Proximate chemical composition, amino acids profile and minerals content of meat depending on carcass part, sire genotype and sex of meat rabbits

Ci a ion: Gál, R.; Zaple al, D.; Jakešo á, P.; S ako á, E. P oxima e Chemical Composi ion, Amino Acids P o ile and Mine als Con en o Mea Depending on Ca cass Pa , Si e Geno ype and Sex o Mea Rabbi s. Animals 2022,12, 1537. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ ani12121537 Academic Edi o s: Pie o Lomba di, Pie o Medica and Nadia Musco Recei ed: 28 Ap il 2022 Accep ed: 11 June 2022 Published: 14 June 2022 Publishe ’s No e: MDPI s ays neu al wi h ega d o ju isdic ional claims in published maps and ins i u ional a il- ia ions. Copy igh : © 2022 by he au ho s. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps:// c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by/ 4.0/). animals A icle P oxima e Chemical Composi ion, Amino Acids P o ile and Mine als Con en o Mea Depending on Ca cass Pa , Si e Geno ype and Sex o Mea Rabbi s Robe Gál1, Da id Zaple al 2,* , Pe a Jakešo á2and E a S ako á2 1Depa men o Food Technology, Facul y o Technology, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic; [email p o ec ed] 2Depa men o Animal B eeding, Animal Nu i ion and Biochemis y, Facul y o Ve e ina y Hygiene and Ecology, Uni e si y o Ve e ina y Sciences B no, 612 42 B no, Czech Republic; [email p o ec ed] (P.J.); [email p o ec ed] (E.S.) *Co espondence: [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +420-541-56-2676 Simple Summa y: Rabbi mea is popula wi h consume s mainly o i s high-quali y p o ein. Among he main ac o s in luencing he cha ac e is ics o abbi mea p o eins o appe ain he b eed, geno ype, ca cass pa and age. Con en ional p oduc ion o abbi mea in many Eu opean coun ies is mainly ensu ed by in ensi e p oduc ion sys ems, when comme cial mea - ype albino ic abbi c ossb eds a e used. Howe e , spo ed and solidly colou ed lines o mea abbi b eeds ha e begun o be used in abbi b eeding schemes as some consume s ha e begun o nega i ely pe cei e mea om albino ic colou ed abbi s. The aim o he p esen s udy was o assess he e ec s o he si e geno ype, sex and ca cass pa on he composi ion o mea s o abbi s a ened unde condi ions whe e no syn he ic d ugs we e used. C ossb eeding o Mecklenbu ge Schecke si es wi h a comme cial dam line o HYLA abbi s esul ed in a wo se nu i ional quali y o mea p o eins in p ogeny. These indings poin o a possible isk o al e a ions in he nu i ional quali y o mea p o eins when using di e en abbi si e geno ypes han hose o iginally in ended o he speci ic comme cial c ossb eeding scheme. Abs ac : The aim o he s udy was o assess he e ec s o he si e geno ype, sex and ca cass pa on he composi ion o he mea o abbi s, which we e a ened unde condi ions whe e no syn he ic d ugs we e used. As o ca cass pa s, he highe con en o bo h o al amino acids (AA) and all essen ial AA (EAA) moni o ed was ound in he Longissimus ho acis e lumbo um (LTL) muscle as compa ed o hind leg mea (p< 0.001). Signi ican e ec s o he abbi si e geno ype and he geno ype x sex in e ac ion on p opo ions o some AA in mea we e ound (p< 0.001). C ossb eeding o he Mecklenbu ge Schecke (MS) si es wi h a comme cial dam line o HYLA abbi s esul ed in a lowe p opo ion o he o al AA and all EAA moni o ed in mea s o MS si ed males as compa ed o MS si ed emales and HYLA abbi s (p< 0.05). The sex- ela ed e ec on AA p o ile was no so no iceable in inal comme cial c ossb eds o HYLA abbi s when compa ed o MS si ed p ogeny. These indings poin o a possible isk o al e a ions in he nu i ional quali y o mea p o eins when using di e en abbi si e geno ypes han hose o iginally in ended o he speci ic comme cial c ossb eeding scheme. Howe e , on he con a y, highe con en s o magnesium (p< 0.05), manganese (p< 0.001) and zinc (p< 0.05) we e ound in mea s o MS si ed p ogeny as compa ed o HYLA abbi s. Keywo ds: mea - ype abbi ; si e geno ype; gende ; mea quali y; amino acid; mine al con en 1. In oduc ion Rabbi mea shows excellen nu i ional and die e ic p ope ies; mo eo e , i can also be e ec i ely o i ied wi h bioac i e compounds o p o ide consume s an ou s anding unc ional ood [ 1 , 2 ]. Rabbi mea possesses a e y low con en o a and choles e ol, a high le el o p o eins wi h essen ial amino acids (AA), no u ic acid and low pu ine Animals 2022,12, 1537. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ani12121537 h ps://www.mdpi.com/jou nal/animals Animals 2022,12, 1537 2 o 15 con en [ 3 ]. Fu he mo e, abbi mea is low in monounsa u a ed a y acids, high in n-3 polyunsa u a ed a y acids and i is a signi ican sou ce o i amin B ( i amins B 2 , B 3 , B5, B6, B12) [4]. I is low in sodium (Na) and ich in phospho us (P) and selenium [5,6]. Rabbi mea is o en popula wi h consume s mainly o i s high-quali y p o ein, which shows a highe diges ibili y alue compa ed o o he mea s such as bee o po k [ 7 , 8 ]. The quali y o mea p o eins is a ec ed by a ious ac o s and complex in e ac ions among he biological ai s o an animal [ 9 , 10 ]. The main ac o s in luencing he cha ac e is ics o abbi mea p o eins, pa icula ly an in insic AA composi ion, a e b eed [ 8 ], geno ype [ 11 ], ca cass pa [ 12 ] and age [ 8 ]. S udies ocusing on he e alua ion o he in luence o gende on AA p o ile in abbi mea a e s ill limi ed, whe eas no sex e ec on essen ial amino acids (EAA) p opo ion in abbi mea was epo ed ea lie by [13]. Con en ional p oduc ion o abbi mea in many Eu opean coun ies is mainly ensu ed by in ensi e a ening o comme cial mea - ype abbi c ossb eds [ 14 ]. In addi ion o high g ow h a es and a ou able eed con e sions, hese b oile abbi s also show high ca cass alue and mea quali y, whe eas he issue is ha mos ly albino ic hyb id geno ypes a e o en ea ed o mea p oduc ion. Recen ly; howe e , spo ed- and solidly-colou ed lines o mea abbi b eeds ha e begun o be used in abbi b eeding schemes as some consume s ha e begun o nega i ely pe cei e mea om albino ic colou ed abbi s, which allegedly e oke labo a o y-b ed expe imen al abbi s [ 15 ]. A po en ial o colou ed abbi b eeds and geno ypes o mea p oduc ion was demons a ed ecen ly in some s udies [ 16 – 18 ]. Due o hei ypical p oduc ion ai s, a lo o hese abbi geno ypes can be included in o speci ic c ossb eeding schemes and u ilised in he Eu opean o ganic and al e na i e p oduc ion sys ems [17,19,20]. We ound in ou p e ious s udy ha he use o he Mecklenbu ge Schecke (MS) males as e minal si es in a abbi c ossb eeding scheme led o a ou able g ow h pe o mance and some o he ca cass cha ac e is ics in hei p ogeny. The MS b eed is medium-sized, and hese abbi s show a well-muscled cylind ical body, wi h wide o e- and hindqua e s. The b eed displays h ee ypical colou geno ypes, which also di e in g ow h pe o mance and mea iness. In his ega d, solidly- (geno ype kk) and spo ed- (geno ype Kk) colou ed abbi s excel in impo an p oduc ion ai s. When hey a e c ossed wi h whi e-colou ed abbi s, hey pass a spo ed o solidly da k colou o coa on hei p ogeny [15]. As he e ec o inclusion o he MS b eed in a c ossb eeding scheme on he mea composi ion o hei p ogeny has no ye been examined, he aim o he p esen s udy was o assess he e ec o c ossing o MS si es wi h he comme cial dam line o HYLA abbi s on mea composi ion in hei p ogeny a ened unde in ensi e p oduc ion sys ems whe e no syn he ic e e ina y and an icoccidial d ugs we e used. Fu he , an in eg al pa o he p esen s udy was o e alua e he e ec s o sex and ca cass pa on he composi ion o abbi mea . 2. Ma e ials and Me hods 2.1. Animals and Managemen The s udy was pe o med in he comme cial Cen e o HYLA abbi s (Ja omˇeˇ ice nad Roky nou–Ra iboˇ ice, Czech Republic). On he a m, which ocuses mainly on he p oduc- ion o b eeding HYLA c ossb ed abbi s used in o he comme cial a ms, nei he syn he ic allopa hic e e ina y d ugs no syn he ic an icoccidial d ugs a e used. A o al o 112 c oss- b ed abbi s (con ol and expe imen al g oups) we e used in he expe imen . The con ol g oup (H; 28 males + 28 emales) consis ed o albino c ossb ed abbi s o he HYLA combi- na ion AB si es (n= 7 si es) × CD dams. The expe imen al g oup ( 28 males + 28 emales ) consis ed o MS si ed p ogeny, when he semen o MS males was insemina ed o emales o he same HYLA CD line as in he H g oup. The used MS si es (n= 6 si es) o igina ed om small-scale hobby b eeding