The promise of success: postwar white southem fictional approach to urban America

Re is a de Es udios No eame icanos, n! 4 (1996), pp. 193 -201 THE PROMISE OF SUCCESS: POSTWAR WHITE SOUTHERN FICTIONAL APPROACH TO URBAN AMERICA CARME MANUEL Uni e si a de Valencia An e a o p ospe i y has begun; and he e a e ew in elligen men a Lhe Sou h o-day who will no a once con ess ha i is des ined o be a a b igh e e a han hey ha e e e seen. F ee labo is unlocking he weal h o a os and mines and alling wa e s in a way ha sla e-labo ne e could ha e done. New machine y, new me hods a e b inging in a new day. In he mids o he s i and mo emen o his indus ial e olu ion hese young men a e g owing up. Hope and expec a ion a e in he ai : he s em discipline o po e y goads hem on, and he p omise o g ea success allu es hem. Edi o ial. «Topics o he Time». Cen u y. Oc obe , 188 2. A e he Ci il Wa and he end o he Recons uc ion pe iod, he p e ailing idea h oughou No h and Sou h was ha o na ional econcila ion. Bo h sec ions el ha he ime o s op wa ing «bloody shi s» had inally a i ed o be eplaced by a apid b o he ly eunion. And hen he New Sou h sp ang up in he Sou h. The e m was bom wi h an ambiguous meaning, bu , acco ding o Paul M. Gas on, i be ca me he symbol which exp essed he change o ci iliza ion o he Old Sou h in o anew one (4). I s main suppo e and spokesman was Hen y W. G ady -e di o o he Cons i u ion, he A lan a newspape -, and i s bi h ce i ica e was he speech he p onounced be o e he New England Socie y o New Yo k in 1886, which he i led «The New Sou h». The Sou heme announced ha he Old Sou h o sla e y and secessionism had passed away and had been eplaced by a new Sou h o union and libe y. G ady and he es o he p ophe s o 194 Ca me Manuel his New Sou h «aspi ed o ul ill he Ame ican success s o y in ali i s ami ica ions», because he p og am had ha aim and coun ed, among o he elemen s, on «a e en gospel o union and b o he hood, o acili a e ull accep ance in o he union, and ailo ed i s no ions o bo h indi idual and collec i e success o he dominan Ame ican pa em» (Gas on 84). Besides na ional econcilia ion, ano he o he main slogans o his p ojec elabo a ed by he de ende s o his New Sou h was ha o he ichness and powe o he mode o wo ld which had hei o igin in he cons uc ion o he new ailway ne wo ks, new ac o ies, and no in he co on ields. To en ich he Sou h i was necessa y o de o e hemsel es ully o lay he ounda ions o an indus ialized u ban socie y and o enew old ag icul u a! me hods. Hence, Sou heme s had o u n hei eyes o ad enising p og ams which a ac ed No hem economic capi al and, in G ady's wo ds, « he be e class o immig an s», ha is o say, No hem a me s and labo e s om anglosaxon s ock. When Hen y W. G ady p onounced his amous speech, his No hem audience lis ened o wo ds and expec a ions ha could only be mus ic o hei ea s. The Sou h, no now ep esen ing a polí ica! h ea , became a my hical land o be desc ibed, gloa ed o e , and e en longed o . Fo so ne No hem w i e s i s p ewa ci iliza ion ca ne o embody ali he i ues and ideals ha we e missing in hei No hem socie y, which was apidly su e ing a p ocess o indus ializa ion, and hus ge ing a he and a he om i s o iginal A cadian se ing. On he o he hand, in he age o li e a y magazines and local colo , No hem edi o s did no eally ha e o go o g ea leng hs o coax Sou hem w i e s in o swee ening hei s o ies wi h decayed mansions, ai h ul black e aine s, empo e ished bu highly espec ul ex-con ede a es and plan e s, al! se ed wi h a d op o wo o nos algia o bygone days. Ye , he si ua ion li ed by pos wa Sou hem whi e w i e s is much mo e complex han ha which he common o mula o he school o local colo seems o imply. Caugh in he sub le bu slippe y, and p o oundly isky, web o he poli ical si ua ion a he ime, so ne o hese au ho s spen hei li es ying o econcile opposi e eelings: a con ulsi e a ac ion o wha he No h ep esen ed wi h a pa ssiona e lo e and, abo e all, unde s anding o wha hei egion