Antioxidant potential and its changes caused by various factors in lesser-known medicinal and aromatic plants

Academic Edi o : Pablo Luis B. Figuei edo Recei ed: 18 Decembe 2024 Re ised: 11 Janua y 2025 Accep ed: 16 Janua y 2025 Published: 18 Janua y 2025 Ci a ion: Sk o anko a, S.; Mlcek, J. An ioxidan Po en ial and I s Changes Caused by Va ious Fac o s in Lesse -Known Medicinal and A oma ic Plan s. Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104. h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ ho icul u ae11010104 Copy igh : © 2025 by he au ho s. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Swi ze land. This a icle is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms and condi ions o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion (CC BY) license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/ licenses/by/4.0/). Re iew An ioxidan Po en ial and I s Changes Caused by Va ious Fac o s in Lesse -Known Medicinal and A oma ic Plan s Sona Sk o anko a * and Ji i Mlcek Depa men o Food Analysis and Chemis y, Facul y o Technology, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Va ecko a 5669, 76001 Zlin, Czech Republic; [email p o ec ed] *Co espondence: sk [email p o ec ed]; Tel.: +420-576031524 Abs ac : The e iew ocuses on he e alua ion o an ioxidan po en ial and i s changes by a ious ac o s such as g owing condi ions, he use o e ilize s, he analyzed pa o he plan , he sol en used, he ex ac ion me hod, pu i ying p ocedu es, and he de e mina ion me hod o selec ed medicinal and a oma ic plan s ha a e lesse - known as an ioxidan sou ces. The lesse -known ep esen a i es o Lamiaceae amily (Lamium album,Leonu us ca diaca, Hyssopus o icinalis,Scu ella ia baicalensis), As e aceae amily (A emisia absin hium), My aceae amily (Pimen a dioica), and Rosaceae amily (C a aegus lae iga a) we e selec ed. The mos impo an ac o s a ec ing an ioxidan po en- ial a e he used sol en and i s pola i y (wa e and i s empe a u e, e hanol, mix u e o hese sol en s, me hanol, n-bu anol, and e hylace a e), ex ac ion echniques, essen ial oil p epa a ion, and he ype and condi ions o an ioxidan ac i i y (AA) de e mina ion me hod (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, e c.). The plan composi ion and he occu ence o biologically ac i e compounds (BACs), such as phenolics (phenolic acids and la onoids) ha pa icipa e in hei biological impac s and deac i a e eac i e oxygen species, a e also desc ibed. This wo k hus p o ides a summa y o his issue and an ex ension o in o ma ion ocused on ac o s ha a ec plan componen s’ p esence and hus ha e an impac on he o e all an ioxidan po en ial ( o al polyphenol con en TPC, an ioxidan ac i i y) o lesse -known plan ep esen a i es wi h an ioxidan e ec . Keywo ds: medicinal and a oma ic plan s; ac o s; bioac i e compounds; an ioxidan ac i i y; Lamiaceae amily 1. In oduc ion Medicinal and a oma ic plan s, and he bs ha e been used in olk medicine and as oods o housands o yea s due o hei pha macologic and he apeu ic ac ion and nu i ional e ec oo. Acco ding o he Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO), he bal medicines include “he bs, he bal ma e ials, he bal p epa a ions, and inished he bal p oduc s, ha con ain as ac i e ing edien s pa s o plan s, o o he plan ma e ials, o combina ions” [ 1 ]. Whole plan s o hei pa s, such as lea es, lowe s, seeds, oo s, o hizomes, can be used in he esh and d ied condi ion, o ex ac ed om esh o d ied o m (juices, eas, decoc ions, e hanolic and o he alcoholic ex ac , inc u es, powde ed plan ma e ial, essen ial oils, and esins). E en nowadays much o he human popula ion depends on adi ional medicine o hei heal h ca e needs, as WHO epo s [2]. The medicinal and a oma ic plan s and he bs a e impo an due o hei composi ion s uc u e, and biologically ac i e subs ances p esen , mainly phenolic compounds and Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 h ps://doi.o g/10.3390/ho icul u ae11010104 Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 2 o 29 alkaloids, which may be used as agen s in he syn hesis o d ugs. Besides medical pu - poses, hey a e alued in he human die because o he p esence o die a y an ioxidan s such as phenolics, i amins ( i amin C (L-asco bic acid), ocophe ols ( i amin E)), and ca o enoids ( β -ca o ene, e c.). Thei use in he ood indus y and o culina y pu poses, due o hei la o ing p ope ies in a ious meals and oods, is also wo h men ioning. The usage is common also in cosme ics due o hei p ese a i e e ec o an imic obial cons i uen s o e icien componen s o essen ial oils. The plan s which a e u ilized o he p oduc ion o cosme ic ing edien s (an ioxidan , an i-w inkling, and an i-aging e ec s, UV p o ec ion, mois u izing, and smoo hing ac i i ies) belong mainly o he amilies o As e aceae, Lamiaceae, Fabaceae, Poaceae, Mal aceae, and Rosaceae [3]. Pa icula ly impo an and known plan s wi h high an ioxidan po en ial a e ep- esen a i es o some plan amilies, mos ly he Lamiaceae amily (Ocimum basilicum L., O iganum majo ana L., O iganum ulga e L., Melissa o icinalis L., Men ha × pipe i a L., Rosma inus o icinalis L., Sal ia o icinalis L., Sa u eja ho ensis L., Thymus ulga is L.) ha ha e been in es iga ed by many esea che s in a g ea ex en [ 4 – 8 ]. Also, an ioxidan s o Apiceae amily plan s (Foeniculum ulga e Mill., Angelica a changelica L., Ca um ca i L., Co iand um sa i um L., Cuminum cyminum L., Pimpinella anisum L.) [ 9 – 14 ], and Rosaceae amily (Alchemilla ulga is L.) [15,16] we e s udied widely. Lipid oxida ion may be one o he causes o se e al ch onic diseases including ca - dio ascula diseases, cance , and age- ela ed diseases. The po en ial ole o an ioxidan compounds in he p e en ion o hese and o he ch onic diseases has been in es iga ed. Hyd oxyl adicals, as p oduc s o lipid oxida ion, can cause DNA damage and hus be in ol ed in some diseases such as cance , ca dio ascula diseases, and o he oxida i e s ess-induced diseases. The p o ec i e e ec o la onoids and o he phenolic compounds on hese illnesses h ough he mechanisms o he inhibi ion o p oli e a ion, in lamma ion, and me as asis is also s udied [17,18]. Acco ding o se e al epidemiological s udies [ 19 , 20 ], he in ake o die a y an ioxidan s, such as polyphenols, an hocyanins, que ce in, and u in, could educe he isk o ca dio as- cula diseases (co ona y hea disease, hea ailu e, hype ensi e hea disease, and s oke) wi h hei high p e alence and mo ali y. The mechanism o hei e ec s lies p ima ily in educing blood p essu e, imp o ing he lipid p o ile, alle ia ing oxida i e s ess, and educing in lamma ion [ 21 ]. Also, some in i o s udies ocused on hese subs ances in he bs such as Ocimum sanc um [ 22 ] and Scu ella ia baicalensis [ 23 ] con i med hese indings. The gene al ecommenda ion o many s udies o consume s is o inc ease he con- sump ion o oods con aining an ioxidan s. Mainly ege ables and ui s, d inks like ea o wine a e ecommended. Al hough he consump ion o medicinal and a oma ic plan s, he bs, and hei p oduc s and p epa a ions, is much lowe han he abo e-men ioned plan p oduc s, medicinal and a oma ic plan s could also con ibu e o an o e all highe in ake o die a y an ioxidan s [ 24 ]. Al hough i is assumed ha equen consump ion o all an ioxidan ep esen a i es could imp o e human heal h, he ele ance o hei in ake is no ully p o en due o he lowe numbe o in i o s udies. The e o e, he e ec s o die a y an ioxidan s in i o should be s udied mo e in ensi ely o know hei eal physiological e ec s on humans [25]. In ecen yea s, much esea ch has been ca ied ou o ind ac i e compounds and hei mix u es p esen in di e en ypes o plan ma e ial, medicinal and a oma ic plan s, and oods, ha a e e ec i e agains oxida ion. He bs con ain high le els o an ioxidan s ha can delay o inhibi he oxida ion o lipids (o o he p esen sensi i e molecules). Many p oduc s o (lipid) oxida ion a e known o in e ac wi h biological ma e ials o cause cellula damage as oxida ion p ocesses we e ound o be linked wi h human aging and he p og ession o se e al diseases, degene a i e p ocesses in he human body, and Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 3 o 29 mu agenesis. I is assumed ha p esen an ioxidan s may educe he aging p ocess, he p og ession o se e al diseases, and p olong human li e [26]. The p esence and he con en o many he bal componen s such as phenolic acids and la onoids, alkaloids, an hocyanins, couma ins, saponins, and annins, con ibu e o an ioxidan and o he p o ec i e p ope ies o plan s. They may ac independen ly, o in hei combina ion when syne gism o an agonism can be seen. Usually, a s onge e ec o mul iple olde s is cus oma y. Howe e , he in i o condi ions o common esea ch de e mina ion a e o en di e en om he esul s o in i o expe imen s [27–29]. Ex ac s, in usions, and essen ial oils o hese plan s a e conside ed he mos desi able and e ec i e p oduc s. The