o he p ope membc s o his «g o up o he li le 'li e a y' ales,» he iden i ies hem qu i e accu a ely when he s a es ha hei s ubj ec is « he li e and expe iences o men o le e s,» emp hasizing, om a o mal poin o iew, his mo s che i shed condi ion o b e i y, i.e. ha hey all sh ou ld be «small hings.» This de ini ion is conside ably elabo a ed on in his c i ica! p e aces, especia ll y in his p c ace o ol um e 15 whe e he s a es ha Towa ds a Canon o Hen y James 's W i e -He o Tales 11 [ ]hese pieces ha e his in common: ha hey deal all wi h li e a y li e, ga he ing hei mo i e, in each case, om so ne no ed ad en u e, so ne el emba assmen , so ne ex eme p edicamen , o he a is cnamou ed o pe ec ion, idden by his idea o paying o his since i y.2 He e, howe e , pe haps as a consequence o wo king a e he ac and no be o e i , James o e s in o ma ion abou speci ic ales. Fa him, «The Dea h o he Lion» (1894), «The Coxon Fund» (1894) and «The Nex Time» (1895)-i.e. wha he e e s o as [ ]hese pieces» in he abo e passage- a e ali w i e -he o na a i es, he lis being so sho11 and es ic ed because, in he pa icula p e ace om which I quo e, James is ecalling he in i a ion he ecei ed o con ibu e o a li e a y magazine en i led The Yellow Book and lays special emphasis on hose na a i es published he ein. A e dealing a Jeng h wi h h e ci cums ances o his con ibu ion, he also discusses «The Lesson o he Mas e » (1888) and «The Figu e in he Ca pe » (1896), calling hese i e s o ies «my homogeneous g oup» (AN 225) in wha I hold o be a e y cla i ying ges u e. This is a i m s a ing-poin , anyway, and i ecei es suppo om he ac ha James co llec ed mos o his ales o li e a y li e in olumes 15 and 16 o he New Yo k edi ion o his selec ed wo ks, wi h he excep ion o «The Real Righ Thing» ( 1899) and «The S o y in I » (c. 1900) o be ound, espec i ely, in olumes 17 and 18, and «The P i a e Li e,» «John Dela oy,» and «The Vel e Glo e,» which we e al oge he d opped om his edi ion. In olume 16 , howe e , apa om unmis akable ins ances o w i e -he o ales, he e a e se e a! na a i es -« The T ee o Knowledge» (1900) ami «The Abasemen o he No hmo es,» among o he s- ha do no seem o quali y as such acco ding o he c i e ia se up below. The second sou ce o be apped is ha o he s o ies hemsel es and, by ocusing on bo h hei he na ic and o mal aspec s, one can e ine and ampli y James's own commen s and make hem se e as a disc imina ing g id o ix a canon. Thema ically, we can dis inguish wo le els o abs ac ion in analyzing he subjec ma e o James's ales. One o hese le e Is is ackled by Tz e an Todo o in his celeb a ed essay on his opic, whe e he makes bold o s a e ha ali o James 's ales dc elop « he ques o an absolu e and absen cause» (74), which, in he pa icula ci cums ance o his w i e - he o ales, is he li e a y wo k i sel . This absence se s he cha ac e s on a sea ch ha , cha ac e is ically enough, is ne e ully esol ed ei he o hemsel es o o he eadc , he pa adigm o his inde e mina ion being, o cou se, «The Figu e in he Ca pe .» Todo o 's hema ic educ ion o he Jamesian ales is eminiscen o he a emp s a a uni e sal «na a i c g amma » he ca ied ou in he la e six ies wi hin hc amewo k o li c a y s uc u alism in o de o de ise his G ammai e du Décamé on. The p oblem 2. The A o he No el: C i ica/ P e aces by Hen y lam es 220-21; hence o h ci ed in he ex as AN. 12 José Amonio Ál a ez Amo ós wi h his me hod is ob iously i s high le e! o abs ac ion which e y nuch hinde s my pu posc he e, i.e. o ind ou ways o dij e en ia ing Ja nes's w i e -hc o ales om he es o his ales, no o see in wha espec s hey a e alike o , s i ll less, o p opose a hcma ic co e capable o comp ising hem al i. The