Assessment of nutritional parameters of native apple cultivars as new gene sources

27 ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS Volume LX 3 Numbe 5, 2012 ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIONAL PARAMETERS OF NATIVE APPLE CULT IVARS AS NEW GENE SOURCES J. Balík, O. Rop, J. Mlček, P. Híc, M. Ho ák, V. Řezníček Recei ed: Ap il 6, 2012 Abs ac BALÍK, J., ROP, O., MLČEK, J., HÍC, P., HORÁK, M., ŘEZNÍČEK, V.: Assessmen o nu i ional pa ame e s o na i e apple cul i a s as new gene sou ces. Ac a uni . ag ic. e sil ic. Mendel. B un., 2012, LX, No. 5, pp. 27– 38 Al hough he e a e ens o diff e en apple a ie ies in Eu ope, only some o hem we e pu pose ully b ed and selec ed in he pas . In spi e o he ac ha hey can ha e ou s anding nu i ional and echnological p ope ies, he majo i y o hem a e o only a local impo ance. The objec i e o his s udy was o show and popula ize al oge he 35 local apple a ie ies which a e ypical o he condi ions o Cen al Eu ope. Howe e , hei gene ic uniqueness ep esen s an i eplaceable ecological weal h and o ha eason hese local a ie ies could become a new and ou s anding sou ce o nu ien s and ood. Today, hey can be used no only o di ec consump ion and in ood indus y bu also as a po en ial ma e ial o u he b eeding and selec ion. I was ound ou in ou expe imen s ha he highes con en o o al acids was shown by he a ie y ’Ci ono é zimní’ (6.1 g.kg−1 o esh ma e ). As a as he con en o pec ins was conce ned, he highes le els we e ound ou in he a ie y ’S ymka’ (3.26% in esh ma e ). O mine als, po assium showed he highes le els in ui ; o example, he a ie y ’Boiko o’ con ained 9.70 ppm o his elemen in d y ma e . Peels showed app oxima ely 7 imes highe an ioxidan capaci y han he fl esh. Fo example, peels o he a ie y ’Be nské ůžo é’ showed an ioxidan capaci y o as much as 56.65 mmol o olox pe kg o esh ma e . This pape should con ibu e o eff o s ocused on sa ing o gene ic a iabili y o apples and hei u he applica ion bo h in human nu i ion and a u he b eeding and selec ion unde condi ions o pomological and alimen a y p ac ice. apples, local a ie ies, i able acidi y, pec ins, mine als, an ioxidan capaci y Today, apple ees a e he mos popula and he mos g own co e ui species in Eu ope. Due o hei nu i ional p ope ies, apples a e a he alued as ui species (Gallus e al., 2005). Thanks o he con en o mine als and polyphenolic compounds he consump ion o apples is ecommended o p e en ca dio ascula o oncogenic diseases (Wojdylo e al., 2008). In associa ion wi h he p ocess o in ensifi ca ion o ag icul u al p oduc ion, he las cen u y was cha ac e ised by ex ensi e g owing and b eeding o only se e al selec ed and nowadays comme cially success ul apple a ie ies. Tens o o he s a e only on he ma gin o gene al in e es . A u he p opaga ion o local (na i e) cul i a s is p e en ed abo e all by he ac ha hei senso y and echnological p ope ies a e no as good as hose o pu pose ully b ed and selec ed ones al hough hei local impo ance may be a he conside able (Goland and Baue , 2004). Ne e heless, many o hese na i e a ie ies show a signifi can ole ance o pa hogens and pes s, a high adap abili y o less a ou able clima ic and soil condi ions, good esis ance o s ess (Te e a, 2003) and he uniqueness o hei ela ionship o nu i ional p ope ies (To h e al., 2004). In he Czech Republic, apple ees a e he mos equen ui species. The main objec i e o his pape is o emphasize some nu i ional pa ame e s o 35 ypical Czech local apple a ie ies. Du ing he p ocess o landscape cul i a ion and ca e, 28 J. Balík, O. Rop, J. Mlček, P. Híc, M. Ho ák, V. Řezníček many o he ecommended apple a ie ies we e sp eading in Bohemia and Mo a ia in he pas . This p ocess was also accompanied wi h he selec ion o local apple a ie ies (H ičo ský e al., 2003). The desc ibed a ie ies, howe e , could pa ly fi nd a wide applica ion in human nu i ion (Monschein e al., 2006) and i is also necessa y o men ion he possibili y o hei applica ion in he b eeding wo k and selec ion (Lau ens, 1996). MATERIAL AND METHODS The main hypo hesis o his pape is no o p o e he dependence exis ing be ween model ac o s on he one hand and nu i ional pa ame e s