Influence of the shooting distance on the depth of penetration of the bullet into the replacement material for air gun weapons

30TH DAAAM INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING AND AUTOMATION DOI: 10.2507/30 h.daaam.p oceedings.091 INFLUENCE OF THE SHOOTING DISTANCE ON THE DEPTH OF PENETRATION OF THE BULLET INTO THE REPLACEMENT MATERIAL FOR AIR GUN WEAPONS Ma in Ficek, Zdeněk Maláník, Michaela Mikuličo á, Michal G acla This Publica ion has o be e e ed as: Ficek, M[a in]; Malanik, Z[denek]; Mikulico a, M[ichaela] & G acla, M[ichal] (2019). In luence o he Shoo ing Dis ance on he Dep h o Pene a ion o he Bulle in o he Replacemen Ma e ial o Ai Gun Weapons, P oceedings o he 30 h DAAAM In e na ional Symposium, pp.0663-0672, B. Ka alinic (Ed.), Published by DAAAM In e na ional, ISBN 978-3-902734-22-8, ISSN 1726-9679, Vienna, Aus ia DOI: 10.2507/30 h.daaam.p oceedings.091 Abs ac In he las ew yea s, i has been possible o see an inc easing end o agg ession in socie y, leading o he mo e equen use o weapons in con lic s. The using o ai weapons is also inc easing. Bu a e hese weapons eally dange ous, and wha is he e ec o shoo ing dis ance on he dep h o he sho ? The a icle ies o answe hese ques ions. The pape uses ballis ic expe imen o gain knowledge on which a quali a i e e alua ion is used. The shoo ing expe imen is based on he i ing o physical subs i u ion models made o 20% ballis ic gela ine om an ai gun wi h a calib e o 4.5 mm, a a dis ance o 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 m. The impac eloci ies o he p ojec ile we e measu ed using op ical ballis ic ga es and using high-speed came as we e eco ded missile passes ballis ic gela in. The dep hs o he sho s we e hen measu ed using callipe s, and he maximum dimensions and he shape o he empo a y ca i ies o he sho s we e de e mined using op ical eco dings om he high-speed came a. I was ound ha he dep h o he sho dec eases wi h inc easing shoo ing dis ance. The same applies o he maximum olumes o empo a y ca i ies. These ends a e almos linea and a e associa ed wi h a d op in he impac eloci y o he p ojec ile hi ing he es a ge . This pilo expe imen se es o he ini ial e i ica ion o he hypo hesis o he e ec o shoo ing dis ance on he dep h o sho in ai gun weapons and p o ides essen ial in o ma ion o u he in-dep h in es iga ion. Keywo ds: ai i le; ballis ic gela in; bulle ; sho dep h. 1. In oduc ion O e he pas ew yea s, he e has been an inc ease in agg ession in socie y, and he e ha e been ins ances o assaul s using weapons. As e idenced by examples om he Czech Republic, USA, F ance and o he coun ies, he numbe o cases whe e a weapon o lowe e iciency such as an ai so gun, a pain ball gun, a Flobe gun o an ai i le appea s. Howe e , a e hese weapons eally dange ous? O wha is he dange o shoo ing om 5 m and wha is he dange o shoo ing om 20 m? These ques ions a e ying o answe wounded ballis ics. This a icle and o he a icles ha a e p oduced in ou esea ch a e ocused on he impac o he shoo ing dis ance on he dep h o he sho and, in a b oade con ex , he wounding po en ial o he ai i le. - 0663 - 30TH DAAAM INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING AND AUTOMATION This pa icula esea ch may ely on publica ions such as: Ai so gun- ela ed ocula inju ies: long- e m ollow-up. [1] om Khalaila e al., whe e hey examined eye inju ies caused by ai so guns. This publica ion was ollowed by an a icle by a g oup led by Ka ik Dandu en i led A 10-Yea Analysis o Head and Neck Inju ies In ol ing Nonpowde Fi ea ms. [2] The isks associa ed wi h ai so guns is also discussed in he a icles T auma ic i idoid analysis om an Ai so pelle in an a ia o by Pea ce [3] and Pene a ing Facial Inju y wi h an “Ai so ” Pelle by S ong and Coady. [4] S e anopoulos e