Research on using the Tecnomatix Plant Simulation for simulation and visualization of traffic processes at the traffic node

Ci a ion: Fedo ko, G.; Molná , V.; S ohmandl, J.; Ho á ho á, P.; S nad, D.; Cech, V. Resea ch on Using he Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion o Simula ion and Visualiza ion o T a ic P ocesses a he T a ic Node. Appl. Sci. 2022,12, 12131. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ app122312131 Academic Edi o : Ca la Ra aelli Recei ed: 28 Oc obe 2022 Accep ed: 24 No embe 2022 Published: 27 No embe 2022 Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a il- ia ions. Copy igh : © 2022 by he au ho s. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps:// c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/ 4.0/). applied sciences A icle Resea ch on Using he Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion o Simula ion and Visualiza ion o T a ic P ocesses a he T a ic Node Gab iel Fedo ko 1,* , Vie osla Molná 2, Jan S ohmandl 3, Pe a Ho á ho á1, Da id S nad 1 and Vlas imil Cech 1 1Facul y o Mining, Ecology, P ocess Con ol and Geo echnologies, Technical Uni e si y o Košice, Pa k Komenského 14, 040 01 Košice, Slo akia 2Facul y o Manu ac u ing Technologies, Technical Uni e si y o Košice wi h a Sea in P ešo , Baye o a 1, 080 01 P ešo , Slo akia 3Facul y o Logis ics and C isis Managemen , Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín, S uden skénám. 1532, 686 01 Uhe skéH adiš ˇe, Czech Republic *Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel./Fax: +421-55-602-3143 Abs ac : Simula ion so wa e Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion was o iginally c ea ed o a modelling and subsequen simula ion o p oduc ion and logis ics p ocesses. I s a iabili y, howe e , opens i s use also in o he a eas such as anspo in u ban agglome a ions. Based on ha , esea ch was implemen ed o e i y he p og am’s applica ion in u ban anspo , speci ically o isualize and simula e a ic p ocesses a he a ic node. The pape desc ibes a me hodology which made i possible o c ea e a simula ion p og am o a ic ligh in e sec ions, and p esen s examples o he simula ion model applica ion. The p oposed me hodology will enable he applica ion o Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion o c ea e a complex simula ion model o he logis ics p ocess. I will mainly enable o simula e he ield o p oduc ion logis ics and ci y logis ics wi hin one simula ion model. Keywo ds: a ic node; simula ion; modelling; isualiza ion; Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion 1. In oduc ion Simula ion and isualiza ion o anspo p ocess a anspo nodes is o g ea impo - ance as i p o ides a wide ange o in o ma ion on a ic and i s be e unde s anding [ 1 ]. Compu e simula ion is one o he main ools in anspo enginee ing nowadays. I helps o examine a ic p ocesses in he smalles de ails, op imize hem and sea ch o new solu ions [ 2 ]. Wi h he help o isualiza ion and simula ion, he s a egy o anspo de elopmen in speci ic a eas o egions can be de ined [ 3 ]. A anspo nodes, simula ion and isualiza ion enable anspo elema ics assessmen [ 4 ], anspo low analysis [ 5 ] o a de ailed assessmen o a ic conges ions [ 5 ]. Va ious ypes o classic simula ion ools can be used o hese ac i i ies such as SUMO [ 3 ] and PTV Vissim [ 6 ] o , o he modeling and simula ion o a ic p ocesses, non- adi ional so wa e such as Ma lab [ 7 ] o Anylogic [ 8 ]. These ac s lead us o conclude ha di e en ypes o simula ion so wa e can be applied o modeling and isualiza ion o anspo p ocesses. Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion is a simula ion so wa e ha is p ima ily in ended o logis ics and p oduc ion p ocesses. I is a obus analy ical ool ha is being widely used in scien i ic esea ch. I is mainly used o c ea e disc e e simula ed models [ 9 ]. I allows o simula e a wide ange o p oduc ion p ocesses, e.g., assembly [ 10 ] o p oduc ion lines [ 11 ]. I s success ul applica ion is also possible in he ield o e gonomics [ 12 ]. In addi ion o i s adi ional use, scien i ic wo ks a e being p esen ed on applica ion o his simula ion ool in o he non- adi ional a eas, such as mining [13] o c i ical in as uc u e secu i y [14]. Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion has a wide ange o ools ha allow analyzing di e en anspo sys ems, including in a-company anspo , whe e AGV sys ems a e p ima ily Appl. Sci. 2022,12, 12131. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/app122312131 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2022,12, 12131 2 o 17 conce ned [ 15 ]. I is used as an analy ical and p edic i e ool o iden i ying p oblems associa ed wi h, e.g., in a-company anspo [ 16 ]. The p og am makes i possible o assess e iciency o anspo p ocesses and e alua e hem [17]. Tools a ailable in Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion o anspo and anspo sys ems a e no only in ended o a na ow ange o issues associa ed wi h in a-company and in e - ope a ional anspo ; qui e he opposi e, as he p og am has a g ea po en ial c ea ing a p e equisi e o i s wide use in a ious anspo sys ems, anspo elema ics and anspo s uc u es. This ac can be p esen ed, e.g., based on he wo k o Sebes yeno a and Ku del [ 18 ], who deal wi h he use o Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion o de e mining he sho es ou e o an ambulance ca . Howe e , his is no he only use in he ield o anspo o Tecnoma ix p og am. Since he p og am ea u es a Sim alk so wa e ool [ 19 ], allowing p og amming o unlimi ed p og am unc ionali ies, possibili ies open o a esea ch hypo hesis whe he he Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion can be used o c ea e mic oscopic models o anspo p ocesses a anspo nodes. This hypo hesis is suppo ed by he ac ha he p og am is highly a iable no only in addi ional p og amming o simula ion unc ionali ies, bu also in he a ea o isualiza ion o simula ion models and expe imen s. The goal o p esen ed esea ch is a esul o an e o o c ea e a simula ion model o a complex logis ics p ocess, speci ically a model consis ing o wo pa s, he i s one dedica ed o p oduc ion logis ics and he second one o ci y logis ics. In e ms o c ea ing a simula ion model o bo h pa s, a su icien numbe o simula ion ools is a ailable. Wi hin p oduc ion logis ics, he in en ion is o model e e y hing om he ma e ial en y in o he logis ics p ocess, i s handling and he cou se o p oduc ion o c ea ion o a inal p oduc and i s sale using oad eigh anspo , o which he Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion is a sui able so wa e ool. In ci y logis ics, he aim is o esea ch he way in which eigh anspo , esul ing om p oduc ion logis ics ac i i ies, will a ec he a ic a he anspo node, as well as i and how ehicles anspo ing manu ac u ed p oduc s will a ec he a ic a he anspo hub. Once again, we can conclude ha o he needs o ci y logis ics, specialized simula ion ools o c ea e a ic models exis . Howe e , a his poin , we un in o a connec ion p oblem o en i y ou pu s ( ehicles om he pa o p oduc ion logis ics simula ion model o he second pa o he ci y logis ics simula ion model) in o de o ind ou and analyze he way p oduc ion p ocesses (sales o p oduc ion) will a ec public anspo and ci y mobili y. Fo his eason, wi hin p esen ed esea ch, a possibili y o using Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion p og am o simula e anspo p ocesses a he anspo node was e i ied and a me hodological p ocedu e was p oposed o implemen i . The a icle p esen s a d a me hodology and i s e i ica ion in he condi ions o a eal a ic node, demons a ing he op ions o Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion when c ea ing a ic mic oscopic simula ion models o p ocesses aking place a a anspo hub. This is an issue ha , om such a poin o iew, has no ye been p esen ed anywhe e in he a ailable li e a u e. The ob ained esul s will hus ex end he po olio o a eas in which he p og am can be used and e i y i s abili y o isualize a ic p ocesses. 2. Ma e ials and Me hods O en, complex a ic nodes in ol ing no only d i e s bu also pedes ians and cyclis s can igge complica ions in a ic and i s managemen . The mode n imes enable o model and simula e such a ic nodes. The ou pu o such a simula ion, which con ains collec ed da a om speci ic places, is an accu a e speci ica ion o a ic si ua ions. Real sys em is being eplaced wi h a simula ion—a compu e model. I allows us o pe o m a ious expe imen s wi h changing oads, a ic lows, a ic densi y, c ea ing pedes ian c ossings ac oss he oads and many o he s. I can eplay complex p ocesses ha ake hou s, days and weeks o eal ime in minu es. The esul s o such simula ions can be compa ed be ween each o he , he eby p o iding in o ma ion needed o cons uc ion o new oads and anspo hubs in a sho ime and wi h minimal cos . Ano he a ea o ad an ageous applica ion o a ic modeling and simula ion is a ic conges ions. Appl. Sci. 2022,12, 12131 3 o 17 T a ic conges ion is a complex dynamic p oblem in ol ing many complica ed and in e ac ing elemen s. These elemen s a e ehicles, d i e beha io , oad and i s geome y, a ic signs and o he s. In such a complex p oblem si ua ion, he use o compu e simu- la ion can be e y e ec i e by p o iding assessmen o di e en a ic condi ions. I can help c ea o s unde s and and analyze a ic, assess cu en issues, and p opose he bes solu ion. Simula ion can suppo a ic managemen planning and decision-making o a long- e m sus ainable u ban de elopmen . New solu ions and echniques can be e ec i ely es ed in a i ual eali y en i onmen wi hou in e e ing wi h eal a ic. E ec i e a ic managemen and con ol s a egies need up- o-da e alid simula ion es esul s. In all cases men ioned, isualiza ion and simula ion a e playing an impo an ole. T a ic simula ion sys ems as specialized ools used o analyze a ic conges ion ha e played a undamen al ole in a ic model de elopmen . In he exis ing lines o esea ch, e en -d i en o ime-d i en de elopmen o models has been conside ed along wi h he de e minis ic o s ochas ic na u e o p ocesses. Unde speci ic condi ions, o many a ic models, we ocused on wo possible app oaches so as o ealize e ec i e models in a single amewo k. The heo y o a ic modeling ocused on wo main di ec ions: ying o implemen e ec i e models and a uni ied amewo k [20]. 