on he o he . I s main objec i e is o emphasize he abundance o gene ic di e si y as ela ed o g owing and u ilisa ion o apple ees abo e all due o he ac ha he Czech Republic ep esen s his o ically one o he iches b eeding po en ials in he wo ld. Fo expe imen s, al oge he 35 apple a ie ies we e used; some o hem, howe e , o igina ed no only om Bohemia and Mo a ia bu also om some o he coun ies. In spi e o his, he majo i y o hem a e ypical jus o he e i o y o Cen al Eu ope and i is no possible o neglec o igno e hei , o en hund ed-yea -old, use o nu i ional pu poses (Te e a, 2006). This pape compa es nu i ional pa ame e s o indi idual a ie ies, ies o poin ou hei p ospec s and o con ibu e o he p ese a ion o hei o iginali y o he con empo a y pomicul u al p ac ice. I s mos impo an objec i e is o sa e he gene ic a iabili y o apple ees and o enable hei u he use in he fi elds o human nu i ion and pomicul u al p ac ice. Sample collec ion and hei p epa a ion o chemical analyses Apples we e ha es ed om fi e ees o each a ie y unde s udy in he s age o consume ipeness. Each o hese samples in ol ed 3 eplica ions om each ee (i.e. al oge he 15). The samples we e s o ed in a con olled en i onmen a he empe a u e o + 2 °C and unde condi ions o 85% o ela i e humidi y (Kyzlink, 1990). Fo analyses all ui wi hou co e we e used (i.e. peel and fl esh oge he ). The samples we e ob ained om 35 apple ee a ie ies, 29 o which o igina ed om he Tišno egion. The o he samples we e ha es ed in he Whi e Ca pa hians in he cadas e o Valašské Klobouky. In he pas he Whi e Ca pa hians we e decla ed as a p o ec ed landscape a ea and he desc ibed a ie ies a e qui e ypical o his egion (Te e a, 2006). Desc ip ion o locali y Tišno F ui s we e ha es ed in expe imen al o cha ds o Mendel Uni e si y in B no. These o cha ds a e si ua ed in he Tišno icini y, he Czech Republic. The a e age al i ude is 435 m abo e sea le el, and he mean annual empe a u e and p ecipi a ion a e 7.5 °C and 696 mm, espec i ely. The soil ype was classifi ed as he Meso ophic Cambisol. Desc ip ion o locali y Valašské Klobouky F ui s we e ha es ed in expe imen al o cha ds o Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin. These o cha ds a e si ua ed in he sou h-wes e n pa o he Whi e Ca pa hians nea Zlín, he Czech Republic. The a e age al i ude is 340 m abo e sea le el, and he mean annual empe a u e and p ecipi a ion a e 7.9 °C and 760 mm, espec i ely. The soil ype was classifi ed as he Meso ophic Cambisol. Chemical analyses Wi h he excep ion o he de e mina ion o pec in subs ances, i amin C and an ioxidan capaci y, all o he chemical analyses we e pe o med using he s anda d me hods desc ibed by No o ný (2000). D y ma e con en was measu ed a e d ying off o a cons an weigh a he s anda d empe a u e o 105 ˚C ± 2 ˚C – he appa a us VENTICELL 111 (BMT, B no, Czech Republic). Soluble solid con en (SSC) was es ima ed by means o pola ime ic measu emen s in juice ob ained a e squeezing he ui using a digi al ins umen HI 96801 (Hanna Ins umen s, Woonsocke , RI, USA). The con en o o al acids was measu ed by po en iome ic i a ion; 20 g o homogenised sample we e ex ac ed o 30 minu es in a shake in 200 ml o e-dis illed wa e a he empe a u e o 80 °C. The ob ained ex ac was fi l e ed and i a ed wi h sodium hyd oxide o he pH alue o 8.1 by using he appa a us pH211 (Hanna Ins umen s, Woonsocke , RI, USA). The ob ained esul was con e ed o he con en o acids in g.kg−1 o esh ma e (FM). Mine al con en assay The sample was d ied off o a cons an weigh – he appa a us VENTICELL 111 (BMT, B no, Czech Republic) – in a d ie a he empe a u e o 105 °C ± 2 °C. A po ion o 1g o homogenised d y ma e (DM) ( he size o pa icles up o 1 mm) was he ea e mine alized in a mix u e o concen a ed sulphu ic acid and 30% hyd ogen pe oxide. Mine alized samples we e quan i a i ely ans e ed in o a 250 ml olume ic fl ask and i s olume was efi lled o he olume wi h e-dis illed wa e . The mine aliza e was measu ed in an a omic abso p ion spec ome e PHILIPS PU 9200X (Philips, Ams e dam, he Ne he lands). The con en o o al ni ogen was measu ed acco ding o Kjeldahl using he appa a us KJELTEC TM 2300 (Foss, Hille od, Denma k). The