Residents’ perception towards geoheritage conservation and tourism development: Evidence from Jodhpur, India

GeoJou nal o Tou ism and Geosi es Yea XIV, ol. 38, no. 4, 2021, p.1057-1068 ISSN 2065-1198, E-ISSN 2065-0817 DOI 10.30892/g g.38410-744 h p://g g.webhos .uo adea. o/ RESIDENTS’ PERCEPTION TOWARDS GEOHERITAGE CONSERVATION AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM JODHPUR, INDIA Sandeep Kuma DEY* Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Facul y o Managemen and Economics, Zlin, Czech Republic, e-mail: dey@u b.cz Reshma Sandeep Kuma DEY Cen al Uni e si y o Ke ala, Depa men o Tou ism S udies, Ke ala, India, e-mail: [email protected] Zuzana TUCKOVA Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Facul y o Managemen and Economics, Zlin, Czech Republic, e-mail: ucko [email p o ec ed]z Ci a ion: Dey, S.K., Dey, R.S.K., & Tučko á, Z. (2021). RESIDENTS’ PERCEPTION TOWARDS GEOHERITAGE CONSERVATION AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: EVIDENCE FROM JODHPUR, INDIA. GeoJou nal o Tou ism and Geosi es, 38(4), 1057–1068. h ps://doi.o g/10.30892/g g.38410-744 Abs ac : The Meh anga h Fo in Jodhpu , India, loca ed a he heigh o 150 me e s abo e he su ounding sandy plains, is one o he ci y's mos p ominen monumen s buil o e he Jodhpu g oup-Malani-Igneous Sui e. The old ci y, which boas s nume ous blue-pain ed houses, lies adjacen o he Meh anga h Fo . The esiden s o he old ci y play a signi ican ole in keeping he geohe i age and cul u al he i age in ac . The s udy in es iga es he mode a ing ole o esiden s’ Pe cep ion owa ds suppo o Geohe i age Tou ism and Conse a ion in and a ound Meh anga h Fo . A combina ion o Webe ’s heo y o subs an i e and o mal a ionali y (WTSFR) and Social Exchange Theo y (SET) is used o in es iga e and in e he in e posing and mode a ing ole o esiden s’ pe cep ion on he ela ionship be ween in luencing ac o s and suppo o geo-he i age conse a ion. A PLS e alua ion o he SEM e eals a subs an ial capaci y o he esiden s’ pe cep ion o p edic suppo o conse a ion and ou ism de elopmen . Key wo ds: geohe i age, ou ism de elopmen , social exchange heo y, esiden s’ pe cep ion * * * * * * INTRODUCTION The a ea o his s udy is a geo-si e no i ied by he Geological Su ey o India as a Na ional Geological Monumen known as he Jodhpu G oup-Malani Igneous Sui e Con ac . This geological s uc u e ma ks he inal pe iod o igneous ac i i y on he Indian subcon inen du ing he P ecamb ian pe iod. The e m was changed nume ous imes h oughou he yea s, including Malani Beds (Blan o d, 1877), Malani Volcano Se ies (La Touche, 1902), Malani Sys em (Coulson, 1933), The Malani G ani e and Volcanic Sui e (Pascoe, 1959), and ul ima ely Malani Igneous Sui e (Pa eek, 1981). The Meh anga h Fo , loca ed a he heigh o 150 me e s abo e he su ounding sandy plains, one o he ci y's mos p ominen monumen s, is buil o e his g oup o ocks (Kau , 2020). Figu e 1. Con ac be ween Malani Volcanics and Jodhpu Sands one wi h ‘Uncon o mi y’, ock s uc u e exposed nea he en ance o Meh anga h Fo (Sou ce: Au ho s’ own) Figu e 2. The in o ma ion p o ided nea he ‘uncon o mi y’ exposed close o he en ance o Meh anga h Fo Palace (Sou ce: Au ho s’ own) * Co esponding au ho Rhyoli e (Da k Pink Rock) Sands one Sandeep Kuma DEY, Reshma Sandeep Kuma DEY, Zuzana TUČKOVÁ 1058 This is also an impo an geological si e, wi h a obus e osional con ac be ween he Malani Volcanics and he Jodhpu Sands one a op i . Geologis s call his phenomenon an “uncon o mi y” as he e is no eco d o con inuous sedimen a ion in he pa icula egion. The ea u e con ains a non-deposi ional su ace sepa a ing wo ock masses om wo di e en ages. (Pa eek, 1981) no ed h ee phases o Magma ism in Malani-Igneus Sui e; signi ican elsic and mino ma ic lows (Ex usi e phase), g ani ic plu ons (In usi e phase), and Felsic and ma ic dike swa ms (Dike phase). Malani Rhyoli es and associa ed la as, u , welded u , and ma ics o MIS ha e o med 600 ± 70 Ma. A e a pe iod o uncon o mi y, du ing he Ediaca an age (635-542 Ma), he Malani-Igneus-Sui e was o e laid by a deposi o Jodhpu Sands one which belongs o he Ma wa Supe g oup (Kau e al., 2020; Pandey and Bahadu , 2009). This uncon o mi y is exposed a Meh anga h Fo , nea he en ance (Figu e 1). Malani Rhyoli es, in Pink, ma oon, b own, pu ple, g ey, and g een colou s a e sepa a ed by u , welded u , and py oclas ic ocks. The columna join s ha ha e been c ea ed he ange in size om ec angula o hexagonal, wi h some eaching a leng h o 30 me e s o mo e. Po phy i ic hyoli e wi h a ich pu ple colou co e s i (Pa eek, 1981). While d i ing ou o own, he welded u ou c op is abou 100 me e s on he igh side o he oad, jus be o e he Meh anga h Fo and also isibe below he o i ied s uc u e (shown in Figu es 3, 4, 5 and 6). The old ci y in Jodhpu , which boas s nume