Shooting training of the CSI staff

236 Shoo ing aining o he CSI s a Hana Talando á and Milan Adámek This a icle ocuses on i ea ms aining in he comme cial secu i y indus y. The a icle is di ided in o h ee pa s: in he i s , he au ho s p o ide a desc ip ion o i ea ms in he comme cial secu i y indus y (he eina e e e ed o as csi). The second pa p esen s and explo es some gene al p oblems o aining and o ien a ion o he condi ions o csi. Analysis cen es on a ge si ua ions, ypes o a ge s, and he impo ance o s ess and ime elemen s. The inal pa o he a icle is aimed o he diffe ences in he needs o he indi idual unc ions in he csi and iden i ying common g ounds wi h connec ing elemen s, which a e speci ic o each unc ion in csi. Keywo ds: he comme cial secu i y indus y, i ea ms, a ge s, a ge si ua ions In oduc ion Nowadays, mo e and mo e agencies p o iding p o ec ion o pe sons and p ope y a e o ced o wea he de ensi e ins umen s, and also he s onges o hem: he i ea ms. I is because o he inc easingly agg essi e beha iou o hie es and mugge s. Ac ions ha p o ed su - icien a e now useless. I we look a he con lic be ween he comme cial secu i y indus y wo ke s (csi) and he offende , we can say ha e e y csi s aff will be in a less a ou able si ua ion han he pe pe a o . This is so o se e al easons. These include sel -p ese a ion, when he csi s affs ha e no in e es in dying o clien p ope y, bu he main eason is ha he csi s aff mus obey he law while p o iding p o ec ion. These o cou se he offende does no ollow. I is he e o e necessa y o he csi s aff wo king in his high- isk en i onmen o ha e adequa e means o p e en he a ack. The mos common a e sel de ence ools which ha e he disad an age o sho Scan his a icle on o you mobile de ice 237 Shoo ing T aining o csi S aff dis ance ac ion. Also he applica ion o ce ain de ence ools is limi ed by en i onmen , such as he use o ae osol sp ay in he oom. Use o i ea m hen p esen s psychological ad an age, when i s me e p esence can esol e o a e con lic si ua ion. Bu he abili y o ca y- ing a i ea m equi es a comp ehensi e aining and hen subsequen epe i ion and e aining. The main disad an ages a e he need o ca y weapons concealed o he ac ha csi s aff only has he same compe- ence as an o dina y ci izen. The i ea m can be big ad an age, bu i also equi es a high deg ee o esponsibili y and sel -con ol. P o essions wi h op ion o ca y i ea m Sp ead o Fi ea ms in he comme cial secu i y indus y is e y low, since mos jobs do no equi e a gun, and i so, i is only in excep ional cases. The o he p o essions equi ing he ca ying o i ea m can be di ided acco ding o how o en he csi s aff wea s hem. Fo p o essions ha equi e ca ying i ea ms only in excep ional si ua ions, we need mo e in ensi e aining. I is because o he lack o skills due o minimum ime o ca ying i ea m and also o p e en ion o acciden s. P o essions wi h i ea m usage on daily basis These p o essions equi e i ea m ca ying on daily basis. The p esence o weapons is he e because o he g ea ma e ial o mo al esponsibili y. Bodygua d - he bodygua d usually wea s wo guns, he main and backup, when bo h a ms a e wo n co e ly. Fo his eason, he e a e p e e ed compac weapons ha a e smalle han s anda d models. The backup a m need o be small due o o example concealed ca y on ankle case. Usually he subcompac smalle calib e weapons a e used. Fi ea m can be used in si ua ions in which he p o ec ed pe son o he bodygua d a e a acked. The used o i ea ms hen subjec o sec ion 29 o he equi ed de ence. A his s age, he mos impo an hing is aining and expe ience o de ende . An impo an ac o is he speed wi h which he de ende is able o e alua e he possibili y o an a ack. These eac ions may be imp o ed by ac ical exe cises, aining o deal wi h si ua ions ha may occu , gun handling, shoo ing and o cou se p ac ice and expe ience. 