s ocks; all o hem we e kk o Kk geno ypes. Females o he HYLA CD line we e insemina ed wi h he he e ospe mic insemina ion dose, which con ained spe ma ozoa o all in ol ed MS si es. Animals 2022,12, 1537 3 o 15 2.2. G owing o Rabbi s The expe imen al design o he s udy was conduc ed acco ding o [ 21 ], which e- spec ed guidelines o expe imen s wi h abbi s ea ed o mea . Du ing he whole expe i- men al pe iod, abbi s o bo h g oups we e aised and a ened unde iden ical managemen condi ions. A e weaning (35 days o age), abbi s we e housed in wi e cages (2 abbi s pe cage) wi h he loo densi y o 0.18 m 2 pe abbi . The cage size was 90 cm ×40 cm ×35 cm (leng h × wid h × heigh ). The ligh ing pe iod was 12 h ligh /12 h da kness, empe a u e anged om 17 ◦ C o 20 ◦ C and ela i e humidi y was 55% o 60%. Rabbi s we e ed ad libi um by comme cial compound pelle ed eeds (De Heus a.s., Bˇes o ice, Czech Republic) and he g owe (K-Op imum) and inishe (K-Finishe ) die s we e used om he 35 h o 64 h day o age and om he 65 h day o age o slaugh e , espec i ely. The nu ien composi ion o he die s used is shown in Table 1; he g owe die con ained an an icoccidial agen Emanox which is an ex ac o a oma ic plan s. Table 1. Chemical composi ion (g/kg) o he die s as- ed basis. G owe Finishe I em (Day 35 o 64) (A e Day 65) C ude p o ein 157.4 154.1 C ude ib e 125.8 128.1 C ude a 42.1 33.6 C ude s a ch 151.8 150.3 Ash 68.6 63.2 Calcium 8.68 6.94 Ino ganic phospho us 7.2 6.6 Aspa agine 12.5 12.6 Th eonine 5.3 5.4 Se ine 6.3 6.4 Glu amine 28.8 27.6 P oline 8.7 9.0 Glycine 7.1 7.1 Alanine 7.1 7.3 Valine 7.5 7.4 Me hionine 1.6 1.5 Isoleucine 5.4 5.4 Leucine 9.8 9.7 Ty osine 4.7 4.3 Phenylalanine 6.3 6.0 His idine 4.3 4.1 Lysine 8.1 7.5 A ginine 9.6 9.0 2.3. Slaugh e o Rabbi s and Mea Samples A he end o a ening (108 days o age), 24 abbi s pe geno ype (12 males and 12 emales ), we e andomly selec ed (one abbi pe cage), weighed and slaugh e ed a e a p e ious 12 h as ing in he aba oi . The abbi s we e mechanically s unned wi h a cap i e bol gun and bled, hen he skin, dis al pa s o he ail, gas oin es inal and u ogeni al ac s and he dis al pa o he legs we e emo ed acco ding o he me hodology desc ibed by Blasco and Ouhayoun [ 22 ] o abbi mea esea ch. The ea e abbi ca casses we e placed in a cold s o age chambe a a empe a u e o ou ◦ C. A e 24 h, om a chilled ca cass, bo h LTL muscles and hind legs we e dissec ed. Then, bo h hind legs we e deboned. Finally, samples o he LTL and hind leg mea we e packed and s o ed a −20 ◦C un il analysed. 2.4. Labo a o y Me hods All samples we e analysed in iplica e. The d y ma e (DM) o he samples was de e mined by weigh upon d ying he sample a 105 ◦ C unde he p esc ibed condi ions. The Kjeldahl me hod using a Buchi analyse (Cen ec Au oma ika, spol. s. .o., P ague, Animals 2022,12, 1537 4 o 15 Czech Republic) was pe o med o de e mine he c ude p o ein (CP) con en . A Soxhle me hod was used o de e mine he e he ex ac by a Sox ec appa a us (The mo S ien i ic, Wa ing on, UK). The ash was de e mined by weighing he sample a e incine a ion a 550 ◦ C. Wa e /p o ein (W/P) a io was calcula ed om he o mula: (1000–d y ma e con en )/CP con en . AA con en s we e de e mined ollowing acid hyd olysis in 6 N HCl a 110 ◦ C o 24 h using he Au oma ic Amino acid Analyze AAA 400 (Ingos a.s., P ague, Czech Re- public), based on he colou - o ming eac ion o AA wi h he oxida i e agen ninhyd in acco ding o p ocedu es used by S ako áe al. [ 23 ]. The AA analysis was used o de e - mine he alue o pu e p o ein, exp essed as he sum o EAA–lysine (Lys), leucine (Leu), isoleucine (Ile), h eonine (Th ), a ginine (A g), his idine (His), phenylalanine (Phe), aline (Val), me hionine (Me ) and o non-essen ial AA (NEAA)–se ine (Se ), aspa agine (Asp), glu amine (Glu) , p oline (P o), glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), y osine (Ty ). Because i was no possible o alidly de e mine he cys eine con en due o he used AA analysis, and he yp ophan con en was no de e mined o he objec i e assessmen o he quali y o abbi mea p o ein ei he , he ep esen a ion o indi idual AAs assessed as hei p opo ion om he o al CP con en in he analysed mea is s a ed in his wo k. The le els o mine al elemen s we e de e mined h ough incine a ing and leaching he sample by ex ac ion and he subsequen i a ion acco ding o he Associa ion o O icial Ag icul u al Chemis s [ 24 ]. The con en o he po assium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), coppe (Cu), i on (Fe), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) was de e mined using an a omic abso p ion spec ome e Agilen Technologies 200 Se ies AA (HPST, s. .o., P ague, Czech Republic). The phospho us (P) con en was de e mined using a spec opho ome e Helios α (The mo Scien i ic, G ea B i ain). 