ous blue-pain ed houses, is enci cled by a wall wi h many ga es and su ounds he Meh anga h Fo (Figu e 7). Howe e , du ing he las ew decades, he ci y has g own signi ican ly ou side o he wall. Figu e 3 and Figu e 4. Loca ion o Jodhpu (abo e) and Welded Tu on he way o Meh anga h Fo (below) (Sou ce: Lama and Ra ho e, 2018; Maps, 2012) A s udy owa ds unde s anding esiden s’ psychology owa ds geo-he i age conse a ion and ou ism de elopmen is a call o ac ion (Gannon e al., 2020). This s udy is pa icula ly in e es ed in answe ing wo pe inen esea ch que ies iz; a) wha a e he an eceden s o esiden s’ suppo owa ds conse a ion o he geo-si e and ou ism de elopmen and b) wha is he mode a ing e ec o esiden s’ pe cep ion owa ds geo-he i age conse a ion. In academic li e a u e, a ious e minologies ha e been used o s udy he concep o “ esiden s’ pe cep ion” in he con ex o he i age conse a ion; he nomencla u es used o de ine he cons uc o “pe cep ions” include e ms like “a i udes” and “ eac ions” (Ande eck and Vog , 2000; By d e al., 2009; Da Sil a Lopes e al., 2019; Da is e al., 1988; Ga au-Vadell e al., 2013; Ga cía e al., 1995; Ju owski e al., 1997b). I espec i e o he a ious e minologies used o iden i y and in es iga e he emo ions o esiden s owa ds he i age conse a ion and ou ism de elopmen , he signi ican Residen s’ Pe cep ion Towa ds Geohe i age Conse a ion and Tou ism De elopmen : E idence om Jodhpu , India 1059 pa ame e s ha a e aken in o cognisance a e based upon he di ec , indi ec , and unde e mined e ec s ha ou ism and conse a ion e o s ha e on he local inhabi an s (Sha pley, 2014). Recen esea ches in he ield o esiden s’ pe cep ion abou ou ism de elopmen pu po he ac ha na i es a e usually suppo i e o any ini ia i e ha leads o mo e a i al o ou is s in hei egions when hey posi i ely disce n he impac s in he long un (Lá ko á and Vog , 2012; Nicholas e al., 2009; Nunkoo and Ramkissoon, 2010; Rasoolimanesh e al., 2017; Sha pley, 2014). Figu e 5. The Meh anga h Fo build in Jodhpu Sands one loca ed o e he Jodhpu g oup o Malani-Igneus Sui e (Sou ce: Au ho s’ own) Figu e 7. The local communi y s aying close o Meh anga h Fo (Sou ce: Au ho s’ own) Figu e 6. The welded u below he o i ied s uc u e o Meh anga h Fo Palace (Sou ce: Au ho s’ own) Tou ism as an economic ac i i y impac s he local communi ies by inc emen ing labou and en ep eneu p ospec s, ad ancing in as uc u e, aising li ing s anda ds, imp o ing leisu e and ec ea ion capabili ies, and acili a es he p ese a ion o indigenous cul u e (Ande eck and Vog , 2000; Dee y e al., 2012; Hwang e al., 2012). On he o he hand, nega i e in luence om he incoming ou is s canno be igno ed, wi h p ominence gi en o acc uing cos s o li ing and p ope y a es, u ban conges ion and ise in o ganised c imes (Dee y e al., 2012; Hwang e al., 2012; Lá ko á and Vog , 2012). Taking cognisance o his disc epancy, p e ious esea ches ha e ocussed on ac o s like he impac o communi y a achmen (Gu soy e al., 2002; Lá ko á and Vog , 2012) communi y in ol emen ((Nicholas e al., 2009); (Rasoolimanesh e al., 2017), a i udes owa ds he en i onmen (Gu soy e al., 2002; Nicholas e al., 2009), cul u al and e hological a ibu es (Rasoolimanesh e al., 2017), economic bene i s (Jaa a e al., 2015; Ko and S ewa , 2002) on esiden ’s a i ude owa ds he impac (s) o ou ism de elopmen in hei locals. Fu he mo e, (Ng and Feng, 2020) ha e highligh ed he e ec s o such ac o s on geohe i age conse a ion in he pu iew o esiden s. Theo e ically, explo ing he hos s’ pe spec i e’s ole can inc ease he a ailable knowledge and li mus es he inco po a ion o esiden s’ pe cep ion in p e ious li e a u e, which may guide s udies o gauge such ela ionships in he u u e. P agma ically, his s udy aims o supplemen he e o s o des ina ion planne s, manage s and o he ope a i es o op imally manage and adminis e he he i age ou ism in en o y while s imula ing he hos ’s pe cep ion owa ds hei communi ies and channelising he same owa ds conse a ion e o s. THEORETICAL LENSES Sc u iny o li e a u e e eal ha mul iple heo ies ha e been expedi ed o explain he ole o in luencing ac o s in moulding hos s’ pe cep ion owa ds geohe i age conse a ion. Au ho s (Nicholas e al., 2009; Rasoolimanesh e al., 2017) expedi ed he ole o s akeholde heo y while (Rasoolimanesh e al., 2019) used Webe ’s heo y o o mal and subs an i e a ionali y o app oach he no ion o esiden s’ pe cep ions. Howe e , (Gu soy e al., 2002; Ju owski e al., 1997b; Ko and S ewa , 2002; Lá ko á and Vog , 2012; Rasoolimanesh e al., 2015; Sha pley, 2014) obse e domina ion o he social Sandeep Kuma DEY, Reshma Sandeep Kuma DEY, Zuzana TUČKOVÁ 1060 exchange heo y (SET) in he discussion. Ande eck e al., 2005; Ju owski e al., 1997b; Wang and P is e , 2008 obse e ha SET explains why esiden s a e encou aged o suppo he i age conse a