Fat from Tenebrionidae bugs – Sterols content, fatty acid profiles, and cardiovascular risk indexes

Pol. J.Food Nu . Sci., 2019, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 247–254 DOI: 10.31883/pj ns/109666 h p://jou nal.pan.olsz yn.pl O iginal esea ch a icle Sec ion: Food Quali y and Func ionali y © Copy igh by Ins i u e o Animal Rep oduc ion and Food Resea ch o he Polish Academy o Sciences © 2019 Au ho (s). This is an open access a icle licensed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion-NonComme cial-NoDe i s License (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). INTRODUCTION F om henu i ional poin o  iew, edible insec s ha e be- come an inc easingly discussed opic inbo h hep o essional andlaic public, e en incoun ies whe e hei consump ion isno common [Mlček e al., 2014; Ramos-Elo duy e al., 2011; an Huis, 2016]. Inpa icula , i ispossible o use ed- ible insec s as a aluable al e na i e sou ce o p o eins, espe- cially in egions wi h alack o con en ional animal p o eins [Mlček e al., 2014; Ramos-Elo duy e al., 2011; an B oek- ho en e al., 2015]. O he bene i s include highe eed con e - sions, low g eenhouse gas emissions, be e soil u iliza ion, and hecon e sion o o ganic ma e ials o aluable p oduc s. This s a egy can lead o i nancial sa ings anden i onmen al bene i s [Ce i os, 2009, 2011; Fon ane o e al., 2011; Ma iod e al., 2011; P emala ha e al., 2011]. Insec s ha e also ag ea po en ial as eed, o example, inaquacul u e [ an Huis, 2016]. This isdue o hehigh con en o p o eins andsulphu amino acids ha can besuccess ully used as eed o poul y [Józe i ak e al., 2016]. One o  hemos s udied species o insec s is hemealwo m [Finke, 2002, 2004; Ba oso e al., 2014; Ra zanaadii e al., * Co esponding Au ho : Tel.: +42–057–603–3030; E-mail: [email p o ec ed] (J.Mlček) 2012; Sánches-Mu os e al., 2016; Tzompa-Sosa e al., 2014; Zielińska e al., 2015]. I isagood sou ce o p o ein and a . Thehighes p o ein con en (637.0–676.5g/kg ind y ma e (DM)) andlowes a con en (148.8–184.0g/kg DM) was de e mined inadul specimen. Howe e , la ae andpupae a e mo e nu i ionally bene i cial because o  hei be e diges ibil- i y andsenso y p ope ies. Fo la ae, he o al p o ein con- en isusually epo ed in he ange om 477.6 o 527.0g/kg DM and o al a con en om 189.0 o 382.9g kg DM. S e ols a e key nu i ional elemen s o insec s. They a e p ecu so s o s e oid ho mones andde elopmen p ocess egula o s [Mondy e al., 2006]. Phy os e ols, ypical plan s e ols, we e ound ininsec samples [Pii onen, 2000], be- cause insec s canno syn hesize choles e ol de no o [Behme & Nes, 2003] andha e o use plan phy os e ols (β-si os e ol, campes e ol, s igmas e ol) o syn hesize choles e ol. Cho- les e ol is hemos abundan s e ol p esen ininsec s. Meal- wo m (Teneb io moli o ) s e ols con ain abou 17% o 7-de- hyd ocholes e ol andabou 67% o choles e ol [Ikekawa e al., 2013]. Insec s need choles e ol o syn hesize i aminD3 ands e oid ho mones known as ecdys e oids. These ho - mones a e indispensable o heindi idual de elopmen al s ages o  heins a [Na ion, 2001; Klowden, 2007]. Choles e ol is ound in oods o animal o igin, bu i isalso heonly s e ol hehuman body can syn he ize byi sel . Too high choles e ol in ake causes inc eased le els o low-densi y Fa om Teneb ionidae Bugs – S e ols Con en , Fa y Acid P o i les, andCa dio ascula Risk Indexes Jiří Mlček1*, Anna Adámko á1, Ma in Adámek2, Ma ie Bo ko co á1, Ma ina Bednářo á3, I ana Knížko á4 1Depa men o Food Analysis andChemis y, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y, Zlín, Czech Republic 2Depa men o Mic oelec onics, Facul y o Elec ical Enginee ing andCommunica ion, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Czech Republic 3Depa men o In o ma ion Technology, Mendel Uni e si y, B no, Czech Republic 4Li es ock Technology andManagemen , Ins i u e o Animal Science, P ague, Czech Republic