238 cejiss 4/2014 T anspo ing money and aluables - This p o ession belongs o one o he iskies in he csi. C ew comp ises h ee membe s, wo o hem a med – he p o ec o and he cou ie . Weapons o s anda d size a e used. The emphasis is mainly on s opping powe , magazine capaci y and com o able wea ing and also he immedia e a ailabili y o d aw he i ea m. As an addi ional p o ec ion csi s aff used bulle -p oo es s. They a e s ained by high demands on he p o essional compe ence and aining. The cou se mus be adap ed o hei needs, i.e. he p i- o i y is he aining echniques o shoo ing in a ca and i s immedia e su oundings. Howe e , his inc eases he p ice o he se ices; i is o en he case ha due o cos educ ion o dina y wo ke s wi hou he necessa y aining a e employed. Task Fo ce – Task o ce c ews a e mos o en used in si ua ions whe e he p o ec ed objec is a acked. In combina ion wi h elec onic secu i y ala m, which is connec ed o he a c, he ask o ce eam can espond lexibly and ca ch he pe pe a o in he c ime ac ion. In his si ua ion hey may a es him using a i ea m, which is in ended solely as a de e en . P o essions wi h a e i ea m usage csi s aff in his ca ego y ca y i ea ms i egula ly, decisions o he p es- ence o i ea ms depends on he se e i y o he con ac o he pe sonal disc e ion o he csi s aff. P i a e De ec i e - De ec i e ope a es p ima ily co e ly. Fo his ea - son, i is a minimal chance o a si ua ion whe e he had o use his weapon. This p o ession does no pu special needs and aining equi emen s on he gun owne . The weapon is a a he pe sonal ma e . Gua ding o buildings - Main ac i i ies o hese wo ke s is o p o ec he us p ope y agains in usion, he , o andalism. Whe he he secu i y s aff has, o does no ha e weapon is mos ly due o he alue o impo ance o he p o ec ed objec . The ad an age o he i ea m is he speed o esponse and i s effec agains unwan ed pe sons. csi s aff can h ea wi h i ea m o de end himsel mo e effec i ely om a sa e dis ance han by using o example a elescopic ba on. Cou ie s - T anspo no only goods bu also people. The p esence o weapons is again gi en by he impo ance o anspo ed p ope y o pe son. High le el o impo ance has he anspo s a egy, selec ion o ack and so on. Fo cou ie s i is c ucial he ac ical i ea m aining in ca . 239 Hana Ta- lando á Milan Adámek P o essions wi h no need o ca y i ea m This sec o includes wo k as a de ec i e in he supe ma ke , pco s aff, housekeeping, ecep ionis s, e c. These ac i i ies ha e no eason o ca y i ea ms a wo k. The need o ca y a weapon while on du y is ques ionable ma e in he csi en i onmen . Since he gua d canno ca y his weapon isible, he gun will no help him o ini ially de e po en ial offende s. In addi- ion, he use o weapons is s ic ly limi ed by laws and shall be allowed only in cases o sel -de ence, a es and some imes in ex eme dange . Bu c iminals do no espec he ules and laws and csi s aff mus emembe his ac . Simila ly, you can use weapons as a de e en , which can a e he a ack o a la ge g oup o a acke s. When o en simply a demons a ion o show o o ce is enough o effec i ely p o ec he en us ed p ope y, csi s aff mus a ouse espec and powe ha can discou age he a ack. Types o i ea ms sp ead in CSI and hei psychological impac E e y csi s aff whe he wea ing a uni o m o no is only a ci izen o he Czech Republic who does no possess he powe o a public o icial and he e o e mus comply wi h all he igh s and obliga ions o o dina y ci izens. The same applies o he ca ying o weapons by csi s aff. Fu - he mo e as has been said he csi s aff mus ca y a concealed weapon and canno ha e au oma ic weapons. The e o e, in he comme cial secu i y indus y we mee p ima ily wi h pis ols and e ol e s. Pis ols The ypical ea u e o pis ol is a mo able slide and s ack