amoun o mine als was exp essed as ppm ( espec i ely ppb) in DM. Pec in subs ances con en assay The con en o pec ins was measu ed by means o a modifi ed me hod desc ibed by Rop e al. (2008). A pulp sample (10 g) was ex ac ed a he empe a u e o 80 °C in a shake wi h hyd ochlo ic acid c = 1 mol.dm−3 o a pe iod o 90 minu es. The ob ained hyd olyza e was quan i a i ely ans e ed in o a 250 ml olume ic fl ask and efi lled o he olume wi h wa e . Pec ins Assessmen o nu i ional pa ame e s o na i e apple cul i a s as new gene sou ces 29 we e he ea e measu ed pho ome ically as a colou ed complex consis ing o he p oduc o he mal decomposi ion o galac u onic acid wi h m-hyd oxybiphenyl in concen a ed H2SO4. The samples o 5 ml we e g adually aken off and pu in o 50-ml fl asks; he ea e , hey we e mixed wi h 6 ml o sodium e abo a e (c = 0.013 mol.dm−3) dissol ed in concen a ed sulphu ic acid, fi lled up o he olume wi h dis illed wa e and boiled o 5 minu es. Boiled samples we e le o s and o 20 minu es and he ea e hey we e measu ed (a 520 nm) oge he wi h s anda ds in he appa a us LIBRA S6 (Bioch om L d., Camb idge, UK). The con en o pec ins was exp essed in pe cen s o esh ma e . De e mina ion o asco bic acid The de e mina ion o asco bic acid con en was ca ied ou by a modifi ed me hod o Wagne e al. (1979) and Miki (1981). 5 g o he sample we e weighed in E leymaye fl ask by adding 25 ml o ex ac an me hanol: H2O:H3PO4 in he a io 99:0.5:0.5. The fl ask wi h he samples was placed in o a wa e ba h wi h he empe a u e o 25 °C whe e he samples we e ex ac ed o 15 minu es. To keep ou he samples o dayligh , he fl ask was co e ed wi h aluminium oil du ing he p epa a ion. A e he ex ac ion he con en o he bank was fi l a ed h ough pape Fil apak No. 390. The fi l a e p epa ed in his way be o e injec ion was dilu ed in a ion o ex ac an and fi l a ed again h ough a memb ane fi l e Nylon (0.45 μm Nylon fi l e disk). The ins umen used o asco bic acid analysis consis ed o a sol en deli e y pump (ESA Inc., Chelms o d, USA) – Model 582, gua d cell (ESA Inc., Chelms o d, USA) – Model 5010A, wo king elec ode po en ial K1 = 600 mV, K2 = 650 mV, ch oma og aphic column – Model Supelcosil LC8 (150.0 x 4.6 mm), 5 μm pa icle size and an elec ochemical de ec o (Coulochem III). Ch oma og aphic condi ions we e cons an : 30 °C, as a mobile phase me hanol was used: H2O:H3PO4 = 99:0.5:0.5, (fi l a ed h ough a fi l e Nylon, 0.2 μm), ype o .elu ion was isoc a ic, he fl ow a e o he mobile phase was 1.1 ml.min−1, e en ion ime 1.9– 2.0 min. The con en o asco bic acid was calcula ed as mg.100 g−1 o esh ma e . An ioxidan capaci y assay The peel was sepa a ed om h ee pa s o he ui wi h he scalpel and cu o pieces. The fl esh was cu ou om all he apple leng h in a shape o 3 cylinde s wi h a diame e o 2 mm. The weigh o 0.5 g was sepa a ed om he homogenised samples and immedia ely 3 ml o 50% me hanol we e added. A e 15 minu es o ex ac ion cen i uga ion a 3,000 pm was pe o med. The an ioxidan capaci y was de e mined by pho ochemiluminescence me hod (PCL) using KIT ACL (400.803) and he ins umen Pho ochem (Analy ik Jena AG, Ge many). F ee adicals (supe oxide anion adicals) we e p oduced by op ical exci a ion (i adia ion) o a pho osensi ise (dye). These adicals we e pa ially elimina ed om he sample by eac ion wi h he an ioxidan s p esen in he sample. The emaining adicals cause he luminescence in he measu ing cell, he eby allowing de e mina ion o he an ioxidan capaci y o he ex ac sample. The samples we e dilu ed o gi e signals lying wi hin he ange o he calib a ion cu e and wi hin he linea ange o he ins umen . The o al an ioxidan capaci y (TAC) o he esh apple fl esh o esh aplle peel was quan ifi ed by compa ison wi h he T olox s anda d (Balík e al., 2008). S a is ical e alua ion All esul s we e e alua ed using he ANOVA a ia ion s a is ics p og amme. S a is ical da a we e calcula ed acco ding o Snedeco and Coch an (1967) when using he s a is ical package Unis a , . 