al., In Wound Ballis ics 101: The Mechanisms o So Tissue Wounding by Bulle s [5], ocused on so issue inju ies caused by bulle s. In e es ing is also he publica ion E olu ion o indoo bulle ap design by Tikal. [6] The use o ballis ic gela in is discussed in The Use o Gela ine in Wound Ballis ics Resea ch by Ca , S e enson, and Mahoney. [7] The publica ion In es iga ion and compa ison o he pe o mance o some ai gun p ojec iles wi h nose shape modi ica ions by Salimipou , Teymou ash and Mamou ian [8] o B ain dea h o an in an caused by a pene a ing ai gun inju y om a eam led by Simon [9] deal di ec ly wi h ai guns. In e es ing is also he P edic ion o he Ai Gun Pe o mance by Ho ák e al. [10] and Ai weapon a ali ies om Mil oy, Cla k, Ca e , Ru y and Rooney.[11] The publica ions o p o . Juříček, such as he Czech-Slo ak e minology dic iona y o e ms in he ield o i ea ms, ammuni ion, wounded ballis ics, py o echnics and o ensic medicine [12], Wounded ballis ics. Technical, o ensic, and o ensic aspec s [13], The wounding po en ial o small-calib e p ojec iles and i s e alua ion [14], Physical models o human biological sys ems in a ballis ic expe imen o e alua e he wounding e ec s o a small-calib e missile [15], Simula ion and e alua ion o he impac o small-calib e p ojec iles on he li e o ce.[16] In e es ing is also he a icle De ec ing Di e ences A A Selec ed Shoo ing Weapon And I s F eely A ailable Copies by G acla e al. [17] The ini ial hypo hesis is ha he dep h o sho and wounding po en ial will gene ally dec ease wi h inc easing shoo ing dis ance, and his end could be linea . This a icle deals wi h he e ec o shoo ing dis ance on he dep h o he sho o an ai weapon. 2. Me hods To ob ain he da a, he expe imen , which was o p o e he unde lying assump ion ha he dep h o pene a ion o missiles in o he es gela in block (sho ) and gene ally wounding po en ial dec eases wi h inc easing shoo ing dis ance, was conduc ed. Fu he mo e, i was assumed ha he ela ionship be ween he shoo ing dis ance and he dep h o pene a ion o he missile in o he gela in block could ha e a linea cou se. The expe imen consis ed o a subs i u ion es block made o 20% gela in solu ion in he shape o a cuboid wi h dimensions o 15x15x30 cm. Indi idual blocks we e g adually sho om a dis ance o 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 m wi h he eco ding o he impac eloci y o he diabolo pelle i using ballis ic op ical ga es and cap u e he passage o missiles h ough he eplacemen ma e ial using a high-speed came a. The ollowing ools we e used in he expe imen : • 20% ballis ic gela ine was used as a eplacemen ma e ial, manu ac u ed acco ding o he p ocedu e o C ys alline gela in was mixed in o oom empe a u e wa e wi h gen le s i ing ( o p e en bubble o ma ion). o The mix u e was aged o 2 hou s on a 10 °C in he idge. o Subsequen ly, he gela in con aine was placed in a ba h o a la ge wa e ank a 40 °C, and he gela in was dissol ed en i ely (wi hou bubbles) while s i ing and g adually hea ing. o The gela in was hen pou ed in o a p e o med o m (e ased wi h silicone o anspa en a ). o The gela in was placed in he idge a a empe a u e o app oxima ely 10 °C. o A e solidi ica ion and isual inspec ion, he gela in was emo ed om he o m and w apped in polye hylene oil and placed in a 4 °C idge o empe o 36 hou s. o The gela in, used in he expe imen , was a oom empe a u e (20oC). • The densi y o gela in was 1,066 kg.m-3, which is e y close o he densi y o human muscle (1,100 kg.m-3), • Caldwell Ma ix shoo ing s ool wi h an ai gun - Gamo Shadow DX calib e 4.5 mm wi h he ype o ammuni ion used - Gamo Magnum Ene gy calib e 4.5 mm wi h conical ace, • Ballis ic Op ical Ga es Shoo ing Ch ony Be a Mas e wi h measu ing ange 9 - 2,100 m.s-1. They we e buil 10 cm om he ballis