Assessment of ergonomic risks in manufacturing enterprises in the Czech Republic

Managemen and P oduc ion Enginee ing Re iew Volume 15 •Numbe 4 •Decembe 2024 •pp. 1–10 DOI: 10.24425/mpe .2024.153119 Assessmen o E gonomic Risks in Manu ac u ing En e p ises in he Czech Republic E a HOKE, Romana HEINZOVÁ, Pe VESELÍK, Michaela MARTINKOVÁ Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín, Facul y o Logis ics and C isis managemen , Czech Republic Recei ed: 21 Ap il 2024 Accep ed: 16 Oc obe 2024 Abs ac The pape maps he e alua ion o e gonomic isks in Czech p ocessing indus y en e p ises. In oday’s dynamic imes, he main challenge is o e ain quali y employees and ocus on hem. Sa e y and heal h p o ec ion a wo k and moni o ing and e alua ion o e gonomic isks a he wo kplace a e ela ed o employee ca e. The pape summa izes he esul s o a na ionwide ques ionnai e su ey o he manu ac u ing indus y in he Czech Republic. The ob ained da a was e alua ed by using basic desc ip i e s a is ics. Nonpa ame ic s a is ical analysis (Fishe ’s exac es ) con i med o excluded hypo heses. The pe o med analysis shows ha he use o e gonomic isk me hods does no s a is ically depend on he ype and size o he en e p ises. I is u he e iden om he esea ch esul s ha Czech en e p ises should moni o e gonomic isks mo e. Keywo ds e gonomic, ishe ’s exac es , human ac o , indus y 4.0, lean managemen , manu ac u ing indus y. In oduc ion The cu en e a is ocused on pe o mance, p o i maximiza ion, and cos minimiza ion. As he p essu es on hese ac o s inc ease, so do demands on employees, inc easing he isks o hei heal h. Risks in he wo k en i onmen include physical, chemical, biological, e - gonomic, and psychosocial aspec s. Each o hese ac- o s can ha e a di e en impac on wo ke s’ heal h and sa e y. Risk ac o s no only pose an immedia e h ea o wo ke s’ heal h bu can also ha e a long- e m impac on hei o e all p oduc i i y and quali y o li e. In es- iga ing isk ac o s in he wo k en i onmen suppo s he de elopmen o s a egies and solu ions o ensu e a sa e and heal hie wo k en i onmen (Zoco a, 2023). Al hough i is gene al knowledge ha he ca e o he employee should come i s , his is only some imes he case. Employees a e he mos c i ical link o an o ganiza ion’s e icien unc ioning; he e o e, paying a en ion o hei heal h and sa e y is essen ial. The pape aims o map he si ua ion in manu ac- u ing indus y en e p ises. The au ho eam assumes Co esponding au ho : E a Hoke – Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín, Facul y o Logis ics and C isis Managemen , S uden ské náměs í 1532, 686 01 Uhe ské H adiš ě, Czech Republic, phone: +420 57 603 5004, e-mail: [email p o ec ed] c  2024 The Au ho (s). This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/4.0/) ha en e p ises should moni o and e alua e e gonomic isks mo e. En e p ises implemen ing lean managemen me hods ocus mo e on e gonomic isks. The subjec o he s udy by B i o e al. (2019) was o in es iga e how he me hods and p inciples o lean p oduc ion, oge he wi h he aspec s o sa e y and e gonomics, con- ibu e o highe e iciency, p oduc i i y, and well-being o wo ke s. Lean Manu ac u ing (LM), E gonomics and Human Fac o s (E&HF), and Human–Robo Collabo- a ion (HRC) a e esonan opics o esea che s and en e p ises (Colim e al., 2021;Jazani e al., 2018). O e he pas wo decades, lean manu ac u ing and e gonomics hemes ha e ga ne ed signi ican a en- ion as a eas o s udy and in eg a ion o enhance manu ac u ing p ocesses. An inc easing numbe o en- e p ises ecognize he po en ial impac o combining e gonomics wi h lean manu ac u ing implemen a ion on imp o ing wo ke s’ p oduc i i y and educing wo k- ela ed isks. Howe e , he e is a sca ci y in e iewing whe he lean imp o es p oduc i i y wi hou endange - ing e gonomics (Al-Zuhe i e al., 2023). Li e a u e e iew Pa 1: E gonomic The e m e gonomics (in i s cu en meaning) was coined by psychologis Mu ell, who ounded he i s na ional e gonomics socie y o p o ec wo ke s’ heal h, Volume 15 •Numbe 4 •Decembe 2024 1 E. Hoke e al.: Assessmen o E gonomic Risks in