Optimising workflows and proposal of a standard in surveying of deco- rative heritage elements (The Royal Alcazar of Seville, Spain)

http://disegnarecon.univaq.it volume 16/ n. 30 - October 2023 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.1 Joaquín Aguilar-Camacho PhD, engineer and professor at the Department of Graphic Engineering at the University of Seville (Spain). His research focuses on the optimisation of techniques for the graphic registration and survey of historical heritage elements and the evaluation of positional accuracy on historical city maps. Image Author 1 (300dpi, 3cmx3cm) Optimising workflows and proposal of a standard in surveying of decorative heritage elements (The Royal Alcazar of Seville, Spain) This research is the result of two multidisciplinary projects funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities: for the development and evaluation of models of durability and preventive conservation of the plasterwork panels located in The Royal Alcázar of Seville (RAS); and for the optimisation of workflows and proposal of standards in heritage 3D graphic surveys. The development of a durability model in decorative plasterwork panels with marked relief geometries requires, as a previous step, the quantification of the relationship between their spatial and projected areas (established as the Relief Surface Coefficient, RSC), based on accurate three-dimensional models. The main purpose of this coefficient is to provide, from the 2D surface of these elements, a parameter of easy quantification and sufficient accuracy that allows approximation, with a known deviation, of the true cost of the application on these elements of certain Keywords: handheld scan; historical plasterwork; standardisation; 3d models; relief surface coefficient (RSC) Gabriel Granado-Castro Ph.D. and full professor at the Graphic Engineering Department at the University of Seville. His teaching and research interests are in survey/ topography and cartography and the representation of architectural heritage. His main areas of research are: maps of the city of Cádiz (Spain) in the Modern Age and the work of military engineers in the representation of territory. Image Author 2 (300dpi, 3cmx3cm) José Antonio Barrera Vera Geographer and Building Engineer. Full professor at Graphic Engineering Department, University of Seville (Spain). GIS, HBIM and surveying researcher. Image Author 3 (300dpi, 3cmx3cm) conservation and maintenance treatments. In its procurement, the search for a balance between accuracy, data capture process, and post-pro- cessing times has enabled the optimisation of the associated workflows and the adoption of a standard of scan resolution to obtain the RSC with low deviations in relief geometries. In order to obtain a high-precision 3D model of the plasterwork panels analysed, the EinScan Pro 2X Plus handheld multifunctional scanner from the Shining 3D company has been employed, which uses an LED light-emitting source. The preliminary work, carried out in a laboratory on a panel of decorative plasterwork (842x394 mm) and subsequently tested on other decorative plasterwork panels located at RAS, has enabled the exhaustive evaluation and optimisation of settings for the standardisation of surveying parameters and workflows associated with obtaining the RSC coefficient. 1.2 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON GRANADO-CASTRO - AGUILAR-CAMACHO - BARRERA-VERA http://disegnarecon.univaq.it Optimizing workflows and proposal of a standard in surveying of decorative heritage elements (The Royal Alcázar of Seville, Spain) ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGEvolume 16/ n. 30 - October 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Durability model and preventive conservation in the plasterwork of the Palace of Pedro I (Royal Alcazar of Seville) The Royal Alcazar of Seville (RAS) is a palatial and military complex that results from various cultures and artistic trends throughout history. It integrates a great variety of materials and styles of singular compositional richness in its buildings, thereby earning its inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Among the buildings that make up the RAS, the Mudejar Palace (1356-1366), also known as the Palace of Pedro I, is considered one of the most relevant Mudejar masterpiece on the Iberian Peninsula (Cómez Ramos, 2008). It houses a rich collection of wall cladding from different periods, among which the plasterwork with predominantly geometric motifs, which are repeated over and over again to form large decorative panels on ceilings, walls, and arches (there are more than 2500 m2 of plasterwork distributed on the ground floor of the palace), is of major interest. The plasterwork that decorates the Palace of Pedro I covers a chronology (14th to 20th centuries) and an origin as wide as it is disparate, all presenting an aesthetic inspired by the Islamic period. A representative sample of typologies is located in the famous Patio de las Doncellas (Calero-Castil- lo et al., 2016), one of the most important spaces in palace life (Figure 1). The composition of this plasterwork is the result of the combination of four ornamental motifs: vegetation in atauriques, inspired by acanthus leaves; geometric figures in latticework, forming polygons and stars; Islamic inscriptions, in Kufic and Naskh writing; and heraldic shields from the reign of Pedro I. Although the state of conservation of the plasterwork in the Mudejar Palace is generally good (Blasco López et al., 2012), in recent years there have been occasional detachments in various elements of this plasterwork (Campos de Alvear, 2020) due to the existence of local pathologies (Figure 2), leading to the development of a program of actions for its maintenance, conservation, and restoration. Within the program of actions, a multidisciplinary project is framed whose main objective involves the development and evaluation of durability and preventive conservation models for the plasterwork panels located in the palatial complex of the RAS (Torres-González et al., 2022), financed by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities. 