Pornography Influence Among Young Students: Adaptation and Validation of Pornography Consumption Inventory into Spanish

Depósito de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla https://idus.us.es/ This is an Accepted Manuscript version of the following article, accepted for publication in Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy: Leon-Larios, F., Saavedra-Macias, F. J., Albar-Marin, M. J., & Gomez-Baya, D. (2019). Pornography Influence Among Young Students: Adaptation and Validation of Pornography Consumption Inventory into Spanish. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 45(7), 652–661. https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623X.2019.1610124 It is deposited under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- NonCommercial-NoDerivatives License http:/creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/, which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. Title page: Pornography influence among young students: adaptation and validation of pornography consumption inventory into Spanish. 1Leon-Larios, Fatima (PhD) 2Saavedra- Macías, Francisco Javier (PhD) 1Albar-Marin, Maria Jesus (PhD) 3Gomez-Baya Diego (PhD) 1. Nursing Department. Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry. University of Seville. C Avenzoar 6, CP 41009. Seville. 2. Experimental Psychology Department. Faculty of Psychology. University of Seville. C/ Camilo José Cela, s/n. 41018-Seville. 3. Department of Social, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universidad de Huelva, Spain. Corresponding author: Saavedra- Macías, Francisco Javier (PhD) Experimental Psychology Department. Faculty of Psychology. University of Seville. C/ Camilo José Cela, s/n. 41018-Seville Fax: 0034 95.455.17.84 Tel: 0034954557690 e-mail: fjsaave[email protected] Cover Page Pornography influence among young students: adaptation and validation of pornography consumption inventory into Spanish. Manuscript Click here to view linked References 2 Abstract This manuscript pretends to adapt and validate PCI (Pornography Consumption Inventory; Reid, 2011) into Spanish in a sample of 211 young students who admitted to consume pornography. They completed a questionnaire that referred to sociodemographic characteristics, sexual behavior and PCI. Results showed a factorial structure of the scale with good data fit, composed of 13 items divided into three dimensions, i.e., emotional avoidance, sexual curiosity, and excitement seeking and sexual pleasure. These factors were positively interrelated and presented excellent internal consistency reliability. The complete scale also showed excellent reliability. Some gender differences were observed, so that men presented higher scores in the three dimensions than women. Thus, the instrument may be used by researchers and clinicians for assessing pornography consumption among young people. Keywords: pornography; inventory; youth; psychometric; sexuality. 3 Introduction Pornography consumption has increased recently worldwide, and its usage is considered accepted widely, being consumed by both women and men (Rosser et al., 2012). Pornography consumption has increasingly emerged across adolescence into young adulthood (Rasmussen, 2016). Young people, on an almost daily basis, have access to Internet. Among those contents that they have access to are pornographic websites and material (Pizzol, 2016). It is common that young people have easy access to Internet pornography at home and on their personal mobile phones (Rothman, 2015). Internet pornography consumption is framed as an ordinary and unproblematic component of their lives (McCormack, 2017). Young people have reported watching it for entertainment, for sexual stimulation, instructional purposes, and to alleviate boredom; to learn new sexual techniques to practice during their own sexual encounters (Rothman, 2015; McCormack, 2017). Young people usually explore their sexuality around their 20s. At this moment, many of them have been involved in sexual intercourse and have engaged with pornography (Willoughby, 2018). A recent narrative review by Koletić (2017) concluded that sexually explicit material has influence on adolescents’ behaviors, cognition and emotional well-being. Previous research has yielded different results about the effects of Internet pornography consumption. Some studies addressed positive effects; among the advantages found are that it could have educative and relationship benefits. Only a minority reported adverse effects (Rissel, 2017). Women who reported viewing pornography with more female-centric features referred more positive effects of pornography on sex life (French, 2018).When the impact of pornography is analyzed, the focus is put on the frequency of consumption, observing that an excessive usage is associated with negative consequences for users and their partners, increasing feelings 4 of isolation and relationship breakdowns (Duffy, 2016). Other studies have stated that pornography consumption is associated with lower sexual satisfaction. Nevertheless, despite the negative effects associated to high pornography consumption, low rates of consumption may have no impact on sexual dissatisfaction (Wright, 2017). Previous studies have shown that men reported higher engagement and more consumption of pornography than women (Rissel, 2017; Davis, 2018). Gender and religion are factors that have an influence on consumption of pornography. Frequent consumers were not related to high sexual behavior (Willoughby et al, 2014). Women showed a slightly