Key wo ds: mealwo m, supe wo m, choles e ol, s igmas e ol, β-si os e ol, cholecalci e ol This wo k ocused on analysing hecon en o selec ed s e ols andp o i le o  a y acids o edible insec species – mealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) andsupe wo m (Zophobas mo io), which a e expec ed o inc ease hei usabili y inhuman nu i ion. S e ols con en was de e mined using capilla y gas ch oma og aphy me hod. Choles e ol con en was de e mined a 1335mg/kg ind y ma e (DM) o hemealwo m, which was less han o supe wo m (3224mg/kg DM). O he s e ols analysed we e s igmas e ol andβ-si os e ol, which we e once again highe insupe wo m (s igmas e ol – 44mg/kg DM andβ-si os e ol – 414mg/kg DM) han inmealwo m (s igmas e ol – 18mg/kg DM andβ-si os e ol – 171mg/kg DM). F om henu- i ional poin o  iew, heamoun o cholecalci e ol isalso no negligible, which was 190μg/kg DM inmealwo m and199μg/kg DM insupe wo m. A he ogenic index (AI), h ombogenic index (TI), andcholes e ol index (CSI) we e calcula ed o bo h species andcompa ed wi h he esul s o o he au ho s. These indexes a e o en conside ed p edic o s o ca dio ascula diseases. Apo en ial bene i o bo h species could be hebalanced p opo ion o s e ols o animal andplan o igin ha could benu i ionally well-accessible andlowe weigh o d y ma e necessa y o consume o co e hedaily dose o linoleic acid compa ed o d ied bee . 248 J. Mlček e al. lipop o ein (LDL) and e y low-densi y lipop o ein (VLDL), which esul s inan inc eased isk o  hede elopmen o  heme abolic synd ome (obesi y, diabe es melli us, ca dio- ascula disease) [WHO, 2004]. Thehuman body consumes abou 2g o choles e ol pe day. Theop imal in ake is0.15– –0.3g pe day. This amoun issu i cien because he es isp o- duced in hebody h ough endosyn hesis. Howe e , common die means an in ake o 0.6–0.8g o choles e ol. Asui able die can educe choles e ol by10%, e.g. byconsump ion o  i - be , an ioxidan s, andphy os e ols [Pánek e al., 2002]. Vi amin D issyn hesized in hehuman body om e - gos e ol and7-dehyd ocholes e ol byexposu e o sunligh . In hela i udes o  he empe a e zone, sunligh does no co e hese needs and i amin D endosyn hesis isinsu i cien . Fo his eason, i isnecessa y o supplemen i . Vi amin D, along wi h calci onin andpa a ho mon ho mones, con ols hecalcium andphospho us me abolism. I s de i ciency leads o achi is inchild en, while olde people de elop os eopenia andconsequen ly os eopo osis [Pánek e al., 2002]. Fo his eason, he ecommended daily dose o  i amin D is5μg/day [Dec ee No. 225/2008Coll, 2008]. De elopmen al s age o insec isone o  hemajo ac- o s in l uencing heamoun o  a and he a y acids [Nowak e al., 2016; Finke, 2004; Adámko á e al., 2016]. O he ac- o s include gende , die and heen i onmen [Chak a o y e al., 2011, 2014, 2016]. Fa y acid p o i le desc ip ion can besimpli i ed andexp essed by a ious p opo ional numbe s, including hecholes e ol index (CSI), hea he ogenic index (AI), and he h ombogenic index (TI). These indexes se e o en inmedicine as impo an p edic o s o ca dio ascula isks [Dobiášo á, 2006]. Rega ding hen-3:n-6 a io o  a y acids and hemen ioned indexes, edible insec a may ha e ap o ec i e e ec on human heal h. One o  heobjec i es o  his s udy was o de e mine he a io o n-3:n-6 a y acids andCSI, AI, andTI inedible insec a and o compa e hem wi h o he commodi ies o animal o igin. Thecon en o s e ols in hemealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) andsupe wo m (Zophobas mo io) b ed on a ms in heCzech Republic, which a e ed ad libi um wi h con en ional eed, isno ye su i cien ly known om a ailable li e a u e [Sabo- lo á e al., 2016] andso a his issue has no been ho oughly explo ed. Theamoun o choles e ol andphy os e ols can bea ec ed bylong- e m nu i ional s ess ( heinsec s do no ha e access o eed). Al hough insec s b ed in a ms usually do no s a e, access o eed may be es ic ed du ing