1.2. Relief Surface Coefficient (RSC) Fig. 1 - Patio de las Doncellas. Palace of Pedro I. Real Alcazar of Seville (Authors’ own). Fig. 2 - Pathologies in the plasterwork frieze of the Patio de las Doncellas (Campos de Alvear, 2020, p. 83) The Relief Surface Coefficient (RSC) has been specifically postulated in this project by the authors, since, to the best of our knowledge, no other similar references exist in the literature. This coefficient is established for pseudoplanar spatial geometries, in which one of its dimensions is negligible compared to the other two. It Fig. 3 - Relationship between spatial and flat surface of a decorative coating through the RSC coefficient (Authors’ own). 1.3 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON GRANADO-CASTRO - AGUILAR-CAMACHO - BARRERA-VERA http://disegnarecon.univaq.it Optimizing workflows and proposal of a standard in surveying of decorative heritage elements (The Royal Alcázar of Seville, Spain) ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGEvolume 16/ n. 30 - October 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.1 is defined as the relationship between the spatial area of a decorative wall cladding, obtained from the surface of the irregular triangles mesh that discretise its geometry in a 3D model, and its flat area, the result of projecting the spatial surface on a plane parallel to its two main dimensions (Figure 3). The calculation of this coefficient is highly useful for scientific reading prior to conservation and maintenance interventions in certain heritage elements in which their geometry is predominantly flat, but which present abundant decorative motifs in relief. A clear example of the contribution In addition to plasterwork, the calculation of the RSC can also be very useful in the preventive conservation of other heritage elements that are richly ornamented with relief motifs: doors and ceilings in carved wood and wall surfaces of ceramic pieces with relief compositions (Figure 4). This coefficient may also be of interest for application in other fields of study, although now there are no references in the literature. 2. BACKGROUND 2.1. Statement of the problem This research has been developed within the framework of the project: ‘Optimisation of workflows and proposal of standards in heritage 3D graphic surveys’ (3D4HERITAGE), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities. Its main objective is to evaluate the optimisation of the workflows associated with the calculation of the RSC in heritage elements endowed with a rich ornamentation in relief. The search for optimisation has been achieved by developing a working procedure that balances the level of deviation (accuracy), with which it is possible to determine the RSC, and the simplification of the necessary data capture-post-processing flows. In this way, the established procedure enables the workflow to be optimised according to the expected level of deviation of the RSC, thereby linking this level with threshold values of certain parameters that are postulated as a standard. In order to achieve the main objective of this research, it is necessary to start from a hyper-re- alistic digital model of high accuracy, obtained with non-destructive techniques and respectful of the integrity and nature of the element. To obtain this type of model, there are currently two technical solutions with sufficiently contrasted results: multi-image photogrammetry, based on photographic sequences (SfM, Structure from Motion); and scanners, with laser or LED technology. With relative simplicity, both solutions enable 3D models to be obtained with a sufficient level of detail and accuracy, thereby preserving the integrity and of the RSC to the conservation and maintenance of heritage elements is given by the plasterwork that decorates hundreds of metres of wall surfaces or friezes of the Mudejar Palace, in the RAS. Its main purpose is to provide, from the 2D surface of these elements, a parameter of easy quantification and sufficient accuracy that allows approximation, with a known deviation, of the true cost of the application on these elements of certain conservation and maintenance treatments: cleaning of dust and dirt; recovery and fixation of polychromes; removal of moisture stains and vandal graffiti; improvement of cohesion and stabilisation of gypsum; layers of protection, etc. Fig. 4 - Detail of ornamentation in relief on a carved wooden door in the Palace of Pedro I (RAS) (Authors’ own). 1.4 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON GRANADO-CASTRO - AGUILAR-CAMACHO - BARRERA-VERA http://disegnarecon.univaq.it Optimizing workflows and proposal of a standard in surveying of decorative heritage elements (The Royal Alcázar of Seville, Spain) ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGEvolume 16/ n. 30 - October 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.1 security of the digitised element. The benefits and limitations of each technology are widely debated in the literature (Remondino, 2011; Verdiani, 2019). There is a broad consensus that the photorealistic quality of textures is superior in photogrammetric models, which are also associated with a lower cost of technology and longer times in workflows compared to scanners. The latter are attributed a more precise definition in complex geometries and reflective surfaces. However, the true usefulness of each technology really lies in the purpose and conditions of development of the work itself. The preliminary work carried out in this research confirms that, for the case study analysed, the choice of one or the other technology is not decisive in the levels of deviation associated with the calculation of the RSC. However, the significant reduction in time observed in scanner workflows, particularly in data post-processing, is indeed decisive for the optimisation of the process associated with its calculation. 