ion when hey sense he posi i e impac s p eponde a e he nega i e ones. On he o he hand (Rasoolimanesh and Sey i, 2020) no e ha SET may su e om ce ain lacunae, as i may only comp ehend he e ec s o posi i e and nega i e pe cep ions owa ds he i age conse a ion; u he mo e, in es iga ions by (Ande eck e al., 2005; Boley e al., 2014; Sha pley, 2014) ha e highligh ed he weakness o SET o cla i y he ac o s in luencing he pe cep ion o esiden s. (C opanzano e al., 2017) ha e been c i ical o he SET in i s capaci y o cap u e beha iou al an eceden s and imp ecise beha iou al p edic ions. Ande eck e al., 2005; Boley e al., 2014; Rasoolimanesh, e al., 2017 ha e conside ed he adop ion o Webe ’s heo y o subs an i e and o mal a ionali y (WTSFR) p opounded by (Webe , 1978) o o se he epis emological de iciencies laid abo e and simul aneously de elop scien i ic inqui ies o de e mine ac o s a ec ing esiden s’ pe cep ion owa ds conse a ion. The me i associa ed wi h WTSFR is ha i aims o desc ibe ac ions and pe cep ions based on wo a ionali y ypes: subs an i e and o mal (Boley e al., 2014). Subs an i e a ionali y conce ns imp essions, alue sys ems, hough s and e hical mo i es (Boley e al., 2007). Wa d and Be no, 2011 a gue ha he e exis s a dissimila i y among hos s and isi o s om he poin o iew o demog aphy which subsequen ly moulds he hos s’ depo men and a i udes owa ds ou ism de elopmen . Howe e , he SET is no ully cognised o his di e en ial (Wa d and Be no, 2011b). This is a signi ican conside a ion ha mo i a ed esea che s o imbibe ace s o Webe ’s Theo y o Subs an i e and Fo mal Ra ionali y o s udy he in e ac ions among hos s and na i es in ou ism de elopmen and conse a ion. A ew c i ical wo ks o li e a u e includes (Boley e al., 2014; Ranasinghe and P adeepamali, 2019; Rasoolimanesh e al., 2017). The e o e, o s udy, cap u e and p edic hos beha iou in he con ex o conse a ion o a geohe i age and ou ism de elopmen , his s udy deploys subs an i e ac o s om he WTSR like he quali y o li e (Uysal e al., 2016) and esiden ’s u ilisa ion o esou ces (Allen e al., 1993) and suppo o conse a ion om he SET (Ng and Feng, 2020). A e a ho ough li e a u e e iew, i is e ealed ha he mode a o o choice esiden s’ pe cep ion is a no el in e ac ion unde in es iga ion o unde s and he e ec i eness o a i ude o hos s owa ds no only de eloping a ou ism p oduc and conse ing a geological ea u e. Fu he mo e, he in e ac ion e ec is a call o ac ion by (Boğan e al., 2020), who s udied he dynamics o his cons uc in he con ex o ho el social esponsibili y. The abo e p emises p o ide he au ho s wi h enough g ound o amalgama e bo h he WTSFR and SET. The s udy aims o p o ide p agma ic solu ions o managing and p omo ing a geosi e and de elop a sus ainable ou ism model by conside ing he local communi y’s cen al ole. The s udy will be execu ed by in es iga ing and in e ing upon he hedonic, pe cep i e, ade-o ela ionships wi h suppo o conse a ion endea ou s and he mode a ing ole o esiden s’ pe cep ion be ween he in luencing ac o s and suppo conse a ion. The s udy aims o cap u e, p ocess and p edic esiden s’ suppo o p ese ing geo-he i age si es and ou ism po en ial. LITERATURE REVIEW Theo e ical F amewo k and Cons uc s The s udy inds i s inspi a ion and pe inen gap(s) om (Gannon e al., 2020), whe ein he in es iga ion ecommends ha u u e s udies should examine no el independen a iables, namely; place image, sa e y and secu i y, pe sonali y, esiden ’s u ilisa ion o he i age and ou ism esou ces, well-being and quali y o li e, he cu en s udy aims o gauge he ela ionship be ween abo e ac o s and suppo o geo-he i age conse a ion (a) Place Image Ko le e al., 1993 de ined he concep o place image as “ he sum o belie s, p inciples, and imp essions ha indi iduals ha e owa ds a ce ain place”. Shields, 2013 h ough hei book i led “Places on he ma gin: Al e na i e geog aphies o mode ni y” desc ibe “ he a ious disc e e meanings associa ed wi h eal places o egions ega dless o hei cha ac e in eali y”. Au ho s like (Ajayi and Tichaawa, 2020; Hankinson, 2004; S achow and Ha , 2010; Wa naby, 2009) ha e indica ed ha indi iduals may de elop dis inc i e a i udes owa ds a pa icula place based on expe iences and associa ions hey ha e om i ; u he mo e, hese a i udes ansla e in o a s e eo ype when hey become widely pu a i e (Boisen e al., 2011). Indi idual’s disce nmen o physical places is ambiguous and is non- ep esen o eali y Anhol , 2010 and Dinnie, 2011. S ylidis e al., 2014b) deployed a scale and p oposed ha esiden s’ place image in luences hei pe cep ion o ou ism and subsequen ly mould hei suppo o ou ism de elopmen . S ill, he ou comes ou line he need o a mo e esiden -cen ed measu ing ehicle o cap u e ou ism impac s. H1: Place image has a signi ican e ec on he suppo o geohe i age conse a ion (b) Sa e y and Secu