ic gela in. • Olympus I-SPEED FS high-speed came a wi h a esolu ion o 1280 x 1,024, he maximum speed o 1,000,000 ps. A 10,000 ps scan a e was selec ed o he expe imen , • came a, • Lase ange inde and • Digi al callipe . Du ing he ballis ic expe imen , i e ounds we e i ed om each dis ance. - 0664 - 30TH DAAAM INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING AND AUTOMATION Fig. 1. Gamo Magnum Ene gy 4.5 mm calib e. Fig. 2. A angemen o he wo kplace 1. Fig. 3. A angemen o he wo kplace 2. - 0665 - 30TH DAAAM INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING AND AUTOMATION Fig. 4. A angemen o he wo kplace 3. 3. Resul s The ollowing da a we e ob ained om he expe imen desc ibed abo e. The impac eloci y o missiles i The impac eloci y o he missiles was measu ed by ballis ic ga es. The ga es we e placed 10 cm in on o he eplacemen ma e ial block, and he e o e, he measu ed eloci y can be conside ed as he impac eloci y. dis ance 5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m Missile eloci ies i a he momen o impac on he es block [m.s-1] 1. sho 218 209 203 193 186 2. sho 220 211 204 195 187 3. sho 217 209 202 196 185 4. sho 215 204 199 191 183 5. sho 218 198 198 190 189 Table 1. Impac eloci ies o missiles a 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m and 25 m. G aph 1. The de elopmen o he eloci y o sho s depending on he shoo ing dis ance. - 0666 - 30TH DAAAM INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING AND AUTOMATION The g aph and he able show ha he eloci y o missiles is no en i ely p opo ional o he shoo ing dis ance. Howe e , since he weigh o each missile is sligh ly di e en , and i canno be de ec ed and gua an eed ha each sho is i ed wi h he same s eng h, i can be said ha he ela ionship is almos linea . Missile weigh mq The weigh o he bulle s mq used o i ing was g adually measu ed using a KERN PCB p ecision digi al scale (1,000- 2; 1,000 g / 0.01 g). The measu ed missile weigh s a e lis ed in Table 2. dis ance 5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m Missile weigh [g] 1. sho 0,486 0,486 0,487 0,493 0,489 2. sho 0,497 0,485 0,489 0,492 0,499 3. sho 0,486 0,484 0,489 0,485 0,497 4. sho 0,481 0,484 0,485 0,489 0,493 5. sho 0,489 0,488 0,481 0,498 0,489 Table 2. Weigh s o missiles mq i ed a a ce ain dis ance. Impac kine ic ene gy Ei o a missile Using he da a in Tables 4 and 5, he kine ic ene gy o he inciden missile Ei can be de e mined. Since he bulle has comple ely s opped in he eplacemen ma e ial block and he sho has been eco ded, he impac kine ic ene gy alue o he bulle ep esen s i s o al kine ic ene gy ansmi ed ETR. Calcula ion o he kine ic ene gy o he p ojec ile can be done acco ding o New on's mechanics as: 𝐸𝑘=1 2𝑚𝑣2 (1) whe e ETR [J] is kine ic ene gy, mq is he weigh o he bulle and i is he eloci y o he inciden bulle . A e he alues o he eloci ies and weigh s o he missiles co esponding o he indi idual shoo ing dis ances ha e been achie ed, he alues o he ansmi ed kine ic ene gy ETR o he bulle o he eplacemen ma e ial can be calcula ed. dis ance 5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m T ansmi ed kine ic ene gy o he p ojec ile [J] 1. sho 11,548 10,614 10,034 9,182 8,459 2. sho 12,027 10,796 10,175 9,354 8,725 3. sho 11,443 10,471 9,977 9,316 8,505 4. sho 11,117 10,071 9,603 8,920 8,255 5. sho 11,620 9,566 9,429 8,989 8,734 Table 3. T ansmi ed kine ic ene gy o missiles i ed a a ce ain dis ance. G aph 2. T ansmi ed kine ic ene gy. - 0667 - 30TH DAAAM INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING AND AUTOMATION The g aph and able show ha he ansmi ed kine ic ene gy dec eases wi h he shoo ing dis ance. I is di icul o de e mine he end o descen because each bulle has a di e en weigh and a e o i e. I ex emes a e excluded and