mos signi ican an ioxidan ep esen a i es in he plan s belong o phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and la onoids) ha con ain an –OH g oup(s) on a benzene ing. Phenolic acids, such as ca eic acid and i s es e s and e ulic acid, oge he wi h la onoids ( la ones, la onols, iso la ones, la anones, la an-3-ols, dihyd o la onols ( la anonols o ca echins), and an hocyanidins) a e he mos impo an g oups o hese compounds. The known and abundan cons i uen s o la ones include apigenin and lu eolin; la onols kaemp e ol, que ce in, u in, and my ice in; la anones na ingenin, na ingin, hespe idin, and hespe i in; o la an-3-ols epica echin, and an hocyanidins cyani- din delphinidin, mal idin, pela gonidin and peonidin [28,29]. Phenolic compounds ha e he abili y o quickly ex inguish all ypes o adicals, espe- cially pe oxyl adicals (ROO • ). The an ioxidan eac ion o hese highly eac i e adicals wi h phenolics is shown in Figu e 1. Ho icul u ae 2025, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 o 30 cellula damage as oxida ion p ocesses we e ound o be linked wi h human aging and he p og ession o se e al diseases, degene a i e p ocesses in he human body, and mu- agenesis. I is assumed ha p esen an ioxidan s may educe he aging p ocess, he p o- g ession o se e al diseases, and p olong human li e [26]. The p esence and he con en o many he bal componen s such as phenolic acids and la onoids, alkaloids, an hocyanins, couma ins, saponins, and annins, con ibu e o an i- oxidan and o he p o ec i e p ope ies o plan s. They may ac independen ly, o in hei combina ion when syne gism o an agonism can be seen. Usually, a s onge e ec o mul- iple olde s is cus oma y. Howe e , he in i o condi ions o common esea ch de e mi- na ion a e o en di e en om he esul s o in i o expe imen s [27–29]. Ex ac s, in usions, and essen ial oils o hese plan s a e conside ed he mos desi able and e ec i e p oduc s. The mos signi ican an ioxidan ep esen a i es in he plan s be- long o phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and la onoids) ha con ain an –OH g oup(s) on a benzene ing. Phenolic acids, such as ca eic acid and i s es e s and e ulic acid, o- ge he wi h la onoids ( la ones, la onols, iso la ones, la anones, la an-3-ols, dihyd o- la onols ( la anonols o ca echins), and an hocyanidins) a e he mos impo an g oups o hese compounds. The known and abundan cons i uen s o la ones include apigenin and lu eolin; la onols kaemp e ol, que ce in, u in, and my ice in; la anones na ingenin, na ingin, hespe idin, and hespe i in; o la an-3-ols epica echin, and an hocyanidins cya- nidin delphinidin, mal idin, pela gonidin and peonidin [28,29]. Phenolic compounds ha e he abili y o quickly ex inguish all ypes o adicals, es- pecially pe oxyl adicals (ROO•). The an ioxidan eac ion o hese highly eac i e adi- cals wi h phenolics is shown in Figu e 1. Figu e 1. The an ioxidan eac ion o pe oxyl adical (ROO•) and phenolic compound. The an ioxidan ac ion and he chemical composi ion o speci ic plan s and he bs a e pa ly a iable, depending on he exac plan cul i a , geno ype, and a ie y, and g owing condi ions such as en i onmen al ac o s, loca ion, p ecipi a ion, plan nu i ion, cul i a- ion echniques (con en ional, o ganic), s age o ipening, and he ha es ime. S o age condi ions and p ocessing echniques a e also signi ican o he p esence and con en o each indi idual componen and hei quali y [30]. Fo his e iew, he e we e selec ed om se e al amilies o medicinal and a oma ic plan s ha a e lesse -known as an ioxidan sou ces. The e we e chosen he ep esen a- i es o he Lamiaceae amily Lamium album, Leonu us ca diaca, Hyssopus o icinalis, Scu el- la ia baicalensis, he ep esen a i e o Rosaceae amily C a aegus lae iga a, he ep esen a- i e o As e aceae amily A emisia absin hium, and he ep esen a i e o My aceae amily Pimen a dioica. 2. Me hods Used o E alua e he An ioxidan Po en ial o Plan s An exac quan i y o indi idual phenolic compounds, which a e p esen ed in he plan s, is o en measu ed by ch oma og aphic me hods such as HPLC. Howe e , hese esul s will no gi e insigh in o he o e all an ioxidan po en ial and he an ioxidan s eng h o plan ex ac . Fo his in o ma ion, i is mo e app op ia e o use a special me hod wi h spec al measu emen such as he Folin–Ciocal eu (FC) me hod. Figu e 1. The an ioxidan eac ion o pe oxyl adical (ROO•) and phenolic compound. The an ioxidan ac ion and he chemical composi ion o speci ic plan s and he bs a e pa ly a iable, depending on he exac plan cul i a , geno ype, and a ie y, and g owing condi ions such as en i onmen al ac o s, loca ion, p ecipi a ion, plan nu i ion, cul i a ion echniques (con en ional, o ganic), s age o ipening, and he ha es ime. S o age condi ions and p ocessing echniques a e also signi ican o he p esence and con en o each indi idual componen and hei quali y [30]. Fo his e iew, he e we e selec ed om se e al amilies o medicinal and a o- ma ic plan s ha a e lesse -known as an ioxidan sou ces. The e we e chosen he ep- esen a i es o he Lamiaceae amily Lamium album,Leonu us ca diaca,Hyssopus o icinalis, Scu ella ia baicalensis, he ep esen a i e o Rosaceae amily C a aegus lae iga a, he ep e- sen a i e o As e aceae amily A emisia absin hium, and he ep esen a i e o My aceae amily Pimen a dioica. 2. Me hods Used o E alua e he An ioxidan Po en ial o Plan s An exac quan i y o indi idual phenolic compounds, which a e p esen ed in he plan s, is o en measu ed by ch oma og aphic me hods such as HPLC. Howe e , hese esul s will no gi e insigh in o he o e all an ioxidan po en ial and he an ioxidan s eng h o plan ex ac . Fo his in o ma ion, i is mo e app op ia e o use a special me hod wi h spec al measu emen such as he Folin–Ciocal eu (FC) me hod. FC me hod is based on he chemical educ ion o he FC eagen (a mix u e o ungs en and molybdenum oxides) by he phenolic compounds p esen . I measu es phenolic hyd oxyl g oups in he plan ex ac . The p oduc s o he educ ion o he me al oxides a e blue in colo wi h a b oad abso p ion band, wi h a maximum a 765 nm. The maximum Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 4 o 29 abso p ion o ch omopho es depends on he concen a ion o phenolic compounds and he alkaline solu ion. The in ensi y o he colo is p opo ional o he concen a ion o he phenolic compounds (TPC— o al phenolic con en ). This me hod, based on he oxida ion o phenolic compounds by he FC eagen , is apid, easy o pe o m, and low-cos . The eac ion is sui able o se e al g oups o phenolic compounds as many compounds change colo s di e en ly due o di e ences in eac ion kine ics [ 31 ]. I is necessa y o use a e e ence subs ance such as gallic acid, annic acid, ca echin, o py ogallol. Gallic acid is he mos o en used s anda d. The esul o measu ed abso bances is ecalcula ed h ough he calib a ion cu e wi h di e en gallic acid concen a ions and exp essed as gallic acid equi alen s (GAE). The an ioxidan po en ial o medicinal and a oma ic plan s depends no only on indi idual phenolic compounds, e ec i e oxygen adical sca enge s, and hei o e all con en bu also on o al an ioxidan ac i i y, measu ed by se e al me hods. The mos commonly used me hods a e DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-pic ylhyd azyl adical), 2,2-azinobis-3- e hylbenz hiazoline-6-sul onic acid adical (ABTS + ), oxygen adical abso bance capaci y (ORAC) es , e ic (Fe 3+ ) and cup ic (Cu 2+ ) ions educ ion assays, and o al adical- apping an ioxidan pa ame e (TRAP) me hod. Mos o hese me hods use simila p inciples and echniques, based on a sui able s anda d spec opho ome e measu emen . A newly de eloped me hod, enzyma ic assay HAPX (Hemoglobin/Asco ba e Pe oxidase Ac i i y Inhibi ion) assay measu es he capabili y o he ex ac componen s o quench he damage in lic ed by hyd ogen pe oxide upon hemoglobin. Tha b ings addi ional in o ma ion as i in ol es he in e ac ion o he an ioxidan s wi h a p o ein, i.e., he physiological- ele an e yl hemoglobin species [32]. An ioxidan e ec should no be es ed wi h a single me hod as i may no e lec an ioxidan ac i i y and, usually, i is qui e p oblema ic o compa e he esul s o he me hods wi h each o he . The DPPH me hod is a ee adical sca enging assay ha belongs o he mos used es s. I s eagen solu ion has a iole colo ha disappea s when he es ing solu ion is mixed wi h a solu ion (ex ac ) con aining a subs ance o a mix u e ha can dona e a hyd ogen a om. The educed o m o he DPPH adical (DPPH • ), hyd azine (DPPH-H), is o med and he colo o he solu ion changes o yellow as a esul o adical educ ion by hyd ogen a om o an ioxidan s (A-H) [33]. DPPH•+ A-H →DPPH-H + A• The abso bance d op is measu ed by UV-VIS spec oscopy, usually a 517 nm. To e alua e he esul s o he DPPH es , T olox, as a s anda d adical sca enge compound, is used. I is a wa e -soluble analog o i amin E (6-hyd oxy-2,5,7,8- e ame hylch oman- 2-ca boxylic acid). The calib a ion cu e wi h T olox is p epa ed and he esul s a e ecalcula ed as TE (T olox equi alen s). To de e mine he an ioxidan concen a ion ha sca enges 50% o he ini ial DPPH adical concen a ion IC50 (inhibi o y concen a ion) is used. I indica es he p ac icali y o an ioxidan es ing using DPPH adicals. The lowe he IC50 alues, he highe he DPPH adical- emo ing abili y o he an ioxidan s. This me hod is used o de e mine he an ioxidan ac i i y o an ioxidan molecules in he bal ex ac s [33,34]. The ABTS es is based on he same p inciple ( ee adical sca enging) as he DPPH assay. I measu es he neu aliza ion o 2,2 ′ -azinobis-(3-e hylbenz hiazolin-6-sul onic acid) (ABTS + ) s able adical ca ion by an ioxidan compound/mix u e. The adical has a blue- g een colo ha disappea s in he p esence o an ioxidan s. The discolo a ion o he ABTS adical in he p esence o powe ul an ioxidan agen s is measu ed by abso bance a 734 nm [35]. Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 5 o 29 The ORAC es desc ibes he an ioxidan s’ abili y o yield he hyd ogen a om. I measu es he spli ing abili y o he adical chain eac ion by an ioxidan s by moni o ing he inhibi ion o he oxida ion o he pe oxyl adicals ( ee adicals). Pe oxyl adical, emi ed by a gene a o , eac s wi h a luo escen sample ha leads o loss o luo escence, measu ed by a luo ime e . As a e e ence compound, simila ly, o DPPH and ABTS es s, T olox is used. The esul s a e hen desc ibed as T olox equi alen (TE) [35]. The FRAP (Fe ic Reducing An ioxidan Powe ) es is he me hod measu ing he educ ion o he complex o e ic ions (Fe 3+ ) o he blue e ous complex (Fe 2+ ) due o he ac ion o he p esen an ioxidan s, in acidic condi ions (pH 3.6) o main ain i on solubili y. T ipy idyl iazine (TPTZ), as he linking ligand o he i on ion, is o en used. AA is de e mined as an inc ease o abso bance alue a 593 nm. The esul s o AA a e hen exp essed as mic omola equi alen s o Fe2+ [35]. These spec ome ic me hods a e he mos used, a low cos , ha can oge he gi e comp ehensi e insigh in o an ioxidan powe . 3. The Lesse -Known Plan Rep esen a i es wi h An ioxidan E ec o Lamiaceae Family The ep esen a i es o he Lamiaceae amily, o me ly called Labia e, a e adi ional plan s o Eu opean s a es and also o he coun ies, wes e n (No h and Sou h Ame ica) and eas e n (Asian coun ies) ones oo. The amily includes sub amilies such as Aju- goideae, Chlo an hoideae, Lamioideae, Nepe oideae, Pogos emonoideae, Scu ella ioideae, Teuc ioideae, and Vi icoideae. Nea ly hal o he ep esen a i es o he Lamiaceae amily belong o he sub amily Nepe oideae. Lamiaceae includes mo e han 7000 species [ 36 ]. The amily is an abundan sou ce o an ioxidan s such as phenolic acids and la onoids ha a e conside ed he mos impo an g oups o compounds wi h many biological unc- ions in p e en ing heal h p oblems [ 26 ]. Rep esen a i es o he Lamiaceae amily, which we e chosen o his e iew a e Hyssopus o icinalis,Lamium album,Leonu us ca diaca, and Scu ella ia baicalensis. 3.1. Hyssopus o icinalis, I s BACs and An ioxidan Po en ial The genus Hyssopus includes se e al known and lesse -known plan species such as, H. ambiguus,H. cuspida us,H. la ilabia us,H. mac an hus,H. o icinalis,H. se a schanicus, and H. subuli olius, o which Hyssopus o icinalis is one o he mos common and u ilized. Hyssopus o icinalis L. (hyssop) is a pe ennial he b wi h a min y and sligh ly bi e la o ha is used as a spice in he gas onomy and ood indus y [ 37 ], he cosme ics indus y, and in adi ional medicine. The hyssop he b and i s p epa a ions (in usions, ex ac s, and inc u es) a e known also due o hei ca mina i e, onic, an isep ic, diapho e ic, and s omachic e ec s. I is u ilized as an expec o an , muscle elaxan , and cough elie e [ 38 ]. The expe imen al e idence also poin s o he seda i e, anxioly ic [ 39 ], an i-ulce [ 40 ], and an i-as hma ic impac [ 41 ]. Hyssopus o icinalis may be conside ed also as a po en ial plan sou ce wi h mode a e an- imic obial p ope ies. An an imic obial ac i i y was de ec ed agains S aphylococcus au eus and Candida albicans by Vlase e al. [32]. One o he ac o s ha a ec he an ioxidan po en ial o plan s is hei conc e e p oduc . Ex ac s a e o en used as g ea sou ces o e ec i e an ioxidan s. Howe e , essen ial oils a e also ecei ing a lo o a en ion due o hei an ioxidan p ope ies. Essen ial oil is conside ed o be he mos eminen and mos equen ly examined hyssop’s p oduc , con aining e y impo an BACs (biologically ac i e compounds), as seen in Table 1. The he b yields 0.3–1% essen ial oil om he cul i a ed o wild he b. As he dominan compound mono e penoid cis-pinocamphone (48.98–50.77%) [ 42 ] was de ec ed. O he Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 6 o 29 impo an subs ances a e β -pinene (13.38–13.54%), ans-pinocamphone (5.78–5.94%), and β -phelland ene (4.44–5.17%). As he majo g oup o BACs, he e we e oxygena ed mono e - penes (61.69% o he o al oil con en ) iden i ied, ollowed by mono e pene hyd oca bons, sesqui e pene hyd oca bons, oxygena ed sesqui e penes, phenylp opanoids, and o he compounds. Also, Hajda i e al. [ 43 ] iden i ied cis-pinocamphone, wi h a con en o 30.44% o 57.73%, as he one o main compounds o he essen ial oil o wild-g owing hyssop (H. o icinalis subsp. a is a us) om i e di e en locali ies in Koso o. They also s a ed 1,8-cineole and ans-pinocamphone as signi ican cons i uen s. Fa hiazad e al. [ 44 ] iden i ied 20 main compounds ep esen ing he mos impo an subs ances o hyssop essen ial oil. My enylace a e was de ec ed as he main compound. O he impo an cons i uen s a e campho , ge mac ene, and spa hulenol. Mi´co i´c e al. [ 45 ] ound ou ha hyssop essen ial oil is ich in mono e pene hyd oca bons such as limonene (8.0–23.8%), β -pinene; oxygena ed mono e penes (1,8-cineole, 38.2–67.1%); and phenyl- p opanoids (me hyl eugenol, up o 28.3%). The dominan and mos abundan g oups o hyssop ola iles we e mono e penes and hei oxygena ed de i a i es o which 1,8-cineole and cis-pinocamphone we e de ined wi h he highes con en s. Fe ilize s could be ano he impo an ac o a ec ing he composi ion o plan essen- ial oils o ex ac s, which can imp o e plan quali y. I anian esea che s [ 44 ] epo ed ha he mos sui able p ocedu e o ob aining he highes e iciency o an ioxidan p ope ies was he use o medium and high le els o ca le manu e ea men compa ed o he con ol, and compa ed o poul y o sheep manu e. The yield o essen ial oils was also inc eased by he use o ca le manu e (by 42.5%, 61.6%, and 47.7% a low, medium, and high le els o ea men , espec i ely). As was men ioned abo e, plan ex ac s con ain e y e ec i e an ioxidan s. Hys- sop he b ex ac con ains e y impo an BACs (Table 1) such as la onoids. The ma- jo la onoid apigenin 7-O- β -D-glucu onide was s a ed by Fa hiazad e al. [ 44 ]. O he la onoids such as que ce in 3-O-glucoside (isoque ci in) and diosme in 7-O- u inoside (diosmin), la onoid glycosides such as u in, and ee la onoid aglycons as lu eolin, in di e en concen a ions, we e also de ec ed in ex ac s o hyssop he b. Phenolic acids, annins, di e pene lac ones such as ma ubiin, and i e penoid compounds (u solic and oleanolic acids) we e iden i ied in his plan oo [ 32 ]. Using ch oma og aphic analysis o me hanolic ex ac s o hyssop lowe ing ae ial pa s, o igina ing om Mon eneg o, he e we e de e mined phenolic compounds, speci ically benzoic acid de i a i e (sy ingic acid), hyd oxycinnamic acid de i a i es (chlo ogenic (5-O-ca eoylquinic acid), e uloylquinic and osma inic acids, as well as ca eoyl pen oside) and la onoids, de i a i es o que ce in and diosme in [ 46 ]. In e hanolic ex ac s o I alian hyssop ae ial pa s, simila compounds such as 5-O-ca eoylquinic and e uloylquinic acids, isoque ce in and iso hamne in, as well as u in we e iden i ied [47]. Table 1. Phenolic p o ile and o he signi ican componen s and di e en ac o s o selec ed Lamiaceae plan s. Plan Pa o Plan Ex ac /Sol en Phenolic P o ile and O he Signi ican Componen s O igin Re . Hyssopus o icinalis essen ial oil cis-pinocamphone, β-pinene, ans-pinocamphone, β-phelland ene Bulga ia [42] essen ial oil cis-pinocamphone, 1,8-cineole, ans-pinocamphone, β-pinene, ca yophyllene oxide Koso o [43] essen ial oil my enyl ace a e, campho , ge mac ene, spa hulenol, β-ca yophyllene, cis-sabinol, β-bou bonene, bo nyl ace a e I an [44] essen ial oil limonene, β-pinene, Z-β-ocimene, α-pinene, sabinene, 1,8-cineole, me hyl eugenol, cis-pinocamphone Mon eneg o [45] Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 7 o 29 Table 1. Con . Plan Pa o Plan Ex ac /Sol en Phenolic P o ile and O he Signi ican Componen s O igin Re . Hyssopus o icinalis ae ial pa s hyd ome hanolic, hyd oe hanolic ex ac s apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucu onide, isoque ci in, diosmin, u in, isoque ci in, que ci in, lu eolin, que ce in I an [44] ae ial pa s e hanolic ex ac s ca a ic acid, gen isic acid, ca eic