2.2. Literature review As stated in the 3D4HERITAGE memory project, which constitutes the framework of this paper, 3D scanning techniques have advanced exponentially in recent years. This rapid evolution has been clearly registered in the different meetings such as “Computer applications & Quantitative Methods in Archaeology (CAA)”, “International Conference on Metrology for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage (IMEKO)”, and “CIPA Heritage Documentation”, whose papers focus on 3D digitalisation and have undergone an extraordinary increase in the last decade. Most of these papers are oriented towards the documentation of a heritage artifact by using advanced technology and show the results obtained (Angelo et al., 2022; McPherron et al., 2009). These results are usually outstanding compared to a traditional simplified geometric reconstruction (Selvaggi et al., 2018). Furthermore, many studies can be found that compare different technologies, such as photogrammetry, Lidar, and other kinds of scanners (Cui et al., 2021). However, it is difficult to find scientific papers where protocols and standards are proposed by experimenting with multiple workflows in order to establish or recommend the ideal procedure to obtain the resolution and accuracy that the purpose of the study demands. International standards, such as ISO-5178, ISO- 1101, and ECMA-363, are extremely useful for the setting of syntax and semantics but no ISO standards yet define those workflows and accuracy that are necessary for explicit purposes such as our RSC. The European Commission’s Expert Group on Digital Cultural Heritage and Europeana has developed a list of “Basic principles and tips for 3D digitisation of tangible cultural heritage” that determines the minimum quality needed, by identifying the different versions and formats needed for the different use cases targeted, planning for long-term preservation of all data acquired, and following standards and best practices. Among these practices lie Item 8: “Use the right equipment, methods and workflows”, but it is so general that it states “There is no one-size-fits-all method for 3D digitisation. The equipment, methods and workflows that are used vary according to the type of cultural heritage (objects, monuments, buildings, sites) being digitised, the project’s purpose, environment, and other factors” (European Comission, 2020) Additionally, the European Commission published in 2022 the “Study on quality in 3D digitisation of tangible cultural heritage” which is a useful and interesting report. However, it states that “There is no generally accepted standard for specifying the detail and accuracy requirements for geometric recordings of tangible objects” (European Comission, 2022) Nevertheless, several interesting studies have been published that suppose an interesting advance with the aim of building a highly detailed 3D model capable of penetrating as deeply as possible into incisions where the comparison is fundamental in order to understand which technique is the best one in term of accuracy (Chiara et al., 2019). An experience with artifacts that have similar difficulties due to their profuse concavity was carried out to build the 3D replica of the bas-relief of Giovanni da Legnano in Bologna (Bitelli et al., 2022), but no standards were proposed therein. In other sorts of artifacts, but with a similar purpose, in order to ascertain the suitability of the accuracy obtained, researchers from the INTROSPECT project (Introspection of the archaeological material culture in the digital era) used a wide spectrum of non-destructive photogrammetry, computed tomography (CT), micro-computed tomography (µ- CT), and metallographic and digital microscopy. They also adapted uses of data processing tools according to the needs of archaeologists by combining 3D modelling, cloud-of-points /mesh processing and photogrammetry software (Barreau et al., 2022). As a conclusion regarding related research publications, recent papers have highlighted the growing significance of utilising high-resolution digital 3D data and the immense potential of Geomatics in diverse multidisciplinary applications. These developments are undeniably intriguing and promising. Due to the ongoing technological advances in both hardware and software, it is challenging to determine the most suitable solutions for specific cases. Several of the examples mentioned, although relatively recent, can now be approached using alternative tools. Nevertheless, the acquisition and processing technologies have reached a level of maturity that enables their broader implementation, by employing various integrated approaches and individual methods (Girelli et al., 2022; Rodríguez Navarro et al., 2022). 