di e ences a e aken in o accoun , he d op is simila o di ec p opo ion. Dep h o pene a ion o a missile s Sho dep h was measu ed using a digi al callipe . dis ance 5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m Dep h o pene a ion missiles s [mm] 1. sho 74 69 66 60 55 2. sho 75 70 68 62 57 3. sho 72 68 66 61 56 4. sho 70 68 64 60 56 5. sho 69 67 65 61 59 Table 4. Values o pene a ion dep hs o missiles i ed om a ce ain dis ance. G aph 3. Bulle pene a ion dep hs. As can be seen om G aph 3 and Table 7, he dep h o pene a ion o indi idual missiles is no en i ely p opo ional o he shoo ing dis ance. Howe e , since he weigh o each missile is sligh ly di e en and wi hin a ce ain ole ance, and i is no possible o ensu e ha he p ojec ile is i ed om he ai i le wi h he same s eng h each ime, i can be s a ed ha he p opo ionali y is linea wi h a ce ain dose o ole ance. Tempo a y ca i y dimension wTC The dimension o he empo a y ca i y, ep esen ed by i s maximum wid h wTC, was measu ed using an op ical me hod. Speci ically, high-speed came a eco dings we e analysed. Un o una ely, a he ime o he expe imen and p epa a ion o his a icle, specialized so wa e o image analysis was no a ailable, and he e o e, he me hod o pixel measu emen was used. An objec o known size is iden i ied in he image. Then, he numbe o pixels is de e mined, and he size o he objec is di ided by he numbe o pixels. This de e mines he size o one pixel. The numbe o pixels a he desi ed leng h o he empo a y ca i y is hen de e mined and mul iplied by he size o one pixel. The dimension o he empo a y ca i y is he eby ob ained. Fo he sake o cla i y, images a e shown only o he i s missiles a gi en dis ances and only he maximum dimension o he empo a y ca i y ep esen ed by i s maximum wid h is measu ed. Images a e c opped o show only empo a y ca i y and missile. The dimensions o all empo a y ca i ies a e gi en in Table 5 and hen con e ed o G aph 4. - 0668 - 30TH DAAAM INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING AND AUTOMATION Fig. 5. The dimension o he maximum wid h o he empo a y ca i y o he i s missile a a dis ance o 5 m. Fig. 6. The dimension o he maximum wid h o he empo a y ca i y o he second missile a a dis ance o 10 m. Figu e 8 shows he second bulle i ed om a dis ance o 10 m due o un eadable eco d o he i s missile. The second bulle pene a ed nea he i s bulle , and so i can be seen ha he empo a y ca i y o he second bulle pulsa ion ac s on he pe manen ca i y o he i s bulle , which can be signi ican ly a ec ed. The empo a y ca i y o he second bulle hus c ea es ano he empo a y ca i y e en in he ca i y o med by he i s bulle . Fig. 7. The dimension o he maximum wid h o he empo a y ca i y o he i s missile a a dis ance o 15 m. - 0669 - 30TH DAAAM INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING AND AUTOMATION Fig. 8. The dimension o he maximum wid h o he empo a y ca i y o he i s missile a a dis ance o 20 m. Fig. 9. The dimension o he maximum wid h o he empo a y ca i y o he i s missile a a dis ance o 25 m. dis ance 5 m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m Maximum empo a y ca i y wid h alues wTC [mm] 1. sho 14,72 14,53 13,96 13,41 12,98 2. sho 14,81 14,59 14,03 13,43 13,00 3. sho 14,69 14,43 13,90 13,36 12,89 4. sho 15,02 14,71 14,12 13,40 12,96 5. sho 14,70 14,51 13,94 13,39 12,87 Table 5. The maximum wid h o he empo a y ca i y o he missiles i ed a a ce ain dis ance. G aph 4. The dimension o he maximum wid h o he empo a y ca i y [mm]. - 0670 - 30TH DAAAM INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON INTELLIGENT MANUFACTURING AND AUTOMATION In e es ingly, he descen end in he i s 5 me e s is di e en om he es o he measu emen . Besides, he descen is almos linea and con i ms ends in missile eloci y and ansmi