e ha e been se e al a Le np s o na ne he basic hema ic componen s o James 's li e a y p oduc ion a a mo e speci ic le e! han ha o Todo o 's desc ip ion, and, apa o n he in ema ional heme and hc heme o he pil g im in sea ch o socie y, i is gene ally ag eed ha he heme o he a is in con lic wi h socie y ea u es in a la ge p opo ion o his wo ks. James 's w i e -he o a les a e cha ac e ized p ecisely by he p esence o he li e a y a is in a p o ninen posi ion, a ac which im nedia ely in okes me ali e a y opics, as well as a po en ial con usi on o ealms be ween he wo k in hand and he wo k o wo ks ha , almos ine i ably, a e alked abou wi h in he ic ional wo ld. ·1 Bu he p esence o he lile a y a is in hese ales is no jubilan ; a he , i seems bese by di icul ies -mainly , hough no exclusi ely, inancial and o public app ecia ion- ha lead James o allude o « he oubled a is ic consciousness» (AN 221) and o con on he «beau i ul alen s he exe cisc o which ye isn ' luc a i e» wi h «O he alen s ha lea e any ine app ecia ion mys i ied and gaping» being, n e e11he less, «a sou ce o as pecunia y p o i » (AN 226). The maladjus nen o he Jamesian w i e o he modes o p oduc ion o a philis ine capi alis socie y o , in o he wo ds, he «powe o wea l h and h e pow e lessness o he w i e -a is ... cha ac e is ically impo en be o e success ul ma e ialis s» is doub lessly he cen al subjec o hese w i e -he o ales (Chapman 5). I is no su p ising, howe e , ha his cen al subjec , being abou w i e s and hei p edicamen s, s hould be deeply oo ed in a pa icula s age o James 's li e. The au obiog aphical impo o hese ales is no uni e sally accep ed. The e a e c i ics such as B ooke K. Ho a h who belie es ha no aspec o James 's li e bo e any likcness o ha o his ic ional w i e s -Ambi en , S . Geo ge, Sal am, Pa aday, Limbe , Ye eke , e c .- and, al hough «James's li e and p í a e con cssions . .. amply a es o pe iods o ailu e, sel -doub , and us a ion ... James is unlike his ic i e colleagues, a nd he p esu np ions unde lying hei ailu e a e no his.»4 No p oo , howe e , is adduced o suppo his claim, and, in i s absence, I would a he um o a c ucial agmen co n ained in James's p e ace o ol ume 15 o he New Yo k edi ion, in which hediscusses he o igin o he données o he w i e -he o ales composed o The Yellow Book: ... whe eas any anecdo e abou li e pu e and simple, as i we e, p oceeds almos! as a ma le o cou se om so ne good jog o ond ancy's elbow, so ne pencill ed 3. Fo a discussion o he me ali e a y issue in « The Au ho o Be/ a io» (1884), see Law ence R. Scheh , «' The Au ho o Bel a io' as Theo y.» 4. Ho a h 106. O he c i ics do no sha e Ho a h 's assump ions and suppo he au obiog aphical weigh o James 's w i e -he o ales; see, o ins ance, Vaid 62 and Wegelin 639-40. Towa ds a Canon o Hen y Jamcs's W i e -He o Tales 13 no e on somebody clse 's case, so he ma e ial o any pic u e o pe sonal s a es so speci ically complica ed as hose o my hapless iends in he p esen olume will ha e been d awn p eponde an ly ji-om lze dep hs o he designe 's own mind. ( AN 221, my i alics) Two di e en aspec s o he c ea i e p ocess a e ouched upon he e. On he o ne hand, James h ows in o elie he ole o ancy in he disco e y o a sui able «anecdo c abou li e pu e and simple»; on hc o he , he d aws a en ion o he ac ha he «Co nplica ion» o pic u ing adequa ely hc pligh o his ic ional w i e s cqui cs his d awing on « he dep hs o he designe 's own mind,» ha is, so ne suppo o n pe so- nal expe icnce ha ancy alone seems incapable o p o iding. This is qui e a weigh y s a emen in se ling he ques ion o au obiog aphy, bu , in addi ion o his, James is no a ali eluc an o ell us in his no ebooks