Manu ac u ing En e p ises in he Czech Republic sa e y, and wel a e (Konings eld, 2019;Ka wowski, 2006). E gonomics is a c i ical ac o in imp o ing wo k- place heal h and p oduc i i y (Bo olini e al., 2023). E gonomics aims o c ea e a wo k en i onmen ha combines sa e y and p oduc i i y o p e en heal h, physical, and psychological ha m (Naeini & Mosaddad, 2013;Dalle Mu a and Dini, 2019;B idge , 2006). The discipline o e gonomics suppo s a holis ic, human-cen e ed way o designing wo k p ocesses. This app oach conside s physical, cogni i e, social, o ga- niza ional, and o he ele an ac o s independen o he ime, space o human ac i i y, and he speci ic echnology used (Sal endy & Ka wowski, 2021;Bu o , 2020;Ka wowski, 2012). C ea ing heal hy wo kplaces wi h e gonomic isks in mind is becoming essen ial o a p e en a i e app oach o wo kplace design. A p e en i e app oach, including economic, heal h, and sa e y measu es, posi i ely impac s wo ke s’ heal h (Ono ejo a e al., 2022). E gonomics is gene ally used o imp o e he quali y o human li e, such as heal h, sa e y, com o , and p oduc i i y. E gonomics can be analyzed in wo di- mensions. The i s is he o ganiza ional dimension (also called o ganiza ional e gonomics o mac oeco- nomics), which e e s o op imizing socio- echnical sys- ems, including hei s uc u es, policies, and p ocesses. The second is he physical dimension (physical e - gonomics), which is mo e ela ed o he o ganiza ion’s sus ainabili y (Ramos-Ga cía e al., 2022). Acco ding o he In e na ional E gonomics Associa ion (IEA), i is possible o di ide e gonomics in o physical, cogni- i e, and o ganiza ional. (Teixei a e al. (2022) s a e ha e gonomics examines body pos u e a wo k, han- dling ools, mo emen s pe o med a wo k, epe i i e mo emen s a wo k; men al o e load, decision-making, and compu e in e ac ion; g oup p ojec s, coope a i e wo k and emo e wo k and quali y con ol (Teixei a e al., 2022). Wo ke s’ heal h, sa e y, and well-being a e a undamen al conce n o wo king people wo ld- wide. Ca ing o his a ea signi ican ly impac s he p oduc i i y, compe i i eness, and sus ainabili y o businesses, communi ies, and na ional and egional economies (Be an, 2015). Today, almos all coun ies a e awa e o p o iding employees wi h a sa e and heal hy wo k en i onmen . Mos wo ke s in de eloping coun ies a e employed in ac o ies and en e p ises wi hou heal h and sa e y equi emen s o eco ds o occupa ional acciden s o diseases. Also, no inju y o illness p e en ion p og ams a e implemen ed. The challenge o employe s and poli icians is elimina ing diseases, economic cos s, and long- e m loss o human esou ces om unheal hy wo kplaces (Ono ejo a e al., 2022;WHO, 2010). Fab izio Russo examines wo k- ela ed musculoskele- al diso de s, which cu en ly ep esen a s imula - ing and complex heal h challenge o occupa ional medicine. The s udy s a es ha many wo ke s expe i- ence one o mo e musculoskele al diso de s while pe - o ming hei wo k (Russo e al., 2020). Wo k- ela ed musculoskele al diso de s a e such a se e e heal h p ob- lem ha hey can lead o pe manen disabili y and cause an economic bu den o up o 2% o he G ea Domes ic P oduc (GDP) (Ce quei a e al., 2020). Pa 2: E gonomic isks F equen execu ion o epe i i e mo emen s and han- dling hea y componen s a e among he main ac o s ha cha ac e ize he assembly p ocess and can lead o wo ke o e load (Dalle Mu a & Dini, 2019). Wi h- ou au oma ed means, wo ke s may su e physical and psychological ha m due o e gonomic isks asso- cia ed wi h he ac i i ies pe o med (Teixei a e al., 2022). The combina ion o excessi e wo kload, non- e gonomic posi ions, and epe i i e mo emen s is he basis o wo k- ela ed musculoskele al diso de s (Van de Ha e e al., 2023). Poo pos u e can also lead o musculoskele al diso de s, which majo ly impac a wo ke ’s li e and he economy (Van C omb ugge e al., 2022). The mos common pe iphe al ne e in ol e- men synd ome wi h a high p e alence among wo ke s is ca pal unnel synd ome (Hassan e al., 2022). I is essen ial o iden i y and assess e gonomic isks a he wo