2.5. S a is ical Analysis The a i hme ic mean and s anda d e o o he mean (SEM) we e de e mined o all assessed ai s in espec i e e alua ed g oups. A Shapi o-Wilk es was used o es he no mali y o da a dis ibu ion wi hin he assessed g oups. The no mali y was ound in all he a iables. S a is ical e alua ion o da a ollowed basic p ocedu es [ 25 ]. Di e ences in p oxima e chemical composi ion, AA p opo ion and mine al elemen s con en be ween assessed ca cass pa s we e ca ied ou by ANOVA, wi h ca cass pa as a ixed e ec and a andom e m o cage. Rega ding assessmen o geno ype and sex e ec s, gene al linea model (GLM) p ocedu e was used, whe e geno ype and sex we e included as ixed e ec s and hei in e ac ion as an in e ac ion e m. Random e ms included slaugh e weigh (SW) and cage. Di e ences among g oups we e es ed by Tukey’s pos -hoc es . Signi icance was conside ed a he le el p< 0.05. All s a is ical p ocedu es we e pe o med by he STATISTICA CZ e sion 10 so wa e. 3. Resul s 3.1. Slaugh e T ai s and P oxima e Chemical Composi ion o Mea The highe d y ma e con en o abbi LTL was ela ed o he highe CP con en and lowe W/P a io (p< 0.001) as compa ed o hind leg mea (Table 2). The hind leg mea displayed he highe con en o e he ex ac and ash han he LTL muscles (p< 0.001). When compa ed o he con ol ( inal c ossb eds o H abbi s), a highe slaugh e weigh o MS si ed p ogeny a 108 days o age (p< 0.001; Table 3) was associa ed wi h a highe weigh o ca cass (p< 0.001), hind leg mea and LTL muscles (p< 0.05). On he con a y, H abbi s displayed a highe hind legs yield as compa ed o he MS si ed abbi s (p< 0.001). The sex o abbi s a ec ed he ca cass d essing and a highe le el was ound in males compa ed o emales (p< 0.05). Conce ning basic indica o s o he p oxima e chemical composi ion o mea in bo h assessed ca cass pa s, he abbi geno ype in luenced only he ash con en in he hind leg mea ; he highe alue o ash con en was obse ed in H abbi s (p< 0.01). The sex o abbi s a ec ed only he con en o e he ex ac in LTL, he lowe alue o e he ex ac was ound in emales compa ed o males (p< 0.05). In addi ion, Animals 2022,12, 1537 5 o 15 a signi ican e ec o geno ype x sex in e ac ion on he con en o CP and ash (p< 0.001) and on he W/P a io (p< 0.01) in hind leg mea was ound. Table 2. E ec o he ca cass pa on mea composi ion o abbi s. I em Mea p-Value Hind Leg LTL P oxima e chemical composi ion (g/kg o esh mea ) D y ma e 241.7 ±1.65 250.7 ±1.74 <0.001 C ude p o ein 215.4 ±1.16 227.4 ±1.11 <0.001 E he ex ac 24.6 ±0.91 16.5 ±0.67 <0.001 Ash 12.3 ±0.05 11.9 ±0.06 <0.001 W/P 3.53 ±0.025 3.30 ±0.022 <0.001 Amino acids (g/100 g o o al c ude p o ein) Lysine 8.86 ±0.193 8.88 ±0.172 0.844 Leucine 7.29 ±0.097 7.71 ±0.093 <0.001 Isoleucine 4.29 ±0.055 4.52 ±0.056 <0.001 Th eonine 4.00 ±0.055 4.27 ±0.052 <0.001 A ginine 5.64 ±0.107 6.33 ±0.182 <0.001 His idine 3.76 ±0.063 4.15 ±0.063 <0.001 Phenylalanine 4.26 ±0.138 3.90 ±0.055 0.004 Valine 4.74 ±0.070 4.97 ±0.071 <0.001 Me hionine 1.84 ±0.038 2.07 ±0.042 <0.001 ∑essen ial AA 44.7 ±0.05 49.8 ±0.54 <0.001 Se ine 3.44 ±0.043 3.67 ±0.042 <0.001 Aspa agine 8.57 ±0.097 8.95 ±0.105 <0.001 Glu amine 14.4 ±0.16 14.6 ±0.16 0.150 P oline 3.76 ±0.050 3.70 ±0.058 0.223 Glycine 4.63 ±0.062 4.29 ±0.065 <0.001 Alanine 5.38 ±0.094 5.33 ±0.094 0.307 Ty osine 3.37 ±0.079 3.54 ±0.081 <0.001 ∑non-essen ial AA 43.6 ±0.46 44.1 ±0.472 0.095 ∑all AA 88.3 ±0.07 90.9 ±0.91 <0.001 Mine al elemen s (mg/100 g o esh mea ) Phospho us 229.8 ±4.24 224.8 ±9.60 0.558 Po assium 232.9 ±4.35 250.3 ±5.85 0.005 Sodium 55.4 ±0.78 58.3 ±1.61 0.113 