acid, p-couma ic acid, chlo ogenic acid, e ulic acid, u in, isoque ci in, que ci in, lu eolin, que ce in Romania [32] lowe ing ae ial pa s me hanol ex ac s sy ingic acid, chlo ogenic acid, osma inic acid, e uloylquinic acid, ca eoyl pen oside, que ce in O-hexoside, diosme in O-deoxyhexosyl-hexoside Mon eneg o [45] ae ial pa s e hanol ex ac s 5-O-ca eoylquinic acid, e uloylquinic acid, isoque ce in, iso hamne in, u in, 3-O-ca eoyl quinic acid, ca eoyl me hylquinic acid, que ce in-3-O-hexoside, dica eoylquinic acid I aly [44] ae ial pa s e hanol ex ac s chlo ogenic acid, ca eic acid, u in Moldo a [48] Lamium album s ems, lea es, lowe s e hanol ex ac s e bascoside, iso e bascoside, isoscu ella ein-7-O-allosyl(1 →2)glucoside, isoscu ella ein-O-allosyl glucoside, O-me hylisoscu ella ein-7-O-allosyl(1 → 2)glucoside, lu eolin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apigenin-7-O- u inoside, na ingenin-7-O- u inoside Po ugal [49] lowe s me hanol ex ac s ca eic acid, chlo ogenic acid, e ulic acid, gallic acid, p-couma ic acid, p o oca echuic acid, sy ingic acid, gen isic acid, anillic acid, u oside, que ce in, isoque ce in Poland [50] lowe s me hanol ex ac s ch ysin, pinos obin, my ice in, ans-3-hyd oxycinnamic acid, que ce in, u in, galangin, apigenin, sy ingic acid, anillic acid Poland [51] Leonu us ca diaca essen ial oil hymol, ge mac ene D, bo neol, ans-ca yophyllene, γ-guaiolace a e, phy ol, β-phelland ene. I an [52] essen ial oil epiced ol, α-humulene, dehyd o-1,8-cineole, ge mac ene D, spa hulenol I an [53] ae ial pa s e hanol ex ac s que ce in, u in, ca eic acid, chlo ogenic acid, e bascoside, la anduli olioside, u solic acid, ca eoylmalic, ans- e ulic acid, leonu ine, ha pagide Poland [54] ae ial pa s e ulic acid, chlo ogenic acid, ca eic acid, cicho ic acid, u oside, la anduli olioside, e bascoside, isoque ci in, s achyd ine Ge many [55] ae ial pa s e hanolic ex ac s la andoli olioside, e bascoside, leucosep oside A, leonoside B, que ce in-3-O-glucoside, u in, que ce in-3-O-sopho oside Po ugal [56] o icinal mo he wo inc u e d y ex ac chlo ogenic and ca eic acids, ellagic acid, ca echin, hype oside, u in Uk aine [57] An ioxidan Po en ial o Hyssopus o icinalis Fo he an ioxidan p ope ies o he bs, such as hyssop, se e al g oups o an ioxidan e ec i e compounds a e esponsible. Phenolic compounds (phenolic acids and la onoids) a e he mos impo an and abundan . Also, an ioxidan i amins (L-asco bic acid and ocophe ols) and some ca o enoids (hyd oca bons ca o enes, such as α -ca o ene, and especially β -ca o ene; and xan hophylls con aining oxygen a oms, such as β -c yp oxan hin, and especially lu ein, and zeaxan hin) could be signi ican an ioxidan s o some he bs. To de e mine he an ioxidan po en ial o a plan , such as hyssop, i is p ope o analyze he plan by he selec ed me hod simul aneously oge he wi h o he plan s, so hey migh be compa ed wi h each o he unde he same assay condi ions. Thus, i can gi e a eal insigh in o he an ioxidan s eng h in he con ex o compa ison wi h o he plan s. By compa ing he amoun o polyphenols (TPC, ca eic acid de i a i es con en ) in se - e al plan s om Romania (Hyssopus o icinalis,Teuc ium chamaed ys,Ocimum basilicum) [ 32 ], i was ound ha hyssop he b was no he mos e ec i e, T. chamaed ys had be e an- ioxidan alues. Howe e , he highe consumed amoun o hyssop could inc ease i s impo ance as a die a y an ioxidan . The exac measu ed ca eic acid de i a i es concen a- ion o hyssop was 9.25 mg GAE/g compa ed o a be e alue o 12.51 mg GAE/g o T. chamaed ys and basil (Ocimum basilicum) wi h mean an ioxidan pa ame e s. The highes Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 8 o 29 an ioxidan ac i i y o e hanol ex ac s p epa ed om hese plan s (hyssop, basil, and wall ge mande ) by he DPPH adical bleaching me hod was de e mined again (simila ly as o TPC) o T. chamaed ys, wi h he lowes IC50 concen a ion and, he e o e highes AA. Lowe AA was s a ed o he basil and hyssop ex ac s wi h simila IC50 alues wi hou s a is ically signi ican di e ences be ween hem in e ms o adical sca enging ac i i y. Fo he compa ison o AA esul s ano he me hod (TEAC) was also used. The highes AA was again (simila o DPPH esul s) s a ed o wall ge mande ex ac , lowe an ioxidan alues we e de e mined o hyssop ex ac (a ound 2/3 o he alue o wall ge mande ex ac AA), and he lowes o basil ex ac (lowe han 1/3 o he highes AA alue). These esul s a e in ag eemen wi h he DPPH alues. The esul s o enzyma ic assay HAPX o hese samples, as he au ho s ound ou , we e nega i ely co ela ed wi h DPPH and TEAC me hods. The s a is ical esul s showed no signi ican di e ence be ween he h ee analyzed ex ac s in e ms o AA [32]. An ioxidan po en ial o me hanolic ex ac s p epa ed om eigh a oma ic and medic- inal plan s (Hyssopus o icinalis,Angelica pancicii,Angelica syl es is,Lase pi ium la i olium, Achillea g andi olia,Achillea c i hmi olia,A emisia absin hium, and Tanace um pa henium), o igina ed in sou heas Se bia, was analyzed by he ABTS and DPPH (by Inac i a ion, I) me hods, and TRP (To al educing powe assay) by he i on (III) o i on (II) educ ion) assay, and he e ic educing an ioxidan powe assay (FRAP) [ 58 ]. Resul s o an ioxidan ac i i ies om all me hods demons a ed a simila sequence o ac i i y: A. c i hmi olia > A. g andi olia >H. o icinalis >A. absin hium >T. pa henium >L. la i olium >A. pancicii > A. syl es is. The ep esen a i es o he As e aceae amily (A. c i hmi olia, A. g andi olia, A. absin hium) hus showed he highes an ioxidan p ope ies; hyssop demons a ed mod- e a e o high AA. The o al con en o polyphenols and la onoids in he me hanol ex ac s o he s udied species posi i ely co ela ed wi h hei an ioxidan p ope ies, con i ming hei majo ole in he an ioxidan ac i i y o hese species [58]. Signi ican ac o s in luencing he amoun o p esen ed phenolic compounds and AA include he pa o he plan used o p epa e he ex ac (Table 2). The con- en o phenolics (TPC) in di e en pa s o he plan , lowe s, lea es, and s ems o H. o icinalis L. a . angus i olius, measu ed by he FC me hod, in e hanol ex ac s de e - mined Alinezhad e al. [59]. The e we e e alua ed sligh ly highe alues o plan s ems han o lowe s and lea es. Values o AA o lowe s, lea es, and s em ex ac s demon- s a ed good an ioxidan ac i i y o his plan . Howe e , s em ex ac showed be e DPPH adical sca enging ac i i y in IC50 alues ( he lowes IC50 he e o e he highes AA) han wha was disco e ed o lowe s o lea es. In he lowe ing ae ial pa s o H. o icinalis subsp. a is a us (God .) Nyman, in p e- pa ed me hanolic ex ac s, de e mined by Mi´co i´c e al. [ 45 ] and o igina ed om Mon ene- g o, he mos abundan compounds chlo ogenic and osma inic acids we e iden i ied. The con en o chlo ogenic acid was much highe , in he ange be ween 23.35 and 33.46 mg/g han he amoun o osma inic acid (3.53–17.98 mg/g). TPC o hyssop samples was in a wide ange o alues ha could be gi en due o a ious ac o s men ioned ea lie in he e iew. Fo six hyssop me hanolic ex ac s was e alua ed an ioxidan ac i i y was less e - ec i e in DPPH adical sca enging wi h mode a e an ioxidan e icacy (IC50 < 100 µg/mL) o analyzed samples. They also exp essed mode a e o weak an ioxidan ac i i y mea- su ed by FRAP (0.667–0.959 mmol Fe 2+ /g). Compa ed o s anda d subs ances such as u in (4.11 mmol Fe 2+ /g) and asco bic acid (8.18 mmol Fe 2+ /g), analyzed hyssop ex ac s we e less e ec i e [45]. Pink, whi e, and blue lowe s o hyssop he b om he Republic o Moldo a, p epa ed as e hanol ex ac s, we e analyzed by Benea e al. [ 48 ]. The chlo ogenic and ca eic acids we e iden i ied in all h ee e alua ed geno ypes o hyssop he ba. The highes o al con en o Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 9 o 29 hyd oxycinnamic acids was de e mined in whi e lowe plan ex ac s and d ied e hanolic ex ac s (1.48 mg/g; 3.01 mg/g o ca eic acid, espec i ely), ollowed by hyssop wi h pink lowe s (1.19 mg/g; 2.91 mg/g) and blue lowe s (1.01 mg/g; 2.85 mg/g). The highes polyphenol con en hey de ec ed was in he ex ac o H. o icinalis L. wi h pink lowe s (Table 2). Used sol en o plan ex ac ion a ec s he isola ed an ioxidan s and hei con en in he inal ex ac oo. Compa ing he alues o he polyphenolic con en in I anian hyssop o angus i olius a ie y [ 44 ], highe TPC alues measu ed by he FC me hod we e ound in n-bu anol ex ac s han in e hylace a e ex ac s. These indings a e in co ela ion wi h he pola i y o he sol en s used o ex ac ion and he solubili y o phenolic compounds in hem. Ex ac s p epa ed wi h n-bu anol sol en also had be e an ioxidan ac i i y (lowes IC50 concen a ion) han e hylace a e ex ac and in compa ison wi h apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucu onide, pu i ied la onoid ha showed weak adical sca enging ac i i y. Thei esul s showed a di ec linea co ela ion be ween TPC and AA; he e o e, i is supposed ha phenolic compounds con ibu e