longe anspo o longe p e- ea men be o e killing. This s udy was ca ied ou o de i ne ini ial in o ma ion on hecon en o choles e ol, phy os e ols, and a y acids inTe- neb ioidae la ae and hei p esumed impac on human heal h (AI, TI andCSI). Fu he mo e, heimpac o  henu i ional s ess (inaccessibili y o  he eed) on hecholes e ol con en was e alua ed, as henu i ional s ess has asigni i can im- pac on hewel a e o  heb eed. MATERIAL ANDMETHODS Ma e ial Species used o ana lysis we e mealwo m la ae (Teneb io moli o ) andsupe wo m la ae (Zophobas mo io). Samples we e pu chased om b eede Radek F ýželka, B no, Czech Republic. Insec s we e ea ed inop imum condi ions o hede elopmen o indi idual species (mealwo m – 25–28°C, 60–70% ela i e humidi y (RH); supe wo m – 28–30°C, 60– –70% RH) and ed wi h whea b an andoa b an ad libi um ill hebeginning o  heexpe imen . A hebeginning o  heexpe imen , wo g oups o li e la - ae, weighing app oxima ely 200g, we e aken om ab eed- ing. The i s g oup was le o s a e o 12h. Acco ding o heEu opean Food Sa e y Au ho i y (EFSA) ecommenda- ions [EFSA, 2015], heexpi a ion ime is12–24h. To sho en hep ocessing, helowe limi was chosen. Subsequen ly, heinsec s we e killed inboiling wa e (100°C) andd ied a 105°C.Subsequen ly, hesamples we e homogenized ands o ed inahe me ically sealed asep ic box wi h ano mal a mosphe e a 4–7°C un il analysis. Thesecond expe imen al g oup o la ae s a ed o 168h (7days) be o e killing, which led o nu i ional s ess. Fu he - mo e, hela ae we e killed andp ocessed in hesame way as he i s expe imen al g oup o la ae. Whea b an wi h he ollowing nu i ional alues (da a pe 100g o p oduc ) we e used as eed: ene gy 1210kJ/292kcal, a s 5.3g, o which sa u a ed a y acids accoun ed o 0.88g, ca bohyd a es 24.9g, o which suga s we e a 2.2g, i be 40.2g andp o ein 16.2g, andsal 0.1g. Oa b an wi h he ollowing nu i ional alues (da a pe 100g o p oduc ) we e used as eed: ene gy 1518kJ/ 361kcal, a s 8.3g, o which sa u a ed a y acids accoun ed o 1.4g, ca bohyd a es 45g, o which suga s we e a 2.0g, i be 12g andp o ein 21.0g, andsal 0.01g. De e mina ion o d y ma e con en o in a ed scales Ahomogenized sample o abou 0.5g was e enly dis ib- u ed o e healuminium oil andsubsequen ly analysed ac- co ding o ISO 1442:1997using P ecisa HA 300scales wi h in a adia o (P ecisa G a ime ics AG, Die ikon, Schweiz). In his me hod, he es sample ishea ed and heweigh loss ismeasu ed. Thebasis o  heme hod is hed ying o  hesam- ple byin a ed ays. D ying was ca ied ou a 105°C un- il cons an weigh , whe e hedi e ence o  wo consecu i e weigh s was no less han 2mg pe min. C ude p o ein con en de e mina ion Theni ogen andc ude p o ein we e analysed using heKjeldahl’s me hod [ISO 1871:2009]. Thesamples (1g) andblank uns we e mine alized a 420°C o 105min. Thedis illa ion was pe o med on Kjel ec™ 2200 (FOSS, Denma k) o 4min. Thep o ein con en was calcula ed us- ing ni ogen- o-p o ein con e sion ac o o 6.25. Fa con en de e mina ion The a was ex ac ed acc. o Soxhle ’s me hod [Soxhle , 1879] on heGe ha d Sox he m (C.Ge ha d GmbH & Co. KG, Ge many). Thesample (5g) was placed in heex ac ion capsule andex ac ed (p og am selec ed: 70°C o 120min) wi h 150mL o pe oleum e he (Ing. Pe Š ec – PENTA s. .o., P ague, Czech Republic). Theex ac ed sample was hen d ied a 103°C and epea edly weighed un il acons an Fa om Teneb ionidae Bugs 249 weigh (di e ence be ween wo subsequen weighings o less han 10mg) was achie ed. S e ols con en de e mina ion S e ols in a o  hesamples we e analysed ande alu- a ed inan acc edi ed labo a o y Skúšobňa VETLAB, L d., Púcho , Slo akia. De e mina ion o s e ols con en was done using capilla y gas ch oma og aphy me hod acco ding o ES no 213/2001 [Regula ion (EC) No. 2013/2001, 2001]. Cholecalci e ol ( i amin D3) con en de e mina ion Cholecalci e ol con en de e mina ion was done acco d- ing o EN 12821:2009 [EN 12821:2009, 