eally was. The No h s ood o li e a y ame and na ional epu a ion. The Sou h, on he o he hand, mean li e a y isola ion, and insula i y. The li es and li e a y ca ee s o wo appa en ly an i he ical w i e s, Geo ge Wa shing- on Cable and Thomas Nelson Page, bes exempli y his a i ude. And hei inne s uggle is bes d ama ized in wo no els: in Cable's John Ma ch, Sou he ne (1894) and in Page's Go don Kei h (1903). These wo wo ks show he way Cable and Page, spu ed on by he New Sou h' s economic egene a ion p og am, we e conscious ha in hei ic ion hey had o build up he idea ha he plan a ion, as he embodimen o Sou hem an ebellum ideals, wa s no longe ope a i e. In hei despe a e a emp o ca ch up wi h he es o he na ion, hey we e commi ed o c ea ing an al e na i e: a new ic ional u ban Sou he n wo ld The P omi se o Success: Pos wa Whi e Sou he n Fic ional App oach o U ban Ame ica 195 whe e only hose commi ed o indus ial and economic p o spe i y hada place. Bu , a he same im e, hcy used his new locale o p ojec hei pligh as au ho s isola ed om he main s eams o Ame ican li e a y ends. Hence, he he oe s o his new ic ion a e launched in o ini ia ion i es which ake place a he No hem ci y and e um home edeemed, pu i ied, and con e ed o a new c eed which labels hem no as egional Sou heme s, bu as ull Ame icans capable o anscending hei own social and li e a y p o incial limi s. The ask, hen, ha Cable and Page ake on in hese no els is ou s anding. They s a w i ing om he li e a y my h o he Sou hem gen leman and e-elabo a e i in such a way ha hey ans o m i and c ea e a new my h: ha o he en e p ising New Sou he n gen leman, o be e s ill, he Ame icanized pos wa Sou hem ci izen. Bu o achie e hei goal hey eel o ced o s ike a balance be ween e e ence o hei pas and id ealiza ion o he p esen and u u e. I migh be a gued ha hei e o s a e pe haps less ha sh han one would hink because as F. N. Boney claims, « he eally imp essi e hing abou he his o ical Sou hem a is oc acy is he way i has always appea ed o be unique while ac ually swimming in he mains eam o acquisi i e, capi alis ic Ame ican li e»1• Bu he s iking achie emen he e is ha in hei depic ing o his new si ua ion, hey ine i ably aJI again in o he my hmaking ap and de elop a m y h which akes hold o he his o ie eali y in he same way ha he an ebellum a is oc a ic Sou hem gen leman did in p ewa imes. Cable 's J ohn Ma ch, Sou he ne , and Page 's Go don Kei h deal wi h he psychic and in ellec ual ma u ing o hei p o agonis s and hei adap a ion o a new u ban wo ld. Cable is conce ned wi h he p oblem o c ea ing a new Sou h, ole an , in elligen , s ongly uni ied in s a e go e nmen s, and wi h good educa ional acili ies. In o de o makc his poin clea , he w i e o e s in his no el an impo an change om his usual ic ional se ing. I appea s as i he u ban socie y o New O leans and i s pic u esque c eoles we e no he mos app op ia e ins umen s o achie e his goals, and hus he ejec s he wo p incipal elemen s which had p o ided hi s en h onmen inside he Sou hem local colo ic ion. He selec s an a ea si ua ed in he Sou hes o Tennessee and No hem pa o Geo gia because he means he e i o y o be ep e se n a i e and ypical o he en i e Sou h, whe e he mine al esou ces gi e him he oppo unily o b oach, di ec ly, he Sou hem ques ions o indus ializa ion, economic eco e y, and expansion o he pos wa New Sou h2• And his is whe e he se s John Ma ch who will l. F. N. Boney poin s ou ha sla e y was he only di e ence be ween he sec ion, since « in eali y he simila i ies be ween he capi alis ic, expansionis ic, op imis ic, acis land o Dixie and he es o Ame ican we e much mo e s iking han he a ia ions. Ali o e he eme ging Uni ed S a es economic oppo uni y and social mobili y allowed h e excepcional whi e man o ise as high as hi s abili ies (anda li le luck) would ca y him» (229). 2. «The new book was o be Cable's a emp o show he Sou h as i was. no h ough he usual haze o local colo » (Rubín 30). 