2.1. Visualiza ion and Simula ion o T a ic P ocesses Visualiza ion and simula ion o a ic p ocesses is a highly e ec i e app oach in sol ing a wide ange o anspo asks and p oblems. T a ic enginee s use i o a be e unde s anding o he esea ched p ocesses, ob aining in o ma ion and sea ching o new solu ions. Wi h ega d o de ail, mic oscopic (Figu e 1), mesoscopic and mac oscopic anspo models a e dis inguished. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12131 4 o 19 Figu e 1. The ma e ial weighing and eeding o ma e ial in o he con eyo . Mic oscopic models p o ide a de ailed iew o he cou se o anspo p ocesses and help o isualize hem. Va ious specially c ea ed simula ion ools a e used o implemen hem. Howe e , o a ic modeling, no only special so wa e is needed. Ve y o en sim- ula ion so wa e no p ima ily in ended o a ic modeling can be deployed as a ic models can be c ea ed and used due o hei unc ionali ies. Simula ion so wa e, p ima ily in ended o use in anspo , is nowadays a wide- sp ead ool o analysis and p edic ion o a ious anspo asks and p oblems. I belongs o a la ge g oup o simula ion ools ha a e now a ailable and being used. In mos cases, hei use is s ic ly limi ed o anspo . On he o he hand, he e a e so wa e ools a ail- able in he ma ke ha a e no in ended o anspo , bu due o hei o e all concep and unc ionali ies, he ques ion a ises whe he hey can be applied in sol ing anspo p ob- lems. This ques ion is o impo ance since i his is he case, use s al eady owning such a so wa e ool do no ha e o acqui e ano he simula ion ool o sol e a ic p oblems. They can use hei p e ious expe ience and compe ences o c ea e simula ion models and implemen a wide ange o expe imen s. The Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion is among he simula ion ools no p ima ily in ended o anspo , wi h he excep ion o in e -company ones. 2.2. Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion was p ima ily c ea ed o p oduc ion modeling and i s subsequen simula ion. Howe e , i is a highly a iable simula ion so wa e ha allows ull cus omiza ion o i s applica ion in di e en a eas. Based on hese ac s, a esea ch hy- po hesis was s ipula ed whe he he men ioned simula ion p og am can also be used in simula ion and isualiza ion o a ic p ocesses o an u ban agglome a ion. The esea ch aim was o e i y he use o simula ion p og am in an a ea o which i was no c ea ed, bu can be used o unde ce ain ci cums ances. The goal was o design and c ea e a me hodology o be used o u ban a ic simula ion and isualiza ion, and Figu e 1. The ma e ial weighing and eeding o ma e ial in o he con eyo . Mic oscopic models p o ide a de ailed iew o he cou se o anspo p ocesses and help o isualize hem. Va ious specially c ea ed simula ion ools a e used o implemen hem. Howe e , o a ic modeling, no only special so wa e is needed. Ve y o en Appl. Sci. 2022,12, 12131 4 o 17 simula ion so wa e no p ima ily in ended o a ic modeling can be deployed as a ic models can be c ea ed and used due o hei unc ionali ies. Simula ion so wa e, p ima ily in ended o use in anspo , is nowadays a widesp ead ool o analysis and p edic ion o a ious anspo asks and p oblems. I belongs o a la ge g oup o simula ion ools ha a e now a ailable and being used. In mos cases, hei use is s ic ly limi ed o anspo . On he o he hand, he e a e so wa e ools a ailable in he ma ke ha a e no in ended o anspo , bu due o hei o e all concep and unc ionali ies, he ques ion a ises whe he hey can be applied in sol ing anspo p oblems. This ques ion is o impo ance since i his is he case, use s al eady owning such a so wa e ool do no ha e o acqui e ano he simula ion ool o sol e a ic p oblems. They can use hei p e ious expe ience and compe ences o c ea e simula ion models and implemen a wide ange o expe imen s. The Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion is among he simula ion ools no p ima ily in ended o anspo , wi h he excep ion o in e -company ones. 2.2. Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion was p ima ily c ea ed o p oduc ion modeling and i s subsequen simula ion. Howe e , i is a highly a iable simula ion so wa e ha allows ull cus omiza ion o i s applica ion in di e en a eas. Based on hese ac s, a esea ch hypo hesis was s ipula ed whe he he men ioned simula ion p og am can also be used in simula ion and isualiza ion o a ic p ocesses o an u ban agglome a ion. The esea ch aim was o e i y he use o simula ion p og am in an a ea o which i was no c ea ed, bu can be used o unde ce ain ci cums ances. The goal was o design and c ea e a me hodology o be used o u ban a ic simula ion and isualiza ion, and he eby expand possible simula ion p og am’s applica ion o c ea e mic omodels ha can be used o a ic node analysis. 