s o ed in he handle. Fo ac ion i uses he ene gy o combus ion o powde cha ge ca idges. Be o e he i s sho , he slide mus be manually pulled back. Re u n sp ing i hen e u ns o i s o iginal posi ion and a his s ep he i s ound is picked om he ay in o he chambe . A he same ime he i ing mechanism and igge mechanism is loaded. Du ing i e he emp y shell is pushing on he slide which mo es backwa ds and his s ep akes he emp y ca idge ou o he gun. Fo wa d mo emen is ensu ed by a e u n sp ing and he ammuni ion is e-cha ged in o he chambe and he igge mechanism and i ing mechanism a e loaded.8 240 cejiss 4/2014 Re ol e Re ol e s a e cha ac e ized by a cylinde wi h chambe s o bulle s o a ing a ound i s own axis. Ro a ion o he cylinde by one posi ion is caused by mechanical o ce o he shoo e – by pushing he sp ing in he hamme by ei he s e ching humb p essu e on he hamme o he p essu e on he igge . The chambe s o cylinde , one a e he o he le el wi h he ba el and play he ole o he chambe . A e i ing, he ca idge emains in he cylinde . Acco ding o he design o he s iking and igge mechanism e- ol e s a e di ided in o: single (single ac ion - sa) double (double ac ion - da) Only wi h igge ension (double ac ion only - dao) Fo single-ac ion e ol e s, he shoo e mus s e ch he hamme be o e each sho as he hamme emains in he ea posi ion. Simul a- neously, he cylinde o a es in o de o join heba el o he ollowing chambe . Widesp ead ype is he double-ac ion e ol e s ha allow use o bo h single-ac ion sys em and igge ension. He e he s e ching o he hamme is happening in he i s phase o he p essing o he igge . The e is a need o de elop a much g ea e s eng h han in he single-ac ion sys em. The hamme is mo ed o he ea mos posi ion, while he d um o a es. The hamme does no s ay in he ea posi ion, bu i s mo emen is e u ned and he sho occu s (second s age o he igge p essing). Fo he nex sho i is needed o elease he igge o he s a ing posi ion.8 Psychological impac The p esence o weapons has a big psychological impac on bo h he de ende and he a acke and can d ama ically change he en i e cou se o he con lic . By showing he i ea m and by po en ial h ea he de- ende can discou age he a ack e en o a la ge g oup o agg esso s. I is howe e necessa y ha he de ende s ays con iden , keeps a cool head and does no le himsel being p o oked in o uncon olled ac ion. The e o e, i is necessa y o unde go aining wi h he weapon so he gun will be his ad an age and no his disad an age. Anyone who has e e held a gun in his hand knows how i eels and how he con idence o he pe son ises. Sel -con idence is a c ucial elemen in sel -de ence si ua ion, and i decides he ou come by eigh y pe cen . Fi ea m in his 241 Shoo ing T aining o csi S aff ega d has a g ea effec on he psychic on bo h sides o he con lic . Fo de ende he i ea m is an encou aging elemen and on he con a y o he a acke i s p esence is a compelling eason o e ea .6 Ta ge si ua ions o i ea m aining The e is a ple ho a o aining me hod. Each company and ins uc o has i s me hods, i s p ocedu es and emphasis on diffe en de ails. Bu all use he same Ta ge de ices, and compile a simila a ge si ua ion ha he shoo e s ha e o deal wi h. When alking abou he a ge si ua ion, i means he placemen o a ge s du ing he exe cise. Whe he i is shoo ing a one a ge o mul- iple a ge s and hey a e placed acco ding o he needs o he exe cise. Ta ge si ua ions a e he basis o any s ay a he shoo ing ange, whe he in aining, compe i ion o ee ec ea ional shoo ing. S a ic a ge si ua ion The concep o s a ic a ge si ua ion is based on he s a ic posi ion o he shoo e . The shoo e can be asked o shoo a any numbe o a ge s, bu he shoo s om one place wi hou mo ing. This is a simple shoo ing as he shoo e does no ha e o hink abou he mo emen and abou sa e y ea u es while mo ing