which cha ac e akes his own pa in a spcci ic na a i e and wha ai s o his pe sonali y a e a ibu ed o his cha ac e . When commen ing on he ini ial plan o «The Figu e in hc Ca pel,» he w i es: The young man, he 2d [sic] young man (my iend), does oo -a nd i is his o men , his wony, his s udy o he p e y books, ha l pe haps mainly cp escn . I ha e gi en hem up - he game isn ' wo h he candle. l 's ali abad joke anda mys i ica ion: ha 's he g ound I ake .. . Say I ake he g ound o ou he o's madness, o me e pe sis en pleasan y amoun ing almos o madness -a nd ha i is he who ake[s] he side o he ou igh beau y and sani y o he wo k ... I'm no , I don' ca e, I cling o my ulga explana ion ... (CN 137-38) Passages o his kind do no p o e, o cou se, he exis ence o au obiog aphy in James's w i e -he o ales, since he i s pe son p onoun migh well be a me e de ice used by he au ho o adop he cha ac e pe spec i e momen a ily and check i his de elopmcn o he s o y's ini ial idea is consis en!. Bu , aken in combina ion wi h James's s a emen abou he ole played by « he dep hs o he designe 's mind» in he concep ion o he données o hese ales and wi h so ne conc e e ac s om his li e a he end o he nine een h ccn u y, he au obiog ap hi ca l hypo hesis gains conside able s cng h. Acco ding o Leon Edel, in o abou 1889 James «was se iously e-examining his p o essional and inancia! ca een> ([363]). In he p e ious i e yea s he had wo ked a a an ic pace, bu had ob ained no p opo ional success in e ms o oyal ies. James, like o he no elis s such as James Joyce, u ned o he d ama ic ca ee as a possibili y o lea ing behind his in e e a e inancia! di icul ies. A h e end o he eigh ies, James enjoyed a ema kable epu a ion as a no elis , essayis and e iewe among c i ics and he enligh ened eading public, bu his income was compa a i ely low, because he was no a ali popula . His i s a emp o make a d ama ic epu a ion a himsel was he adap a ion o his no el The Ame ican ( 18 77) a h e s age. Wi h he esul ing pl ay, he 14 José An onio Ál a ez Amo ós achie ed a mode a e success in Sou hpo n ea Li e pool on 3 d Janua y, 1889. Bu , o his ho o , he was soon o ea lize «how a p o incial su ccess is con ined o he p o inces.» ~ A e s uggling o ou yea s agains a public who did no enjoy his in e ll ec ual sub l e ies, James su c ed a g ea disappoin men ha b ough hi s d ama ic ca ee oan end, when his play Cuy Dom ille was booed and hissed by an unapp ecia i e London audience on 5 h Janua y, 1895. I is no di icul o ealize ha «James 's discou agemen migh ha e con ibu ed o his b oade sy npa hies wi h he pligh o his w i e colleagues» (Chapman 21), and his in e p e a ion scems e en mo e plausible i we conside he publica ion da e o his w i e -he o na a i es concemed wi h he depic ion o he ca e u l and conscien ious a is in con lic wi h he lowb ow public. His h ee ales publis hed in The Yellow Book -«The Dea h o he Lion ,» «The Coxon Fund,» and «The Nex Time»- <leal wi h di e en modula ions o his heme, da ing, as we al eady know, om his hea ical yea s. Ap a e om hese, one could also poin ou «G e ille Fane» (1892) and « The Middle Yea s» ( 1893), as well as he la e «John Dela oy» a nd «B oken Wings» (1900). The heme o he i so la ion o he li e a y a is om he gene al public ea u es in ali his ales, bu i is pa icula ly no iceable in hose jus men ioned. F om a o mal pe spec i e, he e a e wo c i e ia ha can con ibu e o se ing limi s o James 's ales o li e a y li e: i s , he physical dimensions o he wo ks; second, wha Seymou Cha man ca lls he s uc u e o na a i e ansmission, i.e. he p esence o in e na] na a o s and/o ocalize s who, in one way o ano he , condi ion he meaning- making p