Attitude of university students toward entrepreneurship environment and toward entrepreneurship propensity in Czech Republic and Slovak Republic–International comparison

Full Te ms & Condi ions o access and use can be ound a h ps://www. and online.com/ac ion/jou nalIn o ma ion?jou nalCode= e o20 Economic Resea ch-Ekonomska Is aži anja ISSN: 1331-677X (P in ) 1848-9664 (Online) Jou nal homepage: h ps://www. and online.com/loi/ e o20 A i ude o Uni e si y S uden s owa d en ep eneu ship en i onmen and owa d en ep eneu ship p opensi y in Czech Republic and Slo ak Republic – In e na ional Compa ison Ja osla Belas, Bea a Ga u o a, Samuel Ko ony & Ma in Cepel To ci e his a icle: Ja osla Belas, Bea a Ga u o a, Samuel Ko ony & Ma in Cepel (2019) A i ude o Uni e si y S uden s owa d en ep eneu ship en i onmen and owa d en ep eneu ship p opensi y in Czech Republic and Slo ak Republic – In e na ional Compa ison, Economic Resea ch-Ekonomska Is aži anja, 32:1, 2500-2514, DOI: 10.1080/1331677X.2019.1615972 To link o his a icle: h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1615972 © 2019 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup Published online: 16 Aug 2019. Submi you a icle o his jou nal A icle iews: 115 View ela ed a icles View C ossma k da a A i ude o Uni e si y S uden s owa d en ep eneu ship en i onmen and owa d en ep eneu ship p opensi y in Czech Republic and Slo ak Republic –In e na ional Compa ison Ja osla Belas a , Bea a Ga u o a a , Samuel Ko ony b and Ma in Cepel c a Facul y o Managemen and Economics, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zl ın, Mos ni, Zl  ın, Czech Republic; b Facul y o Economics, Ma ej Bel Uni e si y, Bansk a Bys ica, Slo ak Republic; c Facul y o Economics and Business, Pan Eu opean Uni e si y in B a isla a, B a isla a, Slo akia ABSTRACT On he basis o online su ey (made in 2017) abou en ep eneu - ship en i onmen we wan ed o ind ou which en ep eneu ship condi ions a e di e en om he iewpoin o Czech uni e si y s uden s (156 men and 252 women) and Slo ak uni e si y s u- den s (216 men and 352 women). F om 40 a ailable ques ion- nai e i ems abou wo- hi ds o hem we e di e en in a g oup o Czech uni e si y s uden s compa ed wi h Slo ak uni e si y s u- den s (p <0.05). Czech uni e si y s uden s us mo e in: en ep e- neu ial suppo om he s a e, mac oeconomic en i onmen , quali y o en ep eneu ship en i onmen and quali y o uni e si y educa ion compa ed wi h Slo ak s uden s. In con as , Slo ak s u- den s a e mo e op imis ic abou he image o en ep eneu s in he media, abou pe sonal a ibu es o en ep eneu ship, abou ca ee g ow h in en ep eneu ship and a e mo e eady o s a en ep eneu ship a e g adua ion. CART decision ee was used o he mul i a ia e classi ica ion p oblem be ween Czech uni e - si y s uden s and Slo ak uni e si y s uden s. A inal CART decision ee model in ol ed only ou ques ionnai e i ems. Two o hem we e ela ed o a he mac oeconomic condi ions - “Legal condi- ions o doing en ep eneu ship a e o high quali y”and “I con- side he mac oeconomic en i onmen o my coun y o be posi i e o en ep eneu ship”. These i ems we e signi ican ly mo e posi i ely accep ed in a g oup o Czech uni e si y s uden s. The o he pai o in ol ed i ems was conce ned wi h pe sonali y ai s - “E e y pe son has ce ain p e equisi es o en ep eneu ship”and “The mos