kplace. Acco ding o he s udy by (Da id (2005), he me hods o measu ing e gonomic isks can be di ided in o he ollowing: • Sel -assessmen (collec ing da a om he wo ke h ough in e iews o ques ionnai es) – di ec , cheap, bu usually inaccu a e and subjec i e • Based on obse a ion (a he wo kplace by obse a- ion o ideo eco dings). This ype o obse a ion – can be di ided in o: a) Easie , ep esen ed by wo kshee s – RULA (Rapid Uppe Limb Assessmen ), REBA (Rapid En i e Body Assessmen ), NIOSH (Na- ional Ins i u e o Occupa ional Sa e y and Heal h), which a e a o dable. Howe e , hei esul s a e highly dependen on p o essional knowledge. b) Ad anced (use o so wa e) – signi ican ly highe cos s, mo e ime consuming, mo e ex- pe ise, mo e accu a e esul s • Ins umen al me hods (mo ion sensing, use o dep h came as) – p o ide accu a e da a and objec- i e measu emen s in eal- ime. A popula de ice is he Ine ial Measu emen Uni (IMU), which makes i possible o cap u e 3D mo ion (Da id, 2005). 2Volume 15 •Numbe 4 •Decembe 2024 Managemen and P oduc ion Enginee ing Re iew A newly de eloped sel - egula ion echnique, called Bio eedback, sol es he p oblem o no being awa e o inco ec pos u e. This echnique wa ns a pe son h ough signals abou bad pos u e (Ce quei a e al., 2020). Pa 3: Assessmen o e gonomic isks The h ee mos used e gonomic assessmen me hods a e RULA, REBA, and OWAS (Van C omb ugge e al., 2022). RULA ocuses on he assessmen o he uppe limbs, neck, and unk o he body (Kuma e al., 2019). I is a quick assessmen ool ha assigns poin s om 1 (lowes isk) o 7 (highes isk) o he analyzed ask. The me hod compa es he body’s angles wi h p e-de ined ones (Gene osi e al., 2022). Thanks o he RULA sco ing sys em, i is possible o ge an imme- dia e o e iew o he mos signi ican isks o a gi en wo k posi ion du ing wo k asks (Das e al., 2023). REBA assesses he e gonomic isk ac o o uncom- o able, s a ic, pe manen wo k posi ions (Abu-Kasim and Mohd-Taib, 2022). I is a simple me hod ha does no equi e high knowledge o expensi e equipmen and assesses he biomechanical and pos u al loading o he body using a sys ema ic p ocess (Nel iyan i e al., 2022;Das e al., 2023). Each posi ion is assigned a sco e ha is calcula ed based on an analysis o he posi ion checklis : neck, uppe limb, unk, lowe limb, and w is posi ion (Gene osi e al., 2022). REBA classi- ies he join mo emen s o he whole body in o speci ic g oups, while RULA ocuses on he classi ica ion o he uppe body, including he unk (Abu-Kasim and Mohd-Taib, 2022). OWAS (O ako Wo king Analysis Sys em) is a job e alua ion me hod. This me hod is widely used o i s simplici y and b oad applicabili y. OWAS is less p ac ical i mo e de ailed esul s a e needed due o sim- pli ied wo king posi ions and mo e unspeci ied esul s (Jeong e al., 2023). O he me hods o assessing e gonomic isks include he Job S ain Index. The Job S ain Index is conside ed o be he mos app op ia e semi-quan i a i e me hod o measu ing musculoskele al disease isk ac o s o he uppe body, including elbows, o ea ms, w is s, and hands (Res upu i e al., 2020; Widodo e al., 2020). I is an obse a ional me hod o de e mine isk ac o s in epea ed asks (Mohammadpou e al., 2018). KIM (key indica o s me hod) assesses he isk o manual handling o bu dens a he sc eening le el (S einbe g, 2012). The e a e h ee ypes o wo kshee s – one o li ing, holding, and ca ying loads (KIM-LHC), one o pulling and pushing loads (KIM-PP), and one o manual handling (KIM-MHO) (Klussmann e al., 2017). The assessmen is ca ied ou in wo s ages – i s , a desc ip ion o he wo kload i ems is ca ied ou based on an o dinal scale. Then, he deg ee o p obabil- i y o physical o e load is e alua ed (S einbe g, 2012). Ano he s anda d e gonomic isk assessmen me hod is mo ion cap u e echnology – a p ocess o digi al mo emen moni o ing ha alls in o he ca ego y o di ec e gonomic measu emen , whe e dep h senso s a e used o cap u e human mo emen . This echnology e alua es cu en e gonomic ools such as RULA and REBA. The esul o use is accu a e and de ailed da a abou he pe o med mo emen (Yunus e al., 