wi h weapon. Dynamic a ge si ua ion Dynamic si ua ion equi es he shoo e o change his posi ions du ing shoo ing. In he ini ial posi ion he shoo e canno see all a ge s, he e- o e, ollowing he comple ion o isible a ge s he shoo e has o mo e o a new posi ion om which he can con inue shoo ing a he hidden a ge s. This si ua ion a bi mo e challenging and equi es a highe le el o shoo e expe ience because he has o mo e and hink no only on shoo ing bu also on he sa e y o he mo emen .10 Types o a ge de ice The basis o each a ge de ice is he a ge i sel . Fo he pu pose o quali y aining i is no possible o use only one ype o a ge , bu i is necessa y o use mul iple ypes o a ge s acco ding o he equi e- 242 cejiss 4/2014 men s and ocus o he aining. Spo shoo e s will be sa is ied wi h s anda d pis ol a ge , bu he csi s aff needs o simula e du ing he aining he mos ealis ic condi ions ha he can mee while ca ying ou his p o ession. In oday’s ma ke we ha e a choice o many ypes o pape a ge s in andom colou a ia ions. The basic di ision o pape a ge s is on black and pho o- a ge s. Ano he ype o a ge is he poppe . I is a oldable me al a ge , which may ha e any shape. Fo his a ge is no e alua ed place o hi , bu only hi . I is mos ly used o he p ac ice o apid i e. Basic ypes o a ge The basic ypes o a ge s a e in e na ional pis ol a ge , zone a ge and me al olding a ge s – poppe s. On hese a ge s hen a e based all kinds and a ia ions o a ge s used in a ious shoo ings, o aining. In e na ional pis ol a ge 50/20 This is a classic pis ol a ge ep esen ing he basic ype o a ge ha assesses he p ecision o he shoo ing a he cen e. [1] This a ge is sui able o classic spo s shoo ing and basic unde s anding o he gun i e. Zone a ge This a ge is di ided in o hi zones Alpha, Cha lie and Del a. I is used o aining o as e i ing when he e is no need o aim a a small a - ge poin , bu jus hi he zone. This ype o a ge is he basis o he pho o- a ge s and silhoue e a ge s Me al oldable a ge s – poppe s These a e me al silhoue e o igu es, o pa s o hem, ha will all o he g ound a e being hi . Fo hese a ge s i is no e alua ed he place o hi . They a e used o aining as shoo ing whe e i is necessa y only o hi he a ge . 243 Hana Ta- lando á Milan Adámek Follow-up a ge s These a ge s a e based on he basic ypes and a e always made o spe- ci ic pu pose o he aining. The basic p inciple is s ill he same: o hi cen e, zones, o old a ge s. Tac ical a ge se ies These a ge s al eady ha e he pho o-image o he possible offende . The key effo in he de elopmen o hese a ge s is o maximize he expe i- ence o eal engagemen and hey a e used jus o aining shoo e s who need o lea n o shoo a man. These a ge s ha e he abili y o change he a ge so ha he shoo e has o i s assess whe he i is he offende o ci ilian. This se ies, howe e , a e based on he basic zone a ge . The c i e ia o he ealiza ion o his se ies ha e become: 1. colou and he mos ealis ic appea ance 2. Two sco ing zones, i al cen e “le hal hi ” and ma ginal “hu ul”. Apa om hese i was necessa y o ma k he “no-poin bo de ”, he a ea whe e he hi may mean a sc a ch, bu no signi ican impulse o s op he opponen 3. Lines di iding zones. These lines should be ha d o see om g ea e dis ance as hey a e mean only o inal esul assessmen . 