i y Sa e y and secu i y can be de ined as he s a e o knowing ha any agen will induce no ha m ul e ec s unde speci ic condi ions. In ou ism academia, a s udy by (Chiciudean e al., 2019) has used esiden ’s eelings o sa e y and secu i y o de e mine he c i ical ac o s o sus ainable u al de elopmen . In ano he s udy, esea che s (Imbeah e al., 2020; Wang e al., 2010) e eals ha emale esiden s o he Chinese ci y o Shandong epo ed eluc ance o emb ace ou ism due o sa e y and secu i y conce ns, which makes he cons uc e en mo e i al o academic sc u iny, (Kons an aki and Wickens, 2010) co obo a e he same h ough hei indings among London esiden s which showed lack o con idence abou he secu i y a angemen s made du ing he 2012 London Olympic Games. (Rasoolimanesh e al., 2017) concep ualised he measu e o “communi y gain” whe ein one o he c i ical pa ame e s is esiden s’ pe cep ion owa ds communi y sa e y and secu i y; hei s udy aims o gauge he collec i e pe cep ion o he insc ip ion o Geo ge Town in coas al Malaysia as a WHS. Residen s’ Pe cep ion Towa ds Geohe i age Conse a ion and Tou ism De elopmen : E idence om Jodhpu , India 1061 H2: Sa e y and Secu i y ha e a signi ican e ec on suppo o geohe i age conse a ion (c) Residen ’s U ilisa ion o Resou ces D umm and Bank, 2005 ha e desc ibed a communi y in he con ex o p o ec ed a eas like Wo ld He i age Si es as “a he e ogeneous g oup who sha e esidence in he same geog aphic a ea and access a se o local na u al esou ces”, esiden s in and a ound he icini ies o Wo ld He i age Si es ha e inc easing access o he oppo uni y o make decisions abou hei consump ion o esou ces and li elihood in as uc u e (Coch ane and Tappe , 2006). Fu he mo e, he s akeholde heo y and c i ically analysed he in e ac ion be ween locals and wildli e-based ou ism de elopmen s in Zimbabwe, whe ein i was obse ed ha locals a e o be conside ed he adi ional use s o esou ces in he na u al si e. Ju owski e al., 1997a has u ilised ou ism esou ce u ilisa ion as an exogenous a iable o de e mine esiden s' suppo o ou ism in a moun ain ou ism zone in Vi ginia (US). Ju owski and Gu soy, 2004 obse ed a di ec in e se ela ionship be ween he u ilisa ion o ou ism esou ce base and he cul u al cos s. Ju owski and Gu soy, 2004 di e en ia ed hei sample in o 3 sub-samples based on a g oup’s physical p oximi y o a Wo ld He i age Si e; he p edic ion indica ed a ying sen imen s owa ds esou ce consump ion among he g oups. Imbeah e al., 2020 ha e a gued ha while esiden s a e awa e ha esou ce duplici y exis s in he use o esou ces among na i es and ou is s, u he esea ch should explo e how his a ec s suppo o conse a ion. H3: Residen s u ilisa ion o esou ces ha e a signi ican impac on he suppo o conse a ion e o s (d) Residen ’s Well Being In ecen decades, inc easing emphasis has been paid o he ole o ou ism planne s in a emp ing o con ibu e o he well-being o local inhabi an s by educing he po en ial cos s o ou ism de elopmen , and esea ch p o ides ha esiden s ha e a posi i e linea ion owa ds ou ism de elopmen i hey know abou hei well-being which happens o be a he hea o all he g ow h (Lopes e al., 2019). Al hough a s udy by (Wu e al., 2019) ha e s a ed he e ec o subjec i e well-being (SWB) in he con ex o ou is pe cep ion a geohe i age ou ism si es, no such s udies ha e kindled on he opic o esiden s well-being. The e o e, he cu en s udy aims o empi ically es he ela ionship be ween well being o he esiden and suppo o geohe i age conse a ion as (Pa k e al., 2020) belie e ha esiden s a e signi ican ly mo e inclined owa ds suppo o a p o ec ed a ea when hey sense ha he ac ion o suppo ing conse a ion will o se he ills e ec s o isi o mo emen s in hei local commune which is again a disposi ion o he Webe ’s Two Fac o Ra ionali y. H4: Residen ’s well-being has an impac on he suppo o conse a ion (e) Quali y o Li e Ande eck and Nyaupane, 2011 de eloped he TQOL o he Tou ism Quali y o Li e (QoL) o unde s and he esiden ’s side o ou ism impac s o hei o e all li ing s anda ds, which, among o he hings, consis o ac o s like ai and wa e quali y, p ese a ion o a way o li e, s a e o public anspo a ion, among o he s. The in e dependence be ween ou ism de elopmen and quali y o li e has a ac ed he in e es o esea che s since he las decade (Han e al., 2019; Kim e al., 2013; Ko and S ewa , 2002; Uysal e al., 2016) also u ilised his i em. I s ela ionship wi h he esiden s’ suppo o geohe i age conse a ion has been disce ned by (Sya a ina and Misni, 2016), who had obse ed a signi ican and posi i e e ec o QoL on ensu ing he sus ainabili y o a geopa k in Indonesia. Hence, i would be in e es ing o in es iga e he same in he con ex o Jodhpu . H5: Quali y o li e o esiden s ha e a signi ican e ec on suppo o conse a o y ac ions ( ) Suppo o Conse a ion Megei hi e al., 2020 u ilised he VBN ( alue-belie -no m) o unde s and local esiden s o Ca hage in en ions o suppo sus ainable cul u al he i age ou ism de elopmen , whe ein i was obse ed ha psychological p eceden s a e esponsible o moulding esiden s a i udes owa ds ou ism de elopmen , in ano he s udy by (Ng and Feng, 2020) eco ded ha posi i e a i ude among he locals dwelling a ound a UNESCO wo ld he i age si e suppo ed ou ism p opaga ion, while nega i e a i ude po ays a lack o suppo . An in e disciplina y app oach owa ds unde s anding esiden s’ suppo o conse a ion e o s o a na ional pa k in Bo swana e eals ha a ious demog aphic ac o s like li e acy, employmen s a us and p oximi y o he si e play a pi o al ole. (g) Residen s Pe cep ion Zheng e al., 2019 deployed he cogni i e app aisal heo y and iden i ied he causes o esiden s’ emo ional esponses o de eloping a pe o ming a s acili y o ou is consump ion. The s udy elici ed speci ic a ibu es o esiden s’ pe cep ions like happiness, lo e, and g a e ulness bu was nega i ely ela ed o sadness and ange . Addi onally, he s udy highligh ed he ac ha posi i e e ec s had mo e impac on ou is ic pe o ming a s de elopmen han nega i e. Mon e ubio e al., 2020 used a nega i i y biased app oach o gauge he emo ions and a i udes o local esiden s owa ds he esul o an ai po . I was obse ed ha pe cei ed nega i e image ou weighs all posi i e ou looks, a con as om he o me s udy. The cu en s udy is buil upon an eceden s om (Jaa a e al., 2015) who iden i ied ha esiden s’ pe cep ion owa ds he conse a ion o a wo ld he i age si e in Malaysia was an impo an ac o in explaining he o e all p opensi y o young people owa ds p omo ing and sus aining Wo ld He i age Si es in hei locali y. Fu he mo e, Ras ega concluded ha esiden a i udes owa ds ou is de elopmen wi hin and a ound p o ec ed a eas play a undamen al ole in deciding he u u e ajec o y o he des ina ion in e ms o policy and sus ainable go e nance. The e o e, he au ho s con empla e examining he mode a ing ole o local pe cep ion owa ds geohe i age and ou ism de elopmen in he cu en s udy as he au ho s adop a pos -posi i is app oach o s udy he ansac ions be ween ou ism ac i i ies and he local populace (Hende son, 2011; Khaya i and Zouaoui, 2013). In he pos -posi i is Sandeep Kuma DEY, Reshma Sandeep Kuma DEY, Zuzana TUČKOVÁ 1062 pa adigm, he esea che s a e in e es ed o examine and p edic social phenomenons (like esiden s’ pe cep ion) agains he backg ound o a con ex (geohe i age) (Hende son, 2011b). H6: Residen s’ pe cep ion mode a es he ela ionship be ween sa e y and secu i y and esiden s’ suppo o conse a ion H7: Residen s’ pe cep ion mode a es he ela ionship be ween esiden ’s u ilisa ion o esou ces and esiden s’ suppo o conse a ion H8: Residen ’s pe cep ion has a signi ican in luence on well-being, which a ec s esiden s suppo o conse a ion H9: Residen ’s pe cep ion has a signi ican in luence on place image, which a ec s esiden s suppo o conse a ion Figu e 8. Concep ual F amewo k De eloped by he Au ho s Table 1. Demog aphical S a is ics o he S udy I ems Ca ego y F equency Ra io (%) Gende Female 46 45.5 Male 54 53.5 Age 18–30 96 95.05 31–40 5 4.95 Educa ion Mas e o highe 37 64.4 Bachelo 64 35.6 Occupa ion Employed 11 10.9 Sel -employed 6 5.9 S uden 79 78.2 Unemployed 5 5.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 1. Sampling and da a collec ion p ocedu e This s udy was conduc ed based on he concep ual amewo k p esen ed in Figu e 8. Randomised sampling me hodology was u ilised o gi e equal oppo uni y o all pa icipan s o ha e hei esponses sc u inised. Residen s o Old ci y, Jodhpu (men, women and o he s) aged be weenz 18-60 pa icipa ed in he da a collec ion d i e. Due o he ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, an online esponse collec ion campaign was conduc ed be ween Janua y 2021 and Ma ch 2021. A sample size o 200 was es ima ed in conjunc ion wi h he en imes ule p omulga ed by (Sa s ed e al., 2014). 2. Scale and Ques ionnai e Design Table 2. Measu emen scale de eloped by he au ho s Symbol Assigned Cons uc Ope a ionalisa ion Scale Adop ed PLC_IMG Place Image 1. E ec i e local go e nmen 2. Good job oppo uni ies 3. In e es ing his o ic si es 4. Clean (S achow and Ha , 2010); (Wa naby, 2009) SAF_SEC Sa e y Secu i y 5. The e is enough ci il de ense in as uc u e a ailable 6. C imes agains women and child en a e signi ican ly low 7. Cases o andalism a e a e 8. This is a sa e place o li e (Mu esan e al., 2019) (Kons an aki and Wickens, 2010) RESI_UTIL Residen s U ilisa ion o Tou ism Resou ces 9. The e is access o public se ices o all esiden s 10. Locals make use o ho els and es au an s equen ed by ou is s 11. Locals ha e access o in as uc u e like oads, accommoda ions used by ou is s (Ju owski and Gu soy, 2004), (Manwa, 2003) WEL_BEIN Well Being 12. I eel my basic necessi ies