2009]. Samples we e ex ac ed wi h hexane. De e mina ion o  i amin D3con en was pe o med using semi-p epa a i e HPLC on no mal phase ollowed byanaly ical e e se phase HPLC.Vi amin D was de ec ed spec opho ome ically in heUV a ea. When de e mining i amin D3, i amin D2was used as an inne s an- da d. Fa y acid p o i le de e mina ion Weigh ed po ions o  a (0.5g) ex ac ed om wo ms we e es e i i ed acco ding o heISO 12966-2: 2011 [ISO 12966–2:2011, 2011] using 0.25mol/L o me hanolic po as- sium hyd oxide. Fa y acid me hyl es e s in hesamples we e de e mined using gas ch oma og aphy wi h a l ame ioniza ion de ec- o (GC/FID) on GC-2010 (Shimadzu, Kyo o, Japan), us- ing ahigh pola ch oma og aphy column HP-88 (100m × 0.25mm × 0.2μm) (Agilen Technologies, CO, San a Cla a, USA), which isin ended o heiden i i ca ion o cis/ ans a y acid me hyl es e s. Ch oma og aphic condi ions we e as ol- lows: inle olume – 1μL; inle empe a u e – 250°C; spli a- io – 1:100; ca ie gas – ni ogen; and empe a u e p og am – 80°C/5min, 200°C/30min, 250°C/15min. Quan i a i e e alua ion o  heindi idual a y acid con en s in hesamples was pe o med using hein e nal no maliza ion me hod using FAME Mix u e C4-C24 (Supelco Inc, Belle on e, USA) con- aining 37selec ed a y acid me hyl es e s. Thecon en o in- di idual a y acids was calcula ed as ape cen age o  he o al me hyl es e p esen . Lipid nu i ional quali y indices e alua ion Fo each species, hea he ogenici y index (AI) and h om- bogenici y index (TI) we e calcula ed acco ding o he ollow- ing o mulas [Zhang e al., 2014; Kulma e al., 2016]: AI = (C12:0 + 4x C14:0 + C16:0) / (ΣMUFA + Σn-6 + Σn-3), (1) TI = (C14:0 + C16:0 + C18:0) / (0.5x ΣMUFA + 0.5x Σn-6 + 3x Σn-3 + (n-3/n-6)), (2) whe e: MUFA s ands o Mono Unsa u a ed Fa y Acids. These indexes we e u he calcula ed o bo h animal species om he a y acid p o i les om a ailable li e a u e. Thecholes e ol-sa u a ed acid index (CSI) was de e - mined inla ae o mealwo m ed ad libi um acco ding o he ollowing o mula [Pánek, 2002]: CSI = 1.01 x ΣSFA (g/100 g) + 50 x choles e ol (g/100 g), (3) whe e: SFA s ands o Sa u a ed Fa y Acids. S a is ical analysis Each measu emen was pe o med 4 imes. All samples we e om hesame ba ch. Theda a was analysed using Ex- cel 2013 (Mic oso Co po a ion, Redmond, USA) andSTA- TISTICA Cz e sion 12 (S a So , Inc., Tulsa, USA). Resul s we e exp essed bya e age ands anda d de ia ion. Compa i- son o  he esul s was pe o med using aK uskal-Wallis es (α=0.05; α=0.01). RESULTS ANDDISCUSSION To de e mine hebasic cha ac e is ic anddesc ibe hema- e ial inmealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) andsupe wo m (Zo- phobas mo io) b ed in heCzech Republic, he ollowing basic componen s we e e alua ed: d y ma e (DM), c ude p o ein inDM, and a inDM (Table 1). Fu he desc ip ion o  hema e ial isgi en inAdámko á [2017]. Thecholes e ol con en inmealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) andsupe wo m (Zophobas mo io) ed ad libi um and hese unde nu i ional s ess (Table 2); andcon en s o s igmas e - ol, β-si os e ol, andcholecalci e ol in head libi um- ed la ae (Table 3) we e analysed. Thea e age choles e ol con en in head libi um- ed mealwo m la ae (Teneb io moli o ) was 1335mg/kg DM.Su- pe wo m la ae (Zophobas mo io) ed ad libi um con ained highe amoun o choles e ol (3224mg/kg DM). Compa ed wi h he esul s o samples ha ha e been subjec ed o nu i- ional s ess, choles e ol le els we e highe in head libi um ed la ae (Table 2). S a is ically signi i can (p<0.01) di - e ence was de ec ed be ween hewo ms wi hou nu i ional TABLE 1. Composi ion o ma e ial om mealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) andsupe wo m (Zophobas mo io) b ed in heCzech Republic – d y ma - e (DM), c ude p o ein inDM and a inDM. Componen s Zophobas mo io Teneb io moli o DM (g/100g) 47.9±0.6 32.6±0.7 C ude p o ein (g/100g DM) 39.4±0.1 62.6±0.4 Fa (g/100g DM) 39.1±0.4 16.7±0.1 DM – d y ma e . TABLE 2. Choles e ol con en ind y ma e o mealwo m (Teneb io moli- o ) andsupe wo m (Zophobas mo io) ed ad libi um andunde nu i- ional s ess. Nu i ion o la ae Teneb io moli o Zophobas mo io Ad libi um (mg/kg) 1 335±28Ab 3 224±35Aa Nu i ional s ess (mg/kg) 1 124±24Bb 2 985±31Ba A,B – means wi h di e en le e s in hesame column a e signi i can ly di - e en a p<0.01; a,b – means wi h di e en le e s in hesame ow a e signi i can ly di e en a p<0.01 250 J. Mlček e al. s ess and hese subjec ed o nu i ional s ess. Thein l uence o insec species on s e ol con en was highly s a is ically sig- ni i can . Thele el o signi i cance was ound o bep<0.01. Choles e ol issupposed o bebu n up innu i ional s ess o p ese e li e unc ions ande en ually o build up heecdys- e oid needed o mol ing. O he a ailable li e a u e does no p o ide de ailed in o ma ion on choles e ol con en depending on henu i ional s ess and hes age o la al de elopmen inspecies we analysed. Sabolo á e al. [2016] lis ed anum- be o selec ed s e ols in a m insec s om Suma a Island and hese kep unde Eu opean condi ions. Insupe wo m om Suma a, heau ho s demons a ed s e ols con en a 1784.1mg/kg DM andin hese om Czech Republic a 1594.9mg/kg DM.These alues a e lowe han inou wo k, bu highe han hose de ec ed in hesame species byRamos- -Bueno e al. [2016], i.e. 185mg/kg DM.Di e en alues can becaused bynu i ion because choles e ol isno syn hesized de no o, bu hein ake isdependen on hecomposi ion anddose o  eed. Simila ac o s may in l uence hecholes e ol le els inmealwo m, inwhich Ramos-Bueno e al. [2016] de e mined choles e ol con en a 726mg/kg DM.In u n, Sabolo á e al. [2016] epo ed 669.4mg/kg DM o hesame species b ed inSuma a. These alues a e again lowe han inou wo k. Ekpo e al. [2009] e alua ed choles e ol con en in a s o  e mi es (Mac o e mes bellicosus) andca e pilla s (Imb a- sia Belina). They ound ou ha hea e age choles e ol con- en in hei lipid ac ion was up o 3.6%. Choles e ol con en inmealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) de- ec ed inou wo k iscompa able wi h some o he commodi- ies o animal o igin, e.g. lobs e (1460mg/kg). Supe wo m (Zophobas mo io) iscompa able o ca p (3540mg/kg), i.e. an animal commodi y conside ed a aluable sou ce o nu i- en s andli e (up o 3450mg/kg) [Velíšek, 2002; Venugopal & Gopakuma, 2017]. Incompa ison wi h o he commodi ies, hespecies had highe choles e ol le els han mos o  he oods o animal o igin. Choles e ol con en inmealwo m can becompa ed o bee allow, mayonnaise, andLobs e (no he n) andi isbe- ween he alues o bu e andwhole eggs [Velíšek, 2002; Venugopal & Gopakuma, 2017]. The ecommended die a y allowance o choles e ol consump ion is300mg/day o adul man [EFSA, 2010]. To achie e his le el, heamoun o e alua ed insec s ha would ha e o beconsumed is93g o supe wo m and224g o mealwo m. Howe e , i isas- sumed ha no mally such aquan i y isno consumed in hed ied s a e, as i isno expec ed o ala ge quan i y o eggs o beea en each day. To i ll heRDA (Recommended Die a y Allowances) when ea ing eggs, 75g o  hewhole egg (abou 1.5eggs day) isneeded. On heo he hand, heedible insec s analysed con ained phy os e ols (s igmas e ol andβ-si os e ol) (Table 3), which se e as choles e ol an agonis s, hus balancing hes e- ol le els. While compa ing hespecies, as a is ically sig- ni i can (p <0.01) di e ence was de ec ed o s igmas e ol andβ-si os e ol. Compa ed wi h hesamples om Suma- a, which we e analysed bySabolo á e al. [2016], hes ig- mas e ol con en was ound o beup o 4 imes highe . On hecon a y, Sabolo á e al. [2016] de ec ed no s igmas e ol in heedible insec s om heCzech Republic. In hecase o β-si os e ol in hemealwo m, hecon en de ec ed in his wo k was lowe han ha measu ed bySabolo á e al. [2016]. β-Si os e ol con en o  hesupe wo m measu ed bySabo- lo á e al. [2016] was lowe han hecon en de ec