2021). Mos ecen s udies on mo ion sensing use non-op ical sensing a he han op ical (using came as). Op ical sensing is e y expensi e and complica ed o se up, bu he sensing is mo e accu a e han non-op ical mo- ion sensing (Yunus e al., 2021). Due o he ime and p o essional demands o iden i ying and e alua ing e gonomic isks, a new 2D me hod au oma ically clas- si ies wo ke s’ posi ions o e gonomic e alua ion. The me hod is based on classi ica ion algo i hms ha lea n di e en poses om i ual images and hen iden i y he poses in eal-wo ld images. This new me hod can po en ially au oma e e gonomic isk analysis in a i- ous wo k asks – expe imen al es s ha e shown 89% posi ion classi ica ion accu acy (Seo and Lee, 2021). The au ho ’s eam chose he manu ac u ing indus y o hei esea ch, as i is he backbone o he Czech economy. The c i ical indus y o he Czech Repub- lic is he p oduc ion o mo o ehicles and means o anspo – i accoun s o app oxima ely 4.6% o he na ional GDP (Ko anda, 2022). Despi e he obs acles associa ed wi h he co ona i us c isis, he manu ac u - ing indus y is slowly e u ning o i s p e-pandemic s a e. A key challenge is o comba labo sho ages (Deloi e, 2022). Low unemploymen causes labo p o- duc i i y o g ow mo e slowly han wages, which can ul ima ely lead o a dec ease in he Czech Repub- lic’s in e na ional compe i i eness (P ocházko á e al., 2021). O e all, he manu ac u ing indus y needs o conside no only p oduc ion e iciency and echnolog- ical p og ess bu also wo k e gonomics and employee heal h o ensu e long- e m sus ainabili y and compe i- i eness. The au ho ’s eam assumes ha he le el o moni o ing and e alua ion o e gonomic isks needs o be inc eased in manu ac u ing indus y en e p ises. Indus y 4.0 and lean managemen a e bo h con- cep s ha ocus on op imizing p ocesses and inc easing e iciency in an indus ial en i onmen . Indus y 4.0 is cha ac e ized by au oma ion, digi iza ion, and mod- e n echnologies. Lean managemen is a managemen philosophy ha ocuses on elimina ing was e and im- p o ing p ocesses o he cus ome ’s bene i . Indus y 4.0 and e gonomics p esen challenges o he man- u ac u ing indus y ela ed o echnological p og ess Volume 15 •Numbe 4 •Decembe 2024 3 E. Hoke e al.: Assessmen o E gonomic Risks in Manu ac u ing En e p ises in he Czech Republic and he human ac o . This is p ima ily he imple- men a ion o au oma ion and digi iza ion when new echnologies such as obo s o a i icial in elligence a e in oduced wi h he de elopmen o Indus y 4.0. The manu ac u ing indus y mus ind ways o e ec- i ely in eg a e hese echnologies in o he p oduc ion p ocess o imp o e p oduc i i y while minimizing he isk o occupa ional inju ies and heal h p oblems. As men ioned abo e, e gonomics is c i ical in p e en ing occupa ional inju ies and diseases ela ed o he wo k en i onmen . This is also con i med by a s udy by Pech and Vaněček (2022). Acco ding o hei esea ch, he pe cei ed bene i s o implemen ing Indus y 4.0 di e among manage s depending on he size o hei en e - p ises. Indus y 4.0 p inciples a e gene ally mo e likely o be implemen ed in la ge en e p ises. In la ge en e - p ises, he emphasis is mainly on p oduc ion and ech- nological ad an ages, bu he ad an ages o wo king condi ions a e signi ican in small and medium-sized en e p ises. Manage s see majo bene i s o business e iciency, wo k en i onmen , p oduc ion and manage- men . I he company s icks o exis ing echnologies, i can mean exclusion om he main supply chain in he ma ke (Pech and Vaněček, 2022). En e p ises mus ensu e ha wo ks a ions and equipmen a e designed wi h e gonomic p inciples in mind and mee he indi idual needs o wo ke s. Em- ployee aining and educa ion a e also p e equisi es. Wi h new echnologies and changes in wo k p ocesses, i is essen ial o ensu e ha employees a e adequa ely ained and in o med abou sa e y p ocedu es and e - gonomic ecommenda ions. T aining employees can help minimize he isks o occupa ional acciden s and imp o e hei wo k en i onmen . A en ion mus also be ocused on he new gene a ion o wo ke s (Gene - a ion Z), which al