2.3. Resea ch Hypo hesis Based on he knowledge om c ea ion o simula ion models by Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion, a me hodology was p oposed, shown in Figu e 2. The d a o o iginal me hodology is based on a g adual implemen a ion o indi idual s eps, while he SimTalk so wa e is ac i ely being used o p og am missing unc ions along wi h g aphic ools enabling he c ea ion o a disc e e a ic node mic omodel. The p oposed me hodology is gene ally alid om he poin o iew o a ic, bu i s applica ion is designed only o Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion so wa e. As pa o he me hodology, he use o exis ing blocks o c ea ion o anspo ou es and oads is conside ed. A e wa ds, pedes ian c ossings, o e passes o unde passes o o he a ic componen s on he ou es using he SimTalk so wa e mus be added, as his is no a de aul ea u e o he simula ion ool. In he nex s ep, he blocks in he lib a y o Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion need o be used, ep esen ing he means o anspo . Since he so wa e is p ima ily in ended only o use in in a-company logis ics, he blocks need o be modi ied and adap ed o he new equi emen s needed o disc e e mic o anspo models. Speci ically, blocks need o be c ea ed in he lib a y ha ep esen indi idual means o anspo and oad use s. In his ac i i y, ac i e use o he SimTalk is assumed, as well as g aphic edi ing ools. In he inal phase o he p oposed me hodology, he ules o mo emen o oad use s a he a ic node need o be de ined by ac i e p og amming as well as by unc ioning o a ic ligh s signaling and o he ules o p ope unc ioning o he simula ion model. A he end o his phase begins a inal g aphic edi ing o he simula ion model. Bo h 2D and 3D g aphic objec s and elemen s can be used. Due o a possible occu ence o ul ima e ac s (as he p oposed p ocedu e is a logical sequence o s eps, bu he simula ion p og am is no in ended o he a ea o anspo ) which could make i impossible o c ea e a simula ion model, he desc ibed me hodology had o be e i ied. Appl. Sci. 2022,12, 12131 5 o 17 Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12131 5 o 19 he eby expand possible simula ion p og am’s applica ion o c ea e mic omodels ha can be used o a ic node analysis. 2.3. Resea ch Hypo hesis Based on he knowledge om c ea ion o simula ion models by Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion, a me hodology was p oposed, shown in Figu e 2. Figu e 2. D a me hodology o c ea ion o a ic p ocesses simula ion and isualiza ion by Tecn- oma ix Plan Simula ion. The d a o o iginal me hodology is based on a g adual implemen a ion o indi id- ual s eps, while he SimTalk so wa e is ac i ely being used o p og am missing unc ions along wi h g aphic ools enabling he c ea ion o a disc e e a ic node mic omodel. The p oposed me hodology is gene ally alid om he poin o iew o a ic, bu i s applica- ion is designed only o Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion so wa e. As pa o he me hodology, he use o exis ing blocks o c ea ion o anspo ou es and oads is conside ed. A e wa ds, pedes ian c ossings, o e passes o unde passes o o he a ic componen s on he ou es using he SimTalk so wa e mus be added, as his is no a de aul ea u e o he simula ion ool. In he nex s ep, he blocks in he lib a y o Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion need o be used, ep esen ing he means o anspo . Since he so wa e is p ima ily in ended only o use in in a-company logis ics, he blocks need o be modi ied and adap ed o he new equi emen s needed o disc e e mic o anspo models. Speci ically, blocks need o be c ea ed in he lib a y ha ep esen indi idual means o anspo and oad use s. In his ac i i y, ac i e use o he SimTalk is assumed, as well as g aphic edi ing ools. In he inal phase o he p oposed me hodology, he ules o mo emen o oad use s a he a ic node need o be de ined by ac i e p og amming as well as by unc ioning o a ic ligh s signaling and o he ules o p ope unc ioning o he simula ion model. A Figu e 2. D a me hodology o c ea ion o a ic p ocesses simula ion and isualiza ion by Tecno- ma ix Plan Simula ion. 3. Resul s To e i y a possibili y o simula ing and isualizing a ic p ocesses by Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion, a speci ic in e sec ion was chosen in Figu e 3. As pa o me hodology e i ica ion, he e o was o c ea e he mos genuine model o he anspo node wi h he de ini ion o all ules and con ol sys ems including anspo elema ics. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12131 6 o 19 he end o his phase begins a inal g aphic edi ing o he simula ion model. Bo h 2D and 3D g aphic objec s and elemen s can be used. Due o a possible occu ence o ul ima e ac s (as he p oposed p ocedu e is a logical sequence o s eps, bu he simula ion p og am is no in ended o he a ea o anspo ) which could make i impossible o c ea e a simula ion model, he desc ibed me hodology had o be e i ied. 3. Resul s To e i y a possibili y o simula ing and isualizing a ic p ocesses by Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion, a speci ic in e sec ion was chosen in Figu e 3. As pa o me hodology e i ica ion, he e o was o c ea e he mos genuine model o he anspo node wi h he de ini ion o all ules and con ol sys ems including anspo elema ics. Figu e 3. In e sec ion o Lud ík S oboda S ee and Ma šal Kone S ee . 3.1. C ea ion o a Simula ion Model D i ing Lanes The i s s ep in c ea ing a simula ion model o a h ee-a m in e sec ion acco ding o he p oposed o iginal me hodology was he implemen a ion o lanes (Figu e 4). In i , he basic cha ac e is ics o he in e sec ion had o be aken in o accoun . I is con olled by oad ligh signaling, which con ols no only ehicles, bu also pedes ians. The lanes in his simula ion model we e c ea ed using blocks o iginally mean in he p og am o connec p oduc ion p ocesses. La e on, he lanes will be made in isible o a isual e ec (Figu e 4). Figu e 3. In e sec ion o Lud ík S oboda S ee and Ma šal Kone S ee . 3.1. C ea ion o a Simula ion Model D i ing Lanes The i s s ep in c ea ing a simula ion model o a h ee-a m in e sec ion acco ding o he p oposed o iginal me hodology was he implemen a ion o lanes (Figu e 4). In i , he Appl. Sci. 2022,12, 12131 6 o 17 basic cha ac e is ics o he in e sec ion had o be aken in o accoun . I is con olled by oad ligh signaling, which con ols no only ehicles, bu also pedes ians. The lanes in his simula ion model we e c ea ed using blocks o iginally mean in he p og am o connec p oduc ion p ocesses. La e on, he lanes will be made in isible o a isual e ec (Figu e 4). Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12131 6 o 19 he end o his phase begins a inal g aphic edi ing o he simula ion model. Bo h 2D and 3D g aphic objec s and elemen s can be used. Due o a possible occu ence o ul ima e ac s (as he p oposed p ocedu e is a logical sequence o s eps, bu he simula ion p og am is no in ended o he a ea o anspo ) which could make i impossible o c ea e a simula ion model, he desc ibed me hodology had o be e i ied. 3. Resul s To e i y a possibili y o simula ing and isualizing a ic p ocesses by Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion, a speci ic in e sec ion was chosen in Figu e 3. As pa o me hodology e i ica ion, he e o was o c ea e he mos genuine model o he anspo node wi h he de ini ion o all ules and con ol sys ems including anspo elema ics. Figu e 3. In e sec ion o Lud ík S oboda S ee and Ma šal Kone S ee . 3.1. C ea ion o a Simula ion Model D i ing Lanes The i s s ep in c ea ing a simula ion model o a h ee-a m in e sec ion acco ding o he p oposed o iginal me hodology was he implemen a ion o lanes (Figu e 4). In i , he basic cha ac e is ics o he in e sec ion had o be aken in o accoun . I is con olled by oad ligh signaling, which con ols no only ehicles, bu also pedes ians. The lanes in his simula ion model we e c ea ed using blocks o iginally mean in he p og am o connec p oduc ion p ocesses. La e on, he lanes will be made in isible o a isual e ec (Figu e 4). Figu e 4. C ea ion o lanes in a simula ed in e sec ion. 3.2. C ea ion o Objec Lib a y P og am’s lib a y se es as a ile ha g oups in o ma ion lows, ma e ial lows, e- sou ces, use in e ace, ools and, las bu no leas , use objec s. I makes he p og amme ’s wo k easie by o e ing p e-de ined a ibu es needed when c ea ing a model. When c e- a ing he model, only he T anspo e objec was used (Figu e 5). The objec se es as a ehicle mo ing along designa ed ou es. Six anspo e s we e c ea ed, h ee o which, named AUTA_11, AUTA_22 and AUTA_33, ep esen passenge ca s. The anspo e AUTOBUS_15 is c ea ed o bus line 15. A dense in e al is se o AUTOBUS_, as his anspo e ep esen s he emaining bus lines passing he in e sec ion, i.e., line 17, 54, 55, 71, 72. The las anspo e used in he model, Pedes ians, shows he pedes ians c ossing he c ossings and is g aphically dis inguished om passenge ca s and buses. In Figu e 6, Pa and Con aine objec s can be seen. Howe e , hese objec s we e no used in he simula ion model ( hey a e used o c ea e p oduc ion simula ion models). The Con aine ep esen s a handling uni and he Pa ep esen s an objec ha can be placed on he Con aine o T anspo e . 