The state of consumer co-operatives: a bottom-up approach

Revesco. (128) 2018 1 ARTÍCULOS REVESCO. Revista de Estudios Cooperativos ISSN: 1885-8031 http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/REVE.60734 El Estado de las Cooperativas de Consumo: un enfoque de abajo hacia arriba Macarena Pérez-Suárez 1 y Juan Antonio Márquez Domínguez 2 Recibido: 14 de octubre de 2017 / Aceptado: 25 de mayo de 2018 Resumen. Este trabajo parte de la duda sobre la continuidad y el futuro de las cooperativas de consumo. Para ello, realiza un análisis estadístico de la evolución de la Economía Social y sitúa, dentro del contexto VICA, a las cooperativas de consumo, con una perspectiva escalar que permite tener una visión territorial de Andalucía, España y Europa. Apoyado en el método científico inductivo (análisis descriptivo), la investigación traza la evolución y la situación actual de las cooperativas de consumo, abriendo un debate sobre el estrenado decrecimiento de estas empresas de Economía Social. Las principales derivaciones señalan una situación crítica y una desvinculación del ámbito local. Sin embargo, fuera del cuantitativismo, en las redes sociales, se observa un fortalecimiento de los valores del cooperativismo de consumo que podría abrir una nueva vía de crecimiento. Palabras clave: Economía Social; Cooperativas de consumo; Territorio. Claves Econlit: M21; P13; R12. [en] The state of consumer co-operatives: a bottom-up approach Abstract. This paper starts from the doubt about the continuity and the future of the consumer cooperatives. To do this, it carries out a statistical analysis of the evolution of the Social Economy and situates, within the VICA context, the consumer cooperatives, with a scalar perspective that allows having a territorial view of Andalusia, Spain and Europe. Based on the scientific inductive method (descriptive analysis), the research describes the evolution and the current situation of the consumer cooperatives, opening a debate about the first decline of these enterprises of Social Economy. The main conclusions show a critical situation and a disconnection from the local scope. However, outside of quantitative, in social networks there is a strengthening of the values of consumer co-operatives that could open a new path of growth. Keywords: Social Economy; Consumer cooperatives; Territory. Summary. 1. Introduction. 2. The framework of theory, hypothesis and methodology. 3. Results and Discussion. 4. Conclusions and Implications. 5. References. _____________ 1 Universidad de Sevilla, España Dirección de correo electrónico: mper[email protected] 2 Universidad de Huelva, España Dirección de correo electrónico: [email protected] 2 Pérez-Suárez, M. y Márquez Domínguez, J.A. Revesco (128) 2018 1. Introduction The origins of the Social Economy in Spain date from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century with the cooperative movement, when the first consumer cooperative was founded in 1865 (Medina-Albaladejo and Pujol-Andreu, 2014). Since then, these enterprises are represented by two main interest groups: the consumer partners and the work partners. On the scientific level, we find an extensive academic work about co-operatives as an economic activity (Chloupkova, 2002, Monzon, 2003, Monzon, 2016) or as a consumer organization (Raccanello, 2012, Medina-Albaladejo and Pujol-Andreu, 2014). Both views reveal critical premises about the evolution of consumer cooperatives in Europe (Brazda and Schediwy, 2003) and some descriptive observations of emerging consumer co-operatives (Delgado et al., 2010). In general, and according to Monzon (2016:10), "for almost 200 years co-operatives are part of the research agenda of the different schools of thought (...) a continuous research thread focused on co-operatives has been developed, much broader and of great intellectual category". On the other hand, as Marquez (2004) points out, in the mid-1960s consumer co-operatives emerged in Andalusia because of the need for alleviate the high prices of some basic necessities, especially the bread, and to battle the effects of the rural exodus of the 1950s. Thus, the first consumer co-operatives that appeared in the region dedicated their activity to the production and distribution of bakery items, as happened at the end of the fifties in the provinces of Jaen and Huelva. Subsequently, Andalusian consumer co-operatives marketed other household goods. In the 1960s, the region experienced a high moment in the birth of consumer cooperatives, an example of which is the Consumer Cooperative called Virgen de las Mercedes in the town of Bollullos del Condado (Huelva) founded in 1964. After this, consumer co-operatives were