di ec ly o AA. Also, o he an ioxidan com- pounds, phenolics, i amins, mine als such as Se and Zn, and o he s, could be esponsible o AA, o some ex en . In he s udies e alua ing he con en o o al polyphenols and AA, a iable esul s can be obse ed (Table 2). As men ioned abo e, se e al ac o s, no only ega ding gene ic and g owing condi ions bu also he me hods o p epa ing samples (exac condi ions), sol en s used, expe imen al condi ions, and p ocedu es o de e mina ion me hod, can a ec he esul s and hey may be inconsis en . Table 2. An ioxidan po en ial (TPC and AA) and di e en ac o s o selec ed Lamiaceae plan s. Plan Pa o Plan Ex ac / Sol en TPC AA O igin Re . Hyssopus o icinalis s ems, lea es, lowe s e hanolic ex ac s s ems (374.60 mg GAE/g) > lowe s (337.30 mg/g) > lea es (348.0 mg/g) DPPH: s ems (IC50 79.9 µg/mL) > lowe s (148.8 µg/mL) > lea es (208.2 µg/mL) I an [59] ae ial pa s e hanolic ex ac s 77.72 mg GAE/g DPPH: IC50 125.44 µg/mL ABTS: 57.39 µmol TE/mg HAPX: 16.17% Romania [32] lowe ing ae ial pa s me hanol ex ac s 64.1–112.0 mg GAE/g DPPH: IC50 56.04–199.89 µg/mL FRAP: 0.667–0.959 mmol Fe2+/g Mon eneg o [45] ae ial pa s wi h pink, whi e, and blue lowe s e hanol ex ac s blue lowe s (12.256 mg GAE/g) > pink lowe s (8.114 mg GAE/g) > whi e lowe s (8.012 mg GAE/g), DPPH: pink lowe s (IC50 34.172 mg/mL) > whi e lowe s (34.774 mg/mL) > blue lowe s (38.091 mg/mL) Moldo a [48] ae ial pa s n-bu anol and e hylace a e ex ac s n-bu anol (246 mg GAE/g) > e hylace a e (51 mg GAE/g) DPPH: n-bu anol (IC50 25 µg/mL) > e hylace a e (IC50 103 µg/mL) I an [44] ae ial pa s me hanolic ex ac s 80 mg GAE/g DPPH: I (83%) TRP: 56 mg AAE/g FRAP: 0.73 mmol Fe/g Se bia [58] Lamium album lowe ing ae ial pa s, oo s me hanolic ex ac s ae ial pa s (242.7 mg GAE/g) > oo s (135.0 mg GAE/g) DPPH: ae ial pa s (IC50 238.4 µg/mL) > oo s (257.0 µg/mL) ae ial pa s chela ing ac i i ies (IC50 1.13 mg/mL) > oo s (1.32 mg/mL) I an [60] ae ial pa s n-bu anol ex ac s 2.9 mg GAE/mL DPPH: IC50 19.29 mg/mL Romania [61] ae ial pa o in i o and in i o me hanolic, e hanolic, and chlo o o m ex ac s 21.45–103.12 mg GAE/g DPPH: IC50 20.62–274.35 µg/mL ABTS: 0.12–0.65 TEAC Bulga ia [62] lowe s me hanol ex ac s 234.17–650.17 mg GAE/g DPPH: IC50 20.62–274.35 µg/mL ABTS: 0.12–0.65 TEAC Poland [51] Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 16 o 29 An ioxidan po en ial o Scu ella ia baicalensis As he e was men ioned be o e, baicalein, baicalin, and iscidulin III ha e been ma ked as signi ican an ioxidan cons i uen s. They demons a ed he highes ac i i y in bo h he DPPH and ABTS ee adical-sca enging ac i i y assays, wi h he lowes hal -maximal inhibi o y concen a ion (IC50) o baicalin. I was p esen ed wi h he lowes alues o IC50 (15.1 and 10.8 µ M o he assays, espec i ely). The s anda d T olox had IC50 alues o 38.1 and 12.8 µM, espec i ely, so he e iciency o baicalin as an an ioxidan is high. iscidulin III (16.4 and 15.3 µ M, espec i ely) and baicalein (17.0 and 16.5 µ M, espec i ely) possess simila , good an ioxidan s eng h [77]. The impac o di e en sol en s used could be, due o hei di e en pola i y, signi i- can o TPC and AA alues. Dis illed wa e , me hanol, 70% aqueous–me hanol, e hanol, and 70% aqueous–e hanol we e used as sol en s o S. baicalensis hai y oo ex ac s s udied by Lim e al. [ 83 ]. They e alua ed an amoun o kaemp e ol, an impo an an ioxidan componen ; he highes was p esen ed in 70% aqueous–me hanol ex ac , ollowed by 70% aqueous-e hanol, e hanol ex ac , me hanol, and dis illed wa e ex ac . The con en dec eased in he sequence: que ce in, u in, epica echin, benzoic acid, and gallic acid. Mos o he indi idual phenolic compounds we e highes a e aqueous–me hanol ex ac ion, ollowed by aqueous–e hanol ex ac ion, whe eas he o he sol en s did no show signi i- can di e ences. Thus, aqueous alcoholic sol en s we e mo e e ec i e o he ex ac ion o phenolics om S. baicalensis, whe eas wa e ex ac ion showed low e iciency. In he DPPH assay, he aqueous–e hanol ex ac showed he highes sca enging ac i i y, ollowed by aqueous–me hanol, me hanol, e hanol, and dis illed wa e . The ABTS assay o S. baicalensis ex ac s showed a simila end o ha o DPPH. The highes an ioxidan ac i i ies, o DPPH, ABTS, and SOD-like sca enging ac i i ies and educing powe , we e achie ed in he aqueous–e hanol ex ac compa ed o he o he sol en ex ac s, whe eas dis illed wa e was he leas sui able. Ho wa e ex ac ion, 80% e hanol, and 80% me hanol we e used in he s udy o Lim e al. [ 84 ]. The highes o al phenolic and o al la onoid con en s we e in he me hanol ex ac , ollowed by e hanol ex ac ion; he leas e ec i e was ho wa e . A compa able si ua ion was o he DPPH and ABTS adical sca enging ac i i ies, wi h me hanol and e hanol sol en s as mo e e ec i e han ho wa e ex ac ion. Plan pa s ha a e selec ed o analysis a e impo an o he alues o TPC and AA. Sepa a ed o gans, in lo escences, s ems, and lea es o e hanolic Scu ella ia baicalensis ex ac s we e s udied by Uk ainian esea che s [ 85 ]. They de e mined he o al con en o polyphenol compounds in he ange o 28.06–96.76 mg GAE/g dw, depending on he pa o he plan . The highes con en o polyphenols was p esen ed in lea es, ollowed by in lo escences and s ems (abou one- hi d o wo- hi ds o he alue in lea es). To al la onoid con en s in e hanol ex ac s we e wi h simila dis ibu ion as o polyphenols. The bes alues we e o he lea es, ollowed by in lo escences (abou hal o he alue in lea es), and he leas con en o la onoids was ound in he s ems (abou one-six h o wo- hi ds o he alue in lea es). To al phenolic acid con en was ound in he ange om 2.60 o 23.4 mg CAE/g (ca eic acid equi alen s), s ems o bo h samples accumula ed he leas con en o phenolic acids and lea es had he highe con en o i . The e o e, he highes con en o polyphenol compounds was iden i ied in he lea es o he he b. The esul s o he DPPH me hod indica ed an an ioxidan abili y o 7.63–8.83 mg TE/g; TEAC alues we e simila o all s uc u al pa s o he plan , in lo escences, s ems, and lea es. Resul s o educing powe measu ing o e hanolic ex ac s showed he alues o his pa ame e simila o in lo escences and s ems (a hi d o a hal o he alues in he lea es), so he highes educing powe alues exhibi ed again ex ac s om he lea es. T adi ional Chinese medicinal plan s (Scu ella ia baicalensis,Cop is chinensis, and Sonchus ole aceus) in he o m o aqueous ex ac s we e s udied and compa ed by Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 17 o 29 Li e al. [86]. The highes phenolic con en was ound in he plan o S. ole aceus, simila o S. baicalensis, wi h signi ican ly lowe amoun (hal he amoun o o he s) o C. chinensis. The highes TFC was ound again in he ex ac o S. ole aceus, ollowed by C. chinensis (hal he amoun ), and S. baicalensis. Highe o al an ioxidan capaci ies o CUPRAC analysis we e ound in S. baicalensis and S. ole aceus, he lowes in C. chinensis (hal he alue o o he s). Hyd oxyl ee adical-sca enging abili y wi h a lowe IC50 alue, which means be e sca enging ac i i y, was de ec ed o S. ole aceus and C. chinensis. The IC 50 alue o S. baicalensis was lowe han ha o o he he bs. 4. The Lesse -Known Rep esen a i es o Plan s wi h An ioxidan E ec o Rosaceae, As e aceae, and My aceae Families Much less in o ma ion is a ailable on he lesse -known membe s wi h an ioxidan e ec o he Rosaceae, As e aceae, and My aceae amilies han on membe s o he Lami- aceae amily, which includes a la ge numbe o ep esen a i es wi h an ioxidan ac i i y. As he lesse -known ep esen a i es o hese amilies o his e iew, he e we e selec ed C a aegus lae iga a o he Rosaceae amily, A emisia absin hium o he As e aceae amily, and Pimen a dioica o he My aceae amily. 