different pattern when consuming pornography in some contexts (Maddox, 2011; Willoughby, 2016). Even though, women´s experiences with pornography are multifaceted and nuanced, often paradoxical, and they vary among and within individuals (Ashton, 2018). Research carried out with college students in Spain showed that men were higher pornography consumers and had more access to it than women (Giménez-García et al., 2010). Nevertheless, it is not possible to establish a pattern of pornography users so that they represent a heterogeneous population and each subgroup (recreational, at-risk and compulsive profiles) is associated with specific sexual outcomes related to well-being in adults (Vaillancourt-Morel, 2017). There is no validated instrument available in Spanish to assess pornography usage among young people so that social education programs can be designed. There are some scales to measure addiction to cybersex but not occasional consumption or the consumers’ motivations (Ballester- Arnal, 2010). Validated instruments, in Spanish as well, are needed to assess pornography usage and motivations. Previous studies have tested this inventory using Brazilian and English samples, each one with different characteristics. For the English version, PCI was tested among hypersexual males, showing good parameters (Reid et al., 2011). In the Brazilian version, they confirmed 5 the factorial validity and the internal consistency of the PCI in a sample of healthy female students, showing configural invariance with the English version (Baltieri, 2016; Baltieri, 2015). Our research aims to confirm factorial validity and internal consistency of the Pornography Consumption Inventory (PCI) with a sample of Spanish students to explore potential motivations for pornography usage. Method Study design and procedure The original version was developed in English (Reid, 2011) and validated into Portuguese by Baltieri (2016). The original version was translated into Spanish by 3 independent bilingual (Spanish-English) collaborators: a nurse, a midwife and a psychologist. Once the scale was in Spanish, 2 new independent interpreters with competency on the matter translated it into Spanish again. At this stage, the research team reviewed the Spanish version and solved the potential differences. A pilot study was carried out with 20 students with different backgrounds related to their education level. No inconsistent terms were localized. Since there are several exploratory analyses performed with the original sample and a Brazilian sample, a cross-sectional study was carried out using a sample of young people with high school and college level of education, in order to confirm validity and internal consistency of the PCI’s adaptation into Spanish. Participants A total of 420 students met inclusion criteria: at least 18 years old and voluntary participation. Participants were included randomly from 2 locations: students from the 6 Nursing School at the University of Seville and from the upperlevel training cycles in the field of health in Seville during 2016. Ethics Every participant read an information sheet with the aims of the study. When filling the questionnaire, they were giving their consent to participate. Participation was voluntary and confidentiality was guaranteed by researchers. The University of Seville was informed of the research project and all professors in charge of participants (Students) set a commission up and approved the research protocol in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration’s ethical requirements. Questionnaire Participants filled a self-reported questionnaire with demographic characteristics (sex, age, level of studies); items about sexual behavior (age for first sexual intercourse, sexual orientation, sentimental status, age for the beginning of pornography consumption) and the scale (PCI) to be validated in Spanish. This scale was originally validated in English with two samples of hypersexual men and in Portuguese with female and male medical students. It is a four-factor scale: emotional avoidance (using pornography to get rid of stress and to distract the self from unpleasant affective states); sexual curiosity (pornography consumption would be used for satisfying sexual curiosity); excitement seeking (using pornography to create novelty and excitement or to escape into a fantasy world, to seek out stimulating experiences and distracting the self from unpleasant feelings) and sexual pleasure (to facilitate sexual arousal and masturbation). All factors contain 15 items, five-point Likert type scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (very often). The items are added up in order to generate the scores. Higher scores indicate a greater tendency to consume pornography. 7 Data Analysis Firstly, Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was performed to examine the distribution of the items. Secondly, descriptive statistics, i.e. average and standard deviation, and zero order bivariate correlations among the items of the scale, were calculated. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted to examine the factor structure of the Spanish version of the questionnaire. A Principal Components analysis was performed with Varimax rotation, and factors with eigenvalues over 1 were selected. These analyses were performed with SPSS 21.0. In the third place, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted. Overall fit indexes were examined, as well as measurement equations and standardized residuals. Specifically, χ2, χ2 / df, CFI and RMSEA were analyzed, following the indications of Hu and Bentler (1999). Lagrange and Wald tests examined some modifications in the initial model for the improvement of the overall fit. In order to test the differences between fit indexes, recommendations by Cheung and Rensvold (2002) and Chen (2007) were followed. Thus, a significant Δχ2, ΔCFI over .01 and ΔRMSEA over .015 would indicate an improvement in the model fit. This confirmatory factor analysis was tested with EQS 6.3. Finally, after calculating the factors of the dimensions within the scale, bivariate correlations and internal consistency reliability tests (Cronbach α) were performed. Student t-tests and variance analyses were then developed in order to examine differences in each dimension by demographics. These analyses were also performed with SPSS 21.0, and a significance level at p < .05 was considered for all analyses. Results Sample characteristics A total of 211 students that participated in the research reported consuming pornography (60.7% of a sample of 348 students). No questionnaire was refused due to 14 Baltieri, D., Luísa de Souza Gatti, A., Henrique de Oliveira, V., JunqueiraAguiar, A., & Almeida de Souza Aranha e Silva, R. (2016). A validation study of the Brazilian version of the pornography consumption inventory (PCI) in a sample of female university students. Journal Of Forensic And Legal Medicine, 38, 81-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jflm.2015.11.004 Chen, F. F. (2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural equation modeling, 14(3), 464- 504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834 Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233–255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5. Davis, A., Carrotte, E., Hellard, M., & Lim, M. (2018). What Behaviors Do Young Heterosexual Australians See in Pornography? A Cross-Sectional Study. The Journal Of Sex Research, 55(3), 310-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2017.1417350 Duffy, A., Dawson, D., & das Nair, R. (2016). Pornography Addiction in Adults: A Systematic Review of Definitions and Reported Impact. The Journal Of Sexual Medicine, 13(5), 760-777. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.03.002 French, I., & Hamilton, L. (2018). Male-Centric and Female-Centric Pornography Consumption: Relationship With Sex Life and Attitudes in Young Adults. Journal Of Sex & Marital Therapy, 44(1), 73-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0092623x.2017.1321596 15 Giménez-García, C., Gómez-Martínez, S., Ballester Arnal, R., Gil Julia, B. (2010). Consumo de material pornográfico en jóvenes españoles: diferencias en función de la edad, sexo y orientación sexual. Anuario de Sexología. 12: 9-15. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). 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(2015). “Without Porn … I Wouldn't Know Half the Things I Know Now”: A Qualitative Study of Pornography Use Among a Sample of Urban, Low-Income, Black and Hispanic Youth. 17 The Journal of Sex Research, 52(7), 736-746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2014.960908 Vaillancourt-Morel, M., Blais-Lecours, S., Labadie, C., Bergeron, S., Sabourin, S., & Godbout, N. (2017). Profiles of Cyberpornography Use and Sexual Well-Being in Adults.The Journal Of Sexual Medicine, 14(1), 78-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.10.016 Willoughby, B., Carroll, J., Busby, D., & Brown, C. (2016). Differences in Pornography Use Among Couples: Associations with Satisfaction, Stability, and Relationship Processes. Archives Of Sexual Behavior, 45(1), 145-158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0562-9 Willoughby, B., Carroll, J., Nelson, L., & Padilla-Walker, L. (2014).Associations between relational sexual behaviour, pornography use, and pornography acceptance among US college students. 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I use it to avoid feeling uncomfortable or unpleasant emotions. 1.69 1.06 .69* .75* .73* 1 5. I use it to disconnect from unpleasant circumstances or situations I experience. 1.83 1.15 .68* .73* .68* .80* 1 6. I use it to learn more about a sexual activity or practice. 2.63 1.33 .58* .39* .49* .39* .36* 1 7. I’m curious about what types of sex other people have. 2.32 1.37 .47* .46* .45* .40* .37* .68* 1 8. I use it to expand my knowledge about sexual possibilities. 2.61 1.35 .55* .39* .49* .33* .32* .86* .70* 1 9. It fuels an interest I have to understand more about sex. 2.42 1.25 .59* .42* .46* .34* .37* .81* .62* .84* 1 10. I use it to escape into a fantasy world. 1.96 1.18 .63* .59* .63* .59* .55* .54* .54* .50* .56* 1 11. I use it to provide some novelty or variety in my life. 2.12 1.23 .59* .48* .48* .51* .45* .61* .58* .55* .59* .72* 1 12. It gives me a sense of excitement. 2.84 1.53 .57* .40* .52* .34* .36* .54* .39* .57* .62* .61* .58* 1 13. I use it to sexually arouse myself. 2.85 1.59 .53* .41* .57* .37* .37* .50* .39* .54* .57* .55* .48* .82* 1 14. I use it to feel physical pleasure. 2.73 1.58 .55* .45* .59* .41* .40* .51* .41* .54* .56* .53* .40* .78* .83* 1 15. I use it to help me masturbate, for a physical release. 2.49 1.54 .50* .44* .57* .36* .39* .45* .41* .52* .52* .57* .44* .70* .75* .79* 1 19 Table 2. Fit Indexes in AFC of model 1 and 2 AFC S-Bχ² χ2/ d.f CFI RMSEA First model 217.66 2.5 .949 0.088 (CI90% 0.073-0.103) Second model 154.19 1.83 .973 0.066 (CI90% 0.049-0.082) 20 Figure 1. Confirmatory factor analysis model 2. Note. EA: Emotional avoidance; SC: Sexual Curiosity; ES&SP: Excitement seeking and sexual pleasure.