ed in his wo k a bo h si es o o igin. Ingene al, nu i ional alues may depend on eed andli ing condi ions [Ghosh e al., 2017]. E.g. Van B oekho en e al. [2015] demons a ed a a con en in he ange om 32.8 o 43.5%, depending on hemealwo m eed. Oonincx [2015] epo ed hein l uence o  eed on nu- i ional alues ( a , p o ein, a y acid p o i les, andselec ed mine als) unde hesame b eeding condi ions o  hesame species. Fo his eason, hes e ol con en can beassumed o a y depending on nu i ion andli ing condi ions. Al hough common commodi ies o plan o igin ha e ahighe o al phy os e ol con en , some commodi ies a e compa able in hei phy os e ols con en o edible insec s (e.g. co n oil 590mg/kg, palm oil 376-627mg/kg) [Velíšek, 2002]. Fo his eason, edible insec s may be ound compa able wi h commodi ies o plan o igin. Thecon en o s igmas e ol anges om 0% o 20% o all s e ols in ege able oils, while ha o β-si os e ol isup o 62% o all s e ols in hese com- modi ies [Velíšek, 2002]. When compa ing heamoun o cholecalci e ol, he al- ues a e compa able despi e hedi e ence in he o al con en o s e ols – 190μg/kg inmealwo m and199μg/kg insupe - wo m. Cholecalci e ol con en in heanalysed samples isa leas h ee o ou imes highe han ha o o he commodi- ies o animal o igin (excep o i sh), e.g. 3μg/kg inmea , 10-20μg/kg inbu e , and30-50μg/kg ineggs [Velíšek, 2002]. Acompa able con en o cholecalci e ol wi h heanalysed samples iss a ed byVelíšek [2002] o sea i sh (50–450μg/kg). Edible insec s can he e o e beagood sou ce o cholecalci - e ol andconsequen ly mee he ecommended daily dose o his compound. Inp ac ice, his means consuming app oxi- ma ely 25g o d ied mealwo m o supe wo m o co e he e- qui ed dose o cholecalci e ol. F om henu i ional poin o  iew, hep o i le o lipids and hecon en o indi idual a y acids isimpo an , as poin - ed ou by heWHO [Zielinská e al., 2015]. Table 4shows he a y acid p o i le o  he wo insec species, whe e hesu- pe wo m has ahighe sa u a ed a y acid con en o  he o al a y acid con en o mo e han 13% han mealwo m. This ma e ial is he e o e mo e ad an ageous in e ms o  echno- logical p ocessing. Howe e , d ied ma e ial om mealwo m, which has highe MUFA andPUFA con en s, ismo e sui able o p e en ci iliza ion diseases. TABLE 3. Con en o selec ed s e ols andcholecalci e ol ind y ma e o mealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) andsupe wo m (Zophobas mo io) la ae ed ad libi um. Compounds Teneb io moli o Zophobas mo io S igmas e ol (mg/kg) 18±6b44±12a β-Si os e ol (mg/kg) 171±20b414±37a Vi amin D3 (cholecalci e ol) (μg/kg) 190±20a199±25a a,b – means wi h di e en le e s in hesame ow a e signi i can ly di e en a p<0.01. Fa om Teneb ionidae Bugs 251 Di e ences in he a y acid p o i le agains o he au ho s in hemealwo m a e, o example, in hecon en o oleic acid, which was de e mined in his wo k byalmos 7% lowe han inRa zanaadii e al. [2012] andmo e han 13% han ha ound byTzompa-Sosa e al. [2014]. These au ho s epo ed also alowe pe cen age o linoleic acid – up o 8% han inou s udy. Insupe wo m, he e a e di e ences in he a y acid p o i le, o example, inoleic acid con en , whe e hedi e ence isup o 7% andinlinoleic acid con en – up o 4% agains he alue epo ed byFinke [2002]. Thesample was simila in alues o ha o Ba oso e al. [2014]. Di e ences be ween heabo e nu i ional alues in his wo k and heo he sou ces may bedue o di e en b eeding condi ions. Thecholes e ol-sa u a ed acid index was 36.6 o meal- wo m and59.5 o supe wo m. TheCSI alues o meal- wo m a e compa able o heCSI alue o goose andduck a , and o hesupe wo m hese alues co espond o hebo ine allow [Pánek e al., 2002]. Ramos-Bueno e al. [2016] anal- ysed a y acid p o i le andcholes e ol con en inse en insec species, andcalcula ed CSI om hese da a, which eached 27.5 o mealwo m and46.3 o supe wo m. These alues a e lowe han he alues calcula ed in hesamples analysed inou s udy. This may