impo an cha ac e is ics o an en ep eneu a e specializsa ion, pe sis ence, esponsibili y, and isk- esis ance.”They we e mo e alued in he case o Slo ak uni- e si y s uden s. A e age co ec classi ica ion a e o CART deci- sion ee model wi h ou men ioned i ems was 71.0%. ARTICLE HISTORY Recei ed 19 July 2018 Accep ed 10 Sep embe 2018 KEYWORDS En ep eneu ship; en ep e- neu ial in en ions; business s uden s; da a mining; decision ees JEL CLASSIFICATIONS: C38; L26; M21 CONTACT Bea a Ga u o a [email p o ec ed] ß2019 The Au ho (s). Published by In o ma UK Limi ed, ading as Taylo & F ancis G oup. This is an Open Access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/ licenses/by/4.0/), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. ECONOMIC RESEARCH-EKONOMSKA ISTRA  ZIVANJA 2019, VOL. 32, NO. 1, 2500–2514 h ps://doi.o g/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1615972 1. In oduc ion One way o achie e g ea e in e es in young people’s en ep eneu ial ac i i ies is o se up ac i e lea ning p ocesses h ough educa ion a uni e si ies, as well as suppo hem h ough go e nmen ins i u ions, in each coun y. These p ocesses a e also de e mined by in e nal policies as well as by cul u al and socio-economic de e minan s (And oniceanu & Ohanyan, 2016). The educa ion sys em in each coun y should se e as i s co e pla o m and should allow s uden s o c ea e a su icien and quali y base o success ul en ep eneu ship in he u u e (Kozina & Ponik a , 2015;Jelonek,Dunay,& B alin Csaba, 2017). This will also a ec he c ea ion o posi i e a i udes and social s a- uses o s uden s owa ds en ep eneu ship. He e is also he eedback om hese p oc- esses, which could ha e an accele a ion e ec and e eal o he s uden business hemes wi h posi i e impac s (S anke i cien e e al. 2017). Despi e many a emp s o c ea e an in eg a ed business cu iculum, educa ion a many uni e si ies is o ganised in sepa a e disciplina y ields, decla ed by nume ous esea ch s udies om he na ional as well as in e na ional esea ch en i onmen s (Doucek, Ma yska, & No o ny, 2012;Kubak, Tkaco a, And oniceanu, T a ona i cien e, & Huculo a, 2018). Uni e si ies o en lack a dynamic, in eg a ed, mul idisciplina y model o en ep eneu ship educa ion ha e lec s on he cu en issues o young people’s business de elopmen , as well as illing he gaps be ween heo y and p ac ice in he cu iculum (T a ona i cien_ e, 2016). Valuable know- ledge in se ing up such lea ning p ocesses can b ing compa a i e esea ch analyses ha e eal di e ences in educa ional p ocesses as well as in na ional policy se ings (Saee, 2004). These consis en ac s ha e encou aged us o ca y ou ou esea ch, om which we p esen pa ial esul s. The main objec i e o ou pape is o ind ou which en e- p eneu ship en i onmen condi ions (including en ep eneu ship p opensi y) a e di e - en om he iewpoin o Czech uni e si y s uden s in compa ison wi h Slo ak uni e si y s uden s. Tha is why we ha e made an online su ey among Czech and Slo ak uni e si y s uden s. 2. Li e a u e e iew Many o eign esea ch s udies explo e he impac o se e al ac o s on young people’s business de elopmen and en ep eneu ial skills (Ok eRglicka, Ha ie niko  a, Myna zo  a, &Lema  nska-Majdzik, 2017; Khali a & Dhia , 2016). A high quali y educa ion and i s adjus men p ocess play an impo an ole in he de elopmen o young people’sen