Calcium 27.8 ±1.39 24.4 ±1.12 0.003 Magnesium 21.9 ±0.43 22.9 ±0.42 0.063 Coppe 0.05 ±0.002 0.06 ±0.002 0.003 I on 1.01 ±0.032 1.03 ±0.028 0.574 Manganese 0.10 ±0.006 0.10 ±0.005 0.514 Zinc 0.92 ±0.014 0.96 ±0.015 0.019 Da a a e means ± s anda d e o o he mean. ∑ : sum. AA: amino acid. LTL:Longissimus ho acis e lumbo um. W/P: wa e /p o ein a ion. 3.2. Amino Acids P o ile As o ca cass pa s assessed (Table 2), he highe con en o bo h o al AA and all EAA (p< 0.001) moni o ed was ound in he LTL muscle as compa ed o hind leg mea . In pa icula , a highe p opo ion o Leu, Iso, Th , A g, His, Val, Me , Se , Asp and Ty was ound in he CP o LTL compa ed o he CP o hind leg mea (p< 0.001). By con as , highe p opo ions o Gly (p< 0.001) and Phe (p< 0.01) we e ound in he CP o hind leg mea han in LTL mea . Conce ning a abbi geno ype (Table 4), a highe p opo ion o he o al AA and all NEAA moni o ed (p< 0.001) as well as all EAA (p< 0.05) was ound in he CP o hind leg mea o H abbi s as compa ed o MS si ed abbi s. Simila ly, in he CP o LTL mea , he highe p opo ion o o al AA (p< 0.05) and all NEAA moni o ed (p< 0.01) was ound in H abbi s as compa ed o MS si ed abbi s. As o he p opo ion o pa icula AA in he CP o hind leg mea , highe alues o Leu, Iso, Th , P o, Gly and Ty (p< 0.001), o Val and Se Animals 2022,12, 1537 6 o 15 (p< 0.01) and also o Asp and Glu (p< 0.05) we e ound in H abbi s as compa ed o MS si ed abbi s. Conce ning he p opo ion o pa icula AA in he CP o LTL mea , highe alues o Gly and Ty (p< 0.001), hen o Leu, Th , Val and Se (p< 0.01) and also o Iso, Asp and Glu (p< 0.05) we e obse ed in H abbi s han in MS si ed abbi s. Table 3. Ca cass ai s and p oxima e chemical composi ion (g/kg o esh mea ) o abbi mea s in ela ion o he geno ype and sex. I em Geno ype p-Value H MS ×H Gen. Sex Gen. ×Sex M F M F Slaugh e weigh (g) 2754 ±81.3 2941 ±70.2 3321 ±63.9 3331 ±72.3 <0.001 0.167 0.213 ADG (g) 23.9 ±1.39 26.4 ±1.56 32.3 ±1.05 31.9 ±1.11 <0.001 0.490 0.267 Ca cass weigh (g) 1677 ±64.1 1735 ±78.0 2059 ±46.4 1983 ±48.2 <0.001 0.715 0.421 Ca cass d essing (%) 60.9 ±0.80 58.8 ±0.97 61.1 ±0.63 60.0 ±0.27 0.137 0.012 0.453 Hind legs yield (%) 33.7 ±0.29 34.0 ±0.17 32.7 ±0.24 32.9 ±0.25 <0.001 0.209 0.956 Hind legs mea (g) 378.2 ±16.40 390.7 ±16.86 434.8 ±11.82 432.1 ±11.84 0.026 0.105 0.371 LTL (g) 210.9 ±10.86 228.0 ±13.75 256.5 ±10.68 241.5 ±7.16 0.036 0.108 0.173 Hind leg mea D y ma e 237.3 ±3.26 240.1 ±4.16 245.0 ±2.95 244.4 ±2.54 0.362 0.815 0.637 C ude p o ein 210.0 ±2.11 b216.5 ±2.44 a,b 221.2 ±1.39 a213.7 ±2.09 a,b 0.241 0.704 <0.001 E he ex ac 22.8 ±2.32 22.5 ±1.51 24.0 ±1.64 28.9 ±1.18 0.404 0.229 0.077 Ash 12.3 ±0.11 a12.5 ±0.09 a12.4 ±0.07 a12.0 ±0.08 b0.002 0.152 <0.001 W/P 3.64 ±0.049 a3.52 ±0.055 a,b 3.41 ±0.024 b3.54 ±0.046 a,b 0.238 0.824 0.005 LTL D y ma e 247.8 ±4.05 249.5 ±3.12 255.8 ±2.63 249.7 ±3.88 0.827 0.436 0.336 C ude p o ein 223.2 ±2.25 227.6 ±2.75 230.1 ±1.10 228.7 ±2.15 0.799 0.701 0.275 E he ex ac 18.3 ±2.08 15.1 ±0.87 17.3 ±1.07 15.3 ±0.86 0.166 0.028 0.451 Ash 11.7 ±0.18 12.0 ±0.10 12.0 ±0.05 11.9 ±0.07 0.860 0.358 0.121 W/P 3.38 ±0.044 3.30 ±0.051 3.23 ±0.021 3.29 ±0.046 0.740 0.960 0.239 Da a a e means ± s anda d e o o he mean. a,b : In ows, means wi h di e en supe sc ip le e s di e a p< 0.05 . H: HYLA. MS: Mecklenbu ge Schecke. M: male. F: emale. Gen.: geno ype. ADG: a e age daily gain om 35 o 108 days. LTL: Longissimus ho acis e lumbo um. W/P: wa e /p o ein a io. Table 4. Amino acid p o ile (g/100 g o o al c ude p o ein) o abbi mea s in ela ion o he geno ype and sex. I em Geno ype p-Value H MS ×H Gen. Sex Gen. ×Sex M F M F Hind leg mea Lysine 8.94 ±0.102 a,b 8.80 ±0.147 b,c 7.65 ±0.164 c10.0 ±0.57 a0.756 0.001 <0.001 Leucine 7.69 ±0.184 7.64 ±0.092 6.81 ±0.137 7.02 ±0.216 <0.001 0.895 0.270 Isoleucine 4.49 ±0.099 4.51 ±0.056 3.99 ±0.077 4.18 ±0.126 <0.001 0.453 0.219 Th eonine 4.28 ±0.096 4.19 ±0.058 3.77 ±0.069 3.77 ±0.119 <0.001 0.401 0.439 A ginine 5.88 ±0.064 5.60 ±0.066 5.21 ±0.086 5.86 ±0.393 0.991 0.294 0.052 His idine 3.97 ±0.059 a3.81 ±0.076 a3.26 ±0.065 b4.03 ±0.144 a0.091 0.003 <0.001 Phenylalanine 4.07 ±0.087 b3.99 ±0.202 b3.54 ±0.153 b5.43 ±0.267 a0.114 <0.001 <0.001 