3.3. Including Vehicles in o he Model P og ams di ec ly in ended o modeling and a ic simula ion ha e andom ehicle gene a ion included. They gene a e ehicles o di e en sizes, colo s and speeds. Howe e , in case o modeling he in e sec ion in Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion, he ehicles a e gene a ed by using inpu s. Ano he a ibu e en e ed a e he inpu and be o e he lane is called Bu e . I s job is o hold back and di ide ehicles be ween lanes as needed. The e a e se e al ways o dis ibu e ehicles in he se ings, bu o his model, a andom and pe cen age s a egy was chosen. In case o es ic ing ehicles en e ing he ce ain lane o hei guidance, he me hod c ea ed in SimTalk p og am was used. A e y impo an ope a ion is a co ec alignmen no only o inpu s and ou pu s, bu also o he lanes hemsel es in he model. I o en happens ha an inco ec objec s alignmen pa alyzes he whole model. The connec o s as shown in Figu e 6can also be hidden in se ings. Appl. Sci. 2022,12, 12131 7 o 17 Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12131 7 o 19 Figu e 4. C ea ion o lanes in a simula ed in e sec ion. 3.2. C ea ion o Objec Lib a y P og am’s lib a y se es as a ile ha g oups in o ma ion lows, ma e ial lows, e- sou ces, use in e ace, ools and, las bu no leas , use objec s. I makes he p og am- me ’s wo k easie by o e ing p e-de ined a ibu es needed when c ea ing a model. When c ea ing he model, only he T anspo e objec was used (Figu e 5). The objec se es as a ehicle mo ing along designa ed ou es. Six anspo e s we e c ea ed, h ee o which, named AUTA_11, AUTA_22 and AUTA_33, ep esen passenge ca s. The anspo e AUTOBUS_15 is c ea ed o bus line 15. A dense in e al is se o AUTOBUS_, as his anspo e ep esen s he emaining bus lines passing he in e sec ion, i.e., line 17, 54, 55, 71, 72. The las anspo e used in he model, Pedes ians, shows he pedes ians c ossing he c ossings and is g aphically dis inguished om passenge ca s and buses. Figu e 5. Example o a lib a y in Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion. In Figu e 6, Pa and Con aine objec s can be seen. Howe e , hese objec s we e no used in he simula ion model ( hey a e used o c ea e p oduc ion simula ion models). The Con aine ep esen s a handling uni and he Pa ep esen s an objec ha can be placed on he Con aine o T anspo e . Figu e 5. Example o a lib a y in Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12131 7 o 19 Figu e 4. C ea ion o lanes in a simula ed in e sec ion. 3.2. C ea ion o Objec Lib a y P og am’s lib a y se es as a ile ha g oups in o ma ion lows, ma e ial lows, e- sou ces, use in e ace, ools and, las bu no leas , use objec s. I makes he p og am- me ’s wo k easie by o e ing p e-de ined a ibu es needed when c ea ing a model. When c ea ing he model, only he T anspo e objec was used (Figu e 5). The objec se es as a ehicle mo ing along designa ed ou es. Six anspo e s we e c ea ed, h ee o which, named AUTA_11, AUTA_22 and AUTA_33, ep esen passenge ca s. The anspo e AUTOBUS_15 is c ea ed o bus line 15. A dense in e al is se o AUTOBUS_, as his anspo e ep esen s he emaining bus lines passing he in e sec ion, i.e., line 17, 54, 55, 71, 72. The las anspo e used in he model, Pedes ians, shows he pedes ians c ossing he c ossings and is g aphically dis inguished om passenge ca s and buses. Figu e 5. Example o a lib a y in Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion. In Figu e 6, Pa and Con aine objec s can be seen. Howe e , hese objec s we e no used in he simula ion model ( hey a e used o c ea e p oduc ion simula ion models). The Con aine ep esen s a handling uni and he Pa ep esen s an objec ha can be placed on he Con aine o T anspo e . Figu e 6. Objec s alignmen ia connec o s. 3.4. Se ing o Vehicle and Pedes ian G aphics The anspo e in he lib a y, he main pa o he model, is displayed in ec o g aphics in he basic se ing. The basic colo combina ion o he anspo e is a g ay ec angle amed in o ange. Fo he anspo e s o di e , hei colo can be changed and combined in di e en ways. The anspo e ec o g aphics a e shown in Figu e 7. Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion, a e u ning o ec o g aphics, o e s se e al al e na- i es o anspo e displaying. I o e s, o example, an abo e iew o he anspo e , he connec o , bu also he wo ke . The p og am also ea u es a unc ion o adding you own anspo e design. G aphic ep esen a ion o mo ing objec s in he model is needed no only isually, bu also o he o e all imp ession o he simula ion. 3.5. C ea ion o Road Ligh Signaling Ligh signaling de e mines ehicles p io i y acco ding o a p e-de ined cycle ha con ols i . Each ligh signal a he in e sec ion has i s own cycle, when STOP, WAIT and GO ligh signals al e na e. I is e y impo an o consis en ly adjus he cycle o all ligh signals o a oid collisions in he in e sec ion. Appl. Sci. 2022,12, 12131 8 o 17 Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12131 8 o 19 Figu e 6. Objec s alignmen ia connec o s. 3.3. Including Vehicles in o he Model P og ams di ec ly in ended o modeling and a ic simula ion ha e andom ehicle gene a ion included. They gene a e ehicles o di e en sizes, colo s and speeds. How- e e , in case o modeling he in e sec ion in Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion, he