5.1 and Offi ce Excel® Mic oso . RESULTS When e alua ing he o e all a e age alues wi h ega d o indi idual apples, he highes weigh s o one ui we e eco ded in he a ie ies ’Sikulské’ (on a e age 236.3 g) and ’Lebelo o’ om he locali y nea Tišno (200.7 g). Also in he o he locali y he e we e ela i ely high a e age weigh s o ’Lebelo o’ apples. Highe weigh s we e o example eco ded also in he a ie ies ’Limbu ské’, ’K asok ě ’ o ’C oncelské’ (Tab. I). The a ie y ’Sikulské’ showed also he highes con en o d y ma e (16.51%). Mo e han 16% o d y ma e was eco ded also in he a ie ies ’S a k imson’, ’James G ie e’ and ’H ězdna á ene a’. The a ie y ’S a k imson’ showed a high con en o soluble solid con en (16.10% FM). In he a ie y ’S ýmka’ his alue was 15.68%. Mo e han 14% o soluble solid con en in FM was shown also in he a ie ies ’Panenské české’ and ’Ci ono é zimní’ (Tab. I). The i a ion acidi y and he con en o pec in subs ances we e o he impo an echnological pa ame e s es ima ed in al oge he 35 samples o a ie ies unde s udy. In his case he e we e conside able diff e ences among indi idual a ie ies. As a as he o al con en o acids was conce ned, he measu ed alues anged om 1.3 g.kg−1 FM (’Coxo a ene a’) o 6.1 g.kg−1 FM (’Ci ono é zimní’). Diff e ences we e also ound ou in he con en s o pec ins. The lowes le els we e ound ou in he a ie ies ’Lebelo o’ om he Tišno egion (1.11% FM) and ’Boiko o’ (1.14% FM). The a ie ies ’C oncelské’ and ’Jep iška’ con ained bo h 1.15% FM while he highes one was ound ou in he a ie y ’S ýmka’ (3.26% FM). O mine al elemen s, he highes con en s in d y ma e we e hose o po assium and he a ie y ’Boiko o’ con ained as much as 9.70 ppm. High con en s o po assium we e also ound in he a ie ies ’Jep iška’, ’Gus a o o’, ’G á š ýnské’ o ’Alb ech o o’. In hese a ie ies he e we e also high con en s o o he mac oelemen s, abo e all o 30 J. Balík, O. Rop, J. Mlček, P. Híc, M. Ho ák, V. Řezníček ni ogen (Tab. II). So, o example, a high con en o ni ogen was ound ou in he a ie y ’Boskoopské’ (4.50 ppm). The highes le els o phospho us (1.07 ppm) we e ound ou in he a ie ies ’Bláho o o anžo é’ and ’Jade nička mo a ská’. As a as he o he elemen s we e conce ned, he con en e.g. o calcium anged om 0.35 ppm ( he a ie y ’Vilémo o’) o 0.82 ppm ( he a ie ies ’Boiko o’ and ’Gus a o o’). In case o magnesium his ange had limi s o 0.23 ppm ( he a ie y ’Be nské ůžo é’) and 0.41 ppm ( he a ie ies ’C oncelské’ and ’Jep iška’) while in case o sodium he alues anged om 48 ppb ( he a ie y ’Slá a s ě a’) o 190 ppb ( he a ie y ’K á kos opka k álo ská’). In he a ie ies ha es ed in he locali y Valašské Klobouky he con en s o i amin C and o o al an ioxidan capaci y we e measu ed as well. While in he fl esh he alues o o al an ioxidan capaci y anged om 4.02 ( he a ie y ’Vilémo o’) o 6.59 mmol o olox.kg−1 FM ( he a ie y ’Be nské I: Selec ed quali y pa ame e s o apple cul i a s (n = 15) Cul i a F ui weigh (g) D y ma e (%) Soluble solid con en (%) Ti a able acidi y (g.kg−1) Pec ins (%) Alb ech o o/VK* 99.2 ± 7.6** 11.14 ± 0.03 13.50 ± 0.12 3.80 ± 0.27 2.01 ± 0.04 Baumanno a ene a/Ti 142.6 ± 6.4 12.81 ± 0.02 13.85 ± 0.01 4.28 ± 0.28 2.90 ± 0.04 Be nské ůžo é/VK 80.5 ± 5.1 11.23 ± 0.15 11.70 ± 0.18 2.64 ± 0.12 2.19 ± 0.01 Bláho o o anžo é/Ti 89.7 ± 4.8 15.04 ± 0.05 12.96 ± 0.02 2.10 ± 0.52 1.78 ± 0.09 Boiko o/Ti 110.4 ± 10.3 17.23 ± 0.03 13.22 ± 0.02 1.93 ± 0.13 1.14 ± 0.03 Boskoopské/Ti 136.5 ± 9.7 13.67 ± 0.03 12.51 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.18 2.45 ± 0.08 Ci ono é zimní/Ti 154.1 ± 8.2 15.97 ± 0.06 11.14 ± 0.01 6.10 ± 0.48 1.50 ± 0.05 Coxo a ene a /Ti 90.7 ± 7.6 10.62 ± 0.17 14.35 ± 0.02 1.30 ± 0.29 2.12 ± 0.16 C oncelské/Ti 168.3 ± 10.4 15.24 ± 0.28 14.22 ± 0.02 2.50 ± 0.24 1.15 ± 0.04 Gdánský h anáč/Ti 75.0 ± 3.9 13.44 ± 0.05 11.16 ± 0.01 4.30 ± 0.36 2.87 ± 0.51 G á š ynské/Ti 126.8 ± 7.1 10.83 ± 0.05 13.87 ± 0.02 2.35 ± 0.13 1.44 ± 0.02 Gus a o o/Ti 99.3 ± 8.8 15.66 ± 0.03 12.54 ± 0.02 2.50 ± 0.22 1.90 ± 0.17 Hájko a muš. ene a/Ti 124.2 ± 14.5 14.20 ± 0.04 11.00 ± 0.01 2.90 ± 0.14 1.93 ± 0.08 H ězdna á ene a/VK 119.0 ± 4.1 16.35 ± 0.03 11.60 ± 0.18 3.60 ± 0.29 1.33 ± 0.02 Jade nička mo a ská/VK 88.2 ± 4.0 7.57 ± 0.13 13.30 ± 0.22 1.50 ± 0.27 2.84 ± 0.14 James G ie e/Ti 147.5 ± 8.4 16.22 ± 0.02 14.05 ± 0.01 1.68 ± 0.15 2.02 ± 0.07 Jep iška/Ti 155.7 ± 7.4 12.37 ± 0.04 11.20 ± 0.01 5.40 ± 0.57 1.15 ± 0.05 Kal il bílý podzimní/Ti 161.4 ± 10.1 12.32 ± 0.02 12.01 ± 0.01 5.00 ± 0.50 1.92 ± 0.04 K asok ě /Ti 170.1 ± 18.8 14.57 ± 0.06 13.89 ± 0.02 3.10 ± 0.29 1.85 ± 0.11 K á kos opka k álo ./Ti 169.1 ± 7.0 11.84 ± 0.06 11.80 ± 0.22 3.20 ± 0.24 2.80 ± 0.09 Lebelo o/VK 165.0 ± 17.1 12.87 ± 0.10 11.60 ± 0.08 4.90 ± 0.54 1.59 ± 0.12 Lebelo o/Ti 200.7 ± 44.7 13.10 ± 0.03 11.75 ± 0.02 3.30 ± 0.36 1.11 ± 0.10 Leca /Ti 100.5 ± 6.2 12.30 ± 0.03 13.61 ± 0.01 5.20 ± 0.08 2.56 ± 0.03 Limbu ské/Ti 198.8 ± 9.3 10.39 ± 0.02 13.14 ± 0.01 1.50 ± 0.29 2.09 ± 0.13 Ma čino/VK 135.1 ± 11.6 12.42 ± 1.00 12.00 ± 0.14 1.60 ± 0.20 1.88 ± 0.06 Ma čino/Ti 115.4 ± 5.8 14.21 ± 0.07 12.15 ± 0.01 1.90 ± 0.39 2.01 ± 0.11 On a io/Ti 125.8 ± 8.9 14.89 ± 0.03 13.57 ± 0.01 1.80 ± 0.08 1.88 ± 0.05 Panenské české/Ti 111.2 ± 10.8 11.84 ± 0.03 14.86 ± 0.02 3.10 ± 0.14 1.18 ± 0.07 Pa ména zla á/Ti 91.1 ± 5.4 16.13 ± 0.02 12.17 ± 0.01 3.00 ± 0.28 1.18 ± 0.05 Sikulské/Ti 236.3 ± 39.0 16.51 ± 0.02 13.84 ± 0.01 2.20 ± 0.23 1.63 ± 0.11 Slá a s ě a/Ti 153.0 ± 8.4 13.64 ± 0.08 11.05 ± 0.01 3.10 ± 0.47 1.87 ± 0.05 Spa an/Ti 82.8 ± 6.8 13.95 ± 0.01 13.90 ± 0.01 2.28 ± 0.32 2.40 ± 0.04 S a k imson/VK 54.1 ± 2.4 16.35 ± 0.01 16.10 ± 0.41 1.70 ± 0.24 1.52 ± 0.12 S ýmka/Ti 111.3 ± 7.5 11.58 ± 0.08 15.68 ± 0.01 1.80 ± 0.29 3.26 ± 0.17 Ša la ka bo ačská/Ti 82.9 ± 5.2 14.51 ± 0.03 12.88 ± 0.02 1.90 ± 0.24 1.86 ± 0.02 Ušlech ilé žlu é/Ti 95.5 ± 5.9 15.33 ± 0.02 11.85 ± 0.02 4.00 ± 0.37 1.58 ± 0.06 Vilémo o/VK 134.7 ± 5.7 11.84 ± 0.05 11.40 ± 0.08 2.60 ± 0.14 2.02 ± 0.10 Vilémo o/Ti 123.5 ± 6.9 15.64 ± 0.04 12.15 ± 0.02 3.50 ± 0.32 2.55 ± 0.05 *VK = Valašské Klobouky, Ti = Tišno ; **mean ± s anda d de ia ion (n = 15) Assessmen o nu i ional pa ame e s o na i e apple cul i a s as new gene sou ces 31 ůžo é’), in peels hese alues anged om 19.11 (again he a ie y ’Vilémo o’) o 56.65 mmol o olox.kg−1 FM (again he a ie y ’Be nské ůžo é’); he ob ained esul s we e s a is ically signifi can (Tab. III). S a is ically signifi can minimum con en s o i amin C we e ound ou in apples o he a ie ies ’Jade nička mo a ská’ and ’S a k imson’ (Tab. V). On he o he hand, s a is ically signifi can maximum con en s o i amin C we e ound ou in apples o he a ie y ’Alb ech o o’ (13.55 mg.kg−1 FM). When es ima ing co ela ions exis ing be ween he con en o asco bic acid and he o al an ioxidan capaci y, he calcula ed co ela ion coeffi cien s o he fl esh and peel we e = 0.7806 and = 0.4995, espec i ely (Fig. 6). II: Con en o elemen s in apple cul i a s (n = 15) Cul i a NPKCaMgNa (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppb) Alb ech o o/VK* 3.68 ± 0.15 1.05 ± 0.06 9.10 ± 0.14 0.52 ± 0.01 0.34 ± 0.04 65 ± 17 Baumanno a ene a/Ti 3.90 ± 0.14 1.05 ± 0.03 7.10 ± 0.22 0.69 ± 0.05 0.34 ± 0.01 70 ± 8 Be nské ůžo é/VK 3.08 ± 0.10 0.87 ± 0.08 6.30 ± 0.29 0.50 ± 0.01 0.23 ± 0.03 60 ± 8 Bláho o o anžo é/Ti 3.83 ± 0.22 1.07 ± 0.04 7.70 ± 0.35 0.70 ± 0.04 0.39 ± 0.03 100 ± 8 Boiko o/Ti 4.00 ± 0.08 0.97 ± 0.02 9.70 ± 0.22 0.82 ± 0.01 0.40 ± 0.01 103 ± 10 Boskoopské/Ti 4.50 ± 0.12 0.99 ± 0.06 8.40 ± 0.27 0.58 ± 0.03 0.37 ± 0.01 90 ± 12 Ci ono é zimní/Ti 3.20 ± 0.18 0.81 ± 0.02 7.10 ± 0.29 0.55 ± 0.01 0.39 ± 0.03 88 ± 10 Coxo a ene a /Ti 3.40 ± 0.08 1.04 ± 0.04 6.53 ± 0.05 0.51 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.01 70 ± 8 C oncelské/Ti 3.73 ± 0.54 0.88 ± 0.05 8.50 ± 0.18 0.70 ± 0.12 0.41 ± 0.02 98 ± 10 Gdánský h anáč/Ti 2.90 ± 0.24 0.85 ± 0.04 6.70 ± 0.22 0.39 ± 0.01 0.29 ± 0.02 80 ± 8 G á š ýnské/Ti 4.00 ± 0.08 0.86 ± 0.08 9.20 ± 0.18 0.40 ± 0.03 0.28 ± 0.01 60 ± 8 Gus a o o/Ti 3.28 ± 0.21 0.81 ± 0.04 9.00 ± 0.43 0.82 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.01 60 ± 8 Hájko a muš. ene a/Ti 2.90 ± 0.34 0.93 ± 0.08 6.90 ± 0.14 0.59 ± 0.05 0.32 ± 0.01 90 ± 8 H ězdna á ene a/VK 3.10 ± 0.08 0.87 ± 0.02 8.50 ± 0.36 0.48 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.01 68 ± 10 Jade nička mo a ská/VK 3.20 ± 0.14 1.07 ± 0.04 7.80 ± 0.29 0.48 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.01 58 ± 10 James G ie e/Ti 3.93 ± 0.10 1.04 ± 0.04 8.10 ± 0.18 0.64 ± 0.05 0.40 ± 0.02 135 ± 13 Jep iška/Ti 3.80 ± 0.18 0.86 ± 0.02 9.50 ± 0.32 0.80 ± 0.08 0.41 ± 0.01 90 ± 8 Kal il bílý podzimní/Ti 3.00 ± 0.16 0.88 ± 0.05 9.00 ± 0.18 0.51 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.02 60 ± 8 K asok ě /Ti 3.10 ± 0.14 1.00 ± 0.04 5.80 ± 0.32 0.46 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.02 138 ± 5 K á kos opka k álo ./Ti 4.10 ± 0.20 0.95 ± 0.04 7.20 ± 0.38 0.39 ± 0.01 0.33 ± 0.02 190 ± 14 Lebelo o/VK 3.30 ± 0.14 1.02 ± 0.03 8.10 ± 0.22 0.41 ± 0.02 0.35 ± 0.02 188 ± 5 Lebelo o/Ti 3.50 ± 0.22 0.95 ± 0.07 7.80 ± 0.29 0.41 ± 0.01 0.34 ± 0.01 140 ± 14 Leca /Ti 2.80 ± 0.18 0.89 ± 0.03 5.83 ± 0.05 0.48 ± 0.02 0.30 ± 0.02 60 ± 8 Limbu ské/Ti 4.20 ± 0.24 0.90 ± 0.03 7.50 ± 0.33 0.53 ± 0.05 0.30 ± 0.02 90 ± 8 Ma čino/VK 3.30 ± 0.14 1.01 ± 0.05 7.80 ± 0.32 0.67 ± 0.01 0.34 ± 0.03 188 ± 10 Ma čino/Ti 3.50 ± 0.41 0.98 ± 0.03 8.20 ± 0.18 0.75 ± 0.02 0.32 ± 0.02 150 ± 8 On a io/Ti 3.70 ± 0.08 0.98 ± 0.03 8.80 ± 0.36 0.68 ± 0.02 0.36 ± 0.03 170 ± 12 Panenské české/Ti 4.00 ± 0.26 0.88 ± 0.03 8.10 ± 0.48 0.75 ± 0.04 0.35 ± 0.03 170 ± 16 Pa ména zla á/Ti 3.00 ± 0.14 0.94 ± 0.03 6.50 ± 0.18 0.47 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.02 68 ± 13 Sikulské/Ti 3.00 ± 0.08 0.95 ± 0.04 6.10 ± 0.29 0.59 ± 0.01 0.33 ± 0.01 70 ± 8 Slá a s ě a/Ti 2.80 ± 0.24 0.89 ± 0.05 6.00 ± 0.32 0.51 ± 0.04 0.32 ± 0.02 48 ± 5 Spa an/Ti 3.90 ± 0.14 1.01 ± 0.06 8.80 ± 0.53 0.66 ± 0.05 0.31 ± 0.01 118 ± 10 S a k imson/VK 3.30 ± 0.32 0.98 ± 0.05 6.30 ± 0.14 0.54 ± 0.05 0.29 ± 0.06 90 ± 8 S ýmka/Ti 3.70 ± 0.59 1.02 ± 0.06 9.20 ± 0.32 0.63 ± 0.03 0.30 ± 0.02 120 ± 8 Ša la ka bo ačská/Ti 3.40 ± 0.16 0.90 ± 0.04 6.70 ± 0.36 0.58 ± 0.01 0.28 ± 0.03 70 ± 8 Ušlech ilé zlu é/Ti 3.00 ± 0.32 0.81 ± 0.03 7.20 ± 0.92 0.60 ± 0.03 0.33 ± 0.02 80 ± 8 Vilémo o/VK 3.30 ± 0.12 0.87 ± 0.05 6.30 ± 0.14 0.35 ± 0.01 0.27 ± 0.02 65 ± 13 Vilémo o/Ti 3.50 ± 0.18 0.90 ± 0.12 7.20 ± 0.42 0.45 ± 0.02 0.33 ± 0.01 70 ± 8 *VK = Valašské Klobouky, Ti = Tišno ; ***mean ± s anda d de ia ion (n = 15) 32 J. Balík, O. Rop, J. Mlček, P. Híc, M. Ho ák, V. Řezníček DISCUSSION Today, apple ees a e he mos popula and he mos g own co e ui species in Eu ope. As a as apples as ui a e conce ned, hei as e and hei possible u iliza ion o nu i ional pu poses ep esen he mos alued cha ac e is ics. Howe e , all p ope ies o ui which infl uence ma ke abili y o apples a e o impo ance as well. Wha is also impo an is hei capabili y o ole a e anspo and s o age condi ions (Goland and Baue , 2004). Al hough i is possible o fi nd ou ens o a ious apple ee a ie ies in Eu ope, only some o hem we e pu pose ully b ed and selec ed in he pas (Radica o e al., 1995) and he same conce ns also o example pea s (Beni ez, 1998). A u he p opaga ion o local a ie ies is p e en ed abo e all by he ac ha hei senso y and echnological p ope ies a e no as good as hose o pu pose ully b ed and selec ed ones (Kuhn e al., 2003) al hough hei local impo ance may be a he conside able (K, Ca, Na) -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 Komponen a 1 PC2 (20.3%) PC1 (25.2%) A B C D E F G H I(F ui weigh ) (D y mass, Mg) (Soluble solid con en , N, P) (Pec in) (Ti a able acidi y) 1: P incipal componen analysis o all obse ed analy ic da a (A = Be nské ůžo é, B = Jade nička mo a ská, C = Coxo a ene a, D = S ýmka, E = Spa an, F = Boiko o, G = C oncelské, H = Jep iška, I = Ci ono é zimní) 30 80 130 180 230 280 S a k inson/VK Gdánský h anáþ/Ti Be nské Ĥžo é/VK Spa an/Ti Ša la ka bo aþská/Ti Jade niþka mo a ská/VK Bláho o o anžo é/Ti Coxo a ene a /Ti Pa ména zla á/Ti Ušlech ilé žlu é/Ti Alb ech o o/VK Gus a o o/Ti Leca /Ti Boiko o/Ti Panenské þeské/Ti S ýmka/Ti Ma þino/Ti H Čzdna á ene a/VK Vilémo o/Ti Hájko a muš. ene a/Ti On a io/Ti G á š ýnské/Ti Vilémo o/VK Ma þino/VK Boskoopské/Ti Baumanno a ene a/Ti James G ie e/Ti Slá a s Č a/Ti Ci ono é zimní/Ti Jep iška/Ti Kal il bílý podzimní/Ti Lebelo o/VK C oncelské/Ti K á kos opka k álo ./Ti K asok Č /Ti Limbu ské/Ti Lebelo o/Ti Sikulské/Ti F ui weigh (g) 2: Mean o ui weigh and Tukey HSD in e als (P = 0.95; n = 15) depending on apple cul i a s Assessmen o nu i ional pa ame e s o na i e apple cul i a s as new gene sou ces 33 10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 Hájko a muš. ene