Valine 5.07 ±0.148 a4.87 ±0.071 a4.35 ±0.093 b4.66 ±0.144 0.002 0.883 0.034 Me hionine 2.05 ±0.082 1.76 ±0.047 1.87 ±0.084 1.69 ±0.043 0.444 0.004 0.477 ∑essen ial AA 46.4 ±0.69 a45.2 ±0.67 a40.5 ±0.76 b46.7 ±0.73 a0.034 0.003 <0.001 Se ine 3.63 ±0.069 3.57 ±0.055 3.31 ±0.056 3.26 ±0.107 0.001 0.285 0.718 Aspa agine 8.90 ±0.124 a8.64 ±0.183 a,b 8.10 ±0.163 b8.36 ±0.231 a,b 0.011 0.694 0.015 Animals 2022,12, 1537 7 o 15 Table 4. Con . I em Geno ype p-Value H MS ×H Gen. Sex Gen. ×Sex M F M F Glu amine 14.8 ±0.20 a14.7 ±0.23 a13.4 ±0.28 b14.8 ±0.37 a0.012 0.105 0.006 P oline 3.83 ±0.079 3.99 ±0.094 3.62 ±0.075 3.60 ±0.113 <0.001 0.726 0.523 Glycine 5.05 ±0.072 a4.59 ±0.130 b4.41 ±0.084 b4.46 ±0.118 b<0.001 0.022 0.008 Alanine 4.97 ±0.259 5.73 ±0.081 5.16 ±0.111 5.67 ±0.157 0.477 0.003 0.666 Ty osine 4.14 ±0.076 a3.42 ±0.093 b2.84 ±0.042 c3.09 ±0.053 c0.000 0.001 <0.001 ∑ non-essen ial AA 45.3 ±0.69 a44.6 ±0.73 a40.8 ±0.76 b43.5 ±0.98 a,b <0.001 0.459 0.020 ∑all AA 91.8 ±1.37 a89.8 ±1.36 a81.3 ±1.51 b90.2 ±0.87 a0.002 0.031 0.001 LTL Lysine 9.03 ±0.088 a,b 8.72 ±0.130 a,b 8.01 ±0.187 b9.75 ±0.558 a0.598 0.017 0.003 Leucine 7.97 ±0.129 a7.84 ±0.112 a,b 7.24 ±0.199 b7.78 ±0.225 a,b 0.005 0.518 0.027 Isoleucine 4.66 ±0.086 4.60 ±0.067 4.26 ±0.113 4.55 ±0.142 0.035 0.469 0.083 Th eonine 4.48 ±0.074 a4.36 ±0.066 a3.99 ±0.110 b4.26 ±0.111 a,b 0.009 0.645 0.036 A ginine 6.46 ±0.060 a,b 5.89 ±0.097 b5.51 ±0.140 b7.46 ±0.583 a0.273 0.023 <0.001 His idine 4.31 ±0.058 a,b 4.02 ±0.056 b,c 3.80 ±0.097 c4.49 ±0.160 a0.912 0.060 <0.001 Phenylalanine 4.15 ±0.048 a3.84 ±0.046 a,b 3.52 ±0.086 b4.11 ±0.132 a0.165 0.150 <0.001 Valine 5.40 ±0.066 a4.99 ±0.083 a,b 4.57 ±0.137 b4.94 ±0.158 b0.002 0.652 0.002 Me hionine 2.14 ±0.073 1.97 ±0.095 2.04 ±0.069 2.12 ±0.098 0.806 0.647 0.215 ∑essen ial AA 48.6 ±0.44 a,b 46.2 ±0.64 b,c 42.9 ±1.08 d49.5 ±0.97 a0.209 0.028 <0.001 Se ine 3.84 ±0.046 a3.71 ±0.060 a,b 3.45 ±0.091 b3.66 ±0.095 a,b 0.009 0.867 0.027 Aspa agine 9.40 ±0.101 a8.90 ±0.144 a,b 8.47 ±0.241 b9.04 ±0.246 a,b 0.047 0.934 0.009 Glu amine 15.5 ±0.13 a14.4 ±0.22 a,b 13.8 ±0.34 b14.6 ±0.38 a,b 0.012 0.422 0.002 P oline 3.65 ±0.064 3.83 ±0.106 3.60 ±0.075 3.73 ±0.183 0.271 0.285 0.943 Glycine 4.76 ±0.052 a4.37 ±0.077 b3.91 ±0.130 c4.13 ±0.108 b,c <0.001 0.231 0.002 Alanine 4.92 ±0.263 5.63 ±0.077 5.22 ±0.147 5.57 ±0.155 0.532 0.019 0.506 Ty osine 4.34 ±0.051 a3.49 ±0.068 b3.09 ±0.054 c3.25 ±0.130 b,c <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 ∑ non-essen ial AA 46.4 ±0.49 a44.3 ±0.62 a,b 41.6 ±1.06 b44.0 ±1.01 a,b 0.005 0.894 0.009 ∑all AA 95.0 ±0.92 a90.6 ±1.18 a84.5 ±2.14 b93.5 ±1.19 a0.018 0.227 <0.001 Da a a e means ± s anda d e o o he mean. a,b,c : In ows, means wi h di e en supe sc ip le e s di e a p< 0.05 . H: HYLA. MS: Mecklenbu ge Schecke. M: male. F: emale. Gen.: geno ype. ∑ : sum. AA: amino acid. LTL:Longissimus ho acis e lumbo um. Rega ding he e ec o gende (Table 4), in he CP o hind leg mea , a highe p opo ion o all EAA (p< 0.01) and he o al AA moni o ed (p< 0.05), in pa icula o Phe (p< 0.001) and also o Lys, His and Ala (p< 0.01) was ound in emales as compa ed o males. By con as , he e was a highe p opo ion o Me and Ty (p< 0.01), as well as Gly (p< 0.05) in he CP o male hind leg mea as compa ed o emale hind leg mea . In addi ion, a signi ican e ec o geno ype x sex in e ac ion on he p opo ion o all EAA (p< 0.001), o al AA (p< 0.01 ), as well as NEAA (p< 0.05) moni o ed in CP o hind leg abbi mea was ound; speci ically, on he p opo ion o Lys, His, Phe, Ty , Glu, Val, Asp and Gly. Wi hin LTL, he abbi sex in luenced he p opo ion o all EAA moni o ed (p< 0.05), o Ty ( p< 0.001 ) and o Ala, Lys and A g (p< 0.05) in CP o his mea ; he highe p opo ion o o al EAA, Ala, Lys and A g and he lowe Ty p opo ion was ound in emales. Mo eo e , he abbi geno ype x sex in e ac ion had a conside able e ec on he p opo ion o he o al AA and all EAA (p< 0.001) and o all NEAA moni o ed (p< 0.01) in LTL mea ; speci ically, on he p opo ion o A g, His, Phe, Ty , Lys, Val, Asp, Glu, Gly, Th and Se . 