bedue o di e en eeds adminis e ed. TheAI, TI, andn-3:n-6 a io a e de e mined in a s o e alua e hei heal h e ec s. Thea he ogenic index was lowe inmealwo m han insupe wo m (Table 5). Asimila end was also ound in he h ombogenic index, which isalmos wice as low inmealwo m. TheAI, TI andn-3:n-6 a io we e calcula ed om a y acid p o i les o o he au ho s o enable compa ison ( Table5), TABLE 4. Fa y acid composi ion inmealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) andsupe wo m (Zophobas mo io) b ed in heCzech Republic (% o  o al a y acids). Fa y acid Zophobas mo io Teneb io moli o C12:0 0.1±0.00 0.2±0.03 C14:0 1.3±0.04 3.5±0.03 C16:0 32.3±0.01 18.6±0.08 C17:0 0.9±0.04 0.3±0.02 C18:0 8.2±0.10 6.7±0.46 C20:0 0.3±0.02 0.3±0.08 SFA sum 43.0 29.7 C16:1 (cis-9) 0.6±0.05 1.4±0.07 C18:1 (cis-9) 32.4±0.01 36.9±1.53 MUFA sum 33.0 38.3 C18:2 (cis-9.12) 23.4±0.15 30.9±1.08 C18:3 (cis-9.12.15) 0.6±0.01 1.1±0.03 PUFA sum 24.0 32.0 n-3sum 0.6 1.1 n-6sum 23.4 30.9 SFA – sa u a ed a y acids, MUFA – monousa u a ed a y acids, PUFA – polyunsa u a ed a y acids TABLE 5. A he ogenici y index (AI), h ombogenici y index (TI) andn-3:n-6 a io inmealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) andsupe wo m (Zophobas mo io) b ed in heCzech Republic wi h alues calcula ed om he a y acid p o i le measu ed byo he au ho s (% o  o al a y acids). S age O igin n-3:n-6 AI TI Re e ences Zophobas mo io La ae Czech Republic 0.027 0.7 1.4 This s udy La ae Spain 0.045 0.7 1.4 Ramos-Bueno e al. [2016] La ae USA 0.033 0.6 1.3 Finke [2002] La ae Spain 0.062 0.6 1.2 Ba oso e al. [2014] Teneb io moli o La ae Czech Republic 0.036 0.5 0.8 This s udy La ae Spain 0.05 0.4 0.5 Ramos-Bueno e al. [2016] La ae USA 0.04 0.4 0.6 Finke [2002] Adul USA 0.029 0.4 0.7 Finke [2002] La ae Republic o Ko ea 0.045 0.4 0.5 Ra zanaadii e al. [2012] Adul Republic o Ko ea 0.023 0.4 0.7 Ra zanaadii e al. [2012] La ae Spain 0.036 0.3 0.5 Sánches-Mu os e al. [2016] La ae Spain 0.036 0.3 0.5 Ba oso e al. [2014] No speci i ed Ne he lands 0.038 0.4 0.6 Tzompa-Sosa e al. [2014] La ae Poland 0.054 0.4 0.6 Zielińska e al. [2015] 252 J. Mlček e al. as heindices hemsel es ha e no ye been p esen ed in hea ailable li e a u e. TheAI andTI de e mined byo he au ho s we e lowe han inou wo k. AI inou esea ch was 0.7 o mealwo m, while i was 0.6acc. o bo h Finke [2002] andBa oso e al. [2014]. Fo supe wo m, hecalcula ed AI anged be ween 0.3and0.4 [Finke, 2002; Ra zanaadii e al., 2012; Sánchez-Mu os e al., 2016; Tzompa-Sosa e al., 2014; Zielińska e al., 2015]. Ou esul s we e sligh ly highe (0.5). Thesi ua ion was simila o TI.I calcula ed alues anged om 1.2 o 1.3 o mealwo m and om 0.5 o 0.7 o supe - wo m [Finke, 2002; Ba oso e al., 2014; Ra zanaadii e al., 2012; Sánchez-Mu os e al., 2016; Tzompa-Sosa e al., 2014; Zielińska e al., 2015]. Inou wo k, TI was again sligh ly high- e o bo h analysed species. Edible insec a can becompa ed o he a o bee o po k o o ege able ma ga ine [S ajić e al., 2011]. The h ombo- genic index o supe wo m (1.4) can becompa ed wi h hese a s again, bu he h ombogenic index o mealwo m issimila o ha o chicken mea a . Thecalcula ed a he ogenic index o  hep o i les epo ed byo he au ho s can becompa ed wi h polyunsa u a ed acids o ma ga ines, i s alue issimi- la o ha o oli e oil. Taking in o accoun he isk o ca dio- ascula disease, heconsump ion o  hemealwo m ismo e a ou able. Ano he impo an ac o desc ibing he isk o  heme a- bolic synd ome a ising om a consump ion is hee alua- ion o  he a io o n-3andn-6 a y acids, which, acco ding o WHO ecommenda ions should be1:2 o 1:6 [Mou ek & Mou ek, 2011; Ji ák & Zeman, 2007]. The eal n-3:n-6 a io isno mally 1:15in hedie o  heWes e n ci iliza ion, as e- po ed bySimopoulos [2002]. The a io de e mined o ou samples (Table 5) as well as o he alues calcula ed byo he au ho s ishighe han his. Al hough his a io isno oo a- o able o heconsump ion