4.1. C a aegus lae iga a, I s BACs and An ioxidan Po en ial The genus C a aegus belongs o he sub amily o Maloideae, amily Rosaceae. The amily Rosaceae includes he bs, sh ubs, and ees which a e economically impo an due o edible ui s ( aspbe ies and s awbe ies, che ies, peaches, and plums) impo an o hei an ioxidan p ope ies. C a aegus con ains up o h ee hund ed species, o which C a aegus lae iga a, haw ho n, is one o he mos popula . Many membe s o his amily ha e been used as na u al ing edien s ha a e u ilized in cosmeceu ical p epa a ions in he cosme ic indus y, o in he pha maceu ical indus y [87]. Also, i possesses an i-in lamma o y and an i-hypo ensi e e ec s. I is used adi- ionally as a ca diac onic wi h diu e ic and as ingen p ope ies. The plan is in he homeopa hic medicine sys em o he ca dio ascula sys em as i is a ich sou ce o p o- cyanidins. [ 88 ]. The esul s o Ka ape yan e al. [ 89 ] esea ch indica e ha C. lae iga a ex ac shows an ioxidan p ope ies and he e o e can be used o p e en he de e io a ing e ec s in he b ain caused by acu e oxygen de iciency. The main phenolic compounds o haw ho n a e mainly om he g oup o la onoids. Haw ho n phenols include epica echin and ca echin, p ocyanidin B2, chlo ogenic acid, que ce in, isoque ci in, u in, hype oside, and p-couma ic acid [ 90 ]. An ioxidan phy o- chemicals ound in C a aegus ex ac s include p ocyanidins, la onoids, la onols, gly- cosyla ed la anones, and i e pene pen acyclic acids. Also, que ce in-3-O-glucoside, que ce in-3-O- hamnoside, que ce in 3-O- hamnosyl-(1,6)-glucoside and que ce in 3-O- hamnosyl-(1,2)-[ hamnosyl-(1,6)]-glucoside a e o high impo ance [90,91]. Sol en selec ion is impo an o he composi ion o an ioxidan s in plan s such as haw ho n. Me hanol and e hanol ex ac s o he C a aegus plan bo h exhibi ed high le els o o al la onoids and polyphenols con en s. Ace one sol en , e hylace a e, ichlo ome hane, and pe oleum e he we e less e ec i e. The mos abundan phenolic compounds we e de e mined as epica echin and p ocyanidin B2, wi h concen a ions up o 281.6 and 243.5mg/100g, espec i ely. The le els o o he cons i uen s such as chlo o- genic acid and que ce in we e much lowe , up o one- hi d. Besides hem he e we e que ce in, ca echin, p-couma ic acid, hype oside and isoque ci in. Thei con en was up o 30mg/100g. The highes o al la onoid con en was ob ained in me hanol ex ac , ollowed by e hanol, ace one, e hylace a e, ichlo ome hane, and pe oleum e he ex ac s. The o al polyphenols con en s showed a signi ican di e ence and a ied in he ange Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 18 o 29 om 2.66 o 38.40mg GAE/g. Simila o o al la onoids, he o al polyphenol con en s dec eased along wi h dec easing o de o sol en pola i y (me hanol >e hanol >ace one >e hylace a e > ichlo ome hane >pe oleum) [90]. The ype o cul i a and i s o igin is also a signi ican ac o . Haw ho n ui s (C a aegus spp.) o 22 Chinese cul i a s and o igins belonging o ou species/ a ie ies, C. pinna i ida, C. b e schneide i,C. pinna i ida,C. scab i olia, we e de e mined by Liu e al. [ 92 ]. Majo phenolic compounds such as hype oside, isoque ci in, chlo ogenic acid, ideain, epica echin, p ocyanidin (PA) dime s, and PA ime s we e quan i ied in he ui s. All compounds (excep ideain) we e de ec ed in all he samples. Vi exin-4 ′′ -O-glucoside and i exin-2 ′′ -O- hamnoside ha e been desc ibed as majo la onoids p esen ed in haw ho n lea es. The con en s o i exin-4 ′′ -O-glucoside and i exin-2 ′′ -O- hamnoside in he ana- lyzed p oduc we e inc eased 8.44- old and 8.43- old om 0.72% and 2.63% o 6.08% and 22.2% [ 93 ]. Hype oside, chlo ogenic acid, and isoque ce in we e ound o be he mos abundan phenolic compounds in he ex ac s o haw ho n ui s. The ui s o di e en C a aegus species [ 91 ] (especially C. pseudomelanoca pa and C. pen agyna) g own in I an showed a high le el o TPC and AA. Howe e , a conside able a ia ion in he esul s o TPC and AA o haw ho n species was shown. Me hanol ex ac s o lea es and lowe s o 14 haw ho n species (C a aegus spp.) om wild-g owing geno ypes om I an we e analyzed by Ali ezalu e al. [ 94 ]. Signi ican phenolic compounds included chlo ogenic acid, i exin 2”-O- hamnoside, i exin, u in, hype oside, que ce in, and isoque ce in. The con en o phenolic compounds was signi - ican ly a iable bo h among species and in di e en plan o gans; he e o e, bo h hese ac o s a ec ed TPC and AA in hese samples. Chlo ogenic acid, i exin, and i exin 2”-O- hamnoside we e ound o be he mos abundan phenolic compounds analyzed in he ex ac s o haw ho n lea es. In he ex ac s o haw ho n lowe s in mos o he species, he mos abundan we e ound o be chlo ogenic acid, hype oside, and u in. Que ce in was ound in e y low quan i ies bo h in lea es and in lowe s, o i was no de ec ed. An ioxidan Po en ial o C a aegus lae iga a Ve y signi ican ac o a ec ing an ioxidan po en ial is he ype o analyzed pa o he plan . Haw ho n ba k, lea es, and be ies g owing in I an we e analyzed by Rezaei-Golmisheh e al. [95]. The highes o al phenol con en o e hanolic ex ac s had he ba k ex ac ollowed by he ex ac s o lea es (mo e han hal o he highes alue) and be ies (mo e han a qua e o he highes alue). Que ce in, as a signi ican ep esen a i e o polyphenols, was ound a he highes le el in he ba k ex ac , ollowed by lea es ( wo- hi ds o he ba k alue) and be ies (one- hi d o he highes alue). The highes DPPH ee adical sca enging po ency was e alua ed in he ba k ex ac , ollowed by lea es and be ies ex ac , which con i med he polyphenol and que ce in con en esul s. The ype o cul i a and plan pa a e also signi ican ac o s. Haw ho n lea es and lowe s o haw ho n species (C a aegus spp.) om wild-g owing geno ypes o I an, p e- pa ed as me hanol ex ac s, we e analyzed o he amoun o phenolics and la onoids, and AA [ 94 ]. TPC was in he ange om 7.21 o 87.73 mg GAE/g dm o he plan . To al phenolic con en was highes in he lowe s o C. pseudomelanoca pa, ollowed by C. meye i and C. a osanguinea, whe eas he lowes alue was ound in he lowe s o C. monogyna. Phenolic con en was he highes (82.74 mg GAE/g dm) in he lea es o C. pen agyna, hen C. pseudohe e ophylla and C. aza olus, whe eas lea es o C. monogyna (12.41 mg GAE/g dm) anked he lowes . Bo h lea es and lowe o gans o C. pseudomelanoca pa species exhibi ed a high le el o o al phenolic con en . The amoun o o al la onoids was signi ican ly a i- able bo h among species and in di e en plan o gans, anging om 2.27 o 17.40 mg/g dm. Di e ences be ween he species and he pa s o plan s we e highly signi ican (p≤0.01). Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 19 o 29 In mos haw ho n species, lowe o gans possess a highe o al la onoid con en han he lea o gans. The C a aegus plan s we e assessed also due o an ioxidan ac i i y, FRAP me hod. An ioxidan ac i i y signi ican ly a ied in e ms o bo h di e en plan s’ o gans and species, in he ange om 0.9 o 4.65 mmol Fe 2+ /g dm. The highes AA alue was obse ed in he lea es o C. pen agyna, whe eas he lowes ac i i y was de e mined in he lea es o C. aza olus a . a onia. The highes (2.84 mmol Fe 2+ /g dm) and he lowes (0.96 mmol Fe 2+ /g dm) an ioxidan ac i i y in he lowe s was de ec ed in C. monogyna and C. meye i, espec i ely. The ype o cul i a , as men ioned abo e, is a ac o ha may in luence an ioxidan po en ial. The o al phenolic con en o he wild-g owing haw ho n ui s om se en p o inces o I an was analyzed by Ali ezalu e al. [ 91 ]. They de e mined TPC in he ange o 21.19–69.12 mg GAE/g dm, wi h he highes alue in he ui s o C. pen agyna, ollowed by C. pseudomelanoca pa,C. a osanguinea and C. pseudohe e ophylla. The lowes amoun was de e mined o C. u kes anica and C. aza olus (23.89 mg GAE/g dm). To al la onoid con en was p esen ed in he ange om 2.44 o 6.08 mg QE/g dm, wi h he highes alue in he ui s o C a aegus meye i, ollowed by C. pen agyna and C. pseudomelanoca pa, he lowes one o C. szo i sii and C. aza olus (2.74 mg GAE/g dm). An ioxidan ac i i y, measu ed by FRAP, mani es ed alues o 0.32–1.84 mmol Fe 2+ /g dm. The highes powe showed C. pen agyna wi h a high con en o polyphenols and la onoids oo. High AA alues had C. a osanguinea and C a aegus meye i, whe eas C. pe sica and C. o ien alis achie ed only low AA alues. Acco ding o hese esul s, TPC, TFC, and AA can be signi ican ly in luenced by bo h he species and he sampling loca ion. Simila indings we e also epo ed by Özyü ek e al. [ 96 ], who e alua ed lowe s and lea es belonging o 17 axa o 14 C a aegus species, na u ally g owing in Tu key. Acco ding o he esul s o he polyphenol assays, among he lowe samples, he species wi h he highes con en was C. × sinaica Boiss. no hosubsp. sinaica,C. monogyna Jacq. a . monogyna,C. hipidophylla Gand. a . hipidophylla, and among he lea samples, C. pen agyna Walds e Ki . ex Willdenow and C. monogyna Jacq. a . monogyna. Compa able obse a ions we e no iceable o AA alues. The mos an ioxida i e ac i e species we e C. × sinaica Boiss. no hosubsp. sinaica,C. monogyna Jacq. a . monogyna, and C. hipidophylla Gand. a . hipidophylla. Lea ex ac s o C. pen agyna Walds e Ki . ex Willdenow and C. monogyna Jacq. a . monogyna mani es ed he highes an ioxidan ac i i y. The e o e, as he au ho s e e ed, C a aegus monogyna samples ha e exhibi ed ma kedly high an ioxidan ac i i y. Though he e a e di e ences in an ioxidan capaci y be ween he same species collec ed om di e en egions, hese di e ences can be due o ac o s such as land cha ac e is ics, unpollu ed ai , oxygen concen a ion, and heigh . Thei s udy indica es ha C a aegus species o igina ing om na u e canno be s anda dized o medicinal use. 4.2. A emisia absin hium, I s BACs and An ioxidan Po en ial Genus A emisia, om he amily As e aceae (Composi ae), sub amily As e oideae, is one o he mos widely dis ibu ed, con aining up o 500 species. A emisia absin hium, wi h he common name wo mwood, is a pe ennial he b wi h a cha ac e is ic, sage odo . Wo mwood is g owing in empe a e egions, in Eu ope, Asia, and Ame ica. The lowe s and ae ial pa s o he plan s a e u ilized in he cosme ic indus y and used as an ing edien in he spi i (absin he). The he b is used in pha macological p epa a ions due o i s cholagogue, chole e ic, s omachic, and ca mina i e p ope ies. I exhibi s an i-in lamma o y and an i- helmin hic e ec s. In Eu opean and Asian olk medicine, i is used o gas oin es inal p oblems and dyspepsia [ 97 , 98 ]. Also, A. absin hium essen ial oil was ound o inhibi he g ow h o bo h G am-nega i e and G am-posi i e bac e ia s ains [99]. Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 20 o 29 The subs ances ha we e ound o be esponsible o wo mwood biological ac i i- ies a e componen s o he essen ial oil, bi e cons i uen s like sesqui e penoid lac ones, azulenes, la onoids and phenolic acids, and annins. The g oup o la onoids in he wo mwood plan con ain que ce in, kaemp e ol, and apigenin; and he g oup o phenolic acids con ain ep esen a i es such as gallic, ca eic, anillic, and chlo ogenic acids. Bi e subs ances speci ic o his plan a e om he g oup o sesqui e pene lac ones, absin hin, an- absin hin, and anabsin. Also, compounds o essen ial oils such as α - hujone and β - hujone, iso hujone, hujylalcohol and i s es e s, camphene, guaiazulene and α -cadinene, azulenes such as chamazulene, p ochamazulenogen, and azulene a e signi ican [100]. In he dis illed essen ial oil o wo mwood, g owing in Saudi A abia, 34 ola ile cons i uen s we e iden i ied by Mohammed [ 101 ]. Among hem, cis-da anone was ound a he highes pe cen age (52.51%) o he o al ola ile cons i uen s o he plan . Fu he mo e, he e was α -gu junene (7.15%), and unde 5%, chamazulene, and camphene. The iden i ied cons i uen s we e mainly ca ego ized as oxygena ed sesqui e penes wi h a o al pe cen age o 63.61%, ollowed by nonoxygena ed sesqui e penes (14.69%) o he o al iden i ied compounds. The mono e penes we e calcula ed as 20.86%, dis ibu ed as 9.82% o he non-oxygena ed mono e penes, and 11.04% o he oxygena ed mono e penes. Acco ding o he indings o Naimi e al. [ 98 ], he majo componen s o he s udied A emisia absin hium essen ial oils we e campho (36.22%) and α - hujone (30.28%). The ae ial pa s o A. absin hium showed he p esence o alkaloids, la onoids, annins, and glycosides oo. The composi ion o wo mwood oil in mo e de ail is composed also o he compounds: chamazulene (8.02%), a bo escin (6.82%), e pinen-4-ol (6.80%), sabinene (5.81%), and linalool (1.18%); ollowed by subs ances wi h he low con en (below 1%): p-men ha-1,4(8)-diene, o-cymene, ç- e pinene, α - e pineol, ge mac ene, D4-Vinylcholes an- 3-ol, and ge anyl-p-cymene. The ege a ion s age is a ac o ha may modi y he an ioxidan po en ial o wo m- wood plan s, A. ab o anum, and A. absin hium om Li huania, a se e al ege a ion s ages (in ensi e g ow h, bu oniza ion, he beginning o lowe ing, in ensi e lowe ing, and he end o lowe ing). I has been analyzed by Sauno i ¯ u ˙ e e al. [ 102 ]. The phenolic compounds a e o wo g oups, he phenolic acids g oup (ca eoylquinic and hyd oxycinnamic acids) and la onoids ( la onols, la ones). As impo an iden i ied compounds, he e we e de e mined 4,5-dica eoylquinic acid, 4-O-ca eoylquinic acid, 3,4-dica eoylquinic acid, 3,5-dica eoylquinic acid, ca eic acid, chlo ogenic acid, neochlo ogenic acid, iso hamne in- 3- u inoside, lu eolin-7-glycoside, lu eolin-7- u inoside, and u in. The mos common compounds iden i ied in all ex ac s we e chlo ogenic acid, 3,4-dica eoylquinic acid, 3,5-dica eoylquinic acid, and u in. Chlo ogenic acid was he p edominan compound in he ex ac s. The pa o he plan as a ac o o he di e ences in he wo mwood ex ac s was in es iga ed by Moacăe al. [ 103 ]. E hanolic ex ac s, ob ained om lea es and s ems o A. absin hium, con ain phenolic acids such as gen isic acid, chlo ogenic acid, ca eic acid, p-couma ic acid, isoque ci in, u in, que ci in, lu eolin, and apigenin. Chlo ogenic acid was he mos abundan polyphenolic quan i ied compound. Isoque ci in, u in, and que ci in we e also de ec ed, bu in smalle concen a ions, accompanied by aces o gen isic acid, ca eic acid, p-couma ic acid, lu eolin, and apigenin. In e ms o hei concen- a ion in he wo ypes o ex ac , s em ex ac , sligh ly iche , is simila o lea ex ac . An ioxidan Po en ial o A emisia absin hium The di e ences in he composi ion o essen ial oil o ex ac p epa ed using di e en sol en s a e also due o he a ious ypes o cons i uen isola ion. Componen s o essen ial oils and me hanolic ex ac s o A emisia absin hium ae ial pa s om se e al egions o Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 21 o 29 Tunisia we e compa ed in hei s udy by Ksibi e al. [ 99 ]. Campho was he main compound o essen ial oil wi h a le el o 33.63% o 49.70%. O he ele an compounds a e β -copaene, α -humulene, ge mac ene-D, and ans-ca yophyllene. As o me hanolic ex ac s, o al polyphenolic con en was wi hin he ange o 6.93 o 26.80 mg GAE/g dm. The highes o al la onoid con en was de ec ed in he sample o he same egion wi h he highes polyphenol con en , he lowes alue was in he amoun o wo- hi ds o he highes con en . Que ce in and iso hamne in we e he main compounds and hei pe cen ages we e egion- dependen . The highes sca enging abili y o DPPH (IC50 31.46 µ g/mL) had me hanolic a emisia ex ac o he same egion as men ioned be o e wi h he highes TPC and TFC. The compa ison o ou plan ex ac s, A emisia absin hium,Melia azeda ach,T igonella oenum-g aecum, and Peganum ha mala was e alua ed by Naimi e al. [ 98 ]. Me hanolic ex ac o M. azeda ach e ealed he highes o al phenolic con en (5.63mg GAE/g), ollowed by A. absin hium (3.39 mg GAE/g). The lowes alues we e obse ed in T. oenum-g aecum and P. ha mala ex ac s. The highes o al la onoid con en showed M. azeda ach, highe amoun con ained also A. absin hium. The o he plan s had lowe amoun s o la onoids. The obse ed a ia ions in o al phenol and la onoid con en s could be ela ed o he di e en phy ogeog aphical a eas and he ha es seasons ha a ec he con en s o seconda y me aboli es. Also, ege a ion s ages may p o ide di e en composi ions and con en o he sub- s ances p esen . Two wo mwood plan s, A. ab o anum and A. absin hium om Li huania, a se e al ege a ion s ages (in ensi e g ow h, bu oniza ion, he beginning o lowe ing, in- ensi e lowe ing, and he end o lowe ing), ha e been analyzed by Sauno i ¯ u ˙ e e al. [ 102 ]. The highes con en o phenolic compounds was ound in he samples a he beginning o he lowe ing s age, and hey signi ican ly di e ed om he quan i ies ound in he emaining ege a ion s ages. O he high alues we e de ec ed du ing in ensi e lowe ing and he end o lowe ing. The lowes amoun o phenolic compounds was ound in he in ensi e g ow h s age. The highes o al la onoid con en was ound in A. ab o anum ex ac s o he bu oniza ion s age, simila o he beginning o lowe ing, ollowed by in- ensi e lowe ing, while he lowes quan i y was de e mined in A. ab o anum ex ac s o he in ensi e g ow h s age. The an ioxidan ac i i y (DPPH) showed ha he s onges sca enging ac i i y (14.23 µ mol TE/g dm) was obse ed in A. ab o anum he bal ex ac s o he in ense lowe ing s age and a he beginning o lowe ing. The weakes an i adical ac i i y (9.01 µ mol TE/g dm) was de e mined in he ex ac s du ing he in ensi e g ow h ege a ion s age and bu oniza ion. Sol en e iciency, as ano he ac o , was s udied in e hylace a e and aqueous ex ac s o A. absin hium L. lea es om Mo occo [ 104 ]. The highes polyphenol con en esul s we e shown o e hylace a e ex ac compa ed o aqueous ex ac (hal o he e hylace a e TPC amoun ). The la onoid con en s in ex ac s we e in he same end as TPC. E hylace a e ex ac showed good DPPH adical sca enging, wi h a lowe IC50 alue (0.167 mg/mL) han he aqueous ex ac (0.352 mg/mL). Simila ly, i is o FRAP ac i i y. E hanolic ex ac s ob ained om lea es and s ems o A. absin hium L. we e in es iga ed by Moacăe al. [103]. The esul s showed ha he lea ex ac had a highe phenolic con en (54.68 mg GAE/g) compa ed o he ex ac om he s ems (44.15 mg GAE/g). The ex ac s p esen ed mild an ioxidan ac i i y, he lea es ex ac had be e AA han he s em ex ac (IC50 concen a- ions we e o wo mwood lea es ex ac 0.4993 mg/mL, o s ems ex ac 0.4865 mg/mL). The an ioxidan po en ial (TPC and AA), measu ed by he echnique wi h he same me hod condi ions, o indi idual plan s in he same amily o di e en ones, can show di e ences in an ioxidan powe be ween hem. The an ioxidan cha ac e is ics o eigh a oma ic and medicinal plan s (Hyssopus o icinalis,Angelica pancicii,Angelica syl es is, Lase pi ium la i olium,Achillea g andi olia,Achillea c i hmi olia,A emisia absin hium and Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 22 o 29 Tanace um pa henium) p epa ed as me hanol ex ac s e alua ed S anko i´c e al. [ 58 ]. They de e mined ha o al polyphenol con en was in he o de : A. c i hmi olia >A. g andi olia > A. absin hium >T. pa henium >H. o icinalis >L. la i olium >A. pancicii >A. syl es is. The phenolic alues we e in he ange o 50–175 mg GAE/g, and la onoids in he ange