196 Ca me Manuel change om a s a e o innocence in o a s a e o knowledge, om his childhood in o hi s adul hood. His i s yea s a e imbued wi h he ain o he Old Sou h and hey a e ega ded as a bu d en which he has o discha ge o achie e ull ma u i y and independence. Bu , e en i he is ma ked by a da k he i age, his new Sou heme -as he i le o he no el makes absolu ely clea - , opens up o he na ion, and <loes no emain cooped up wi hin his egional bo de s. In Go don Kei h Page ies o sepa a e he Sou hem he o om his wo ld and o show ha his success in o he geog aphical and social spaces is only possible i h e p o agonis anscends he code o alu es inhe i ed om he an ebellum ci iliza ion. The deg ee o which Page concen a es on he mann e in which co n empo a y Sou heme s b ing hei old code o conduc in o con ac wi h new social p oblems makes he no el a s udy o he new Sou heme and, hence, o hi s change o new mo e s. Con a y o he commonly held opinion ha he no el, se a om Page's adi ional locale o he plan a ion, implies signi ican li e a y de e io a ion in his p oduc ion i inco po a es he w i e 's mos since e and c i ica] ision o his pos wa socie y. Page also abandons his adi ional se ing- he u al plan a ion-and concen a es on desc ibing he change o a small mining own in o a ci y, om Gumbold in o New Leeds, which sp ang « om a ch ysalis o a ull- ledged bu e ly wi h wings un olding in he sun o p ospe i y» (Page 348)4• The Vi ginian needed o place his no el in a locale eeming wi h Ii e and whe e eal angible p oblems could be deal wi h as he plan a ion had become «an idyllic sanc ua y, a kind o sunny Shang i-la, in o which he ca es o he wo ld a ely in uded» (Taylo 150). Likewise, Go don Kei h dis ega ds he code o he gen leman -cen al in o he wo ks by Page- because, as his a he con esses, i ha s dep i ed old Sou heme s o aking pan in he mode o wo ld: «l know no mo e o science, si , han an Indian ... he only sciences l e e hough l knew we e poli ics and wa , and 1 ha e ailed in bo h» (21). Bu no only ha , as F ed Hobson explains, i is «a s o y no so much in h e Sou hem as in he Ame ican g ain -a e elling o he ale, old by w i e s as ea ly as Haw home, o he innocen and hono able yo ung man om lh e coun y coming o he ci y o make hi s o une»; e en mo e basically, «i is he s o y o he pilg im, he knigh o i ue, encoun e ing Vani y Fai and su i ing -bu only a e a s uggle» (151 ). Go don Kei h demons a es ha he is no only capable o adap ing o hc new needs and su i ing in he u hless u ban indus ial socie y bu , mos impo an ly, o being one o 3. Fo Ri c hi e D. Wa son, Gonlon Kei h «bec om es poo e ic ion as i s h e o mo es a h e om his o iginal plan a ion en i onmen » ( 178 ); o Lucinda H. Macke han, Go don Kei h se s o show in he n o e l ha « he h in gs money s ands o a e wo hless when com pa ed o he alues o his egion» (325). 4. Fu h c quo a ions om Page 's Go don Kei h will e e o he edi ion which appea s in hc wo k ci1ed lis and will be iden i ied by page numbe s includ ed in pa en heses in he ex . The P omise o Success: Pos wa Whi e Sou he n Fi c ional App oach o U ban Ame ica 197 i s main p o agonis s and suppo e s. He becomes he pe soni ica ion o wha he New Sou h had o be : hono able, da ing and en e p ising. He accomoda es pe ec ly o he new a de and jus emembe s he old way wi h so ne sligh nos algia. In he p o cess o John Ma ch's and Go don Kei h's ans onna ion in o new Sou heme s hey a e con on ed wi h a numbe o pe ils which hey ha e o dodge as pa o hei mo al con es o p o e ha ma e ial success in an u ban Sou h does no endange hem spi i ually. John Ma ch, encou aged by local leade s and Yankee capi alis s, s a s o exploi hi s lands, ollowing he dic a es o he new c eed. Bu his ums ou o be no an easy ask, because he di he s be ween he eachings o his a he , which a e based on hones y and good manne s eminiscen o he Old Sou h, and he p esen si ua ion, which no only in ol es he na u al p oble ms bu o e co up ion. I , on he one hand, Ma ch eels a ac ed by he p ojec o