ehicles a e gene a ed by using inpu s. Ano he a ibu e en e ed a e he inpu and be o e he lane is called Bu e . I s job is o hold back and di ide ehicles be ween lanes as needed. The e a e se e al ways o dis ibu e ehicles in he se ings, bu o his model, a andom and pe cen age s a egy was chosen. In case o es ic ing ehicles en e ing he ce ain lane o hei guidance, he me hod c ea ed in SimTalk p og am was used. A e y impo an ope a ion is a co ec alignmen no only o inpu s and ou pu s, bu also o he lanes hemsel es in he model. I o en happens ha an inco ec objec s align- men pa alyzes he whole model. The connec o s as shown in Figu e 6 can also be hidden in se ings. 3.4. Se ing o Vehicle and Pedes ian G aphics The anspo e in he lib a y, he main pa o he model, is displayed in ec o g aphics in he basic se ing. The basic colo combina ion o he anspo e is a g ay ec- angle amed in o ange. Fo he anspo e s o di e , hei colo can be changed and combined in di e en ways. The anspo e ec o g aphics a e shown in Figu e 7. Figu e 7. Vec o ep esen a ion o he anspo e s. Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion, a e u ning o ec o g aphics, o e s se e al al e na- i es o anspo e displaying. I o e s, o example, an abo e iew o he anspo e , he connec o , bu also he wo ke . The p og am also ea u es a unc ion o adding you own anspo e design. G aphic ep esen a ion o mo ing objec s in he model is needed no only isually, bu also o he o e all imp ession o he simula ion. Figu e 7. Vec o ep esen a ion o he anspo e s. In p og ams simula ing only a ic, he p io i y a he in e sec ion can be se using p e e ences o he a o emen ioned TLS. The p og ams o e a module enabling se ing o signaling and i s cycle wi h simple mo es. The e a e se e al op ions o he ways o p og am he ligh signaling. The simples me hod was chosen o his model including he a ibu es S a ion, Gene a o , a me hod–Me hod and a a iable–Va iable. An a ibu e om he lib a y called S a ion was placed in he model and enamed o Sema o _1. This Sema o _1 was, h ough Edi Icons op ion, g aphically modi ied in h ee phases. The phases we e named phase 1–RED, phase 2–ORANGE, phase 3–GREEN. P ope naming o each elemen is e y impo an when w i ing a sou ce code. Addi- ional se ings in his a ibu e we e no equi ed. When en e ing addi ional ligh signals in o he model, he i s c ea ed objec was used, which was hen copied. I s se ings ha e no changed. Ano he elemen om he lib a y needed o c ea e ligh signaling is he a o emen ioned Gene a o . I was enamed o Gen_Sema o _1, hen se acco ding o a colo gene a ion in e al. Each semapho e has i s own gene a o , which is subsequen ly e e ed o by a me hod–Me hod elemen . The me hod was named Me _Sema o _1 (Figu e 8) and was also unique o each ligh signaling, de ining he unc ionali y o Sema o _1 a ibu e. This is whe e he p inciple— he b ain o he en i e ligh signaling—is embedded. I indica es ha i he signaling s a us is equal o 1, he colo o Sema o _1 should change o ed. I i s s a e is se o 2, i should change o o ange, and when i is se o 3, o g een. S a e 4 was added o a epea ing cycle which includes o ange colo be ween he g een and ed signals. In his me hod, he Gen_Sema o _1 in e al is included, ollowed by he nex signal. The las and e y impo an elemen in he c ea ion o oad ligh signaling by Tec- noma ix Plan Simula ion is he de ini ion o ou Va iables. These a iables a e used o o e all se ing o he ligh signaling, i.e., i s cycle. The a iable S a _Sema o _1 de ines he ini ial s a e o signaling. Tha is, i S a _Sema o _1 = 1, he a ic ligh u ns ed when he simula ion s a s. I S a _Sema o _1 = 2, he semapho e displays an o ange signal, i S a _Sema o _1 = 3, he semapho e u ns g een. S a _Sema o _1 = 4 shows he o ange colo on he ligh signaling. Appl. Sci. 2022,12, 12131 9 o 17 Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12131 10 o 19 Figu e 8. Road ligh signaling me hod o ehicles and de ining TLS a iables o ehicles. As pa o hypo hesis e i ica ion, he e a e a o al o eigh independen ligh signals in he model, wo o which a e signals o con ol pedes ians a he c ossing. Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion use only wo ks wi h he las s ep when se ing up he a ic ligh s in he modeled in e sec ion. As needed, TLS cycle can be a ied, hus a ic si ua ion in he in e sec ion can be a ec ed. O he ype o ligh signaling used in he model is signaling a he pedes ian c ossing. I is modeled simila ly o TLS o a ehicle con ol. The S a ion a ibu e is enamed o Sema o _7 and also by Edi Icons g aphically modi ied in o wo phases, phase 1: RED and phase 2: GREEN Simila o he p e ious se up, wo a ibu es we e used om he lib a y, namely Me hod and Gene a o . A me hod was en e ed in he gene a o ha signals o he S a ion a ibu e (Sema o _7) o change i s g aphics. Figu e 9 shows he pedes ian c ossing me hod. Figu e 9. Me hod o oad ligh signaling o pedes ians and de ining TLS a iables