not able to establish themselves in the big cities, as it happened on the national level, which, in Andalusia, linked the consumer co-operatives to the rural environment, enhancing the local roots of these organizations. Over time, cooperative associations resulted in the creation in 1990 of the Federation of Andalusian Co-operatives of Consumers and Users. In the last ten years, this entity has been battling the continued disappearance of consumer cooperatives, which must face the great commercial platforms and the weakness of the Andalusian cooperative movement, induced by certain sociological reasons and the crisis of collective values. At national level, the business model of the consumer cooperative in Spain is defended by Fernando Garrido Tortosa (1821-1883), a disciple of French consumer co-operatives. The ideas of French co-operatives of consumption spread in territories like Catalonia, Valencia and Madrid with the first co-operatives of consumer concealed. The cooperative called Económica Palafrugellense was founded in Girona in 1865 (Sanchis J. and Revuelto L., 1995), as the most emblematic consumer cooperative, among the Spanish pioneers. Certainly, during the first four decades of the twentieth century, consumer co-operatives experienced a boom period, acquiring land on which they built their social premises. After the Civil War, many of these organizations were intervened and damaged by the Cooperatives Act of 1942. Since then, experts have argued that this business fabric Pérez-Suárez, M. y Márquez Domínguez, J.A. Revesco (128) 2018 3 has not been able to recover in a country characterized by fragmented cooperatives, where consumer co-operatives are ridiculous in big cities. Evidence of this, according to Medina-Albaladejo F.J. and Pujol-Andreu (2014), is the late emergence of intercooperative institutions as well as these only emergences in some regions. Currently, talk about consumer co-operatives in Spain is talk about the company Eroski because its growth marks the global evolution of the sector in the last decade (Faura, 2002), shows that it is as "in 2003 represented 98% of Points of sale of Spanish food distribution co-operatives and 95% of the total points of sale of consumer cooperatives" (Marquez, 2004:39). In the words of Sanchis and Revuelto (1995), the Spanish sector of consumer co-operatives is characterized by a high degree of geographical concentration, among other factors, as a small dimension represented by the scarce presence of large areas and a small number of establishments per society; the low level of investment destined to the expansion and / or diversification; the limited level of management training; and a meager level of commercial equipment. For its part, Marquez (2004) identifies a marked dual configuration in the national profile: a group of large and experienced consumer co-operatives positioned in the local market, and a group of young and small consumer co-operatives in new sectors of activity. This is compounded by the loss of cooperative values and the low participation of consumer partners in corporate bodies. In the European context, it is curious how "most of the consumer co-operatives prior to 1885 were founded «from above», that is, under the patronage of people from the social elite of the moment" (Brazda and Schediwy, 2003:109). Time has passed and, in general, the European political agenda has given some attention to co-operatives (Monzon, 2016). In the last years, the European Social Economy constitutes, according to Chaves R., Monzon J.L. and Zaragoza (2013:24), "a wide reality, both in human and economic terms (...) the labor force has increased in a sustained way throughout the last decade, from employing 11,000,000 people in 2002-2003 to 14,500,000 people 7 years later.” In this context, according to Faura (2002:16), "the business development of Spanish co-operatives stands out in the European context because it is the one with the greatest growth (...) although the dominance position is much greater in other countries". At present, in order to know the role and value of cooperative societies within the set of Social Economy on Andalusia and Spain, we show the following general data. The graph shows the evolution of co-operatives constituted in Spain in the period from 2010 to 2014, in which there is a slight decrease in 2011, to the explanatory increase in 2012 and thereafter. Thus, we can observe an irregular trend in what is explained by Clemente, Diaz and Marcuello (2008:51). After "to appreciate that the previous literature showed the increasing evolution of both data related to co-operatives (...) this work shows that, as of 2003, there is a change of trend, reducing in the last years of the studied period the number of co-operatives and workers, as well as the items in the profit and loss account. 