4. Ana omically ende ed diag am o in e nal o gans ha gi es a leas a ough idea o effec i eness o hi acco ding o i s cu en loca ion. 5. blu ed “smea s” backg ound ha would no “shine” a nigh o wiligh and allows effec i e “nigh ” aining, in addi ion i does no c ea e a clea ou line o he igu e in he e ain o om a dis ance. 2 “Hos age and offende ” a ge s They a e used o p ac ice shoo ing agains a pa ly sh ouded a ge . I is he e o e a si ua ion whe e he opponen is pa ially obs uc ed in his posi ion. A a ian o such a ge can also be an opponen o e laid o hiding behind a hos age. The usage o diffe en ypes o a ge s again a ies by he equi emen s o aining. Fo he base aining wi h a i ea m he mos basic ypes o a ge s a e sui able as hey se e o be e unde s and he p inciples o shoo ing and aiming. The ad anced 244 cejiss 4/2014 aining would use a he he pho o- a ge s ha a e mo e challenging he pe cep ion o he shoo e .7 E alua ion me hods Diffe en ypes o a ge s a e he esul o diffe en needs in aining. Because o he di e si y in ypes o basic a ge s, we need diffe en e alua ion me hods o diffe en ypes o a ge s. Classic a ge The classic pis ol a ge is e alua ed by he sum o all he numbe s hi . The close is he hi o he middle, he highe is he numbe . Achie ed sum is hen di ided by he maximum possible numbe o achie able poin s and mul iplied by one hund ed o achie e pe cen age success o shoo e . Zone a ge This a ge is used mos ly o shoo ing wi h ime-limi . Hi sa e e al- ua ed by awa ding penal y seconds. Fo hi in he alpha zone he e a e no penal y seconds. Fo hi in he Cha lie zone one second is added o he achie ed ime and o each hi in he del a zone wo seconds a e added o he achie ed ime. Me al olding a ge (poppe ) He e we e alua e he numbe o hi ( allen) a ge s. The numbe o ounds i ed is no usually aken in o accoun he e. I is hen always possible o include in o he e alua ion he ime ac o , which is a ime-limi o coun ed ime equi ed o mee he goal o shoo ing p ac ice. T aining wi h i ea m and i s e alua ion csi s aff is o ced o pull a gun only in h ea o his own li e. A ha momen he is s uggling wi h hea y s ess, ime p essu e and wi h he knowledge ha he mus no endange any bys ande s. I does no help he peace o his mind ha he is awa e o ha i he ails; he will be unable 251 Class Requi ed knowledge class Gun hanling, wo-hand shoo ing a a s a ic a ge i class Gun hanling, wo-hand shoo ing + one-handed a a s a ic a ge iii class Gun hanling, wo-hand shoo ing + one-handed a a s a ic a ge , mo emen wi h a ms ii class Gun hanling, wo-hand shoo ing + one-handed a a s a ic a ge , mo emen wi h a ms, wo-hand shoo ing a a dynamic a ge , use o co e s, non-s and- a d shoo ing posi ions i class Gun hanling, wo-hand shoo ing + one-handed a a s a ic a ge , mo emen wi h a ms, wo-hand shoo ing a a dynamic a ge , use o co e s, non-s and- a d shoo ing posi ions, shoo ing on he mo e, non-s anda d cha ging, shoo - ing in wo se ligh ing condi ions The basis is ha he csi s aff is able o keep ack o he si ua ion, is able o assess he si ua ion quickly enough and ollow sa e y ules. Real en i- onmen has li le o do wi h he shoo ing a he shoo ing ange whe e shoo e s a e no affec ed by so many ac o s. The e o e, i is necessa y o ocus he shoo ing aining o csi s aff on mul iple ac o s in o de o make him adequa ely p epa ed o he si ua ion. Also i should no be o go en ha he csi s aff du ing hei wo k does no mo e in a spo shoo e ‘s clo hing so ha his clo hes will no p o ide he kind o com o and eedom while shoo ing. Hence i is needed o he aining o be sui ably adap ed o all condi ions and ake accoun o hem in he e alua ion o he esul s. Du ing he inal e alua ion i is o en o go en he impac o ime ac o o i s impac is aken e y ligh ly. As he csi employ ca ies a i ea m, he needs o be ained o deal wi h si ua ions he will need o use i . Howe e in such si ua ion he e will be no enough ime o aim as i is on he shoo ing ange. Fo his eason i is necessa y o in eg a e he ime limi a ions in o he aining and i s e alua ion in such way ha he csi s aff will lea n o deal wi h he s ess. Rela ed o his issue is he p oblema ic o shoo ing ins uc o s, as many companies in he csi a e hi ing he shoo ing ins uc o s om Table 1. Shoo ing class10 252 cejiss 4/2014 o he companies. These companies specialized on shoo ing aining do ul il hei