o 30–95 mg RE/g. The ep esen a i es o he As e aceae amily (A. c i hmi olia,A. g andi olia, and A. absin hium) had he highes alues o o al polyphenols and la onoids. Resul s o an ioxidan ac i i ies (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) demons a ed a simila sequence o he ac i i y: A. c i hmi olia >A. g andi olia >H. o icinalis >A. absin hium >T. pa henium >L. la i olium >A. pancicii >A. syl es is. Wo mwood mani es ed medium TPC and AA alues. The o al con en o polyphenols and la onoids in he me hanol ex ac s o he s udied species posi i ely co ela ed wi h hei an ioxidan p ope ies. 4.3. Pimen a dioica, I s BACs and An ioxidan Po en ial My aceae, my le amily, is a amily o se e al popula and no able membe s, spices such as allspice, eucalyp us, and clo e o gua a. They a e woody wi h lowe pa s, na i e o Ame ica, Mexico, and India. Pimen a dioica is a genus o lowe ing plan membe s o he My aceae amily, sub amily My oideae, commonly known as allspice o pimen o. The d ied ui s o allspice, in he whole o g ound o m, a e used as condimen s in he oods and ha e cha ac e is ic la o and a oma [ 105 ]. Besides i s u iliza ion in gas onomy and ood la o ing p oduc ion, he spice is aluable due o i s essen ial oils comme cially used o pe umes, cosme ics, and in some pha maceu ical p epa a ions o i s he apeu ic p ope ies. The main comme cial p oduc o his spice is i s essen ial oil, due o i s u iliza ion in di e en indus ies, as men ioned abo e, wi h bene icial e ec s o heal h oo. Allspice is used also as a na u al pes icide. In allspice, p esen glycosides and polyphenols show an ibac e ial, hypo ensi e, an i-neu algic, and analgesic p ope ies. Eugenol and gallic acid ha e selec i e an ip oli e a i e and an i- umo p ope ies on human cance cells and hei animal models. In olk medicine, all pa s o P. dioica a e u ilized o an isep ic, an ihelmin ic, and anes he ic ac i i ies. I has an ioxidan , an imic obial, onic, and hypo ensi e ac i i y [105–107]. Essen ial oils o pimen o be y (Pimen a dioica (L) Me .) om Jamaica we e analyzed by Padmakuma i e al. [ 108 ]. The majo cons i uen s o he oils we e de ec ed as eugenol (73.75–74.71%), he mos abundan compound, ollowed by me hyl eugenol, 4.08–9.54%, and ca yophyllene, 3.30–4.90%. Mono e pene hyd oca bons cons i u ed up o 5% o he oil, and sesqui e pene hyd oca bons, 6.64–9.38%. Also, in Gua emala essen ial oils [ 109 ], he majo componen was eugenol (71.4% o lea es oil and 65.9% o ui s oil), β -my cene was he second majo componen , ollowed by (E)-ca yophyllene, β -ocimene, 1,8-cineole, cha icol, (E)-ca yophyllene, and α-humulene. The p esence o signi ican compounds such as phenols, la onols, i e penes, sa- pogenins, and polyalcohol in aqueous, e hanolic, and ace onic ex ac s o Pimen a dioica lea es collec ed in Mexico was de ec ed by Sánchez-Za a e e al. [ 110 ]. In aqueous ex ac , gallic acid, kaemp e ol, que ce in, ca echin, ca eic acid, chlo ogenic acid, and epica echin we e iden i ied. In e hanolic ex ac phenols o la onoids (gallic acid, my ice in, peduncala- gin, epica echin-3-O-galla e, kaemp e ol, and que ce in), a e i e penoids (b achyca pone and glaucalac one), and sapogenin (hecogenin ace a e), we e e alua ed. In he ace onic ex ac , ca echin, polyalcohol (pen aey h iol e ap opiona e), and sapogenin (hecogenin ace a e) we e p esen ed. The p esence o en impo an g oups con ained in a ious P. dioica lea ex ac s was analyzed by Mu ali e al. [ 111 ]. Ca bohyd a es, p o eins, s e oids, alka- loids, la onoids, phenols, and e penoids a e con i med in e hanolic ex ac . Simila ly, in he aqueous ex ac we e p esen ca bohyd a es, alkaloids, la onoids, s e oids, saponins, annins, and e penoids. Only p o eins, phenols, and e penoids we e s a ed in die hyl e he ex ac . Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 23 o 29 An ioxidan Po en ial o Pimen a dioica An ioxidan po en ial ( he quan i y o phenolic compounds, la onoids, and an iox- idan ac i i y) o allspice is e alua ed in a ious ex ac s, such as aqueous, e hanolic, o ace onic ex ac s, o in essen ial oils. All o hem belong o signi ican ac o s ha may change an ioxidan po en ial alues due o hei usage. Essen ial oils o pimen o be y (Pimen a dioica (L) Me .) om Jamaica we e analyzed by Padmakuma i e al. [ 108 ]. They de e mined eugenol is he main cons i uen which con ibu es o he an ioxidan ac i i y o he oil. Howe e , he an ioxidan po en ial o he oil was ound o be highe han ha o pu e eugenol which may be due o he syne gis ic e ec o o he oxygena ed compounds p esen in he oils. Essen ial oils o ma u e lea es o allspice, ma u e ba k o cinnamon, ma u e g een colo capsules o ca damom, mace and seed o nu meg, and unopened lowe buds o clo e, o igina ed om S i Lanka, we e analyzed by De Soysa e al. [ 112 ]. They e alua ed he o al polyphenol con en wi h he highes alue o clo e (310.4 mg GAE/g) essen ial oil, ollowed by allspice oil a hal TPC alue (134.3 mg GAE/g), and cinnamon oil (67.5 mg GAE/g). O he essen ial oils, nu meg seed, and mace had much lowe TPC, and ca damom he leas (3.5 mg GAE/g). Signi ican ly highe an ioxidan ac i i y was again obse ed in clo e oil (974.340 mg TE/g), ollowed by allspice (344.917 mg TE/g) in one- hi d alue, hen cinnamon, and bo h nu meg oils. Ca damom p esen ed again he lowes alue o AA (3.2 mg TE/g). Allspice had signi ican ly highe AA and o al phenolic alues when compa ed o all selec ed spice species excep clo e. To al phenolic and la onoid con en s o allspice in powde ed o m we e de e mined using bo h wa e and me hanol ex ac ion. The o al phenolic con en was highe in me hanol compa ed o wa e ex ac s o allspice, while he con en o la onoids was highe in wa e ex ac s compa ed o me hanol ex ac s o allspice. The o al phenolic and la onoid con en s we e highe in me hanol ex ac s compa ed o wa e ex ac s o allspice. A compa ison o he an ioxidan ac i i y o wa e and me hanol ex ac s o allspice was conduc ed using di e en assays (DPPH, TEAC, NO, ORAC, and FRAP). The IC50 (DPPH) alues we e highe in me hanol ex ac s compa ed o wa e ex ac s o allspice. (52.5 and 48.96 mg/mL). The FRAP assay is based on he abili y o he allspice ex ac o educe colo less Fe 3+ o blue-colo ed Fe 2+ . Me hanol ex ac showed simila esul s o wa e ex ac o allspice. NO ac i i y and ORAC o allspice we e highe in me hanol ex ac s compa ed o wa e ex ac s o allspice. TEAC, FRAP, and DPPH ac i i y was he e o e highe in me hanol ex ac s compa ed o wa e ex ac s o allspice [113]. Aqueous, e hanolic, and ace onic ex ac s o Pimen a dioica L. lea es om Mexico we e s udied by Sánchez-Za a e e al. [ 110 ]. The ace onic ex ac mani es ed he highes phenolic con en (626.29 mg GAE/g), phenolic con en o he aqueous and e hanolic ex ac s did no show a signi ican di e ence. Likewise, ace onic ex ac had he highes an ioxidan ac i i y (lowes IC 50) o DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay, espec i ely. 5. Conclusions Medicinal and a oma ic plan s ha a e lesse -known as an ioxidan sou ces and we e selec ed o his e iew (Lamium album,Leonu us ca diaca,Hyssopus o icinalis, Scu ella ia baicalensis, C a aegus lae iga a,A emisia absin hium, and Pimen a dioica) a e good sou ces o biologically ac i e compounds (BACs) such as an ioxidan s. BACs pa icipa e in hei biological impac s, and deac i a e eac i e oxygen species, and hus a ec he o e all an ioxidan ac i i y (AA). The mos impo an BACs in selec ed plan s belong o phenolic compounds such as phenolic acids, and la onoids like la onols, la anols, and annins. E en hough hey a e no p esen in he highes amoun s o selec ed plan s, he bs consumed mo e o en may ac as s ong an ioxidan s and hus, con ibu e as a emedy in Ho icul u ae 2025,11, 104 24 o 29 he p e en ion and suppo i e ea men o se e al diseases such as ca dio ascula diseases and in lamma ion diso de s, o some ypes o cance . Thei u iliza ion, due o he p esence o he ac i e compounds, can also be signi ican in he ood and cosme ic indus ies. This e iew hus gi es a comp ehensi e summa y o in o ma ion abou impo an BACs p esen in selec ed plan s, he con en o o al polyphenols, and an ioxidan ac i i y ha a e in lu- enced by di e en ac o s such as he used sol en and i s pola i y, ex ac ion echnique, and he p ocedu e and condi ions o AA de e mina ion me hod. Au ho Con ibu ions: Resou ces, w i ing—o iginal d a p epa a ion, and w i ing— e iew and edi ing S.S. and J.M. All au ho s ha e ead and ag eed o he published e sion o he manusc ip . Funding: This esea ch ecei ed no ex e nal unding. Da a A ailabili y S a emen : No applicable. Con lic s o In e es : The au ho s decla e no con lic s o in e es . Re e ences 1. WHO T adi ional, Complemen a y and In eg a i e Medicine. A ailable online: h ps://www.who.in /heal h- opics/ adi ional- complemen a y-and-in eg a i e-medicine# ab= ab_1 (accessed on 16 July 2024). 2. 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