4 Pérez-Suárez, M. y Márquez Domínguez, J.A. Revesco (128) 2018 Figure. 1. Number of newly created co-operatives in Spain. 0 500 1000 1500 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Source: Own elaboration based on data from the Ministry of Employment and Social Security, Social Economy. Following the analysis of the new co-operatives registered in the period 2010- 2014 in Spain, attention is paid to territorial dissociation. According to the following table, the Andalusian community leads the national ranking followed by the Basque Country and the Valencian Community, while occupying the lowest positions La Rioja and Asturias. It can be seen that in 2012 most of the Autonomous Communities experienced a considerable fall in the number of partners, which may be the cause of the widespread economic crisis and the unquestionable competitiveness of large hypermarkets. At the end of the period analyzed with respect to the beginning, it is observed that the total number of members decreases, while in contrast, the total number of co-operatives is up. Regarding the number of co-operatives constituted it is noticed that it increases in the majority of autonomous communities, except Catalonia, Navarre, Extremadura and Basque Country that decrease. In the total calculation, and at the end of the period consulted, a positive balance is registered with an increase of 206 incorporated cooperatives. Table. 1. Constitution Co-operatives by Regions of Spain for the period 2010-2014. Regions 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 No. Coop. No. Members No. Coop. No. Members No. Coop. No. Members No. Coop. No. Members No. Coop. No. Members Andalucía 173 902 154 1395 168 781 230 939 284 1164 Aragón 45 299 59 305 32 118 28 379 37 163 Asturias 7 30 10 62 5 17 14 114 14 55 Baleares 17 112 15 179 6 34 17 107 17 75 Canarias 11 80 14 47 3 16 10 39 19 84 Cantabria 2 27 5 15 4 28 7 39 16 53 Castilla- Mancha 16 106 5 16 20 127 25 2327 32 123 Castilla- 52 5501 31 347 35 178 28 123 36 149 Pérez-Suárez, M. y Márquez Domínguez, J.A. Revesco (128) 2018 5 León Cataluña 115 490 113 1598 147 644 148 599 118 1189 C.Valenciana 104 480 93 369 97 357 123 434 132 391 Extremadura 17 102 19 121 22 195 33 78 29 287 Galicia 41 1534 47 851 51 515 60 417 69 501 Madrid 135 1081 109 684 83 637 86 412 108 710 Murcia 137 504 82 321 80 341 86 287 132 424 Navarra 18 143 16 224 16 135 33 142 23 100 P. Vasco 161 659 150 639 200 1621 196 805 193 717 Rioja 11 41 13 80 11 98 9 70 9 25 Source: Own elaboration based on data from the Ministry of Employment and Social Security, Social Economy. The following graph shows the Spanish autonomous communities with the highest number of co-operatives registered in the period from 2010 to 2014. The most dynamic regions in the creation of cooperative societies are Andalusia, the Basque Country, Catalonia, Valencia and Madrid. The contribution of each of the regions is reflected; at the same time that we notice that the contribution of Andalusia in the national set is remarkable. Figure. 2. Autonomous regions with the highest number of co-operatives registered in the period 2010-2014. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Andalucía P. Vasco Cataluña Valencia Madrid Source: Own elaboration based on data from the Ministry of Employment and Social Security, Social Economy. In Andalusia, the province of Seville stands out as it leads the sector in terms of co-operatives registered from 2010 to 2013, being surpassed in 2014 by the province of Malaga, which occupies the second position during the period under 6 Pérez-Suárez, M. y Márquez Domínguez, J.A. Revesco (128) 2018 analysis. The progress, in general, indicates an increase in the number of cooperatives in the Andalusian community. According to the number of registered members, Seville is the province with the largest number of partners, followed, again, Malaga and Granada, as a whole the trend is increasing. A fact that stands out, even more, in the period of crisis that Cardenete et al. (2017:52) said the crisis has not meant improving the position of the andalusian economy. When conducting a comparative analysis between Spain and Andalusia in the period 2010-2014, the leadership of the Andalusian cooperative is observed, since Andalusia has about 4000 cooperative societies of which approximately 80% are labor co-operatives that give direct employment to more of 59000 people. While in Spain the co-operatives are formed by around 22000 companies that employ 300000 people. In relation to the economic importance of the Social Economy, Chaves, Monzon