ocess. The i s o hese c i e ia ob iously disquali ies he no els (e.g. The Ambassado s o The Sac ed Foun ) a nd he no ellas (e.g. The Aspe n Pape s) as membe s o his class. Bu his is no an o iose dis inc ion, since we e y well know he impo ance James a ached o he size o a na a i e wo k in co espondence wi h he kind o heme i con ained. In he p e ace o «The Au ho o Bel a io,» he discusses - wi h e e ence o he o ganic g ow h o he li e a y wo k- he p oblems o a is ic comp ession encoun e ed by w i e s when edi o s se s ingen wo d limi s unde he p essu e o p oduc ion cos s. In he cou se o his discussion, he es ablishes a dicho omy be ween he concep s o anecdo al heme and dei•elopmen al heme (AN 232-35) and, wi h hei aid, he e iews so ne o his wo ks, analyzing he co espondence be ween he ki nd o heme he adop s and he esul ing leng h. Fo ins an ce , when dealing wi h «G e ille Fane,» he explains ha « he subjec ... is 'de elopmen al' enough, while he o n has o make he anecdo ic concession» (AN 234). Ne e heless, ins ead o ueing his inadequacy, he is sa is ied wi h i and inds easons o boas abo u he pe ec hannony o he inished p oduc .6 ln his case, his sou ce o p ide lies in he ac ha «G e ille 5. Le e o his b o he William, q d. in Edel 367. 6. In spi e o his o ganicis p o es a ions, Jam es was a mechanis by his me hod o composi ion. Ins ead o abho ing any ci cums ance ha could p e en he ull g ow h o a Towa ds a Canon o Hen y James's W í e -He o Tales 15 Fane» is a ela i ely sho ale, in which he manages o squeeze, by a consis en o esho ening o he subjec , he biog aphy o a pleasan popula no elis and he child en 's unbelie able callousness owa ds he . Mo e impo an han he me e physical dimensions o hese wo ks is he sub le y o hei na a i e s uc u c. The s anda d w i e -he o ale is endowed wi h a i s -pe son ma ginal na a o -wi ness placed on he edge o he ep esen ed wo ld and enjoying a ious deg ees o plo signi icance acco ding o di e en c i ica! opinions. Fo Yaid, hese na a o s «a e p ima ily a ia ions o a na a i e me hod, no ully de elop ed cha ac e s in hei own igh » (61 ), whe eas o Macnaugh on hey a e c ucial elemen s o he ic ional wo ld an d bea decisi ely on i s ep esen a ion. Ful illing he double ole o speake s and obse e s, hey con ibu e o he gene a ion o a Bakh inian su plus o seeing h a ela i izes eali y by b idging he gap be ween he inne sel and he ou e wo ld (C aige 19-20, 30), which causes mos o James 's w í e -he o na a i es o exhibi a al e ing, insecu e one.7 In consonance wi h he «li e a y» se ing o hese ales, he ole o he ma ginal na a o is embodied by w i e s o c i ics and, al hough his ac should acco d hem inc eased powe s o disc imina ion and pe cep ion, hey a e usually gullible and un eliable. The o egoing discussion o hema ic and o mal c i e ia leads me o o mula e a ule whose applica ion will yield a se o ales in h e o m o a s uc u ed canon, i.e. wi h wo ks placed a i s co e, on i s pe iphe y and, inally, ou side he canon, hough pe haps closely ela ed o i by o mal o hema ic aspec s. The i s c i e ion o be applied will be he p esence in he ale o a li e a y a is in con lic wi h socie y due o he gene al misunde s anding o his a is y o o he inancia! di icul ies ha a ise om such misunde s anding. This is ob iously a hema ic c i e ion and one which can be de i ed om au ho ial s a emen s (signally AN 220-21) o au ho ial expe ienc es ou side he e alm o ic ion. Technical in na u e, he second c i e ion lies in he p esence o wha I ha e called a i s -pe son ma ginal na a o -wi ness, i.e. a na a o whose pa icipa ion in he de elopmen o he plo is gene ally es ic ed o he ole o obse e o ansi i e cen e, wi h he possibili