a/Ti Slá a s Č a/Ti Ci ono é zimní/Ti Gdánský h anáþ/Ti Jep iška/Ti Be nské Ĥžo é/VK Vilémo o/VK H Čzdna á ene a/VK Lebelo o/VK Lebelo o/Ti K á kos opka k álo ./Ti Ušlech ilé žlu é/Ti Ma þino/VK Kal il bílý podzimní/Ti Ma þino/Ti Vilémo o/Ti Pa ména zla á/Ti Boskoopské/Ti Gus a o o/Ti Ša la ka bo aþská/Ti Bláho o o anžo é/Ti Limbu ské/Ti Boiko o/Ti Jade niþka mo a ská/VK Alb ech o o/VK On a io/Ti Leca /Ti Sikulské/Ti Baumanno a ene a/Ti G á š ýnské/Ti K asok Č /Ti Spa an/Ti James G ie e/Ti C oncelské/Ti Coxo a ene a /Ti Panenské þeské/Ti S ýmka/Ti S a k inson/VK Soluble solid con en (%) 3: Mean o soluble solid con en and Tukey HSD in e als (P = 0.95; n = 15) depending on apple cul i a s 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 Lebelo o/Ti Boiko o/Ti C oncelské/Ti Jep iška/Ti Panenské Pa ména H Čzdna á G á š ýnské/Ti Ci ono é S a k inson/VK Ušlech ilé Lebelo o/VK Sikulské/Ti Bláho o K asok Č /Ti Ša la ka Slá a s Č a/Ti Ma þino/VK On a io/Ti Gus a o o/Ti Kal il bílý Hájko a muš. Alb ech o o/VK Ma þino/Ti James Vilémo o/VK Limbu ské/Ti Coxo a ene a Spa an/Ti Boskoopské/Ti Vilémo o/Ti Leca /Ti Be nské K á kos opka Jade niþka Gdánský Baumanno a S ýmka/Ti Pec in (%) 4: Mean o pec in con en and Tukey HSD in e als (P = 0.95; n = 15) depending on apple cul i a s 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0 K asok Č /Ti Leca /Ti Slá a s Č a/Ti Sikulské/Ti Be nské S a k inson/VK Vilémo o/VK Pa ména Coxo a ene a Gdánský Ša la ka Hájko a muš. Baumanno a Ci ono é K á kos opka Ušlech ilé Vilémo o/Ti Limbu ské/Ti Bláho o Jade niþka Lebelo o/Ti Ma þino/VK James Lebelo o/VK Panenské Ma þino/Ti Boskoopské/Ti C oncelské/Ti H Čzdna á On a io/Ti Spa an/Ti Gus a o o/Ti Kal il bílý Alb ech o o/VK G á š ýnské/Ti S ýmka/Ti Jep iška/Ti Boiko o/Ti Po assium (ppm) 5: Mean o po assium con en and Tukey HSD in e als (P = 0.95; n = 15) depending on apple cul i a s 34 J. Balík, O. Rop, J. Mlček, P. Híc, M. Ho ák, V. Řezníček (Goland and Baue , 2004). Local a ie ies ep esen a ich sou ce o gene ically condi ioned p ope ies, i.e. no only hei esis ance o diseases bu also some – un il now – unknown and no desc ibed possibili ies o a unique echnological u ilisa ion and specifi c as e and o he senso y p ope ies (Monschein e al., 2006). Al hough i is necessa y o conside some diff e ences in hei chemical composi ion, esul ing om he yea o ha es and infl uenced by he locali y (Li le and Tailo , 1981), i can be said ha local a ie ies a e well adap ed o local clima ic condi ions (Melouno á e al., 2004). I is also known ha he e a e only sligh diff e ences in he con en s o indi idual chemical compounds when compa ing indi idual a ie ies and ha hey a e de e mined by he gene ic uniqueness o each o hem (Goland and Baue , 2004). In indi idual apple ee a ie ies he alues o measu ed chemical cha ac e is ics anged wi hin he limi s men ioned in ables used in alimen a y indus y (Ko áčiko á e al., 1997; Kopec, 1998). Ne e heless, indi idual a ie ies showed a iabili y, III: An ioxidan capaci y in peel o selec ed apple cul i a s Cul i a Mean *HSD in e al Homogeneous g oups (mmol olox.kg−1 FM) Jade nička mo a ská 19.11 10.16–28.03 A Lebelo o 25.45 13.50–37.41 AB Vilémo o 27.55 15.59–39.50 AB S a k imson 33.44 21.49–45.39 ABC H ězdna á ene a 40.10 28.15–52.06 BC Alb ech o o 41.73 29.78–53.69 BC Ma čino 46.55 34.60–58.51 BC Be nské ůžo é 56.65 44.69–68.60 C To al mean 36.32 *high s anda d de ia ion (Tukey, P = 0.95, n = 5) IV: An ioxidan capaci y in fl esh o selec ed apple cul i a s Cul i a Mean *HSD in e al Homogeneous g oups (mmol olox.kg−1 FM) Vilémo o 4.02 0.70–7.33 A Ma čino 4.20 0.88–7.51 A S a k imson 4.49 1.18–7.81 A Jade nička mo a ská 4.82 1.51–8.13 A H ězdna á ene a 5.73 2.42–9.05 A Alb ech o o 6.00 2.68–9.31 A Lebelo o 6.12 2.81–9.44 A Be nské ůžo é 6.59 3.27–9.90 A To al mean 5.25 *high s anda d de ia ion (Tukey, P = 0.95, n = 5) V: L-asco bic acid con en in selec ed apple cul i a s (mg.100 g−1) Cul i a Mean *HSD in e al Homogeneous g oups (mg.100 g−1 FM) Jade nička mo a ská 9.14 8.83–9.45 A S a k imson 9.15 8.84–9.46 A Ma čino 10.36 10.05–10.67 B Vilémo o 11.20 10.89–11.51 C H ězdna á ene a 12.50 12.1 9–12.81 D