and Zaragoza (2013:22) point out that Spain is the first country to approve a Law of Social Economy and that "the gross added value of the whole Social Economy in relation to GDP was in 2008 of 2.47 percent, providing direct employment to 1,243,596 people in 200858 entities.” Recently, Official Sources of the Public Administration-Ministry of Employment and Social Security indicated that the sector in Spain is linked to the economic recovery, with a weight that represents 10% of GDP 3 and whose number of jobs agglutinates More than 2 million people 4 . The importance of the cooperative movement is confirmed by Monzon (2016), who from data from the EPA 5 and the Ministry of Labor, states that in the harder periods of the crisis, from 2009 to 2013, the employment fell 18,5% in private sector, while in the cooperative sector was 8%, ten points less 6 . One measure linked to this result is the current Program of Promotion and Promotion of the Social Economy 2015-2016 of Spain, whose objective is to develop the sector based on four axes: Creation and strengthening of Social Economy entities through new instruments of Financial support for membership; Review and update of the legal framework - greater legal security-; Support for internationalization and innovation and the Operational Program for Social Inclusion and the Social Economy endowed with almost 1.1 billion Euros in total investment from the European Social Fund. _____________ 3 Source: http://www.cepes.es/social/estadisticas 4 Source: http://www.empleo.gob.es/es/sec_trabajo/autonomos/economia-soc/noticias/ 5 Source: Encuesta de Población Activa (EPA) http://www.ine.es/prensa/epa_tabla.htm 6 Source: http://elpais.com/elpais/2016/09/02/media/1472834142_462203.html Pérez-Suárez, M. y Márquez Domínguez, J.A. Revesco (128) 2018 7 Figure. 3. Evolution of the Number of Cooperative Societies in Andalusia and in the rest of Spain. 0 500 1000 1500 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 España Andalucía Source: Own elaboration based on data from the Ministry of Employment and Social Security, Social Economy. In Andalusia, in relation to the impulse of consumer cooperatives, the Andalusian Federation of Consumer and User Co-operatives -FEDECCON- is operating, which is a non-profit organization that groups 63 Co-operatives of Consumption. Fedeccon groups together around 50,000 consumer partners and invoices more than 120 million Euros, mainly in the food distribution and planning sectors. At the national level, HISPACOP, the Spanish Confederation of Consumer and User Cooperatives, groups a total of 128 consumer co-operatives representing more than 2,800,000 consumer partners, more than 59,000 workers and a turnover of more than 10.2 billion Euros 7 . Thirdly, at European level, the EURO COOP 8 , created in 1957, groups together 28 European organizations representing 75 million members -Germany, Belgium, Denmark, France, Holland, England, Italy and Luxembourgwith an annual turnover of 50 Billions of Euros. Again, an expert on the benefits of the cooperative model explained "that consumer co-operatives are more active than ever, working and collaborating through e-commerce 9 ". Today, another example of the key role of this economic sector is the resolution adopted by European Parliament on 19 January 2017 as "a European pillar of social rights", in which it is considered essential that companies have a responsible behavior like social enterprises because, "they provide a good example when creating quality employment, support social inclusion and promote a participatory economy (...) make the labor market more inclusive, and support the Use of social criteria in public procurement". According to Diaz and Marcuello (2012:155), _____________ 7 Source: http://www.consumoresponde.es/art%C3%ADculos/las_cooperativas_de_consumo 8 Source: http://www.eurocoop.coop/ 9 Source: http://monitor.coop/es/media/news/noticias-de-los-sectores-las-cooperativas-de-consumo Spain 8 Pérez-Suárez, M. y Márquez Domínguez, J.A. Revesco (128) 2018 social enterprises "are formed to meet the needs of a particular group of members through business activities. Thus, the promoters would be a group of citizens and the activities carried out would be productive and commercial activities aimed at providing specific goods and services: energy, finance, food... Among the organizational models that would be included in this model would be some consumer cooperatives, credit cooperatives, worker co-operatives or associations". From these words, it is clear that cooperatives, particularly consumer cooperatives, are not considered social enterprises. Although, on the other hand, "concrete examples are currently