e- p eneu ship. The lea ning p ocess mus be dynamic, e lec ing pe manen changes in he coun y as well as in he in e na ional economic en i onmen , aking in o accoun he se ing o adequa e policies in he coun y (And oniceanu, 2015;Rasoaisi&Kalebe, 2015). Simila indings ha e also been ound by Tomo ska e al. (2016), who examined he ac o s a ec ing he business goals o Macedonian en ep eneu s. The s udy’s esul s ha e been decla ed o be he eason o he g owing in e es in business educa ion being i s impac on job c ea ion and economic g ow h in he coun y. Resea ch explici ly con- i ms he s ong link be ween business ac i i ies and he economic pe o mance o he coun y. S aniewski and Aw uk (2015) examined in mo e de ail he ac o s mo i a ing po en ial en ep eneu s o s a hei own business as well as obs acles p e en ing i s achie emen . The mos impo an ac o s mo i a ing people o s a hei own business ECONOMIC RESEARCH-EKONOMSKA ISTRA  ZIVANJA 2501 a e sel - ealisa ion and sel -con idence, he possibili y o highe incomes and he inde- pendence o he en ep eneu in decision-making. They iden i ied lack o expe ience, lack o capi al and he po en ial isk o ailu e as ac o s behind he s a o hei own business. Gende di e ences we e no iden i ied in mo i es and obs acles. Younge en ep eneu s pe cei ed mo e ba ie s o business de elopmen han olde en ep e- neu s. A new s udy by hese au ho s (S aniewski & Aw uk, 2016)isal eadymo ein en- si ely explo ing he ac o s behind he business goals o u u e en ep eneu s. This demand o a deepe examina ion o he ac o s is mainly jus i ied by he iden i ied neg- a i es: he high a e o unemploymen in he coun y and he ailu e o a la ge numbe o s a -ups, which discou ages o he s a -ups. Re ealing de e minan s p e en ing busi- ness s a -ups and egula ing hem may change he ela ionship be ween business in en and business beha iou o en ep eneu s. The au ho s summa ise he conclusions o hei s udy and highligh he ole o uni e si ies and educa ion sys ems in his p ocess. Jus by imp o ing he skills o po en ial en ep eneu s in sol ing p oblems and inc eas- ing mo i a ion o en ep eneu ship can inc ease he chance o a young pe son o s a a business. A a ou able si ua ion in business mo i es appea s in Poland, because in his coun y mic o-en e p ises a e mo e impo an han in o he EU coun ies. These ac s we e con i med by esea che s S aniewski and Szopi nski (2015). Mic o-en e p ises a e impo an economic and economic en i ies in his coun y in e ms o he economic indica o s moni o ed. E en hese au ho s con i m he signi ican impac o uni e si y educa ion on s a ing hei own business. Highe le els o people’s educa ion ha e been associa ed wi h highe business s a -ups and he likelihood o su i al o a newly-es ab- lished i m and i s be e economic pe o mance. The esul s o hei esea ch show ha gende a ec s he a ying deg ees o p epa a ion o s uden s o s a hei own business. This is also e lec ed in he p e alence o gende di e en ia ion in app oaches o s a - up unding o companies. Ko en , Vuko i c, and B  ci c(2015) pe cei e he impo ance o en ep eneu ial ac i i ies also in he con ex o he egional de elopmen o he coun- y. Thei esea ch s udies a e based on ele an da a om he C oa ian egions. The esul s o hei analyses con i m he complexi y and ambigui y o he impac o he le el o egional de elopmen and he economic