Lebelo o 12.65 12.34–12.96 D Be nské ůžo é 12.92 12.61–13.23 D Alb ech o o 13.55 13.24–13.86 E To al mean 11.43 *high s anda d de ia ion (Tukey, P = 0.95, n = 15) Assessmen o nu i ional pa ame e s o na i e apple cul i a s as new gene sou ces 35 which is p esen ed in Tabs. I–V and Figs. 1–6. The simila i y o chemical cha ac e is ics o indi idual apple a ie ies and hei gene al affi ni y in he s age o consume ipeness is exp essed by means o clus e analysis. When e alua ing indi idual clus e s i is ob ious ha he mos ma ked cha ac e is ic is he kinship based on he s age o consume ipeness (Te e a, 2006). O chemical pa ame e s unde s udy, he mos impo an a e he ollowing: he soluble solid con en , he con en o acids and he con en o pec ins (Rop e al., 2010a). In apples, he con en o o ganic acids is ep esen ed mainly (90%) by malic acid (Kyzlink, 1990). Howe e , he p esence o some mac oelemen s (e.g. ni ogen) is mani es ed by an inc ease in he con en o ci ic acid and a dec ease in he malic acid (Jakopic e al., 2007). Among o he o ganic acids i is possible o fi nd ou malonic, shikimic, and uma ic acids, some amino acids (wi h p edomina ing aspa ic acid) and polyphenolic chlo ogenic acid (S ampa e al., 2002). So, o example, i was ound ou , simila ly as Suni e al. (2000) no iced, ha he con en o acids in he a ie y ’Boskoopské’ was low (1.9 g.kg−1 FM). On he o he hand, he a ie y ’Ci ono é zimní’ con ained 6.1 g.kg−1 FM o o ganic acids. In he a ie y ’Boskoopské’, he con en o ni ogen in d y ma e was also high (4.50 ppm o DM). Wol e al. (2007) men ioned simila con en s o ni ogen in apples (up o 5.00 ppm). Apples a e impo an abo e all due o hei con en o pec ins, which p ede e mine hem o he p ocessing o ui sp eads hanks o hei capabili y o gelifi ca ion in p esence o saccha ose unde condi ions o low pH (Kyzlink, 1990). O o he co e ui species a high con en o pec ins can be ound o example in quinces (Bake , 1997), which may con ain as much as 3% o pec ins in FM (Ko áčiko á e al., 1997). In apples, howe e , he a e age con en o pec ins is abou 1.1% FM (Kopec, 1998). In ou expe imen s, his alue was ound ou in a ie ies wi h he lowes con en s o pec in compounds (Tab. I). The a ie y ’S ýmka’, which con ained as much as 3.26% o pec ins in FM, was an in e es ing excep ion. This a ie y is equen ly used in he egion o he Whi e Ca pa hians (Te e a, 2006). Howe e , his does no ha e o be an ex eme alue because Bailoni e al. (2005) men ioned ha some local a ie ies may con ain as much as 5% o pec ins in FM. As compa ed wi h o he species o co e ui , apples show ela i ely high con en s o mine al subs ances (Ko acs and Me esz, 2004). In co e ui , po assium is he mos abundan mac oelemen (Ko áčiko á e al., 1997). In ou expe imen s, he a ie y ’Boiko o’ con ained as much as 9.70 ppm o his elemen in d y ma e . Al hough some comme cial a ie ies (e.g. ’On a io’ o ’Spa an’) showed also high con en s o mac oelemen s, some ypically local a ie ies con ained mo e han 9.00 ppm o po assium. Also he con en s o o he elemen s (phospho us, magnesium, sodium) we e ela i ely high in local a ie ies, e en when compa ed wi h abula alues (Ko áčiko á e al., 1997; Kopec, 1998). Heal h benefi s esul ing om he consump ion o apples due o hei high con en o mine als was emphasized also by se e al au ho s, e.g. by Bied zycka (2008). I is well known ha local a ie ies show e y o en highe con en s o mine als han he comme cial ones (Iwane, 1991). The con en o i amin C in c ops is mos infl uenced by a ie y and yea o cul i a ion Valšíko á e al., 2010). The con en s o i amin C and an ioxidan capaci y we e measu ed in apples showing he consume ipeness and o igina ing om he locali y Valašské Klobouky. As one can see in Tabs. III and IV, an ioxidan capaci y o peels was explici ly highe han o he fl esh. This ac was R =0.49948 P = 0.10378 R = 0.78055 P = 0.01113 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 9.14 9.15 10.36 11.20 12.50 12.65 12.92 13.55 TAC in lesh (mmol olox . kg -1 ) TAC in peel (mmol olox . kg -1 ) L-asco bic acid (mg .100g -1 ) peel lesh peel 6: Co ela ion analysis be ween an ioxidan capaci y in peel ( lesh) o apple cul i a and L-asco bic con en