co llabo a ing wi h his New Sou h; on he o he , he canno help condemning i mo ally. None heless, i is only when he young Sou h eme con ac s he No hem capi alis ha he sees a new pe spec i e: «I 's no becau se h e's a Yankee. I 's simply because h e's in wi h he imes. He knows wha 's go o come and wha 's go o go, and how o help hem do i so's o make hem co un ! He belongs-pshaw-he belongs o a li e wo ld. Now, he e in his sleepy old Dixie» (Cable 199)5. Bu , a he same ime, his p ocess leads him o become conscious o he ac ha he changes announced by he go eming class a e a om being a h ea o he sac ed ounda ions upon which he egion is base d, because, e en hough he Sou h is being shaken by he ímpe us o his new o de , «S ill he old plan a ion slumbe ed on below he le e! o he wo ld 's g ea isen loods o emancipa ions and en anchisemen s whe eon pa y pla on ns , measu es, iumphs, and de ea s only loa ed and eddied, me e d i -logs o a cu en om which hey migh be cas up, bu could no um back» (235). John Ma ch aces a pain ul p ocess o disco e y h oughou he no el. Bu he clash wi h he ac ual mo i a ions ha unde ly his c eed o p og ess <loe s no launch him in o a c u sade o poli ical pu i y. He a he co me s o g ips wi h eali y and inally consen s o associa e wi h he local leade s. Thus, a om becoming a quixo ic cha ac e igh ing agains he gigan ic bu co up ed machine o powe , Ma ch appea s as a ma u e Sou heme ying o make he bes o a bad si ua ion. In his con ex his joumeys o he No h, o look o economic suppo and publicize an immig a ion scheme, a e seen as h e logical s ep in his p ocess o educa ion, o be e , e-educa ion. Simila ly, i is ue ha Go don Kei h de spises he ma e ia lis ic e hic o he Gilded 5. Fu he quo a ions om Cable 's Jolm Ma ch, Sou he ne will e e o h e edi ion which appea s in he wo k ci ed lis and wi ll be iden i i ed by page numbe s included in pa en heses in he e x . 6. Ha ie R. Holman w iles ha «Page's answe o h e New Sou h ... was a e ali no answe , o his young man ... e e ed o he s 11mmum bonum, he old way o li e as i had been Ji ed be o e he wa » ( 167). And Theodo e L. G oss conside s ha «Go don Kei h ... is con in ced ha socie y has bec om e co up because o indus ia li za ion» ( 123 ). 198 Ca me Manu el Age and his has led c i ics o ead he no el as an indic men agains he New Sou h6. Bu , in ac , he c ude ma e ialism in he no el is simply associa ed wi h he No h, i s wi h he dishones p ojec s ca ied ou du ing he Recons uc ion and, a e , wi h he decei ul, hough ashionable, wo ld o New Yo k. Go don Kei h condemns only ho se new capi alis s who manipula e weal h wi hou p oducing i , and who di e signi ican ly om he a i ude o he p o agonis , who i es o boos indus y a home. In ac , hi s joumey No h is no ega ded as a simple ini ia ion ip o he he o , bu as he necessa y nigh ma e o he young Sou hem man who mus adap o o he ways o li e di e en o n hose in which he has been imme sed. « He was alone in he wildemess» (149), says Page o his p o agonis . Hence, when Kei h e ums home he is new man who ha s le his adolescence behind and is imbued wi h he au a o knowledge and expe ience. In ac , his s uggle in ha wo ld has le pe manen ma ks on him: « The mou h had lo s some hing o he smi le ha once lu ked abou i s co ne s ... Expe ience o li e had sobe ed him» (158, 11). Thus, wha he expe imen s is symbolic o he con on a ion be ween he u al Sou h and he indus ialized No h. John Ma ch and Go don Kei h come o e ms wi h he new social si ua ion, and o do his, hey ha e o shake o hei pas he i age, a pack o ideals de i ed om an ex inc ci iliza ion, which has become obsole e in he mode n wo ld. Bu hei accep ance o he new ideology is no au oma ic. They go h ough a kind o con e sion, ull o di icul ies, si nce h ey canno ejec hei pas cul u al and social legacy all o a s udden . In he same way hey ma u e and gain expe ience, hei owns, once lou ishing u al socie ies bu du ing he pos wa su e ing om an economic unde de elopmen , d ecide o emb ace he p og essi e c eed o he New Sou h and endea ou o p ospe by encou aging o eign in es men . Thus, when hey come ace o ace wi h he dep i ed pos wa eali y, hey show ha Sou heme s, hough de ea ed and humilia ed, ha e he mo al s amina o o e come he social, cul u al, and economic obs acles ha sepa a e hem om he la es social ad ances and, na u all y, om success; as well as, wi h hei dynamic and ene ge ic sp i i , o lead hei egion o a new e a o u ban and indus ial splendo . Bu i is no only John Ma ch and Go don Kei h who a e p o-New Sou h men in he no els. Mos o he cha ac e s a e con inced ha his pos wa Sou h, simila like as he Phoenix Bi d, will ise om i s own ashes wi h enewed you h and ene gy o co m- pe e wi h any modem socie y: «The e's enough mine al weal h in Widewood alone o make Suez a Pi sbu g, and wa e -powe enough o make he a Minneapolis, and we ' e going o make he bo h, si !» (139), says a local leade in John Ma ch. Bu his will only be possible i i can coun on No he n economic help and Sou hem mo al an d poli ical suppo . Hence, one o he main ques ions discussed in he no els is he a e mp o a ac No hem capi al in o he egion. «Ali we wan in Dix.i e is capi al» ( 140), s a es a cha ac e Cable's in he no el. «The mine al esou ces we e simply eno mous, and we e lying in sigh o any one o pick up who knew how o deal wi h he people o whom hey belonged» (78), exclaims a No hem capi alis in Page's no el, con inced The P omise o Success: Pos wa Whi e Sou he n Fic ional App oach o U ban Ame ica 199 ha economic and social di icul ies a e no hind ance o hose Sou heme s who, willing o le aside sec ional poli ical ques ions, show an open spi i which makes i possible o eco e pas his o ie glo y and, mos impo an , o jo in he economic p og essi e cu en o po s wa Ame ica. None heless, bo h p o agonis s ha e o ace p oblems a home. John Ma ch is awa e o domes ic co up ion and plans o sel -en ichmen . Bu , his new Sou heme , a om bu ying his head in he sand, decides o <leal wi h ouble alone. And i is his esolu eness and ankness which a e ecognised and p aised o he bene i o h.is socie y, as he is ega ded as a key pe son in he de elopmen o his new s a e o hings. His own becomes amous and he na ion 's eyes um on Dixie, e en hough, «ha dly in ai h », as Cable claims i onically, «ye wi h a ce ain highly comme cial hope and cha i y», since « he ligh ing o e e y new coke u nace, he se ing i e o any local ubbish-heap o dead adi ions, seemed jus hen o No hem longings he blush o a new economic and poli ical dawn o e he whole Sou h» (458). Bu his adical ans o ma ion om a u al socie y in o a indus ial socie y whe e p ospe i y is booming, and « he way he' e slappin' money, b' Jinks, in o imp o emen s and en e p ises - qua ies, oads, b idges, schools, mills- ' would make a Wes e n own's head swim!» (459), has a pe nicious e ec on he he oes o hese no els. John Ma ch and Go don Kei h a e made awa e o he ac ha he p ospe i y desi ed o hei egion by so ne o hei mos socially ou s anding coun y ellows ac ually hides a limi less yeaming o sel -p o i . And ha is he p ice hey ha e o pay o su i e in hese new imes. As Ma ch con esses, «l know ha wi h e en no hing le bu he expe iences, l'm a whole wo ld iche , in hings ha make a eal manhood and li e» ( 481 ). On he o he hand, he a ac ion ha No hem u ban socie y exe s on John Ma ch and Go don Kei h canno o e come he in ense pe sonal qualms ha bo h w i e s ha e abou hei egion. When John Ma ch is asked, «wha is i in he Sou h we Sou hene s !o e so?» (326), he e eals ha «Üu Sou h isn' a ma e o bounda ies, o skies, o Jandscapes ... I 's a ce ain ungeog aphical Sou h-wi hin- he Sou h- as po able and in- angible as-as-'. 