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3.1. Digitising a 3D model from a handheld scanner: EinScan Pro 2X Plus In order to obtain the 3D model of the plasterwork surfaces analysed herein, the EinScan Pro 2X Plus handheld multifunctional scanner from the Shining 3D company has been used focused on industrial applications in reverse engineering and manufacturing (Figure 5). This scanner, with 1.5 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON GRANADO-CASTRO - AGUILAR-CAMACHO - BARRERA-VERA http://disegnarecon.univaq.it Optimizing workflows and proposal of a standard in surveying of decorative heritage elements (The Royal Alcázar of Seville, Spain) ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGEvolume 16/ n. 30 - October 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.1 its reduced weight (1.13kg), is designed for scanning small and medium-sized objects. The scanning process takes place by emitting a pattern on the object that uses an LED light-emitting source, used in short-range scanners to lower their cost eration are designed to optimise the consumption of hardware resources and to increase scanning speed. Furthermore, the EinScan Pro 2X Plus incorporates two additional scanning modes (Handheld HD scan mode and Fixed scan mode with turntable) that require optional accessories (HD pack and Industrial pack, respectively) for use. In Handheld HD mode, the scanning speed decreases (20 fps and 1,100,000 points/s), somewhat improving the resolution (configurable between 0.20 and 3.00 mm) and accuracy (up to 0.05 mm under optimal conditions). In this mode, it is only possible to align the clouds of points by using targets and markers (with a minimum of four visible simultaneously). The Fixed scan mode, reserved for small objects, provides the best level of accuracy (0.04 mm) at a fixed resolution of 0.24 mm (Table 1). In this mode, the clouds are aligned through the markers incorporated in the rotary table on which the object must be placed. Fig. 5 - EinScan Pro 2X Plus handheld scanner from Shining 3D company (Authors’ own). Fig. 6 - Composition and digitalization of the plasterwork panel selected in the Palace of Pedro I (RAS) (Authors’ own). compared to medium and long-range scanners which use laser light as a higher power-emitting source. The optimal scanning distance to the object is set by the manufacturer at 510 ± 100 mm; within this range, the effective scanning area ranges from 208x136 to 312x204 mm2. The default working mode (Handheld Rapid scan mode) provides fast scans (30 fps and 1,500,000 points/s) with an acceptable level of resolution (configurable between 0.25 and 3.00 mm) and accuracy (up to 0.1 mm under optimal conditions). In this mode, the alignment of the different clouds of points can be carried out either from the geometry of the object or by using targets and markers. Optionally, in this working mode, it is possible to incorporate a camera (Color Pack) to capture textures. In this case, it is also possible to align the clouds of points from the texture of the object. The ^ĐĂŶ ŵŽĚĞ KƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ ŵŽĚĞ ^ĐĂŶƐƉĞĞĚ WŽŝŶƚĚŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ ;ŵŵͿ ^ĐĂŶĂĐĐƵƌĂĐLJ  ƵƉƚŽ;ŵŵͿ ĨƉƐ ŵŝůůŝŽŶƉŽŝŶƚƐƐĞĐ ,ĂŶĚŚĞůĚZĂƉŝĚ ůĂƐƐŝĐ ϭϱ ϭϱϬϮϱƚŽϯϬϬϬϭϬ >ŝŐŚƚŶŝŶŐ ϯϬ >ŝŐŚƚŶŝŶŐнZĞĨŝŶĞ ϯϬ ,ĂŶĚŚĞůĚ,  ϮϬ ϭϭ ϬϮϬƚŽϯϬϬ ϬϬϱ &ŝdžĞĚǁŝƚŚƚƵƌŶƚĂďůĞ  фϬϱƐĞĐ;ƐŝŶŐůĞƐĐĂŶͿ ϬϮϰ ϬϬϰ  Rapid scan mode allows scans under three possible operating modes: Classic, which scans at a speed of 15 fps and at the configured resolution; Lightning, which scans at a speed of 30 fps with 1 mm resolution and, once the scan is complete, achieves the selected resolution by interpolation; and Lightning+Refine, which scans at a speed of 30 fps with 1 mm resolution and, once the scan is finished, enables the final resolution to be selected by retopology. These last two modes of op- Table 1 - Scanning modes on the EinScan Pro 2X Plus scanner (Authors’ own). 1.6 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON GRANADO-CASTRO - AGUILAR-CAMACHO - BARRERA-VERA http://disegnarecon.univaq.it Optimizing workflows and proposal of a standard in surveying of decorative heritage elements (The Royal Alcázar of Seville, Spain) ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGEvolume 16/ n. 30 - October 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.1 in relief that make up the plasterwork and to their substantial difference from the projected 2D surface of the panel. Given the limitations of accessibility to the walls located in the RAS, and in order to optimise workflows and establish a possible standard in the determination of the RSC coefficient, the preliminary work and tests are developed in the laboratory on a prefabricated plasterwork panel (842x394 mm) that reproduces the ornamentation motifs used in Islamic plasterwork surfaces (Figure 7). 3.3. Data capture workflow On the prefabricated plasterwork panel, the exhaustive work of checking the settings in the parameters of the EinScan Pro 2X Plus scanner and in the applied workflows for data capture has been carried out in the laboratory, in order to determine its level of influence in the calculation of the RSC. In this way, reference values and processes have been identified that have enabled a possible working standard to be established for the determination of RSC in objects with relief geometry of similar nature to the geometry of the plasterwork analysed. Regarding the adjustment parameters of the scanner, the two available handheld scanning modes have been used: Rapid and HD . The Fix with turntable mode, is not suitable for the case study. The HD mode, as the handheld scanning mode Finally, EinScan Pro 2X Plus has its own software interface (EXScan Pro) for device management (status and calibration), control of the entire scanning process (pattern contrast level, distance, and scan resolution) and elementary post-processing of the data (cleaning, editing, and triangulation of the cloud of points, as well as closing gaps in the mesh of the model), which enables the results to be exported in a wide range of formats: STL, OBJ, PLY, 3MF, ASC, and P3. 