appearing that develop in a practical way the social markets (...) spaces where the different paths that share responsible consumption as a fundamental objective in their organic development converge and that wish to carry out a shared work, managed under criteria of cooperative of services" (Diaz and Marcuello, 2012: 160-161). As well as, the term "Social Economy" notorious in the European Union "results from a broad conception of the third sector that includes mainly cooperatives, mutual societies, associations, foundations and other socially oriented enterprises" (Chaves and Zimmer, 2017:4). No doubt, a partial nuance so far. However, the Social Economy sector must face a number of challenges. According to Monzon (2012:16), the global economy poses challenges of a double nature to co-operatives: first, "from a microeconomic and entrepreneurial perspective, co-operatives need to develop competitive strategies that allow them to generate competitive advantages”, second "From an institutional perspective, social utility, the social added value of cooperatives, can only be maintained to the extent that they are able to preserve cooperative values and principles in their behavior." This premise is shared by Raccanello (2012:5) when he states that "the permanent challenge imposed on consumer cooperatives, and the cooperative movement, is their integrity." In a VICA context -of volatility, uncertainty, complexity, ambiguityresearch on consumer co-operatives aims, from theory, to establish a hypothesis, methodology and results. This theoretical framework is supported by a more detailed analysis in Andalusia, Spain and Europe, which allows drawing conclusions and socioeconomic implications for a debate on the future of consumer cooperatives. 2. The framework of theory, hypothesis and methodology The content of this work is based on the topic of study: «consumer cooperatives», on the basis of which, immediately, the references examined are collected. However, it should be noted that several authors link the "life cycle theory of the cooperative enterprise" directly with the development process of consumer cooperatives (Brazda and Schediwy, 2003; Medina-Albaladejo and Pujol-Andreu, 2014). As well, the topic of study is directly linked to social networks with reference to the exchange of use value and even social values (Pérez and Carrillo, 2000; Alburquerque, 2006). A consumer cooperative is defined as an entity that "distributes goods and services for personal and household use and consumption to its members under satisfactory conditions of price, quality, measure or opportunity" (Kaplan de Pérez-Suárez, M. y Márquez Domínguez, J.A. Revesco (128) 2018 9 Drimer and Drimer, 1975:198). This definition is marked by two particularities: the marked tendency to "carry out important processes of rationalization, concentration and coordination of its activities" (Kaplan de Drimer and Drimer, 1975:201) and the change of paradigm in the "first decade of the 21st century, the processes of concentration, at multinational level, led to the gradual elimination of the productive and associative forms deeply rooted in history and in the territory (...) it follows that the objective of these aim of making the consumer a major player in the market implies a long-term vision" (Kaplan de Drimer and Drimer, 1975:204). Table. 2. Review of Literature. Time Authors The Main Premises 1978 Saez The future is more prosperous to co-operatives than to other types of movements. 1995 Sanchis & Revuelto The development of consumer co-operatives has been heterogeneous in Europe. There is no homogeneous cooperative movement in integration processes. 1997 Revuelto & Marche In the case of retail trade, the Life Cycle Theory of the cooperative enterprise is exposed. 2003 Brazda & Schediwy During the twentieth century, the cooperative consumption movement has disappeared for economic reasons and deteriorated classic consumption. Companies have a tendency to reduce the "associations" aspect in favor of business profit for several reasons: increasing competition in the retail sector; The obstacles to the traditional distribution of the dividend; The lack of attention to the first sectored losses; The direct linkage to the traditional culture of the labor movement; Organizational tensions; Unfair competition in the sector; And the fatigue of partners and representatives. Monzon Consumer co-operatives group their members as "users" of goods and / or services supplied by the company they constitute for this purpose. 