eady expec s sa e wo kplace edu- ca ional oppo uni ies and emphasizes he need o lexibili y and meaning ul employmen (Kozo á e al., 2024). O he changes in he labo ma ke and he need o adap o he new equi emen s o he coming gene a ion we e published by G enčíko á e al. (2024). Ma e ials & Me hods A li e a u e in es iga ion p eceded he esea ch in he manu ac u ing indus y. A sys ema ic li e a u e e iew was c ea ed using 42 indexed a icles. The main ocus was on p ima y e minology, e gonomics, e gonomic isks, and ools o managing hese isks. The classi ica ion o small and medium-sized en e p ises, acco ding o he Eu opean Commission, was used o he esea ch. Small en e p ise (1-49 employees), medium en e p ise (50-249 employees), and la ge en e p ise (250 and mo e employees). The ca ego iza ion c i e ion o he selec ion o en e p ises was he manu ac u ing indus y. The Albe ina da abase p o ided en e p ise con ac s. Quan i a i e esea ch was used o ob ain he equi ed da a, speci ically a sel -cons uc ed ques ionnai e su ey. The s uc u ed ques ionnai e con ained a o al o 19 closed ques ions. The ques ionnai es we e dis ibu ed elec onically h ough he online pla o m Su io om Ma ch o June 2023. The ques ionnai es we e sen o 469 en e p ises, o which 88 we e e u ned and illed in. Thus, he e u n a e o he ques ionnai es was 18.8%. The mos signi ican numbe o en e p ises, 69.3%, belonged o he ca ego y o la ge en e p ises (mo e han 250 employees), 18.2 % o he ca ego y o medium-sized en e p ises (50-249 employees), 6.8% o he ca ego y o mic o-en e p ises (1-9 employees) and 5.7% o he ca ego y o small en e p ises (10-49 em- ployees). In e ms o p oduc ion and non-p oduc ion p ocesses, he mos signi ican numbe o en e p ises belonged o se ial p oduc ion (53.4%), hen o mass p oduc ion (21.6%), o piece p oduc ion (18.2%), and he leas o business in e media y – se ices (6.8%). Basic desc ip i e s a is ics we e used o p ocess he ob ained da a. Nonpa ame ic s a is ical analysis (Fishe ’s exac es ) was used o e alua e esponse le els (Hendl, 2012). All es s we e pe o med a he 5% signi icance le el and we e wo-sided. The p- alue p ocedu e and s a is ical so wa e IBM SPSS S a is ics, e sion 26, we e used o decide whe he o no o ejec he null hypo hesis. Resul s The au ho ’s eam cons uc ed wo esea ch ques ions: How Czech companies in he manu ac u ing indus y moni o e gonomic isks and h ough which me hods? Is he e a di e ence in he moni o ing o e gonomic isks in en e p ises ha ha e es ab- lished lean managemen ? Table 1lis s he me hods o mapping e gonomic isks o ope a o s in p oduc ion acco ding o lean managemen me hods. The da a shows ha en e - p ises also use some me hods o e alua ing e gonomic isks wi hou lean managemen . 23.8% o en e p ises wi hou lean managemen use a checklis o p ima y e gonomic isks. They do no moni o o he e gonomic isks. F om he pe spec i e o en e p ises ha ha e es ablished lean managemen me hods, hey o en use a checklis o p ima y e gonomic isks. This me hod is 4Volume 15 •Numbe 4 •Decembe 2024 Managemen and P oduc ion Enginee ing Re iew used by 56.7% o en e p ises wi h lean managemen (38 esponses). RULA, REBA, and Key Indica o Me hods (KIM) a e insu icien ly implemen ed. No one epo s Shoa ’s Model Me hods. 35.8% o moni o ed en e - p ises implemen ing lean managemen (24 esponses) s a e ha hey do no moni o e gonomic isks. En e p ises in he manu ac u ing indus y do no su icien ly use me hods o e alua ing e gonomic isks. A he same ime, i u ned ou ha en e p ises im- plemen ing lean managemen moni o e gonomic isks, a leas wi h he help o a checklis . The au ho ’s eam also se ou o ind ou i he e is a s a is ical dependence be ween he size o he en e - p ise and he applica ion o me hods o moni o ing e gonomic isks. H0: The me hods used o assess e gonomic isks a e independen o he size o he en e - p ise. H1: The me hods used o assess e gonomic isks depend on he size o he en e p ise. Table 2shows he e gonomic isk mapping me hods depending on he en e p ise’s size. Small en e p ises implemen ing lean managemen (1 company) do