3.2. Case studies: plasterwork surfaces from the Palace of Pedro I in the RAS and prefabricated plasterwork panels in the laboratory The search for a standard in the determination of the RSC has been developed on a typology of plasterwork that decorates the walls of the entrance hall and the “Patio de las Doncellas” of the Palace of Pedro I in the RAS, which takes advantage of the opportunity provided by the research project ‘Development and assessment of models for the durability and preventive conservation and of historical plasterwork from the decorative elements of the Royal Alcázar of Seville’, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities of Spain. Specifically, as a case study, a nineteenth-century plasterwork panel (known as imitation Granada) has been selected, located in the entrance hall to the palace, for its favourable location and accessibility for the necessary work to be carried out. This work is highly constrained throughout the enclosure due to the height at which the plasterwork panels are located and the intensity of tourist visits to the RAS. This plasterwork presents ornamental motifs in relief that configure a pattern repeated on all these plasterwork panels based on three themes: the geometric shapes in latticework; the Kufic and Naskh script; and plant elements in atauriques (Figure 6). Among the actions developed in the project, the evaluation of the widely differing states of conservation of these plasterwork panels and of a proposal of treatment for their preventive conservation were carried out. Framed in this last action, the need arose to determine a coefficient (RSC) that would enable the quick and easy quantification of the cost of applying these treatments from the projected 2D surface of the plasterwork panels. It should be borne in mind that, in a plasterwork panel, the effective 3D surface on which the treatments are finally applied is not easy to quantify, due to the abundant ornamental motifs Fig. 7 - Composition and digitalization of the prefabricated plasterwork panel analyzed in laboratory (Authors’ own). Fig. 8 - Digitization process of the plasterwork panel with the scanner, in three levels: Level I (single orthogonal scan sweep ‘a’); Level II (double orthogonal scan ‘a+b’); Level III (multiple scan sweeps ‘a+c+d+e+f’) (Authors’ own). 1.7 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON GRANADO-CASTRO - AGUILAR-CAMACHO - BARRERA-VERA http://disegnarecon.univaq.it Optimizing workflows and proposal of a standard in surveying of decorative heritage elements (The Royal Alcázar of Seville, Spain) ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGEvolume 16/ n. 30 - October 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.1 >ĞǀĞůŽĨ ĞĚŝƚŝŶŐ ĐƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĞĚŝƚŝŶŐĂŶĚƌĞƉĂŝƌ EŽŶĞ KŶůLJŶŽŝƐĞĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞĐůŽƵĚŽĨƉŽŝŶƚƐ ĂƐŝĐ ŶŽŝƐĞĐůĞĂŶŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞĐůŽƵĚŽĨƉŽŝŶƚƐнƌĞŵŽǀĞƐƉŝŬĞнƌĞŵŽǀĞƐŵĂůůĨůŽĂƚŝŶŐƉĂƌƚƐ ƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĞ ĂƐŝĐнĂƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐĨŝůůŝŶŐŽĨŚŽůĞƐǁŝƚŚĐƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĞŵŽĚĞ dĂŶŐĞŶƚ ĂƐŝĐнĂƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐĨŝůůŝŶŐŽĨŚŽůĞƐǁŝƚŚƚĂŶŐĞŶƚŵŽĚĞ &ůĂƚ ĂƐŝĐнĂƵƚŽŵĂƚŝĐĨŝůůŝŶŐŽĨŚŽůĞƐǁŝƚŚĨůĂƚŵŽĚĞ  The balance between the workflows associated with the post-processing of data and the deviations in the RSC has been established by evaluating the possible influence on its calculation of the algorithms of the generation of 3D meshes and, simultaneously, of the operations of editing and with the highest accuracy and resolution, has been employed in order to establish the reference RSC value, which has served as a witness in the comparison of the accuracy of fit of the remaining RSC values obtained by modifying the adjustment of scanner parameters and workflows. Digitalisations in HD mode have been carried out at the highest resolution available (0.20 mm) and with the help of targets and markers (which ensure the best possible accuracy). The reference RSC values obtained are: 1.77 for the historical plaster panel (Pedro I Palace, RAS) and 1.34 for the prefabricated plaster panel (laboratory). In Rapid mode, scans have been performed in high (0.25 mm), medium (1 mm), and low-resolution (3 mm) ranges in Lightning and Classic operating modes. Subsequent to attaining the results, new scans have been carried out in the Lightning mode at four intermediate resolutions: 0.50, 0.60, 0.80, and 1.50 mm. All scans in Rapid mode have been carried out by aligning the different clouds of points in mixed mode (combining the geometry of the object with targets and markers). Alignment exclusively by geometry has not been possible for the case studies due to the repetition of geometric motifs in the composition of the plasterwork. Finally, in order to study the optimisation of the workflow according to the number of passes or sweeps made with the scanner on the object, the process of digitising a plasterwork panel has been classified into three possible levels: Level I, in which the digitisation has been carried out by means of a single pass of the object (orthogonal sweep to the object from left to right); Level II, in which the digitisation has been carried out by means of two passes of the object (orthogonal sweep to the object from left to right and vice versa); and Level III, in which the digitisation has been carried out by means of multiple passes of the object (Figure 8), from different angles (one orthogonal sweep to the object from left to right and four oblique sweeps). 3.4. Post-processing workflow. 