2012 Campos- Climent & Sanchis Consumer co-operatives can be positioned in a market segment characterized by the supply of products originating from cooperative production companies, products with a designation of origin, indigenous and with a marked ecological or natural character. Raccanello Consumer co-operatives have weakened its ability to commend the entrepreneurship and associations. Consumer co-operatives have deteriorated over time. The efficient consumer cooperative will maximize the "net consumer surplus" (Enke's Howarth Principle (1945), which responds to the surplus distributed among partners in proportion to their purchases). Vidal Corporate communication and structured dialogue with its stakeholders are an integral and key part of the management of any consumer cooperative. 16 Pérez-Suárez, M. y Márquez Domínguez, J.A. Revesco (128) 2018 In summary, in Europe consumer co-operatives are active on a regular basis over time. On the basis of the empirical demonstrations shown, it seems that this type of social enterprise will disappear in some European countries, while concentrating on another minority group. 4. Conclusions and implications The empirical conclusions are diverse. The main contribution has been to present, through a scaled-up approach, the real and territorial state of the business fabric of consumer cooperatives. In this sense, research constitutes an advance in the still scarce empirical research on certain Social Economy´s enterprises, the consumer cooperatives. The results obtained confirm the hypothesis put forward. That is, when the evolution and the low significance of the consumer co-operatives intuited its disappearance, in a context of crisis, the consumer co-operatives have been maintained and their alternative values to capitalist enterprises are being driven in social networks. In addition, the behavior of consumer co-operatives responds to an upward reply at the territorial level, a behavior that presents similarities from the local to the global. In particular, there is a current territorial analogy in the case of Spain and in the case of Andalusia, because in both cases the consumer co-operatives disappear over time and, within the total of active co-operatives in each territory, the consumer co-operatives are not relevant in any case. About the quantitative treatment of the evolution of the cooperative societies in the period 2010-2014, of Spain and Andalusia, we emphasize that the cooperative company in Spain registers growth. This fact is significant in a situation of full crisis, especially in the Andalusian community that co-operatives have a relevant role within the Social Economy. Although the official data sources present clear limitations (Calderon and Calderon, 2012:31), the analysis carried out is a starting point, with a more developed statistical analysis research with an expanded hypothesis contrast. It is shared with Medina-Albaladejo and Pujol-Andreu (2014:24) that from "our research, although still very general, several hypotheses emerge. The first is that consumer co-operatives in Spain had less impact than in other societies in Western Europe (...) because of the scarce attention paid by public institutions to such associations, of the country's poor industrial development, and of the deep division of the cooperative movement in different ideological groups, little related among them. The second hypothesis is that consumer co-operatives contributed significantly to the nutritional transition in two ways: they facilitated more stable and quality access to staple foods and helped spread more diversified diets with the commercialization of new products". As Kaplan de Drimer and Drimer (1975:72) visionarily pointed out, "consumer co-operatives must develop indefinitely to encompass the entire economic-social organization". This work can have positive repercussions, since it raises the evolution of consumer co-operatives as an alternative strategy to the purely business system and Pérez-Suárez, M. y Márquez Domínguez, J.A. Revesco (128) 2018 17 also bets on the values of cooperative associations and its relation to the territories (Faura and Udina, 2004). All this has not gone unnoticed in the European Union, which is betting on the Social Economy, with special attention to the cooperative environment in the European Commission's 2020 Strategy (Monzon and Chaves, 2012). For the academic field, new horizons are opened up because to this descriptive investigation of global and current scope it can be added other concerns and more detailed investigations on the prices of purchase and sale, the socioeconomic characteristics of the associates and leaders of the consumer cooperatives, or the linking of these enterprises to the nascent collaborative consumption (real sharing movement 10 ) and / or Startups. 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