g ow h o he coun y on he g ow h o en ep eneu ial ac i i ies in he C oa ian egions. Analysis o he impac o business ac i i ies on economic de elopmen has impo an poli ical implica ions. Fi s , he ques- ion is whe he policy measu es should encou age he eme gence o new o he de elop- men o exis ing businesses. C i ical a i udes o he lea ning p ocess in he con ex o he company’s cu en needs a e o in e es o Gu i e ez & Baque o (2017). In hei s udy, hey p esen a p oposal o a be e e ia y educa ion in he ield o en ep eneu - ship wi h links o inno a ion and mul idisciplina y p og ammes. Many uni e si ies decla e his in hei ins i u ional documen s, cu icula, eaching me hods, e c. As he esul s o hei s udies show, educa ion a many uni e si ies is p ima ily heo e ical, lack- ing in good p ac ice, ailing o iden i y p oblems, solu ions, c ea i e ideas, inno a i e ac i i ies, c ea i e hinking, e c. and he in e es in en ep eneu ship educa ion. The au ho s p opose he c ea ion and implemen a ion o co ec eaching me hods ha would be c i ical o he success o en ep eneu ial educa ion p og ammes a uni e si ies. Simila indings came om he au ho s o he mos ecen esea ch s udy by Nisula and Pekkola (2018). Thei esea ch is based on long-s anding c i icism o he quali y o 2502 J. BELAS ET AL. en ep eneu ship educa ion. C i ically, hey call o heo e ical concep s and highligh insu icien in eg a ion o lea ning me hods. These esea ch s udies, despi e hei he e o- genei y in he se esea ch objec i es, ha e been a po en inspi a ion in ou compa a i e analysis. In spi e o nume ous decision ee applica ions in en ep eneu ship (e.g., Messina & Hochsz ain, 2015) he e a e only a ew examples o s uden s’a i udes owa d en ep eneu ship (Ha is, Yahya, Abdullah, O hman, & Rahman, 2016;Pilko a, Holienka, & Janco ico a, 2017; Zekic-Susac, P ei e , & Du de ic, 2010). 3. Da a and me hodology All da a we e ga he ed by an online su ey ha conce ned a i ude owa d en ep eneu - ship among Czech (156 men (38.2%) and 252 women (61.8%)) and Slo ak (216 men (38.0%) and 352 women (62.0%)) uni e si y s uden s in 2017. We gained da a o 40 en ep eneu ship indica o s o e all. They can be classi ied in o en g oups. Indica o s o i s nine g oups a e inpu o ien ed. They cha ac e ise a i ude o s uden s owa ds en ep eneu ship en i onmen condi ions in bo h s a es. The las en h g oup was assigned o en ep eneu ship p opensi y (mo e ou pu cha ac e ). Each g oup con ains ou indica o s (comple e lis o all used indica o s is in Appendix). Measu e o s uden ag eemen wi h s a emen s abou en ep eneu ship condi ions and abou en ep eneu ial p opensi y was g aded by ypical o dinal i e-le el Like scale: 1 -S ongly disag ee, 2 - Disag ee, 3 - Neu al; 4 - Ag ee, 5 - S ongly ag ee. Fo achie emen o ou objec i e we used app op ia e s a is ical me hods: desc ip- i e s a is ics, pa ame ic (ANOVA) and non-pa ame ic (Wilcoxon es ) analysis o a iance. Decision (classi ica ion) ee was used o possible mul i a ia e classi ica ion o s a e based on en ep eneu ship condi ions om he iewpoin o s uden s and on he p opensi y o en ep eneu ship o s uden s. All s a is ical epo s and g aphs we e made by s a is ical sys em IBM SPSS e sion 19. We wan ed o know associa- ions o s a e o loca ion pa ame e s (a i hme ic mean and median) o a ailable en e- p eneu ial indica o s. The aim o ou