a e being me 13. The e a e enough acili ies o elax and eju ena e in he ci y 14. I ind i wholesome li ing in his ci y (Lopes e al., 2019) QOL Quali y o Li e 15. The e a e places o passi e and pa icipa i e ec ea ional ac i i ies 16. I ha e he oppo uni y o socialise wi h my neighbou s. 17. I can ully exp ess my c ea i i y and alen in he ci y-sphe e (Uysal e al., 2016) (Bu ckha d and Ande son, 2003) RES_PER Residen ’s pe cep ion 18. The des ina ion implemen s en i onmen ally esponsible ac ions 19. The des ina ion implemen s special p og ams o minimise any nega i e impac on he en i onmen 20. The des ina ion con ibu es o he posi i e de elopmen o socie y (Zheng e al., 2020) (Su e al., 2019) SUPP_CON Suppo o conse a ion 21. I engage in local conse a ion ac i i ies 22. I suppo sus ainable de elopmen o he ou ism indus y a ound he geo-si e 23. I will suppo u u e conse a ion e o s 24. I am in ol ed in he well-being o he si e (Megei hi e al., 2020) (Ng and Feng, 2020) Residen s’ Pe cep ion Towa ds Geohe i age Conse a ion and Tou ism De elopmen : E idence om Jodhpu , India 1063 3. Da a analysis Pa ial Leas Squa e Reg ession was used o cap u e and p edic esiden s’ beha iou based on he mode a ing e ec o Residen Pe cep ion on Suppo o Conse a ion Ac i i ies. The SMART-PLS Package by (Hai e al., 2017) was u ilised o he analysis. Tes o Common Me hod Bias was conduc ed h ough he Fac o Analysis Module o SPSS by IBM, and he da ase achie ed <50%, which is admissible unde Ha man’s Single Fac o Tes o measu emen bias. The a ionale behind selec ing he PLS-S uc u ing Equa ion Modeling was based on he signi ican numbe o in es iga ions in ol ing esiden s’ a i udes and suppo o conse a ion and ou ism de elopmen which used he PLS-SEM me hod (Gu soy and Ru he o d, 2004; Ju owski e al., 1997a; Liang and Hui, 2016a; S ylidis e al., 2014a; Williams and Lawson, 2001). Addi ionally, s a is ical ea men s by he PLS-SEM is no challenged by non-no mal da a, and i can p oduce obus obse a ions wi h smalle da ase s (J . e al., 2017; Sa s ed e al., 2016; Dey e al., 2020; Rai e al., 2013; Hung e al., 2021) RESULTS 1. Reliabili y Analysis, Con e gen and Disc iminan Validi y The academic communi y has used PLS o in es iga e psychome ic a ibu es o social p ocesses like he in e ac ion o indi iduals o change in hei en i onmen (Ashill e al., 2005); A key pa ame e o he measu emen model’s obus ness is he cons uc eliabili y which is iden i ied h ough he C onbach's alpha coe icien . In his s udy, C onbach's alpha alue each he accep ed alue o ≥0.5, sa is ying he c i e ia o cons uc eliabili y (Bagozzi and Yi, 1988) (Table 3). In Table 4, wo i al c i e ia, he Composi e Reliabili y (CR), which is a es amen o he obus ness o he indica o s o he espec i e mani es a iable is a an accep able le el o ≥0.7, and he con e gen alidi y o AVE (A e age Value Ex ac ed), a c i ical in o ma ic o gauge a iance due o measu emen e o is obse ed o be >0.5 which is admissible acco ding o (Fa ell, 2010). Th ough he Fo nell-Lacke C i e ion and he c oss-loadings (Table 3), he disc iminan alidi y o cons uc s is sa is ied as squa e oo o each cons uc 's AVE is highe han i s co ela ion wi h ano he cons uc , and each i em loads highes wi h espec o i s associa ed cons uc (Hensele e al., 2014). Table 3. Fo nell-Lacke C i e ion (Sou ce: Au ho s’ p ocessing om SMART PLS 3.2.9) Va iable I ems Fac o Loadings (λ) C onbach’s α CR AVE Place Image PLC1 PLC2 PLC3 PLC4 0.733 0.801 0.830 0.674 0.765 0.846 0.581 Sa e y and Secu i y SAF1 SAF2 SAF3 SAF4 0.781 0.868 0.601 0.697 0.734 0.849 0.653 Residen ’s U ilisa ion o Tou ism Resou ces RES1 RES2 RES3 0.789 0.868 0.837 0.777 0.871 0.692 Well Being WEL1 WEL2 WEL3 0.814 0.836 0.773 0.846 0.896 0.683 Quali y o li e QOL1 QOL2 QOL3 QOL4 0.804 0.842 0.873 0.783 0.734 0.829 0.553 Residen ’s Pe cep ion REP1 REP2 REP3 0.843 0.847 0.848 0.809 0.883 0.715 Suppo o Conse a ion SUC1 SUC2 SUC3 SUC4 0.661 0.785 0.780 0.741 0.751 0.833 0.503 2. Model Pe o mance Table 4. Fac o Reliabili y and Validi y (Sou ce: Au ho 's P ocess om SMART PLS 3.2.9) Cons uc PLC_IMG QUA_LIF RES_PER_ RES_UTI SAF_SEC SUP_CON WELL_BEI PLC_IMG 0.762 QUA_LIF 0.374 0.744 RES_PER 0.116 0.299 0.846 RES_UTI 0.373 0.278 0.167 0.832 SAF_SEC 0.409 0.448 0.041 0.462 0.808 SUPP_CON 0.278 0.49 0.288 0.232 0.443 0.709 WELL_BEI -0.009 0.058 0.608 -0.008 -0.115 0.211 0.826 Table. 