o pedes ians. This me hod indica es: i he s a e o he a iable S a _Sema o _7 = 1, he signal g aphic should be changed o ed and numbe 1 added o i . I he s a e o he a iable S a _Sema o _7 = 2, he a ibu e g aphic should be changed o g een and he a iable se o numbe 1. Figu e 8. Road ligh signaling me hod o ehicles and de ining TLS a iables o ehicles. The o he h ee a iables (Figu e 8) a e used o se he ligh signaling cycle. The Red_Sema o _1 a iable is ese ed o se ing he STOP signal ime. In his case, i is 20 s in his posi ion. The hi d a iable named O ange_Sema o _1 is in ended o he WAIT signal and las s o 5 s. The las a iable is G een_Sema o _1, which is ma ked wi h a GO signal and las s o 40 s. As pa o hypo hesis e i ica ion, he e a e a o al o eigh independen ligh signals in he model, wo o which a e signals o con ol pedes ians a he c ossing. Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion use only wo ks wi h he las s ep when se ing up he a ic ligh s in he modeled in e sec ion. As needed, TLS cycle can be a ied, hus a ic si ua ion in he in e sec ion can be a ec ed. O he ype o ligh signaling used in he model is signaling a he pedes ian c ossing. I is modeled simila ly o TLS o a ehicle con ol. The S a ion a ibu e is enamed o Sema o _7 and also by Edi Icons g aphically modi ied in o wo phases, phase 1: RED and phase 2: GREEN. Simila o he p e ious se up, wo a ibu es we e used om he lib a y, namely Me hod and Gene a o . A me hod was en e ed in he gene a o ha signals o he S a ion a ibu e (Sema o _7) o change i s g aphics. Figu e 9shows he pedes ian c ossing me hod. Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 12131 10 o 19 Figu e 8. Road ligh signaling me hod o ehicles and de ining TLS a iables o ehicles. As pa o hypo hesis e i ica ion, he e a e a o al o eigh independen ligh signals in he model, wo o which a e signals o con ol pedes ians a he c ossing. Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion use only wo ks wi h he las s ep when se ing up he a ic ligh s in he modeled in e sec ion. As needed, TLS cycle can be a ied, hus a ic si ua ion in he in e sec ion can be a ec ed. O he ype o ligh signaling used in he model is signaling a he pedes ian c ossing. I is modeled simila ly o TLS o a ehicle con ol. The S a ion a ibu e is enamed o Sema o _7 and also by Edi Icons g aphically modi ied in o wo phases, phase 1: RED and phase 2: GREEN Simila o he p e ious se up, wo a ibu es we e used om he lib a y, namely Me hod and Gene a o . A me hod was en e ed in he gene a o ha signals o he S a ion a ibu e (Sema o _7) o change i s g aphics. Figu e 9 shows he pedes ian c ossing me hod. Figu e 9. Me hod o oad ligh signaling o pedes ians and de ining TLS a iables o pedes ians. This me hod indica es: i he s a e o he a iable S a _Sema o _7 = 1, he signal g aphic should be changed o ed and numbe 1 added o i . I he s a e o he a iable S a _Sema o _7 = 2, he a ibu e g aphic should be changed o g een and he a iable se o numbe 1. Figu e 9. Me hod o oad ligh signaling o pedes ians and de ining TLS a iables o pedes ians. Appl. Sci. 2022,12, 12131 16 o 17 e iciency a a a ic node o nodes. The esea ch can mean a s a ing poin o longe - e m esea ch and a subjec o u he esea ch pu poses de o ed o he impac o indus ial p oduc ion and p oduc ion in mic o-mobili y and sus ainable ci ies. In conclusion, we can s a e ha Tecnoma ix Plan Simula ion enables a ull-scale c ea ion o mic oscopic a ic models. I is sui able o a ic modeling and simula ion, and allows o su icien ly isualize all ypes o a ic p ocesses. Au ho Con ibu ions: Concep ualiza ion, G.F.; me hodology, P.H. and V.M.; in es iga ion, D.S. and J.S.; da a analysis, G.F. and D.S.; w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, V.M. and V.C.; w i ing— e iew and edi ing, P.H and J.S. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip . Funding: This wo k is a pa o hese p ojec s VEGA 1/0101/22, VEGA 1/0600/20, KEGA 005TUKE- 4/2022, KEGA 018TUKE-4/2022, APVV-21-0195, ITMS: 313011T567, IGA/FLK ˇ R/2022/001 and RVO/FLK ˇ R/2022/03. Ins i u ional Re iew Boa d S a emen : No applicable. In o med Consen S a emen : No applicable. Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic o in e es . Re e ences 1. Zhao, Y.; Wang, X.; Li, H.; Zhu, T. S udy on Simula ion Me hod o In e sec ion Hyb id T a ic Flow. In P oceedings o he 2nd Con e ence on Logis ics, In o ma ics and Se ice Science (Liss 2012), Beijing, China, 12–15 July 2012; Zhang, Z., Zhang, J., Zhang, R., Eds.; Sp inge : Be lin/Heidelbe g, Ge many, 2013; Volumes 1–2, pp. 441–446. 2. K au e , W.; Mans e en, D.; Schwab, T. T a ic simula ion o he de elopmen o a ic managemen sys ems. In T a ic and Mobili y: Simula ion-Economics-En i onmen ; B ilon, W., Hube , F., Sch eckenbe g, M., Wallen owi z, H., Eds.; Sp inge : Be lin, Ge many, 1999; pp. 193–204. 3. Song, H.; Min, O. 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