esea ch was o ind he mos signi ican associa ions o hem. Assump ions o es ablished classi ica ion me hods (disc iminan analysis and logis ic eg ession) such as no mali y o a iables e c. a e no ul illed. Fo his eason, we used newe da a mining me hodology –decision ees. The deci- sion ee c ea es a ee-based classi ica ion model which classi ies in o alues o a dependen ( a ge ) a iable based on alues o independen (p edic o ) a iables. In SPSS he e a e h ee decision ee me hods: Chi-squa ed Au oma ic In e ac ion De ec ion (CHAID) (Kass, 1980), Classi ica ion and Reg ession T ees (CART) (B eiman, e al., 1984), and Quick, Unbiased, E icien S a is ical T ee (QUEST) (Loh & Shih, 1997). In ou analysis a CART me hod is used because i p oduced ela i ely he bes esul s. 4. Resul s Now le us p esen esul s o ou analyses. The i s iewpoin is a se o possible di - e ences o i ems be ween Czech and Slo ak uni e si y s uden s dis ega ding gende . I means associa ions o answe s wi h he s a e. Basic s a is ical cha ac e is ics ECONOMIC RESEARCH-EKONOMSKA ISTRA  ZIVANJA 2503 (a i hme ic mean, median, sample s anda d de ia ion and Wilcoxon es wo-sided p alue) o uni e si y s uden sa i udes owa ds en ep eneu ship g ouped by s a e a e in Table 1. We mus ema k ha indica o X91 ( he disad an ages o en ep eneu - ship ou numbe he ad an ages) was excluded om u he analyses because o i s edundan in o ma ion in compa ison wi h X81 ( he ad an ages o en ep eneu ship ou numbe he disad an ages). Bo h indica o s ha e he same meaning: X81 is posi- i e abou en ep eneu ship ad an ages while X91 is a he nega i e. So he inal numbe o analysed i ems is 39. F om Table 1 we can see ha measu e o ag eemen wi h en ep eneu ship s a emen s is signi ican in abou wo- hi ds (25/39) o su ey i ems om he iewpoin o he s a e (Wilcoxon es ; p <0.05). I is caused by Table 1. Compa ison o s a is ical cha ac e is ics o uni e si y s uden s’a i udes owa d en ep e- neu ship by s a e. G oup CZ SK pI em M Mdn s M Mdn s X11 3.89 4.00 1.226 3.84 4.00 1.151 0.207 X12 3.12 3.00 0.977 3.21 3.00 0.967 0.149 X13 2.60 2.00 0.922 2.59 2.00 0.937 0.927 X14 2.32 2.00 0.793 2.54 2.00 0.852 0.000 X21 2.81 3.00 1.020 2.48 2.00 0.995 0.000 X22 2.81 3.00 0.955 2.37 2.00 0.940 0.000 X23 2.80 3.00 0.895 2.62 2.00 0.959 0.001 X24 2.87 3.00 0.882 2.55 2.00 0.919 0.000 X31 3.17 3.00 0.937 2.50 2.00 0.970 0.000 X32 3.14 3.00 0.920 2.64 2.00 0.934 0.000 X33 3.47 4.00 0.846 3.11 3.00 0.956 0.000 X34 3.36 4.00 0.859 2.82 3.00 0.938 0.000 X41 3.01 3.00 0.989 2.46 2.00 0.958 0.000 X42 3.55 4.00 0.773 3.12 3.00 0.967 0.000 X43 3.17 3.00 0.876 2.90 3.00 0.979 0.000 X44 2.37 2.00 0.985 2.52 2.00 0.978 0.014 X51 2.81 3.00 0.931 2.64 2.00 0.962 0.002 X52 3.50 4.00 0.835 3.36 4.00 0.863 0.012 X53 3.41 4.00 0.837 3.29 3.00 0.846 0.024 X54 3.29 3.00 0.812 3.18 3.00 0.879 0.029 X61 3.51 4.00 0.900 3.15 4.00 1.069 0.000 X62 3.63 4.00 0.913 3.50 4.00 1.013 0.104 X63 3.59 4.00 0.923 3.51 4.00 1.010 0.265 X64 3.40 4.00 0.824 3.30 4.00 0.977 0.196 X71 2.68 2.00 1.211 2.85 2.00 1.152 0.010 X72 3.44 4.00 1.017 3.80 4.00 0.868 0.000 X73 4.03 4.00 0.864 4.08 4.00 0.796 0.555 X74 2.21 2.00 1.029 2.76 2.00 1.101 0.000 X81 3.38 4.00 0.892 3.28 4.00 1.006 0.243 X82 2.93 3.00 0.986 3.05 3.00 1.011 0.056 X83 3.52 4.00 0.917 3.81 4.00 0.778 0.000 X84 4.01 4.00 0.766 4.03 4.00 0.732 0.917 X92 