3.3. Mine al Elemen s As o abbi ca cass pa s, he highe Ca le el (p< 0.01) and lowe K and Cu (p< 0.01) and Zn (p< 0.05) le el was obse ed in hind leg mea as compa ed o LTL mea (Table 2). Rega ding a abbi geno ype (Table 5), he highe con en o Mg and Mn (p< 0.001), Zn (p< 0.01) and K (p< 0.05) in hind leg mea was ound in MS si ed abbi s as compa ed o H abbi s. In LTL mea , a highe le el o Na and Mn (p< 0.001), Mg and Zn (p< 0.05) was obse ed in MS si ed abbi s han in H abbi s. Animals 2022,12, 1537 8 o 15 Table 5. Con en o mine al elemen s (mg/100 g o esh mea ) o abbi mea s in ela ion o he geno ype and sex. I em Geno ype p-Value H MS ×HGen. Sex Gen. ×Sex MFMF Hind leg mea Phospho us 231.8 ±9.94 227.4 ±11.57 228.7 ±5.44 231.0 ±6.62 0.218 0.605 0.462 Po assium 243.8 ±12.33 212.5 ±6.15 240.5 ±4.78 235.1 ±7.55 0.014 0.129 0.328 Sodium 60.1 ±1.17 a52.9 ±1.40 b52.2 ±1.22 b56.5 ±1.41 a,b 0.238 0.271 <0.001 Calcium 25.0 ±1.48 b37.0 ±4.36 a26.1 ±0.73 b23.1 ±0.64 b0.341 0.038 0.002 Magnesium 20.5 ±0.61 19.3 ±0.46 25.3 ±0.80 22.7 ±0.35 <0.001 0.008 0.249 Coppe 0.04 ±0.003 0.05 ±0.004 0.06 ±0.002 0.06 ±0.002 0.506 0.243 0.090 I on 0.87 ±0.071 b1.16 ±0.090 a1.02 ±0.013 a,b 1.00 ±0.013 a,b 0.847 0.023 0.009 Manganese 0.06 ±0.009 0.07 ±0.011 0.14 ±0.004 0.13 ±0.004 <0.001 0.747 0.485 Zinc 0.87 ±0.026 0.88 ±0.017 0.92 ±0.029 1.02 ±0.013 0.003 0.016 0.094 LTL Phospho us 219.4 ±9.00 228.9 ±16.75 228.1 ±7.01 223.0 ±5.46 0.172 0.735 0.967 Po assium 272.2 ±12.30 238.0 ±14.66 260.3 ±5.55 230.7 ±9.33 0.773 0.018 0.969 Sodium 52.1 ±1.26 48.5 ±1.62 63.5 ±2.86 69.0 ±2.63 <0.001 0.556 0.097 Calcium 24.9 ±1.49 23.6 ±2.56 25.2 ±0.47 23.9 ±1.09 0.415 0.607 0.846 Magnesium 22.0 ±0.69 21.1 ±0.57 24.4. ±0.79 24.0 ±0.96 0.017 0.568 0.860 Coppe 0.05 ±0.003 0.06 ±0.004 0.06 ±0.002 0.06 ±0.002 0.785 0.187 0.172 I on 0.95 ±0.07 1.14 ±0.070 1.08 ±0.019 0.96 ±0.028 0.182 0.774 0.017 Manganese 0.07 ±0.008 0.08 ±0.008 0.14 ±0.004 0.12 ±0.004 <0.001 0.449 0.187 Zinc 0.93 ±0.036 0.92 ±0.032 1.02 ±0.021 0.99 ±0.026 0.015 0.643 0.616 Da a a e means ± s anda d e o o he mean. a,b : In ows, means wi h di e en supe sc ip le e s di e a p< 0.05 . H: HYLA. MS: Mecklenbu ge Schecke. M: male. F: emale. Gen.: geno ype. LTL:Longissimus ho acis e lumbo um. Conce ning a sex e ec (Table 5), a highe le el o Ca, Fe and Zn (p< 0.05) and lowe le el o Mg (p< 0.01) was ound in he hind leg mea o emales as compa ed o males. A signi ican e ec o geno ype x sex in e ac ion on he con en o Na (p< 0.001), Ca and Fe ( p< 0.01 ) in his mea was also ound. In LTL mea , a highe con en o K was ound in males compa ed o emales (p< 0.05). In addi ion, he abbi geno ype x sex in e ac ion had a signi ican e ec on he con en o Fe (p< 0.05) in LTL. 4. Discussion 4.1. Slaugh e T ai s and P oxima e Chemical Composi ion o Mea A highe SW o MS si ed p ogeny a 108 days in he p esen s udy is simila o ha ound in 100-day-old New Zealand Whi e abbi males [ 26 ] and conside ably highe han he 112-day-old Bu gundy Fawn and Vienna Blue si ed c ossb ed abbi s ea ed unde o ganic p oduc ion [ 17 ]. The alue o SW in HYLA abbi s o he p esen s udy was signi i- can ly lowe han in he same abbi geno ype a ened o 103 days [ 27 ]. Al hough MS si ed p ogeny o he p esen s udy a ained highe SW du ing he ex ended a ening which was also ela ed o a hea ie weigh o hind leg and LTL mea , a highe yield o hind leg mea was ound in a ened H abbi s han in MS si ed abbi p ogeny ( 13.5 s. 13.1% o SW , espec i ely). This ac is demons a ed by he highe muscula i y o hind legs in inal comme cial c ossb ed H abbi s. The hind leg mea yield o abbi geno ypes in he p esen s udy was simila o ha epo ed o he Belgian Gian G ey and Te mond Whi e ab- bi s [ 28 ]. In he case o LTL muscles, hei yield was also sligh ly highe in H abbi s han in MS si ed abbi s (7.8 s. 7.5% o SW, espec i ely) and a highe LTL yield was ound in H emales han in MS si ed emales (7.8 s. 7.3%, esp.). In he p esen s udy, he lowe mea yield o he assessed abbi g oups was ound in MS si ed emale p ogeny. Addi ionally, sligh ly lowe alues o he LTL yield (6.9 o 7.1%) we e ound in 78-day-old abbi s [ 16 ], as compa ed o 108-old abbi s o he p esen s udy; howe e , i is well known ha he Animals 2022,12, 1537 9 o 15 yield o hind leg mea inc eases wi h abbi age [ 29 ]. Wi hin he abbi comme cial