3D model generation and RSC calculation Table 2 - Different levels of editing and mesh repair analysed for RSC calculation (Authors’ own). repairing said meshes. To this end, the deviations from the RSC obtained with two different tools have been compared: the native software EXScan Pro; and a witness software (Geomagic Wrap). Finally, five different scenarios have been analysed (Table 2) in terms of their use of the most common ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂůƉůĂƐƚĞƌǁŽƌŬƉĂŶĞů;WĞĚƌŽ/WĂůĂĐĞZ^ͿͲƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨZ^ϭϳϳ KďũĞĐƚƐǁĞĞƉƐ ^ĐĂŶƌĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ ;ŵŵͿ ^ĐĂŶƚŝŵĞ ;ŵŝŶƵƚĞƐƐĞĐŽŶĚƐͿ Z^ , ZĂƉŝĚ , ZĂƉŝĚ , ZĂƉŝĚ ĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϬϮϬ ϬϮϱ ϭϬϱ ϬϱϮ Ϭϳϲ ϭϭϰ ϱϬϬй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϬ ϬϮϱ Ϯϯϲ ϭϮϵ Ϭϵϰ ϭϮϳ ϯϱϭй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϬ ϬϮϱ ϭϬϯϭ ϲϰϬ ϭϳϳ ϭϴϬ ϭϳй         WƌĞĨĂďƌŝĐĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƚĞƌǁŽƌŬƉĂŶĞů;ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJͿͲƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨZ^ϭϯϰ KďũĞĐƚƐǁĞĞƉƐ ^ĐĂŶƌĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ ;ŵŵͿ ^ĐĂŶƚŝŵĞ ;ŵŝŶƵƚĞƐƐĞĐŽŶĚƐͿ Z^ , ZĂƉŝĚ , ZĂƉŝĚ , ZĂƉŝĚ ĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϬϮϬ ϬϮϱ ϭϰϰ ϭϭϯ ϭϭϱ ϭϯϮ ϭϰϴй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϬ ϬϮϱ ϯϯϬ ϮϮϴ ϭϮϵ ϭϯϲ ϱϰй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϬ ϬϮϱ ϳϯϬ ϳϬϱ ϭϯϰ ϭϯϰ ϬϬй  WƌĞĨĂďƌŝĐĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƚĞƌǁŽƌŬƉĂŶĞů;ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJͿͲƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨZ^ϭϯϰ KďũĞĐƚƐǁĞĞƉƐ ^ĐĂŶ ƌĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ ;ŵŵͿ Z^ ůĂƐƐŝĐ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ >ŝŐŚƚŶŝŶŐ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϯϬϬ ϭϭϲ ϭϯϲй ϭϭϯ ϭϱϱй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ ϭϭϲ ϭϯϯй ϭϭϰ ϭϰϲй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ ϭϬϳ ϮϬϯй ϭϭϭ ϭϳϯй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϭϱϬ ϭϮϰ ϳϴй ϭϮϯ ϴϬй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ ϭϮϱ ϲϳй ϭϮϯ ϳϵй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ ϭϮϬ ϭϬϰй ϭϮϬ ϭϬϭй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϬϮϱ ϭϮϯ ϴϱй ϭϯϮ ϭϳй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ ϭϮϭ ϵϲй ϭϯϲ Ͳϭϰй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ ϭϯϭ ϮϮй ϭϯϰ ϬϬй  Table 3 - Results of the comparison between the scanning modes Handheld HD and Handheld Rapid obtained on a historical plasterwork panel and a prefabricated plasterwork panel (Authors’ own). Table 4 - Comparison of the results between Classic and Lightning operation modes obtained on a prefabricated plasterwork panel (Authors’ own). 1.8 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON GRANADO-CASTRO - AGUILAR-CAMACHO - BARRERA-VERA http://disegnarecon.univaq.it Optimizing workflows and proposal of a standard in surveying of decorative heritage elements (The Royal Alcázar of Seville, Spain) ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGEvolume 16/ n. 30 - October 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.1 operations of editing and repair of 3D meshes, in order to establish those that best optimise the calculation of the RSC. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1. Data capture workflow The workflow associated with the data capture process for the calculation of the RSC has been evaluated, from hyper-realistic 3D models generated with the EinScan Pro 2X Plus handheld scanner. The results show that it is possible to achieve the optimisation of processes in exchange for small deviations in their calculation. This is possible by choosing the scanning and operation modes, using a standard for scan resolution and the number of passes or sweeps to be made of the object. Specifically, regarding the scanning mode, the two handheld options ( Rapid and HD ) available in the scanner utilised have been evaluated. The improvements in accuracy and resolution provided by the Handheld HD scanning mode, compared to the default Handheld Rapid scanning mode, are not decisive in the calculation of the RSC. On the other hand, not only does the use of Handheld HD substantially increase the time taken in the data capture flows, but it also requires targets and markers to be employed (not authorised in all heritage elements), and entails a significant extra cost, since it is necessary to acquire the optional HD Prime module. Table 3 shows that when the object is scanned from different angles (Level III), in the two cases analysed, the relative deviation of the RSC value obtained with the Handheld Rapid scanning mode with respect to the reference RSC value (1.77 and 1.34, respectively) obtained with the Handheld HD scanning mode, is less than 2%. In the Handheld Rapid scanning mode, as has been observed in the tests developed in the laboratory (Table 4), the mode of operation does not significantly influence the calculation of the RSC for scans in low or medium resolution. For high-resolution scans (below 1 mm), the Lightning operation mode offers RSC calculation values with of passes made of the object (see Tables 5 and 6). In the absence of new studies that may confirm this, for relief geometries with RSC values less than 1.3, a resolution standard above 1 mm and/or with deviations in the RSC calculation of less than 6% can be adopted. According to these results (Table 5), in the Handheld Rapid+Lightning scanning mode, 1.5 mm can also be adopted as the scan resolution standard to obtain the RSC with deviations of less than 3% in relief geometries with RSC values close to 1.8 relative deviations, from the reference RSC (1.34), that are lower than the values obtained in the Classic operation mode. According to the results shown in Table 5, in the Handheld Rapid+Lightning scanning mode, 1 mm can be adopted as the scanning resolution standard to obtain the RSC with deviations not exceeding 6%, in relief geometries with RSC values close to 1.3. Moreover, the