3.36 4.00 0.996 3.44 4.00 0.974 0.198 X93 3.17 3.00 1.129 3.18 3.00 1.107 0.994 X94 2.39 2.00 0.822 2.54 2.00 0.876 0.003 Y1 3.30 3.00 1.157 3.50 4.00 1.061 0.005 Y2 2.77 3.00 1.126 3.01 3.00 1.099 0.000 Y3 2.69 2.00 1.089 2.82 3.00 1.039 0.051 Y4 2.18 2.00 1.159 2.20 2.00 1.113 0.505 No es: M –a i hme ic mean, Mdn –median, s –sample s anda d de ia ion, p –Wilcoxon es wo sided p alue. Sou ce: Own elabo a ion. 2504 J. BELAS ET AL. ela i ely la ge numbe o compa ed samples (hund eds o s uden s) and also by numbe o es s. I we dec ease p le el by Bon e oni co ec ion hen he c i ical p alue is 0.001 (0.05/39). F om wo-sample Wilcoxon es o ques ionnai e i ems by he s a e we can see ha Czech uni e si y s uden s a e mo e op imis ic in he ollowing s a emen s in compa ison wi h Slo ak uni e si y s uden s (p 0.001): X21 (The s a e suppo s en ep eneu ship by using i s ools), X22 (The s a e c ea es high-quali y condi ions o s a ing an en ep eneu ship), X23 (The s a e inancially suppo s en ep eneu ship), X24 (Legal condi ions o en ep eneu ship a e o high quali y), X31 (I conside he mac oeconomic en i onmen o my coun y o be posi i e o en ep eneu ship), X32 (The s a e o mac oeconomic en i onmen o my coun y suppo s s a ing an en ep eneu ship), X33 (P esen mac oeconomic en i onmen does no p e en me om s a ing an en ep eneu ship), X34 (P esen le el o basic mac oeconomic ac o s (GDP, employmen , in la ion) suppo s en ep eneu ship and c ea es in e es ing en ep eneu ship oppo uni ies), X41 (The en ep eneu ship en i onmen o my coun y is o good quali y and con enien o s a ing an en ep eneu ship), X42 (The en ep eneu ship en i onmen o my coun y is ela i ely isk- esis an and enables me o s a an en ep eneu ship), X43 (Condi ions o en ep eneu ship ha e imp o ed in my coun y in he las i e yea s), X61 (I conside uni e si y educa ion o my coun y o be o good quali y). Le us men ion ha i ems X21 –X24 belong o “En ep eneu ial suppo om s a e”(E2), i ems X31 –X34 a e om “Mac oeconomic en i onmen ”(E3), i ems X41 –X43 measu e “Quali y o en ep eneu ship en i onmen ”(E4) and X61 con- ce ns “Quali y o uni e si y educa ion”(E6). Consequen ly Czech uni e si y s uden s ha e mo e us in en ep eneu ial suppo om he s a e, mac oeconomic en i onmen , quali y o en ep eneu ship en i on- men and quali y o uni e si y educa ion. Slo ak uni e si y s uden s no e he ollowing i ems in compa ison wi h Czech uni- e si y s uden s (p 0.001): X14 (Media p o ide ue in o ma ion ega ding s a us and ac i i ies o en ep eneu s), X72 (The mos impo an cha ac e is ics o an en ep eneu a e specialisa ion, pe - sis ence, esponsibili y, and isk esis ance), X74 (E e y pe son has ce ain p e equisi es o en ep eneu ship), X83 (En ep eneu ship enables one o ha e ca ee g ow h and in e es ing job oppo uni ies), Y2 (I am con inced ha I will s a an en ep eneu ship a e I g adua e om uni e si y). ECONOMIC RESEARCH-EKONOMSKA ISTRA  ZIVANJA 2505 I em X14 belongs o “Social en i onmen ”(E1), i ems X72 and X74 a e ela ed o “Pe sonali y ai s”(E7), one i em X83 is om “En ep eneu ships ad an ages”(E8). The las one Y2 conce ns “En ep eneu ial p opensi y”(Y). We can conclude ha Slo ak uni e si y s uden s a e mo e op imis ic abou he image o en ep eneu s in he media, abou pe sonal a ibu es, abou ca ee g ow h in en ep eneu ship and a e mo e decided o s a en ep eneu