ed kine ic ene gy. 4. Conclusion This a icle deals wi h he e ec o shoo ing dis ance on he dep h o he sho o an ai weapon. F om he abo e indings, i can be s a ed ha he o iginal assump ion has been con i med and ha he wounding po en ial depending on he shoo ing dis ance dec eases linea ly. The esul s o expe imen al ballis ic measu emen s con i med his hypo hesis. I should be no ed ha mo e de ailed expe imen al ballis ic measu emen s may esul in some di e ences. The weigh o he "Diabolo" missiles anged om 0.481 g o 0.499 g. Impac eloci ies i and ansmi ed kine ic ene gy ETR when shoo ing om a dis ance o 5 m anged be ween 215 - 220 ms-1 and 11.117 - 12.027 J, pe 10 m: 198 - 211 ms-1 and 9.566 - 10.796 J, a 15 m: 198 - 204 ms-1 and 9.429 - 10.175 J, a 20 m: 190 -196 ms-1 and 8.920 - 9.354 J and a 25 m: 183 - 189 ms-1 and 8.255 - 8.734 J. Maximum empo a y ca i y wid h pe 5 m: 14.69 - 15.02 mm, 10 m 14.43 - 14.71 mm, 15 m 13.90 - 14.12 mm, o 20 m 13.36 - 13.43 mm and o 25 m 12.87 - 13.00 mm. The maximum empo al ca i y dimension da a a e c ucial o assessing he missile po en ial o he p ojec ile. I is always loca ed nea he bulle en y in o he eplacemen ma e ial block. Mo eo e , he maximum dimension o gi en dis ances shows ha he wounding po en ial is no negligible, bu is ela i ely small. Ne e heless, i is necessa y o objec i y u he his a ea. The esul s o his a icle p o ide a solid basis o u he esea ch in he ield ha he au ho s a e planning o pe o m. 5. Acknowledgmen s This wo k was suppo ed by he In e nal G an Agency o Tomas Ba a Uni e si y unde he p ojec No. IGA/FAI/2019/003. 6. Re e ences [1] Khalaily, Sol an e al. (2018). Ai so gun- ela ed ocula inju ies: long- e m ollow-up, Jou nal o Ame ican Associa ion o Pedia ic Oph halmology and S abismus. 22(2), 107-109, ISSN 10918531, DOI: 10.1016/j.jaapos.2017.10.019. WWW: h ps://linkinghub.else ie .com/ e ie e/pii/S1091853116305407 [2] Dandu, Ka ik V. e al. (2017). A 10-Yea Analysis o Head and Neck Inju ies In ol ing Nonpowde Fi ea ms, O ola yngology-Head and Neck Su ge y. 156(5), 853-856.. ISSN 0194-5998. DOI: 10.1177/0194599817695546 WWW: h p://jou nals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0194599817695546 [3] Pea ce, S.M. (2012). T auma ic i idoid analysis om an Ai so pelle in an a ia o . Consul an . 2012(12), 807-808. ISSN 00107069. [4] S ong, B and Ma in Coady, (2014). Pene a ing Facial Inju y wi h an “Ai so ” Pelle : A Case Repo . B i ish Jou nal o O al and Maxillo acial Su ge y. 52(9), e129-e131. ISSN 02664356 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.05.007. WWW: h ps://linkinghub.else ie .com/ e ie e/pii/S0266435614002113 [5] S e anopoulos, P. K. e al., (2017). Wound ballis ics 101: he mechanisms o so issue wounding by bulle s. Eu opean Jou nal o T auma and Eme gency Su ge y [online]., ol. 43, no. 5, s. 579-586 WWW: h ps://www.scopus.com/inwa d/ eco d.u i?eid=2-s2.0-84944612322&doi=10.1007%2 s00068-015-0581- 1&pa ne ID=40&md5=81d3 4350ba2cc4d391cb0895a9bae0b. [6] Tikal, F. (2015). 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P oceedings o he Ins i u ion o Mechanical Enginee s, Pa P: Jou nal o Spo s Enginee ing and Technology [online]. ol. 233, no. 1, s. 3-15 WWW: h ps://www.scopus.com/inwa d/ eco d.u i?eid=2-s2.0- 85060252861&doi=10.1177%2 1754337118759159&pa ne ID=40&md5=98dd1845a9c3c7249c 7d3ac3b859b5. [9] Simon, G. e al. (2019) B ain dea h o an in an caused by a pene a ing ai gun inju y. Legal Medicine [online]. 2019, ol. 39, s. 41-44. WWW: h ps://www.scopus.com/inwa d/ eco d.u i?eid=2-s2.0- 85067178540&doi=10.1016%2 j.legalmed.2019.06.004&pa ne ID=40&md5=446d6455de4961884b445c c3 48d ed8. [10] Ho ák, V. e al. (2014). P edic ion o ai gun pe o mance. Ad ances in Mili a y Technology. 9(1), 31-44. ISSN 18022308. - 0671 -