level of deviation indicated in the calculation of the RSC associated with this standard is obtained independently of the number KďũĞĐƚƐǁĞĞƉƐ ^ĐĂŶ ƌĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ ;ŵŵͿ WƌĞĨĂďƌŝĐĂƚĞĚ ƉůĂƐƚĞƌǁŽƌŬ ,ŝƐƚŽƌŝĐĂů ƉůĂƐƚĞƌǁŽƌŬ ƌĞĨǀĂůƵĞŽĨZ^ϭϯϰ ƌĞĨǀĂůƵĞŽĨZ^ϭϳϳ Z^ ĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ Z^ ĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϯϬϬ ϭϭϯ ϭϱϱй ϭϭϲ ϯϰϳй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ ϭϭϰ ϭϰϲй ϭϮϲ Ϯϴϵй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ ϭϭϭ ϭϳϯй ϭϱϯ ϭϯϯй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϭϱϬ ϭϮϯ ϴϬй ϭϭϯ ϯϲϭй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ ϭϮϯ ϳϵй ϭϮϭ ϯϭϰй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ ϭϮϬ ϭϬϭй ϭϳϱ ϭϬй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϭϬϬ ϭϮϳ ϱϰй ϭϬϲ ϰϬϭй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϬϬ ϭϮϳ ϱϭй ϭϮϬ ϯϮϰй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϬϬ ϭϮϱ ϱϰй ϭϳϵ Ͳϭϭй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϬϴϬ ϭϮϳ ϱϯй ϭϭϲ ϯϰϳй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϴϬ ϭϮϳ ϱϭй ϭϮϮ ϯϭϮй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϴϬ ϭϮϳ ϱϱй ϭϳϴ ͲϬϱй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϬϲϬ ϭϮϴ ϰϲй ϭϭϴ ϯϯϱй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϲϬ ϭϮϴ ϰϮй ϭϮϳ Ϯϴϯй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϲϬ ϭϮϴ ϰϱй ϭϴϭ ͲϮϱй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϬϱϬ ϭϯϭ Ϯϭй ϭϭϴ ϯϯϯй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϱϬ ϭϯϮ ϭϭй ϭϮϰ ϯϬϬй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϱϬ ϭϯϬ ϯϮй ϭϳϵ ͲϭϬй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϬϮϱ ϭϯϮ ϭϳй ϭϭϰ ϯϱϱй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ ϭϯϲ Ͳϭϰй ϭϮϳ ϮϴϬй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ ϭϯϰ ϬϬй ϭϴϬ Ͳϭϳй  Table 5 - RSC values obtained at different scanning resolutions, in Handheld Rapid + Lightning mode, for the two plasterwork panels analysed (Authors’ own). KďũĞĐƚƐǁĞĞƉƐ ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ĨŽƌƐĐĂŶ ƌĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ ;ŵŵͿ KďũĞĐƚ ƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ Z^ džƉĞĐƚĞĚ ĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϭϬϬ ≈ϭϯ фϲй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ ≈ϭϴ фϯй  Table 6 - Proposal of a standard for the calculation of RSC in objects with relief geometries (Authors’ own). 1.9 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON GRANADO-CASTRO - AGUILAR-CAMACHO - BARRERA-VERA http://disegnarecon.univaq.it Optimizing workflows and proposal of a standard in surveying of decorative heritage elements (The Royal Alcázar of Seville, Spain) ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGEvolume 16/ n. 30 - October 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.1 (Tables 5 and 6). In this case, the level of deviation indicated in the calculation of the RSC associated with this standard is only obtained by making multiple passes of the object (Level III). The need for a greater number of passes to establish a standard of scanning resolution in this type of geometry is due to the fact that the surface of the object, which is distributed in planes that differ from its main plane of projection, increases as the value of the RSC increases. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a greater number of sweeps for its capture. 4.2. Post-processing workflow The workflows associated with the post-process- ing of the data for the calculation of the RSC have been analysed from hyper-realistic 3D models generated with the EXScan Pro and Geomagic Wrap software tools. The results show that it is possible to achieve the optimisation of processes in exchange for small deviations in their calculation. This is possible by limiting the use of the usual operations of editing and repairing 3D meshes to only those scenarios in which they genuinely lead to improvements and the selection of software tools with algorithms optimised for the generation of 3D meshes. Not editing the 3D mesh in objects scanned from multiple angles (Level III) provides irrelevant devi- WƌĞĨĂďƌŝĐĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƚĞƌǁŽƌŬƉĂŶĞů;ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJͿͲƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨZ^ϭϯϰ KďũĞĐƚƐǁĞĞƉƐ ^ĐĂŶ ƌĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ ;ŵŵͿ >ĞǀĞůŽĨ ĞĚŝƚŝŶŐZ^ sĂƌŝĂŶĐĞ ĚƵĞ ƚŽĞĚŝƚŝŶŐ ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ ǀĂůƵĞ ĚĞǀŝĂƚŝŽŶ >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϯϬϬ EŽŶĞ ϭϭϲ Ͳ Ͳϭϯϲй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϯϬϬ ĂƐŝĐ ϭϭϲ ͲϬϭй Ͳϭϯϴй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϯϬϬ ƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĞ ϭϭϱ ͲϬϰй ͲϭϰϬй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϯϬϬ dĂŶŐĞŶƚ ϭϭϱ ͲϬϮй Ͳϭϯϵй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϯϬϬ &ůĂƚ ϭϭϱ ͲϬϯй Ͳϭϯϵй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ EŽŶĞ ϭϭϲ Ͳ Ͳϭϯϯй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ ĂƐŝĐ ϭϭϲ ͲϬϭй Ͳϭϯϱй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ ƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĞ ϭϭϲ ͲϬϭй Ͳϭϯϱй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ dĂŶŐĞŶƚ ϭϭϲ ͲϬϭй Ͳϭϯϱй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ &ůĂƚ ϭϭϲ ͲϬϭй Ͳϭϯϱй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ EŽŶĞ ϭϬϳ Ͳ ͲϮϬϯй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ ĂƐŝĐ ϭϬϳ ϬϬй ͲϮϬϯй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ ƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĞ ϭϬϳ ϬϬй ͲϮϬϯй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ dĂŶŐĞŶƚ ϭϬϳ ϬϬй ͲϮϬϯй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϯϬϬ &ůĂƚ ϭϬϳ ϬϬй