no map e gonomic isks. The sha e o medium-sized en- e p ises ha do no map e gonomic isks is 36.4% (4); o la ge en e p ises, i is 34.5% (19). The mos equen ly men ioned me hod: The check- lis o p ima y e gonomic isks is used by 54.5% o medium en e p ises and 58.2% o la ge en e p ises. I hey ha e al eady mapped he e gonomic isks, he sha es o indi idual me hods will be e y balanced be ween en e p ises and will no depend on he en e - p ise’s size (see modi ied Fishe ’s exac es ; Table 3). The esul s o Fishe ’s exac es s a e shown in Ta- ble 3. The i s column o his able shows he ele an me hod o e alua ing e gonomic isks, and he sec- ond column shows he p- alue o Fishe ’s exac es . Gi en ha he p- alue is gene ally highe han he signi icance le el α = 0 . 05, we do no ejec he null hy- po hesis abou e gonomic isk me hods’ independence and he en e p ise’s size. Ano he examined dependency was he ela ionship be ween he ype o manu ac u ing en e p ise and he applica ion o e gonomic isk moni o ing me hods. H0: The me hods used o assess e gonomic isks a e independen o he ype o manu ac- u ing en e p ise. H1: The me hods used o assess e gonomic isks a e dependen on he ype o manu ac u - ing en e p ise. Table 4shows me hods mapping e gonomic isks o ope a o s in p oduc ion acco ding o he ype o p oduc ion o non-p oduc ion p ocesses. E gonomic Table 1 Moni o ing e gonomic isks acco ding o he implemen a- ion o lean managemen p inciples (sou ce: own esea ch) Me hods mapping e gonomic isks o ope a o s in p oduc ion Do you use lean managemen me hods? Yes No To al Checklis o basic e gonomic isks Yes 38 (56.7%) 5 (23.8%) 43 (48.9%) No 29 (43.3%) 16 (76.2%) 45 (51.1%) To al 67 (100%) 21 (100%) 88 (100%) RULA Yes 6 (9%) 0 (0%) 6 (6.8%) No 61 (91%) 21 (100%) 82 (93,2%) To al 67 (100%) 21 (100%) 88 (100%) REBA Yes 2 (3%) 0 (0%) 2 (2.3%) No 65 (97%) 21 (100%) 86 (97.7%) To al 67 (100%) 21 (100%) 88 (100%) Job S ain Index (JSI) Yes 2 (3%) 0 (0%) 2 (2.3%) No 65 (97%) 21 (100%) 86 (97.7%) To al 67 (100%) 21 (100%) 88 (100%) Key Indica o Me hods (KIM) Yes 4 (6%) 0 (0%) 4 (4.5%) No 63 (94%) 21 (100%) 84 (95.5%) To al 67 (100%) 21 (100%) 88 (100%) Shoa ’s Model me hods Yes 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) No 67 (100%) 21 (100%) 88 (100%) To al 67 (100%) 21 (100%) 88 (100%) E gonomic isks a e no moni o ed Yes 24 (35.8%) 16 (76.2%) 40 (45.5%) No 43 (64.2%) 5 (23.8%) 48 (54.5%) To al 67 (100%) 21 (100%) 88 (100%) Volume 15 •Numbe 4 •Decembe 2024 5 E. Hoke e al.: Assessmen o E gonomic Risks in Manu ac u ing En e p ises in he Czech Republic Table 2 E gonomic isks by en e p ise’s size (sou ce: own esea ch) Me hods mapping e gonomic isks o ope a o s in p oduc ion En e p ise’s size by employees Small en e p ise (10 – 49 employees) Medium en e p ise (50 – 249 employees) La ge en e p ise (250 o mo e employees) To al Checklis o basic e gonomic isks Yes 0 (0%) 6 (54.5%) 32 (58.2%) 38 (56.7%) No 1 (100%) 5 (45.5%) 23 (41.8%) 29 (43.3%) To al 1 (100%) 11 (100%) 55 (100%) 67 (100%) RULA Yes 0 (0%) 1 (9.1%) 5 (9.1%) 6 (9%) No 1 (100%) 10 (90.9%) 50 (90.9%) 61 (91%) To al 1 (100%) 11 (100%) 55 (100%) 67 (100%) REBA Yes 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (3.6%) 2 (3%) No 1 (100%) 11 (100%) 53 (96.4%) 65 (97%) To al 1 (100%) 11 (100%) 55 (100%) 67 (100%) Job S ain Index (JSI) Yes 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (3.6%) 2 (3%) No 1 (100%) 11 (100%) 53 (96.4%) 65 (97%) To al 1 (100%) 11 (100%) 55 (100%) 67 (100%) Key Indica o Me hods (KIM) Yes 0 (0%) 1 (9.1%) 3 (5.5%) 4 (6%) No 1 (100%) 10 (90.9%) 52 (94.5%) 63 (94%) To al 1 (100%) 11 (100%) 55 (100%) 67 (100%) Shoa ’s Model me hods Yes 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) No 1 (100%) 11 (100%) 55 (100%) 67 (100%) To al 1 (100%) 11 (100%) 55 (100%) 67 (100%) E gonomic isks a e no moni o ed Yes 1 (100%) 4 (36.4%) 19 (34.5%) 24 (35.8%) No 0 (0%) 7 (63.6%) 36 (65.5%) 43 (64.2%) To al 1 (100%) 11 (100%) 55 (100%) 67 (100%) Table 3 Resul s o modi ied Fishe ’s exac es – e gonomic isks by en e p ise’s size (sou ce: own esea