o edible insec a s, heo he pa ame e s obse ed in his wo k balance his d awback. TheScien i i c Opinion on Die a y Re e ence Values o a s, including sa u a ed a y acids, polyunsa u a ed a y ac- ids, monounsa u a ed a y acids, ans a y acids, andcho- les e ol [EFSA, 2010] does no men ion he ecommenda ion o n-6:n-3 a io. Acco ding o his ma e ial, linoleic acid in- ake should no all below 4% and ha o linolenic acid be- low 0.5% o  o al ene gy in ake. An a e age man wi h ligh wo k has a o al ene gy in ake o 10,000kJ andshould ecei e 400kJ o linoleic acid and50kJ o linolenic acid. Assum- ing an ene gy alue o 37.6812kJ/g, i ispossible o calcu- la e heamoun which isnecessa y o be aken in hedie , i.e. 10.6g o linoleic acid and1.3g linolenic acid. Theamoun o d y ma e om mealwo ms equi ed o co e heneed o linoleic acid pe day was calcula ed a 205g and ha need o co e o linolenic acid a 708g. In hecase o Zophobas mo io, he espec i e amoun o d y ma e is116g o linoleic acid and554g o linolenic acid. De ec ed con en s o linoleic acid (5.16g/100g DM) andlinolenic acid (0.18g/100g DM) o Teneb io moli o we e lowe han hese de e mined o Zophobas mo io (lin- oleic acid con en 9.15g/100g DM, linolenic acid con en 0.23g/100g DM). In hecase o d ied mea , hecon en o linoleic acid is1.02g/100g and ha o linolenic acid is0.39g/100g [Huis e al., 2013]. The e o e, o ecei e adaily dose o linoleic acid, up o 9 imes less d y ma e o supe wo m isneeded incompa ison o bee . On heo he hand, o linoleic acid, less d y mea isneeded han meal- wo m o supe wo m d y ma e . The e o e, ino de o mini- mise heweigh o  hed y ma e as anu i ional dose ( o example, inape son’s special die inplaces wi hou access o a egula die ), acombina ion o bo h commodi ies can be ecommended in hedie . CONCLUSIONS In his s udy, choles e ol, β-si os e ol, ands igmas e ol we e analysed in wo edible insec species: mealwo m (Tene- b io moli o ) andsupe wo m (Zophobas mo io). When ed ad libi um, supe wo m had ahighe con en o s e ols han meal- wo m. Du ing henu i ional s ess he e was as a is ically signi i can d op o  hecholes e ol con en inbo h species. This sugges s ha choles e ol le els could be egula ed ined- ible insec s byp ope nu i ion. Al hough ma e ial o  heani- mal o igin isanalysed, s e ols o plan o igin (β-si os e ol, s igmas e ol) ha e been de ec ed. Fo his eason, i ispossi- ble o assume ha bo h species could se e as asou ce o cho- les e ol (zoos e ol) andphy os e ols simul aneously ( wo inone). Fu he analysis p o ed asigni i can con en o cho- lecalci e ol, which was hesame o bo h species, al hough he a con en di e ed. Ano he bene i is helowe weigh o d y ma e necessa y o consume o co e hedaily dose o linoleic acid compa ed o d ied bee . Thelinoleic acid con- en o mealwo m (30.9g/100g) o supe wo m (23.4g/100g) iscompa able wi h, o example, chicken la d, po k la d o goose la d. Based on helegaliza ion o edible insec s as ano el ood inEu ope since 2018, i isno ap oblem o include his com- modi y in hedie bo h in hehidden o m (d y ma e o ood o i i ca ion) andin he isible o m as an expe ience ood. RESEARCH FUNDING This esea ch was suppo ed by hein e nal g an o TBU inZlín [No. IGA/FT/2019/004] andp ojec BUT inB no [No. FEKT S-17–3934]. CONFLICTS OFINTEREST Theau ho s decla e no con l ic o in e es . REFERENCES 1. Adámko á, A., Kouřimská, L., Bo ko co á, M., Kulma, M., Mlček, J. (2016). Nu i ional alues o edible Coleop e a (Tene- b io moli o , Zophobas mo io andAlphi obius diape inus) ea ed in heCzech Republic. Po a ina s o Slo ak Jou nal o Food Sci- ences, 10(1), 663–671. 2. Adámko á, A. (2017). Nu i ional analysis andop imiza ion o  ea ing o selec ed species o edible insec s unde condi ions o  heCzech Republic wi h ega d o human heal h, disse a ion heses. P ague, Czech Republic: Czech Uni e si y o Li e Sci- ences P ague, p.108. 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