y o his mind becoming g adually he objec o he na a i on ( o he concep o ans i i e cen e see Al a ez Amo ós, «James, Lubbock, a nd Beyond» 50-51 ). O he mina c i e ia a e, o ins ance, he ole o au obiog aphy in de elopmen al heme, he che ishes he imposi ion o obs acles ha may allow him o show o his mas e y: « Th e me i o he hing is in he ea , once mo e, o he ans us ion; he ecep acle (o o m) being so exiguous, he b e i y imposed so g ea . I unde ook he b e i y, so o en unde aken on a like scale be o e, and again a i ed a i by he innume able epea ed chemical educ ions and condensa ions ha end o make o h e e y sho s o y, as I isk again no ing, one o he cos lies , e en i , like he ha d, shining sonne , one o he mos indes uc ible, o ms o composi ion in gene al use» (AN 239-40). Fo a ul! discussion o his ques ion, see my essay «Hen y James's 'O ganic Fo m' and Classical Rhe o ic.» 7. «G e ille Fane» is an ob ious ex cep ion o his ule. 18 José Am onio Á/ '{/ e: A mo ós on he o malis ic heme o «The Dea h o he Lion» and «John Dela oy,» acco ding o which wha eally ma c s is an au ho 's wo k and no hc pu ely human side o his pe sonali y. The ou een ales named and discussed abo e onn, in my iew, he canon o Hen y James 's w i e -he o na a i es; ye , one could also men ion o he s o ies si ua ed ou side his canon bu dea ly ela ed o i . «The Abasemen o he No1 hmo es» p esen s wo habi ual le e -w i e s, John No hmo e and Wa en Hope. Bu none o hem appca s asan au ho o ic ional wo ks, and he e e ence o he ac ha No hmo e «had madc li e a u e» ( «The Abasemen o he No hmo cs» Comple e Tales 11: 111) jus akes on i onic o e ones when ead in he con ex o he es o his achie emen s: «He had made poli ics, he had made li e a u e, he had made land, he had made abad manne and a g ea many mis akes, he had made a gaun , oolish wi e, wo ex a agan sons and ou awkwa d daugh e s -he had made e c y hing ... » («The Abasemen o lhe No hmo es» Comple e Tales 11: 111 ). Besides, he wo d «li e a u e» seems o be used he e in he adi ional sense o «w i en wo ks» o wha e e ype, and his is con i med by No hmo e 's desc ip ion- om his wi e 's pe spec i e- as a genius «in economics, in he highc poli ics, in philosophic his o y» ( «The Abasemen o he No hmo es» Comple e Tales 11:116). Fu he e idence ha his is no a w i e -he o ale lies in i s adical depa u e om he s ipula ed condi ions, such as he p esence o a li e a y a is in con lic wi h socie y and o a i s -pe son na a o -wi ness: on he one hand, i is di icul o e e o Nonhmo e and Hope as li e a y a is s, Je alone o see hem in any kind o con lic wi h socie y; on he o he , he ale is ela ed by an au ho i a i e hi d- pc son na a o lea ing no oom o unce ain y o ela i ism. «The S o y in l ,» o i s pa , is a cu ious case, since il could be depic ed as a ale o li e a y li e, bu no as a w i e -he o ale. Hi he o, bo h exp essions ha e been conside ed synonymous, o all s o ies o li e a y li e u n ound he igu e o a g ea w i e who plays he mo e o less clea ole o he o o p o agonis . Bu in his ale cha ac e s simply pose as ama eu c i ics and discuss F cnch no els in compa ison wi h Anglo-Ame ican ones wi hou he leas e e ence o any pa icula au ho loca ed in he ic ional wo ld. O he Jamesian s o ies deal wi h non-li e a y a is s such as sculp o s ( «The T ce o Knowledge») o pain e s ( «T he Real Thing» [1892] and «The Tone o Time» [ 1903]). Fo his eason, hey ha e no been analyscd he c, bu i should be no ed ha many o hem -«The Real Thing» being a case in poin -display, and elabo a c on, he same hemes as hose ea ed by James in he s o ies p esen ed and examined in his essay. 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