5 Model Pe o mance (Sou ce: Au ho s' p ocessing om SMART PLS 3.2.9) In e ac ion Type In e ac ions Pa h Coe . ( β) Sample Mean (M) S anda d De ia ion (STDEV) T S a is ics (|O/STDEV|) P Values Hypo hesis Suppo ed Mode a ion PLC_IMG*RES_PER -> SUP_CON 0.08 0.08 0.06 1.337 0.18 No QUA_LIF*RES_PER -> SUP_CON -0.012 -0.012 0.052 0.221 0.82 No RES_UTI*RES_PER -> SUP_CON 0.128 0.118 0.156 2.292 0.03 Yes SAF_SEC*RES_PER -> SUP_CON -0.069 -0.071 0.052 1.335 0.18 No Di ec PLC_IMG -> SUP_CON 0.059 0.062 0.042 1.403 0.16 No QUA_LIF -> SUP_CON 0.331 0.334 0.044 7.439 0.00 Yes RES_UTI -> SUP_CON -0.089 -0.083 0.054 1.656 0.09 No SAF_SEC -> SUP_CON 0.321 0.316 0.053 6.073 0.00 Yes WELL_BEI -> SUP_CON 0.191 0.191 0.052 3.643 0.00 Yes Dependen Va iable: SUP_CON Coe icien o De e mina ion (R2): 0.381 (38%) Empi ical Rema k: Sa is ac- o y (signi ican a p < 0.05) Sandeep Kuma DEY, Reshma Sandeep Kuma DEY, Zuzana TUČKOVÁ 1064 DISCUSSIONS The s udy conside s 4 mode a ing in e ac ions and 5 di ec in e ac ions, he eby gi ing ise o 9 es able assump ions. The opening pa o his segmen shall discuss he assump ions conce ning di ec ela ionships among he dependen and independen a iables. The nex pa shall co e he discou se on he mode a ing e ms in de e mining he dependen a iable. The i s hypo he ical assump ion hypo hesises he e icacy o place images in p edic ing suppo o conse a ion. In he ex an li e a u e, i is obse ed ha his pa icula associa ion is posi i e (place image and suppo o he i age conse a ion) acco ding o (S ylidis e al., 2016). As an al e na i e an eceden o a case s udy on he e ec o place b anding on landscape conse a ion in Swi ze land, au ho s (Tobias and Mülle Wahl, 2013) obse e a simila posi i e a ini y be ween he no ion o place image and suppo o landscape conse a ion. In his pa icula s udy among he old ci y esiden s, Jodhpu , he au ho s ha e de ec ed a nega i e co espondence among place image and suppo o conse a ion, which signi ies a po en depa u e om ea lie s udies (Table 5). Ex an s udies ha ha e been buil on he Social Exchange Theo y (SET) like (Ap, 1992; Gu soy and Ru he o d, 2004; S ylidis e al., 2014b) ha e obse ed ha cons uc s like place a achmen and image ha e been ound nega i e in p edic ing conse a ion suppo . These indings co obo a e he indings o his s udy. The second hypo he ical s a emen deals wi h es ing he co ela ion be ween sa e y and secu i y and suppo o geohe i age conse a ion. In conjunc ion wi h s udies ha cen e a ound simila hemes, au ho s (Pegas e al., 2013) obse ed ha when i comes o he conse a ion o ma ine he i age, esiden s o a pa icula B azilian illage emi posi i e emo ional esponse gi en he ac ha conse a ion e o s may impac he illage s’ sa e passage o he coas al idge. This an eceden has signalled simila i y wi h he indings o ou s udy whe ein he assump ion o a posi i e co ela ion be ween sa e y and secu i y o esiden s and suppo o conse a ion has been accep ed (Table 5). In hei esea ch (P ipo as e al., 2017) es he e ec o communi y sense o sa e y and secu i y on conse a ion beha iou among Ai BnB use s. The s udy was unde pinned by he Social Exchange Theo y (SET) and exhibi ed a posi i e co ela ion be ween sa e y and secu i y and conse a ion p ocli i y. The cu en esea ch eco ds a posi i e associa ion be ween sa e y and secu i y and suppo o geohe i age conse a ion in alignmen wi h he SET's p e ious inding. Thi dly, a hypo hesis was de eloped o es he ela ionship be ween esiden s’ u ilisa ion o ou ism esou ces and suppo o geohe i age conse a ion. I was obse ed in his s udy ha he e exis s a nega i e co ela ion be ween he wo cons uc s. I is no ewo hy ha p e ious esea ches in he ield like (Ju owski e al., 1997c), ha e ou lined a signi ican posi i e ela ionship among esiden s using esou ces mean o ou is s. Thei suppo o he conse a ion o angible he i age (Nunkoo and Ramkissoon, 2010) adds o he discou se by s udying esiden s' suppo owa ds de eloping an in eg a ed eso in Mau i ius. Thei s udy indica es a posi i e linea ela ionship among he a iables in ques ion. In ou s udy, he ela ionship be ween he esiden s’ u ilisa ion o ou ism esou ces and suppo o geohe i age conse a ion in he con ex o esiden s o he old ci y, Jodhpu , is nega i e, which again is a depa u e om he con en ional indings (Table 5). A plausible explana ion may be he implica ion o Webe ’s wo- ac o a ionalisa ion because esponden s who a e p ima ily dwelle s o he a ea a ound he geohe i age do no sense a posi i e ou come om he ou ism ac i i ies and he subsequen conse a ion e o s. Boley e al., 2014 a gue ha he locals may become dis an om any de elopmen p og am in hei communi y i he bene i s a e no pe cei able. I is he e ha au ho s like (Gannon e al., 2021) ha e deployed Webe ’s wo- ac o a ionalisa ion heo y in addi ion o he SET o unde s and he ela ionship be ween esiden s’ u ilisa ion o ou ism esou ces and suppo o geohe i age conse a ion, as he o me heo e ical unde lining cap u es psycho-cogni i e s a es beyond he emo ion- based con ines adi ionally o e ed by he SET (Mody and Day, 2014). The ou h assump ion o in e es is a p obable posi i e link be ween esiden ’s well-being and suppo o geo- he i age conse a ion. In a pa allel in es iga ion, (Chen e al., 2020) s udied he cons uc o well-being due o he in e