'As ou he souls in ou bodies'» (326-327). This is a new John Ma ch b eaking he shell o his sou he ness. Bu he is only capable o e lec ing on bis egion, once he has con on ed he ha sh eali y o li e, ha is he No h. And i is he c whe e his egional backg ound makes him s and ou , and in he same way Thomas Nelson Page's Go don Kei h is no iced because «He's a Sou heme , ha 's plain; anda gen le- man, ha 's jusi as ce ain» (348). John Ma ch's ca ee and he knowledge he acqui es h oughou he social and economic change o bi s egion b ing o mind Cable's own pligh in he Sou h. Thus, when Ma ch eels us a ed because his a emp s o b ing abou his own egene a ion sche ne o his p ope y ails, and he is in i ed o mo e No h and s a business he e, he opens up his hea in a way eminiscen o he way Cable 's eeling had been: «l jus can' go! 1 musn' ! ... You know, his Suez soil isn' some h in g I ca n shake o ny shoes as you migh ... I'm pa o i ! ... My place is he e!» (482-483). Likewise, Go don Kei h 200 Ca me Manuel is emp ed by he dazzling No hem wo ld, bu he decides o e u n home and wo k o he p og ess o his egion. In ac , Kei h comes back o New Leeds, he new u ban and indus ial Sou hem ci y, no o Elphis one, his old amily plan a ion, se ing himsel apa om he pas . This becomes a symbol o he p o agonis emb acing he new Sou hem ci iliza ion and endowing he pas o al en i onmen wi h d eamy ones, as his con e sion o he new Sou hem c eed ep esen s his sole jus i ica ion o del ing in o new age capi alism. Bo h no els, hen,.become he s o ies/his o ies o ali e, he g ow h o a soul in a new wo ld g adually ising, in a e y diso de ly ashion, ou o he w eck o he old. John Ma ch and Go don Kei h, simila ly o hei au ho s, become in ol ed di ec ly wi h he p oblems o hei egion and expe imen con adic o y eelings o a ac ion and ejec ion. A he same ime, hey disco e how deeply hei oo s sink in o hei land and hei belonging o he Sou h makes hem di e en , e en mo ally supe io . Cable's and Page's a i ude in hei wo no els abou he New Sou h -John Ma ch , Sou he ne and Go don Kei h- sha e, hen, impo an common poin s: bo h y o make hei he o he p o o ype o a Sou heme who was able o adap himsel o he imes o he pos wa u ban New Sou h; bo h eel an u ge o in e p e his pe iod o ou side obse e s and jus i y hei way o li e; bo h eel an u ge o in e p e i o Sou he ne s and o hemsel es and, hus, cons ue hei no els as in ospec i e s udies on inne egional p oblems; bo h unde sco e hei new yeaming o belonging o he na ion be aying hei sen se o loss as de ea ed Ame icans in a coun y o plen y; and, inally, in hei cons uc ion o an imagina y li e a y new Sou h, hey ind he only ca ha ical elie o hei psychological us a ion as Sou heme s and as w i e s. Hence, John Ma ch, Sou he ne and Go don Kei h a e mo e hanjus lis s o Sou hem social p oblems and sho comings. They a e Cable's and Page's bold con ession in on o hei egion and he wo ld o wha hey el he «new Sou he ne » had o be and he ype o socie y hey wan ed hei Sou h o become. WORKSCITED BONEY, F. N. «The Sou hem A is oc a .» The Midwes Qua e ly XV (Sp ing 1974): 2 15 -230. CABLE, GEORGE W. John Ma ch, Sou he ne . New Yo k: Cha les Sc ibne ' s Sons, 1894. GASTON, PAUL M. The New Sou h C eed: A S udy in Sou he n My hmaking. New Yo k: Al ed A. Knop , 1970. GROSS, THEODORE. Thomas Ne/son Page. New Yo k: Twayne Publishe s, Inc., 1967. HOBSON, FRED. Tell Abou he Sou h: The Sou he n Rage o Explain. Ba on Rou ge & London: Louisiana S a e U P, 1983. HOLMAN, HARRIET R. The Li e a1y Ca ee o Thomas Nelson Page, 1884-1910. Miami, Flo ida: Field Re sea ch P ojec s, 1978 (diss. 19 48). The P o mi se o Success: Pos wa Whi e Sou he n Fi c ional App oach o U ban Ame ica 201 MACKETHAN, LUCINDA H. «Thomas Nelson Page : The Plan a ion as A cady.» The Vi ginia Qua e ly Re iew LIV (Sp ing 1978): 314-332 . PAGE, THOMAS N. Go don Kei h. New Yo k: Cha les Sc ibne 's Sons, 1906. Vol. I and II. RUBIN, LOUIS D. J . The Fa away Coun y: W i e s o he Mode n Sou h. Sea le: U o Washing on P, 1963. TA YLOR, WILLIAM R. Ca alie and Yankee: The Old Sou h and Ame ican Na iona/ Cha ac e . Camb idge, Mass.: Ha a d U P, 1979. WATSON, RITCHIE D. J . The Ca alie in Vi ginia Fic ion. Ba on Rou ge & London: Louis iana S a e U P, 1985.