ch) Modi ied Fishe ’s exac es p- alue Checklis o basic e gonomic isks 0.725 RULA 1.000 REBA 1.000 Job S ain Index (JSI) 1.000 Key Indica o Me hods (KIM) 0.555 Shoa ’s Model me hods. X E gonomic isks a e no moni o ed 0.553 isks a e no moni o ed by 57.1% o en e p ises (24 esponses), 31% o en e p ises wi h se ial p oduc ion (13 en e p ises), 41.2% o en e p ises wi h mass p o- duc ion (7 en e p ises), 66.7% o piece p oduc ion (4 en e p ises), and no en e p ise wi h se ices. Mos o - en, hey again use he checklis o p ima y e gonomic isks. This me hod is used by 57.1% o se ial p oduc- ion, 58.8% o mass p oduc ion, and 33.3% o piece p oduc ion; o business se ices, i is 100% o en e - p ises (2 en e p ises). Al hough i does no seem so, when en e p ises use e gonomic isk mapping me hods, acco ding o a modi ied Fishe ’s exac es , he ype o me hod does no s a is ically depend on he ype o en e p ise. F om he esul s o he Fishe ’s es s shown in Ta- ble 5, i is clea ha we do no ejec he null hypo h- esis a he signi icance le el α = 0 . 05 ( he p- alues a e mo e signi ican han he signi icance le el α = 0 . 05 o all es s). Wi h a 95% p obabili y, i can be said ha e gonomic isk mapping me hods do no s a is ically depend on he ype o en e p ise. 6Volume 15 •Numbe 4 •Decembe 2024 Managemen and P oduc ion Enginee ing Re iew Table 4 E gonomic isks by ype o p oduc ion (sou ce: own esea ch) Me hods mapping e gonomic isks o ope a o s in p oduc ion Type o p oduc ion p ocesses Se ial p oduc ion Mass p oduc ion Piece p oduc ion Business in e media y – se ices To al Checklis o basic e gonomic isks Yes 24 (57.1%) 10 (58.8%) 2 (33.3%) 2 (100%) 38 (56,7%) No 18 (42.9%) 7 (41.2%) 4 (66.7%) 0 (0%) 29 (43.3%) To al 42 (100%) 17 (100%) 6 (100%) 2 (100%) 67 (100%) RULA Yes 6 (14.3%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 6 (9%) No 36 (85.7%) 17 (100%) 6 (100%) 2 (100%) 61 (91%) To al 42 (100%) 17 (100%) 6 (100%) 2 (100%) 67 (100%) REBA Yes 2 (4.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (3%) No 40 (95,2%) 17 (100%) 6 (100%) 2 (100%) 65 (97%) To al 42 (100%) 17 (100%) 6 (100%) 2 (100%) 67 (100%) Job S ain Index (JSI) Yes 2 (4.8%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (3%) No 40 (95.2%) 17 (100%) 6 (100%) 2 (100%) 65 (97%) To al 42 (100%) 17 (100%) 6 (100%) 2 (100%) 67 (100%) Key Indica o Me hods (KIM) Yes 2 (4.8%) 1 (5.9%) 0 (0%) 1 (50%) 4 (6%) No 40 (95.2%) 16 (94.1%) 6 (100%) 1 (50%) 63 (94%) To al 42 (100%) 17 (100%) 6 (100%) 2 (100%) 67 (100%) Shoa ’s Model me hods Yes 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 0 (0%) No 42 (100%) 17 (100%) 6 (100%) 2 (100%) 67 (100%) To al 42 (100%) 17 (100%) 6 (100%) 2 (100%) 67 (100%) E gonomic isks a e no moni o ed Yes 13 (31%) 7 (41.2%) 4 (66.7%) 0 (0%) 24 (35.8%) No 29 (69%) 10 (58.8%) 2 (33.3%) 2 (100%) 43 (64.2%) To al 42 (100%) 17 (100%) 6 (100%) 2 (100%) 67 (100%) Table 5 Resul s o modi ied Fishe ’s exac es – e gonomic isks by ype o p oduc ion (sou ce: own esea ch) Modi ied Fishe ’s exac es p- alue Checklis o basic e gonomic isks 0.541 RULA 0.416 REBA 1.000 Job S ain Index (JSI) 1.000 Key Indica o Me hods (KIM) 0.197 Shoa ’s Model me hods. x E gonomic isks a e no moni o ed 0.303 Discussion As he li e a u e e iew s a es, in oducing Indus- y 4.0 and lean managemen me hods op imizes p o- duc ion p ocesses and inc eases e iciency. Howe e , aking ca e o employees and moni o ing heal h and sa e y and hei wo k en i onmen is jus as impo - an . Moni o ing wo king condi ions and e gonomics o minimize he isk o occupa ional acciden s and diseases is c ucial. The e a e se e al o he easons o eco ding e gonomic isks. As al eady men ioned, i p ima ily conce ns he heal h and well-being o em- ployees. Ano he ad an age is ha an e gonomically co ec wo kplace inc eases wo k e iciency (Al-Zuhe i e al., 2023;Widodo e al., 2020). Moni o ing and Volume 15 •Numbe 4 •Decembe 2024 7 E. Hoke e al.: Assessmen o E gonomic Risks in Manu ac u ing En e p ises in he Czech Republic p e en ing ad e se e ec s o e gonomic isks is a legal equi emen o heal h and sa e y a wo k, o