ͲϮϬϯй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϭϱϬ EŽŶĞ ϭϮϰ Ͳ Ͳϳϴй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϭϱϬ ĂƐŝĐ ϭϮϯ ͲϬϱй Ͳϴϯй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϭϱϬ ƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĞ ϭϮϭ Ͳϭϳй Ͳϵϱй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϭϱϬ dĂŶŐĞŶƚ ϭϮϮ ͲϬϵй Ͳϴϲй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϭϱϬ &ůĂƚ ϭϮϮ ͲϭϮй Ͳϴϵй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ EŽŶĞ ϭϮϱ Ͳ Ͳϲϳй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ ĂƐŝĐ ϭϮϱ ͲϬϮй Ͳϲϵй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ ƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĞ ϭϮϰ ͲϬϱй ͲϳϮй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ dĂŶŐĞŶƚ ϭϮϱ ͲϬϯй ͲϳϬй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ &ůĂƚ ϭϮϱ ͲϬϰй ͲϳϬй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ EŽŶĞ ϭϮϬ Ͳ ͲϭϬϰй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ ĂƐŝĐ ϭϮϬ ͲϬϭй ͲϭϬϱй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ ƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĞ ϭϮϬ ͲϬϭй ͲϭϬϱй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ dĂŶŐĞŶƚ ϭϮϬ ͲϬϭй ͲϭϬϱй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϭϱϬ &ůĂƚ ϭϮϬ ͲϬϭй ͲϭϬϱй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϬϮϱ EŽŶĞ ϭϮϯ Ͳ Ͳϴϱй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϬϮϱ ĂƐŝĐ ϭϮϮ ͲϬϴй Ͳϵϯй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϬϮϱ ƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĞ ϭϯϭ ϲϰй ͲϮϭй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϬϮϱ dĂŶŐĞŶƚ ϭϯϭ ϲϱй Ͳϭϵй >ĞǀĞů/;ϭƐǁĞĞƉͿ ϬϮϱ &ůĂƚ ϭϯϬ ϱϯй Ͳϯϭй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ EŽŶĞ ϭϮϭ Ͳ Ͳϵϲй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ ĂƐŝĐ ϭϮϬ ͲϬϲй ͲϭϬϯй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ ƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĞ ϭϯϬ ϲϵй ͲϮϳй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ dĂŶŐĞŶƚ ϭϯϭ ϳϬй ͲϮϲй >ĞǀĞů//;ϮƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ &ůĂƚ ϭϮϵ ϱϵй Ͳϯϴй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ EŽŶĞ ϭϯϭ Ͳ ͲϮϮй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ ĂƐŝĐ ϭϯϭ ͲϬϯй ͲϮϰй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ ƵƌǀĂƚƵƌĞ ϭϯϯ ϭϮй ͲϬϵй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ dĂŶŐĞŶƚ ϭϯϯ ϭϯй ͲϬϵй >ĞǀĞů///;ϱƐǁĞĞƉƐͿ ϬϮϱ &ůĂƚ ϭϯϮ ϭϬй Ͳϭϭй  Table 7- Influence of the editing level of the 3D mesh in the calculation of the RSC (Authors’ own). WƌĞĨĂďƌŝĐĂƚĞĚƉůĂƐƚĞƌǁŽƌŬƉĂŶĞů;ůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJͿͲƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞǀĂůƵĞŽĨZ^ϭϯϰ KďũĞĐƚ ƐǁĞĞƉƐ ^ĐĂŶ ƌĞƐŽůƵƚŝŽŶ ;ŵŵͿ EƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞƐ DĞĂŶĂƌĞĂ ŽĨƚƌŝĂŶŐůĞƐ ;ŵŵ Ϯ Ϳ EƵŵďĞƌ ŽĨ ŚŽůĞƐ Z^sĂƌŝĂŶĐĞ  '  '  '  ' >ĞǀĞů/ ϯϬϬ ϵϵϰϲϰ ϵϯϱϯϭ ϯϳϳϳ ϯϳϰϳ Ϯ ϭϮϳϰ ϭϭϯ ϭϬϲ Ͳϱϳй >ĞǀĞů// ϯϬϬ ϭϬϬϴϬϮ ϵϯϰϲϰ ϯϳϲϰ ϯϳϮϳ ϭ ϭϭϲϰ ϭϭϰ ϭϬϱ ͲϳϬй >ĞǀĞů/// ϯϬϬ ϵϵϮϴϳ ϵϱϰϳϳ ϯϳϬϯ ϯϲϲϲ ϭ ϳϱϰ ϭϭϭ ϭϬϱ ͲϰϬй >ĞǀĞů/ ϭϱϬ ϯϳϱϬϭϲ ϯϱϲϱϳϯ ϭϬϵϬ ϭϬϴϴ ϯϲ ϯϰϭϳ ϭϮϯ ϭϭϳ Ͳϰϳй >ĞǀĞů// ϭϱϬ ϯϳϱϳϳϲ ϯϳϱϳϳϲ ϭϬϵϬ ϭϬϮϬ ϭϯ ϯϱϯϲ ϭϮϯ ϭϭϲ Ͳϱϵй >ĞǀĞů/// ϭϱϬ ϯϳϬϬϳϯ ϯϱϵϯϱϵ ϭϬϴϬ ϭϬϳϳ Ϭ ϮϮϯϭ ϭϮϬ ϭϭϳ ͲϮϵй >ĞǀĞů/ ϬϮϱ ϭϮϱϱϮϯϴϮ ϭϮϮϯϱϮϳϰ ϬϬϯϱ ϬϬϯϱ ϰϮϭϴ ϲϬϴϱϳ ϭϯϮ ϭϮϵ ͲϮϬй >ĞǀĞů// ϬϮϱ ϭϮϵϯϮϬϬϵ ϭϮϲϬϮϱϬϲ ϬϬϯϱ ϬϬϯϱ ϮϴϭϮ ϰϵϬϯϴ ϭϯϲ ϭϯϯ ͲϮϱй >ĞǀĞů/// ϬϮϱ ϭϮϴϮϳϯϳϮ ϭϮϲϳϯϰϵϴ ϬϬϯϱ ϬϬϯϱ ϭϭϲϰ Ϯϴϲϲϭ ϭϯϰ ϭϯϯ Ͳϭϭй  Table 8- Results of data processing with EXScan Pro (E) and Geomagic Wrap (G) software tools to obtain the RSC (Authors’ own). 1.16 ISSN 1828-5961 DISEGNARECON GRANADO-CASTRO - AGUILAR-CAMACHO - BARRERA-VERA http://disegnarecon.univaq.it Optimizing workflows and proposal of a standard in surveying of decorative heritage elements (The Royal Alcázar of Seville, Spain) ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGEvolume 16/ n. 30 - October 2023 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.30.2023.1 culo del RSC, para escaneos en alta resolución (0.25 mm), y desviaciones de hasta el 4% cuando se realizan múltiples barridos del objeto (nivel III descrito) a cualquier resolución. La desviación máxima constatada entre ambos algoritmos es del 7% para una resolución de escaneo de 3.00 mm y pasada doble del objeto (nivel II descrito). Se observa, como principal diferencia, que el algoritmo empleado por el software EXScan Pro genera mayor número de triángulos en la malla no editada del modelo 3D, dejando menos huecos que el algoritmo empleado por el software Geomagic Wrap. El tamaño promedio de los triángulos generados por ambos algoritmos es similar en todos los rangos de resolución de escaneo analizados. 5. CONCLUSIONES En determinados elementos decorativos del patrimonio histórico, debido a la naturaleza de su geometría predominantemente plana y con abundantes motivos en relieve, el cálculo del coeficiente RSC resulta de utilidad para la lectura científica y la cuantificación real de costes en intervenciones de mantenimiento, conservación y restauración. En el ámbito de la investigación desarrollada, se ha logrado establecer un equilibrio entre la optimización de los flujos de trabajo asociados a la captura y postproceso de datos, mediante su simplificación, y el nivel de desviación esperado (exactitud) con el que es posible determinar este coeficiente. En relación con los flujos de trabajo asociados al proceso de captura de datos para el cálculo del RSC a partir de modelos 3D hiperrealistas generados con el escáner de mano EinScan Pro 2X Plus, las principales conclusiones alcanzadas son: - El modo de escaneo Handheld HD no aporta mejoras significativas en exactitud y resolución respecto al modo de escaneo Handheld Rapid e incorpora algunos inconvenientes, tales como, el aumento del tiempo de captura de datos, la necesidad de dianas o marcadores y un sobrecoste significativo al requerir la adquisición del módulo opcional HD Prime.