b eeding scheme, b eeding o inc eased muscle olume in dis inc i e lines has begun ecen ly. Due o he in e es o consume s, he goal o his selec ion was ocused mainly on inc easing he olume o hind leg mea [ 30 , 31 ]. This is p obably ela ed o he indings o he p esen s udy in which a highe mea yield was ound in inal comme cial c ossb ed H abbi s. In addi ion, i was ound ha a abbi line selec ed o a highe high muscle olume also displayed some be e p oduc ion ai s du ing a ening [32]. Rega ding he p oxima e chemical composi ion o mea in he p esen s udy, he assessed ai s we e in luenced mainly by a ca cass pa and he highe DM con en o he LTL muscle was associa ed wi h he highe CP con en and lowe W/P a io as compa ed o hind leg mea . This inding is in ag eemen wi h indings epo ed in h ee-mon h-old abbi s [ 29 , 33 ]. By con as , K óliczewska e al. ound he highe CP con en in hind leg mea compa ed o LTL, u he mo e he DM con en was also highe in LTL mea o he i e and a hal -mon h-old New Zealand Whi e abbi s [34]. The lowe W/P a io in LTL o he p esen s udy a ou s his abbi mea o subsequen mea p ocessing, since i con ibu es o a highe p oduc yield due o lowe loss o i s own wa e and be e abili y o hold added wa e [ 33 ]. When compa ed o LTL, a highe in amuscula a (IMF) le el was ound in hind legs in he p esen s udy, u he mo e i s con en is in e sely associa ed wi h he con en o CP and wa e in abbi mea [ 35 ]. This inding is in ag eemen wi h ea lie epo ed esul s [ 29 , 33 ]; howe e , he IMF alue in hind legs o he p esen s udy is s ill gene ally low, which con i ms a leanness o abbi mea [ 36 ]. Highe ash con en was ound in hind leg mea in he p esen s udy as compa ed o LTL. By con as , he opposi e end o he ash le el was ound in he Pannon Whi e abbi s [ 29 ]; hei SW we e simila o abbi s in he p esen s udy. The o al mine al con en in mea in he p esen s udy is simila o ha ound by Pe na e al. and by Daszkiewicz and Gugolek [26,33]. A abbi geno ype in he p esen s udy in luenced only he o al mine al con en in hind leg mea , i s highe alue was ound in H abbi s. Me zge e al. [ 29 ] men ion ha abbi s wi h highe body weigh (BW) a a gi en age may ha e a lowe ash con en in hind leg mea , which is in ag eemen wi h he inding o he p esen s udy in which MS si ed emales gained he highe SW and he signi ican ly lowes o al mine al con en . In he p esen s udy, a abbi ’s gende a ec ed only he IMF le el in LTL; leane mea was ound in emales. Simila ly, O iz He nández and Rubio Lozano epo ed lowe IMF con en in 70-day-old emales o he New Zealand Whi e b eed compa ed o hei males; ne e heless, hey ound he opposi e end in he Cali o nian b eed [ 37 ]. I is known ha a highe g ow h in ensi y o abbi esul s in a highe IMF con en , i measu ed a he same age [ 29 ]. In he p esen s udy, abbi SW conside ably di e ed be ween geno ypes assessed, which is a eason why he SW was used as a andom e ec in he s a is ical equa ion. The e o e, he sligh ly highe IMF con en in hind leg mea o MS si ed abbi s was no di e en om ha ound in H abbi s. Howe e , he IMF con en o LTL mea was highe in males o he p esen s udy, which also was obse ed (p> 0.05) by No h e al. [ 38 ] in he LTL o mea abbi geno ypes. I seems ha male abbi s may in some cases deposi mo e IMF in o he LTL muscle wi h ad ancing age. Based on he IMF con en o hind leg mea in he p esen s udy, MS si ed emales we e mos ma u e a he gi en slaugh e age. 4.2. Amino Acid P o ile In gene al, mea AA composi ion is in luenced by di e en syn heses o AA as ela ed o di e en biological s ages o animals [ 8 ]. Fo consume s i is impo an o mee demands o EAA, as he in insic con en s o EAA a e usually used o assess a biological alue o p o eins [ 39 ]. A be e nu i ional alue o p o eins in LTL as compa ed o hind leg mea in abbi s o he p esen s udy was p esen ed by a highe p opo ion o o al AA (+2.9%) and pa icula ly all EAA assessed (+11.4%). On he o he hand, in hind leg mea , a highe p opo ion o Phe (+9.2%) and Gly (+7.9%) was ound. In pa icula , he highe p opo ion o se en ou o nine EAA assessed and o h ee NEAA was ound in LTL mea . The o de o ep esen a ion o indi idual EAAs was almos iden ical in bo h e alua ed abbi ca cass