en he only p e en ion o legal dispu es and sanc ions. Empi - ical esea ch shows ha mos en e p ises need o be made awa e o hese ac s and engage in e gonomic isk assessmen . Managing e gonomic isks can also ha e economic bene i s (Be an, 2015), including educing absen eeism cos s o u no e . Jazani e al. (2018) s a e ha syne gy can be achie ed be ween lean managemen and e gonomics bu no e, ha only some s udies a e up- o-da e. This syne gy is also demons a ed by B i o e al. (2019), who es ed he implemen a ion o lean manu ac u ing me hods and aspec s o sa e y and e gonomics a se e al wo ks a ions. Also, a s udy by Al Zuhe i e al. (2023) demons a es ha inc easing en e p ises ecognize he po en ial im- pac o combining e gonomics wi h lean manu ac u - ing implemen a ion on imp o ing wo ke s’ p oduc i i y and educing wo k- ela ed isks. Using obo s is an- o he possible way o inc ease ope a ional pe o mance and simul aneously inc ease he quali y and sa e y o wo k a he wo kplace. Colim e al. (2021) s a e ha collabo a i e obo ics is an inno a i e solu ion o e- duce e gonomic conce ns and imp o e manu ac u ing p oduc i i y, among o he eme gen echnologies. The e o e, moni o ing e gonomic isks is no only a ma e o compliance wi h egula ions bu ep esen s a comp ehensi e app oach o employee ca e, op imiz- ing he wo k en i onmen , and o e all imp o emen o he o ganiza ion’s pe o mance. The e a e many ways o inc ease awa eness o e gonomic haza ds and hei iden i ica ion and assessmen . Czech en e p ises should ake ad an age o he oppo uni y. Conclusions Based on he esea ch esul s, he le el o e gonomic isk moni o ing in en e p ises ha do no ha e lean managemen implemen ed is insu icien (only 23.8%). En e p ises implemen ing lean managemen use he checklis o p ima y e gonomic isks (56.7%). I e- g e able ha en e p ises do no use a ailable me hods o elimina e e gonomic isks. En e p ises in he man- u ac u ing indus y should app oach e gonomic isks sys ema ically and p e en i ely. En e p ises should also implemen he same elemen s o isk managemen in he case o e gonomic isks. Fi s , i is essen ial o iden i y e gonomic isks in he wo k en i onmen . This may include he analysis o wo k p ocedu es, he physical en i onmen , wo k demands, and mo e- men s e eo ypes p ecisely h ough he me hods abo e (RULA, REBA, JSI, KIM, Shoa ’s Model me hods). Once isks ha e been iden i ied, i is essen ial o as- sess hem o de e mine hei se e i y and likelihood o occu ence. In his way, measu es o hei elimina ion o minimiza ion can be p io i ized. Based on he isk assessmen , en e p ises should design and implemen measu es o p e en e gonomic p oblems. This may include adjus ing wo k p ocedu es, e gonomically de- signing wo ks a ions, selec ing app op ia e echnology and ools, o o ganizing wo k. Employee aining is ela ed o all o his. Employees should be p ope ly ed- uca ed in he p e en ion and esolu ion o e gonomic isks. They should be in o med abou co ec wo k p ac ices, e gonomic aids, and possible heal h conse- quences o inapp op ia e wo k. Las bu no leas , i is essen ial o moni o he e ec i eness o he implemen ed measu es egula ly and e alua e he e gonomic condi ions in he company egula ly. Acknowledgmen s This pape is co- inanced by IGA/FLKR/2023/002 Ra ionaliza ion and Sus ainabili y o Resou ces in P oduc ion-Logis ics P ocesses he Czech Republic and FSR 2024 FLCM/003 Inc easing he scien i ic quali ica ion o he s a o he Facul y o Logis ics and C isis Managemen . Re e ences Abu-Kasim, M.H., & Mohd-Taib, M.F. (2022). E - gonomics E alua ion o Tu ning Machinis s in Oil and Gas Indus y. The In e na ional Jou nal o In- eg a ed Enginee ing,14(2), 55–61. DOI: 10.30880/ ijie.2022.14.02.008 Al-Zuhe i, A., Kai an, H.S., Al Sa a , I. Q., & Al-Zubaidi, S. (2023). An E alua ion o Lean In e en ion Com- bined wi h E gonomics on Enhancing P oduc i i y and Wo kplace Risk Reduc ion: A Li e a u e Re iew. Indus ial Enginee ing & Managemen Sys ems,22(3), 259-272. DOI: 10.7232/iems.2023.22.3.259 Be an, S. (2015). 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