con ac bu p e ious expe ience o he ins uc o s om p ac ice ha e signi ican impac on he quali y o he aining. Ins uc- o s wi h long p ac ice in s a e sec o may lack he iew o ci il csi s aff and his may lead o ha , impo an abili ies o he ci il sec o e.g. he communica ion o h ea ening wi h unco e ed i ea m may be omi ed om he aining. I is he e o e impo an ha he ins uc o s a e able o use hei p e ious expe ience om p ac ice bu in he same ime no o o ge he speci ica ion o he csi en i onmen and a he aining mus be adjus ed o speci ic needs o csi sec o . I is also e y impo an no o o ge ha csi employee ha ca ies a i ea m du ing his p o ession du ies does no ha e equal igh as s a e sec o employee bu only as a ci ilian. This mus be aken in o accoun when he csi employee is making he decision o ca y a i ea m. The i ea m can be big ad an age, bu i also equi es a high deg ee o e- sponsibili y and sel -con ol. % hana alando á and milan adámek a e associa ed o Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlín, Facul y o Applied In o ma ics and can be eached a : [email p o ec ed] o [email p o ec ed] No es 1 Če ný, P a M Goe z. Manual o de ensi e shoo ing. 1. P ague: G ada Pub- lishing a.s.,2004, 214 s. isbn 80-247-0739-X. 2 H azdí a, I. a kol. The use o weapons and he law. 1. P ague: Eu ounion s. .o., 2000, 412 s. isbn 80-85858-83-5. 3 Komenda, J. Sa e gun handling o es o p o essional compe ence. 1. B no: Jose Tůma, yda a els í, naklada els í a isk, 2004, 103 s. isbn 80-86687- 03-1. 4 Náchodský, Z. Do no ea o de end. P ague: A mex Publishing, 2006. isbn 80- 86795-43-8. 5 Maláník, Z a R Janko ých. Gun License. Ac ual ques ions o es p o icien- cy. 1. B no: Noso a iská na, 2011, 100 s. isbn 978-80-239-9470-4. 6 Maláník, Z. Lec u es om subjec s special physical aining. 2000-2009. 7 Tac ical a ge s: Tac ical a ge se ies. Eu o-secu i y [online]. 2005 [ci . 2012-04-30]. a ailable om: h p://www.eu o-secu i y.in o/eu o-secu i y. in o/cs/ e ce/35- ak icka- e co a-se ie 8 Theo y o a ms. Guns well [online]. 1998 [ci . 2012-04-30]. a ailable om: 253 Shoo ing T aining o csi S aff h p://zb anek ali ne.cz/zb ojni-p ukaz/nauka-o-zb anich 9 Jus he Basics – he Double Ac ion Re ol e . E.ia. . . Eas e n Iowa Fi ea ms T aining [online]. 2012 [ci . 2013-06-05]. a ailable om: h p://eia .blog- spo .cz/2012/02/jus -basics-single-ac ion- e ol e _10.h ml 10 Pa lica, Tomáš. Ways o E alua ing Comme cial Secu i y Indus y S aff Ma ksmanship. Zlín, 2012. Diploma hesis. u b in Zlín. Book Re iews 255 The Hyb idi y o Te o ism Re iewed by Michael Becke 257 Why Some Poli icians A e Mo e Dange ous han O he s Re iewed by Ka e ina Kji o ska 259 Sexual Violence as a Weapon o Wa ? Pe cep ions, P esc ip ions, P oblems in he Congo and Beyond Re iewed by Ka e ina K uliso a 261 The Ho n o A ica (Ho Spo s in Global Poli ics) Re iewed by Ka eřina S uho á 265 Muslim Na ionalism and he New Tu ks Re iewed by Ahme Genc u k Resea ch A icles ← p. 12 255 Sebas ian Wojciechowski, Logos Ve lag Be lin, 2013, isbn 9783832534226 The Hyb idi y o Te o ism Re iewed by Michael Becke (No heas e n Uni e si y) In ecen decades, as he incidence and deadliness o e o ism ha e g own, so oo has he academic li e a u e on he causes, na u e, and consequences o he phenomenon. In The Hyb idi y o Te o ism, Sebas- ian Wojciechowski p oposes a new lens h ough which o unde s and e o ism. B eaking i down in o se e al cons i uen pa s (subjec , ac o s, o ms, causes, spaces, and ea u es), each o which is he subjec o one chap e , Wojciechowski a gues pe suasi ely ha e o ism canno be explained o unde s ood – and he e o e comba ed – wi hou app eci- a ing i s complexi y, and he ex en o which i is d i en by in e ac ions be ween di e se o ces, milieus and ac o s. Wojciechowski’s wo k d aws signi ican ly on ha o o