ac ion be ween ou is s and esiden s. Pa k e al., 2017 ha e iden i ied a posi i e associa ion be ween ou ism de elopmen and communi y well-being which is mi o ed by indings (Gannon e al., 2020). In ou s udy, empi ical e idence sugges s ha esiden ’s well-being plays a signi ican and posi i e pa in assessing he suppo o geohe i age conse a ion in he old ci y o Jodhpu (Table 5). The associa ion be ween esiden ’s well being and suppo o conse a ion has unde pinnings om Webe ’s wo- ac o a ionali y and SET (Yolal e al., 2016), whe ein a posi i e link has been asce ained be ween he es ed ac o s. This is in conjunc ion wi h he indings o his in es iga ion. The i h hypo hesis deal wi h in es iga ing he di ec ela ionship be ween quali y o li e and suppo o geohe i age conse a ion. In conjunc ion wi h s udies like (Liang and Hui, 2016b) who ha e ound a posi i e co ela ion be ween he quali y o li e and suppo o ou ism de elopmen . Because suppo o conse a ion o geohe i age as a con ex hasn’ been s udied be o e, ou esul o a posi i e ela ionship among he cons uc s in ques ion is a no el inding. Ou s udy is u he s eng hened by he empi ical indings by (Yu e al., 2011), who obse e s ong a ilia ion o he quali y o li e cons uc in impac ing esiden s’ suppo o ou ism de elopmen , which we conside a p oxy o suppo geo-he i age conse a ion (Table 5). Quali y o li e cons uc has obus ounda ions om he SET (Liang and Hui, 2016b), which has been es ed in con ex s conce ning suppo o ou ism de elopmen and no conse a ion o any he i age si e, which may be conside ed an addi ion o he exis ing co pus o knowledge. This s udy in oduces 4 in es iga i e assump ions o gauge he mode a ing e iciency o esiden s’ pe cep ion o p edic suppo o geohe i age conse a ion. While 3 assump ions we e ound o lack empi ical e idence o be accep ed, he one mode a ing in e ac ion ha ing esiden s’ u ilisa ion o ou ism esou ces as a pa hway o he dependen a iable (Residen s’ u ilisa ion o ou ism esou ces* Residen ’s pe cep ion-> suppo o conse a ion) has been iden i ied as a obus mode a ing e ec . Inciden ally, he e a e no an eceden s in ex an li e a u e o de i e o his special ela ionship. Residen s’ Pe cep ion Towa ds Geohe i age Conse a ion and Tou ism De elopmen : E idence om Jodhpu , India 1065 A scoping li e a u e e iew om leading scien i ic di ec o ies like Scopus and Web o Science leads us o desc ibe he indings o he in e ac ion e ms men ioned abo e as being no el. Expec ed con ibu ion o heo y and p ac ice The heo e ical con ibu ion o his s udy is ha he Webe ’s 2 Fac o Ra ionali y is deployed wi h he beha iou al aspec s o he Social Exchange Theo y (SET) o sc u inise he beha iou o esiden s owa ds geohe i age conse a ion and ou ism de elopmen in hei locali y. This gi es ano he dimension o academicians o app oach issues ela ed o he con lic be ween esiden s needs and ou is s wan s, he eby augmen ing and ex ending he spec um o he Social Exchange Theo y. A e a ho ough sys ema ic li e a u e e iew and p ac ising abundan cau ion, i can be disce ned ha he s udy's no el y includes he inculca ion o cons uc s like esiden s’ quali y o li e and well-being o s udy he ac o s o suppo o conse a ion and ou ism de elopmen (Gannon e al., 2020). P og essi ely, he mode a ing in e ac ions signi ican ly a ec s he p edic i e capaci y o he heo e ical amewo k used in his s udy. The p ac ical aspec o he s udy is immense. I gi es he p ac i ione s le e age o be e plan o managing geohe i age si es and de elop obus s a egies o hei de elopmen , keeping in mind he duplici y o esou ces. By deploying no el a ibu es like esiden s’ quali y o li e and he mode a ing e ec o esiden ’s pe cep ion o model conse a ion suppo beha iou among he local communi y, he sus ainabili y o he delica e geohe i age si e. Ou s udy con ains a pos - posi i is app oach which implies ha suppo o geohe i age conse a ion includes a c i ical elemen o human con ex ha makes he ole o esiden s a i al componen o planning o execu ing geohe i age conse a ion endea ou s. I is in e es ing o no e ha he Meh anga h o was ea u ed in he c i ically acclaimed Hollywood ilm ‘The Da k Nigh Rises” (Nolan, 2012), in addi ion o he nume ous Hindi language mo ies ilmed in and a ound he icini y o he o and he igneous ock s uc u es. These de elopmen s ha e made he p omo ion and conse a ion o he geohe i age si e he need o he hou . Policies should p o ide impe us o e ol ing ou is ic ac i i ies like ilm ou ism, ock ou ism and he i age ou ism. Fu u e esea ches should ocus on inc easing he gene alizabili y o he s udy by conduc ing longi udinal s udies. The au ho s ecommend he ime-lag me hod o da a collec ion whe ein he esponses a e mo e obus , and measu emen bias- ela ed issues a e also educed signi ican ly (Ali e al., 2020). 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