ship a e g adua ion. I we look a a i hme ic means and medians we can see ha Slo ak s uden s a e mo e pessimis ic in he ield o s a e suppo o en ep eneu ship. Despi e his ac Slo ak s uden s a e mo e likely o ake pa in en ep eneu ship a e g adua ion. Ano he necessa y app oach is wo-way compa ison o i ems by gende o bo h Table 2. Compa ison o s a is ical cha ac e is ics o uni e si y s uden s’a i ude owa d en ep e- neu ship by gende o bo h s a es. S a e CZ SK Gende Woman Man p Woman Man pI em M Mdn s M Mdn s M Mdn s M Mdn s X11 3.88 4 1.216 3.91 4 1.246 0.666 3.85 4 1.158 3.81 4 1.142 0.616 X12 3.11 3 0.974 3.13 3 0.984 0.770 3.29 4 0.958 3.09 3 0.972 0.016 X13 2.65 3 0.860 2.51 2 1.013 0.079 2.62 3 0.898 2.54 2 0.997 0.194 X14 2.28 2 0.738 2.38 2 0.875 0.357 2.51 2 0.861 2.57 2 0.838 0.278 X21 2.81 3 1.002 2.79 3 1.052 0.824 2.50 2 0.978 2.46 2 1.024 0.486 X22 2.81 3 0.911 2.80 3 1.025 0.846 2.39 2 0.957 2.35 2 0.913 0.718 X23 2.77 3 0.859 2.87 3 0.951 0.367 2.60 2 0.964 2.66 2 0.951 0.447 X24 2.92 3 0.859 2.79 3 0.916 0.108 2.60 2 0.901 2.47 2 0.945 0.061 X31 3.15 3 0.922 3.21 3 0.962 0.589 2.49 2 0.961 2.52 2 0.988 0.680 X32 3.10 3 0.885 3.20 3 0.973 0.295 2.60 2 0.925 2.70 2 0.949 0.257 X33 3.40 4 0.844 3.56 4 0.844 0.035 3.05 3 0.952 3.20 3 0.956 0.081 X34 3.24 3 0.846 3.56 4 0.844 0.000 2.75 3 0.915 2.93 3 0.966 0.038 X41 2.96 3 0.946 3.11 3 1.051 0.091 2.45 2 0.945 2.46 2 0.983 0.983 X42 3.48 4 0.786 3.65 4 0.742 0.012 3.15 3 0.955 3.07 3 0.986 0.330 X43 3.13 3 0.831 3.22 3 0.946 0.220 2.91 3 0.923 2.88 3 1.066 0.804 X44 2.44 2 0.937 2.24 2 1.048 0.024 2.54 3 0.957 2.48 2 1.011 0.334 X51 2.80 3 0.906 2.83 3 0.972 0.911 2.68 2 0.956 2.57 2 0.971 0.214 X52 3.44 4 0.833 3.59 4 0.834 0.089 3.34 4 0.860 3.38 4 0.870 0.742 X53 3.41 4 0.863 3.42 4 0.795 0.869 3.31 4 0.837 3.26 3 0.863 0.571 X54 3.22 3 0.807 3.40 4 0.809 0.048 3.10 3 0.870 3.30 3 0.882 0.007 X61 3.59 4 0.868 3.38 4 0.940 0.017 3.19 4 1.089 3.10 3 1.036 0.191 X62 3.68 4 0.877 3.54 4 0.966 0.137 3.51 4 0.984 3.49 4 1.061 0.853 X63 3.56 4 0.919 3.65 4 0.928 0.243 3.53 4 1.001 3.46 4 1.025 0.374 X64 3.39 4 0.856 3.43 4 0.771 0.736 3.30 4 0.991 3.29 4 0.956 0.768 X71 2.62 2 1.186 2.76 2 1.250 0.304 2.80 2 1.139 2.95 2 1.170 0.130 X72 3.46 4 1.019 3.42 4 1.016 0.721 3.85 4 0.843 3.72 4 0.903 0.106 X73 3.93 4 0.888 4.19 4 0.802 0.002 4.12 4 0.795 4.02 4 0.795 0.064 X74 2.17 2 0.927 2.26 2 1.176 0.947 2.76 2 1.074 2.77 2 1.145 0.865 X81 3.29 3 0.927 3.51 4 0.815 0.018 3.20 3 0.988 3.42 4 1.022 0.013 X82 2.85 3 1.001 3.06 3 0.952 0.041 2.97 3 1.011 3.18 3 1.001 0.029 X83 3.46 4 0.954 3.62 4 0.846 0.190 3.82 4 0.762 3.80 4 0.804 0.607 X84 3.92 4 0.737 4.15 4 0.794 0.000 4.00 4 0.702 4.07 4 0.777 0.116 X92 3.49 4 0.959 3.15 3 1.021 0.001 3.56 4 0.904 3.25 4 1.053 0.000 X93 3.14 3 1.129 3.23 3 1.129 0.445 3.18 3 1.111 3.17 3 1.104 0.848 X94 2.33 2 0.756 2.49 2 0.912 0.073 2.46 2 0.833 2.66 3 0.931 0.004 Y1 3.02 3 1.134 3.74 4 1.053 0.000 3.39 4 1.043 3.68 4 1.067 0.001 Y2 2.50 2 1.054 3.21 3 1.106 0.000 2.86 3 1.037 3.25 3 1.154 0.000 Y3 2.46 2 0.979 3.07 3 1.153 0.000 2.70 3 0.975 3.01 3 1.110 0.001 Y4 1.96 2 0.987 2.54 2 1.317 0.000 2.06 2 1.020 2.44 2 1.215 0.000 No es: M –a i hme ic mean, Mdn –median, s –sample s anda d de ia ion, p –Wilcoxon es wo sided p alue. Sou ce: Own elabo a ion. 2506 J. BELAS ET AL. s a