he au ho s who ha e ema ked ha one-dimensional analyses o e o ism – including e o is ac o “p o iles,” mono-causal heo ies o he oo s o e o ism, and e en he a ious p oposed de ini ions o e o ism – ail indi idually o co e mo e han a ac ion o i s ac ual incidence. Ma ha C enshaw, Aud ey C onin, B uce Hoffman, and Da id Rapopo , among o he s, ha e made a gumen s o his effec . Howe e , while hese au ho s ended o emphasise he complexi y o one aspec o e o ism in pa icula —i s causes, say – Wojciechowski se s himsel a much mo e ambi ious ask. He aims o elucida e he complexi y o e o ism along a whole mul i ude o dimensions, a ask mani es ly oo big o one book. Take wo chap e s as an illus a ion. Chap e ii ep esen s e o ism as a mani es a ion o ela ions be ween ac o s and hei en i onmen , and p oposes chaos heo y, decision heo y, spa ial compe i ion heo y, salience heo y, exchange heo y, black box heo y, heo y o disas e , expec ed u ili y heo y, and opology me hods, among o he s, as possible me hods o unde s anding hese ela ions (pp. 75-81). Chap e i, by con as , 256 cejiss 4/2014 conside s e o ism as a se ies o “ ea u es” ha can exhibi posi i e and nega i e ai s, ho izon al and e ical dimensions, calcula ed and spon aneous aspec s, b oad and na ow ea u es, and an e olu iona y as well as a cons an cha ac e (pp. 153-156). The eade canno help bu wonde how hese a he dispa a e ideas a e connec ed. In o al h oughou he six chap e s (plus an in oduc ion and a conclusion) he au ho p oposes dozens o ways o in e p e ing, classi ying and unde s anding e o ism, wi hou de eloping clea links be ween hem, o explaining when, o i , he heo ies he ou lines ob ain empi ically. As a esul , he o e ly ambi ious scope o he p ojec gene a es con usion and a lack o cla i y wi h espec o he mos sa- lien aspec s o e o ism as a esea ch subjec . I is unce ain whe he , and in wha ways, he a ious schemas p oposed h oughou he se en chap e s ela e o each o he . This lack o cla i y, o una ely, does no nega e he book’s many posi i e aspec s. One o he book’s mos impo an con ibu ions is i s excellen compila ion o he li e a u e in each domain o he s udy o e o ism, om he na u e o i s p ac i ione s, o i s his o ical e olu- ion, o i s e y de ini ion. The au ho p o ides in each chap e a qui e ho ough e iew o he ele an li e a u e, including use ul pe spec i es o he han hose w i en by he usual B i ish and Ame ican suspec s ( hough he does no neglec he la e ). Ano he posi i e ea u e o Wojciechowski’s wo k is his abili y o see inno a i e possibili ies o u u e esea ch p ojec s, such as explo ing he dis inc in eg a ional and disin eg a ional aspec s o e o ism (p. 158). In gene al, his book is mos aluable when ead as a oadmap o he s udy o e o ism. I p o ides a me iculous ea men o he main heo ies and me hodologies used in e o ism s udies, and p oposes no el ways o b inging oge he app oaches, including some om o he disciplines, in o de o gene a e ( u u e) insigh s abou he phenomenon. Ye despi e claiming o make p og ess owa d a be e unde s anding o wha e o ism is and wha d i es i , he au ho la gely lea es his ask o o he s. Pe haps as a consequence o he eno mi y o he p ojec he akes on, Wojciechowski’s book la gely consis s o summa ions o pas esea ch, peppe ed wi h in e es ing ideas o u u e esea ch, bu ew o iginal subs an i e conclusions. Ne e heless, a b oad audience, including laype sons as well as policymake s and schola s, will ind Wojciechowski’s book use ul bo h as a p ime on he opic o e o ism, and as a sou ce o p omising ideas o u u e esea ch p ojec s. © 2014. This wo k is licensed unde h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ ( he “License”). No wi hs anding he P oQues Te ms and Condi ions, you may use his con en in acco dance wi h he e ms o he License.