es. The objec i e is o ind signi ican di e ences in answe s acco ding o gende o he same s a e (see esul s in Table 2). Fi s , we p esen in e p e a ion o esul s o Czech Republic uni e si y s uden s. F om Table 2 we can see ha measu e o ag eemen wi h en ep eneu ship en i on- men s a emen s is signi ican ly la ge in g oup o Czech men s uden s compa ed wi h Czech women s uden s in he case o he ollowing indica o s (p 0.001): X34 (P esen le el o basic mac oeconomic ac o s (GDP, employmen , in la ion) suppo s en ep eneu ship and c ea es in e es ing en ep eneu ship oppo uni ies), X84 (En ep eneu ship enables o make use o own abili ies), Y1 (I am e y in e es ed in en ep eneu ship), Y2 (I am con inced ha I will s a an en ep eneu ship a e I g adua e om uni e si y), Y3 (I no hing unexpec ed happens, I will s a an en ep eneu ship wi hin h ee yea s a he la es ), Y4 (A p esen , I ha e en ep eneu ship ac i i ies). Women we e mo e likely o ag ee in he case o X92 ( he disad an age o en e- p eneu ship is no ha ing a egula income). F om ques ionnai e i ems he mos o en signi ican (all ou ) a e indica o s o g oup Y (en ep eneu ship p opensi y). Fo Slo ak s uden s we can see ha measu e o ag eemen wi h en ep eneu ship en i onmen s a emen s is signi ican ly la ge in a g oup o men compa ed wi h women in he case o he ollowing indica o s: Y1 (I am e y in e es ed in en ep eneu ship), Y2 (I am con inced ha I will s a an en ep eneu ship a e I g adua e om uni e si y), Y3 (I no hing unexpec ed happens, I will s a an en ep eneu ship wi hin h ee yea s a he la es ), Y4 (A p esen , I ha e en ep eneu ship ac i i ies). Thus, men a e mo e sel -con iden om he iewpoin o ac ual and possible en ep eneu ship. On he o he hand Slo ak women s uden s we e mo e likely o ag ee in case o X92 ( he disad an age o en ep eneu ship is no ha ing a egula income). They a e mo e awa e o i egula income disad an age han men. I is in e - es ing ha i e signi ican di e ences (X92, Y1-Y4) acco ding o gende a e common o bo h Czech and Slo ak uni e si y s uden s. The e o e we included also gende o s uden s in he classi ica ion p oblem be ween Czech and Slo ak uni e si y s uden s. Now we can s ep up o esul s o mul i a ia e classi ica ion o he basis o he s a e as g oup a iable. We ied a mode n da a mining decision ee called CART (abb . clas- si ica ion and eg ession ee) om SPSS so wa e. We used CART decision ee in de aul se ings in IBM SPSS (Gini impu i y measu e, i e le els o maximum ee dep h, e c. …) wi h he excep ion o equal p io p obabili ies, o one s anda d e o p uning and o minimum cases numbe s in pa en (child) node 40 (20). Le us again emind ou sel es o he scale o measu e o ag eemen : 1 - S ongly disag ee, 2 - ECONOMIC RESEARCH-EKONOMSKA ISTRA  ZIVANJA 2507 X92 (The disad an age o en ep eneu ship is no ha ing a egula income). X93 (The nega i e aspec o en ep eneu ship is he ac ha an en ep eneu does no ha e ime o be wi h his/he amily). X94 (The disad an age o en ep eneu ship is no ha ing good epu a ion wi hin socie y). Y: En ep eneu ial p opensi y Y1 (I am e y in e es ed in en ep eneu ship). Y2 (I am con inced ha I will s a an en ep eneu ship a e I g adua e om uni e si y). Y3 (I no hing unexpec ed happens, I will s a an en ep eneu ship wi hin h ee yea s a la es ). Y4 (A p esen , I ha e en ep eneu ship ac i i ies). 2514 J. BELAS ET AL.