scieee AI-readable full text Open interactive document viewer

El harén transdiscursivo del complejo Disney

Corriente Cordero, Jesús Manuel

Full text

(OKDUpQWUDQVGLVFXUVLYRGHOFRPSOHMR'LVQH\ -HV~V0DQXHO&RUULHQWH&RUGHUR ,(6 ³%ODV,QIDQWH´±(O9LVRGHO$OFRU6HYLOOD  ³3HQVDPLHQWR´HVXQDYR]TXHSDUHFHDQGDUVLHPSUHQHFHVLWDGDGHDGMHWLYRV6L GXUDQWH DOJXQRV DxRV HVSHFLDOPHQWH GHVGH OD GLYXOJDFLyQ GHO \D PDQLGR WtWXOR GH 9DWWLPRHODGMHWLYRIXH³GpELO´HQODDFWXDOLGDGHVSRVLEOHHQFRQWUDUKDVWDHQHOPHQRU DUWLFXOHMRGHRSLQLyQHODG\DFHQWH³~QLFR´3RUORPHQRVHVWDYH]KD\DFXHUGRHQWUH ORV PHGLRVHQFRQVLGHUDUSH\RUDWLYRHOWpUPLQR(VRVtORVLQWHOHFWXDOHVGHDWDQWRHO IROLR R HO PLQXWR GH ³DOFDFKRID´ R GH EXVWR SDUODQWH SDUHFHQ KDEHU ROYLGDGR TXL]i MDPiV FRQRFLHURQ D XQ WDO %DMWtQ TXH WUDEDMDED FRQ WpUPLQRV FRPR ³SROLIyQLFR´ ³PRQROyJLFR´ ³GLDOyJLFR´ R ³LQWHUWH[WXDO´ SRU QR KDEODU GH TXH WRGDYtD  KD\ TXLHQ WUDEDMDFRQGHVDUUROORVGHHVRV\RWURVFRQFHSWRVGDGRTXHSHUWHQHFHQDVHFWDVFRPROD GH ORV VHPLyWLFRVWpUPLQRTXHDPiVGHXQRGHORVSUHVHQWHVQRVKDQHVFXSLGRDODFDUD FRPRVLIXHUDXQLQVXOWR3RUVDOXGPHQWDOWLHPSRKDTXHGHFLGt³VDOLUGHODUPDULR´\ SXHGR GDU IH GH TXH GHVGH HQWRQFHV PLV UHODFLRQHV ODERUDOHV KDQ PHMRUDGR \D KDQ GHVHVSHUDGRGHOOHYDUPHDOEXHQFDPLQRGRFHQWH (VWD YXOJDUL]DFLyQ GH YRFHV GHVFDIHLQDGDV HV SUREDEOHPHQWH LQKHUHQWH D OD QDWXUDOH]DHItPHUDGHOPHQFLRQDGRGLVFXUVRHLQFOXVRSRGUtDSHQVDUVHTXHLQRFXDVLQR IXHUD SRU HO SHTXHxR GHWDOOH GH TXH OD PHUFDGRWHFQLD SROtWLFD FRQYLHUWH FRUULHQWHV GH SXUD RSLQLyQ YDFXD HQ OH\ \ DXQ HQ OH\ VREUH PDWHULD WDQ GHOLFDGD FRPR HV OD HGXFDFLyQ $Vt WHQHPRV TXH SDUD JDUDQWL]DU OD IRUPDFLyQ DFDGpPLFD GH PHQWHV FRPXQLFDWLYDPHQWHVDQDVQRKD\PiVTXHGHFUHWDUTXHHODOXPQRGHEHVDEHUPDQHMDU GLYHUVDV IXHQWHVGHLQIRUPDFLyQVLQPiVJDUDQWtDGHGLVFHUQLPLHQWRTXHXQDDOXVLyQDO FRQRFLPLHQWRFUtWLFRTXHDSDUHFHVXSHUSXHVWRFRPREXUGDPHQWHVXSHUSXHVWRDSDUHFHHO FRQRFLPLHQWR GH ORV GLIHUHQWHV GLVFXUVRV HQ OD QRUPDWLYD OHJDO VREUH HQVHxDQ]D  /D SULPHUDFRQVHFXHQFLDGHHVWRHVTXHHOFRQRFLPLHQWRREWHQLGRHVSUHFLVDPHQWHDFUtWLFR SXHVWR TXH HO FRPSRQHQWH WHyULFR GH DQiOLVLV GH ORV GLVFXUVRV QR VyOR IXH REYLDGR FDQRQL]DQGR DVt PRGHORV LQFOXVR UHWUyJUDGR HQ VX IRQGR VLQR TXH WRGR LQWHQWR GH GLVFXVLyQFLHQWtILFDVREUHHOWHPDKDVLGRFRQVFLHQWHPHQWHSURVFULWR 3RU RWUD SDUWH GLYHUVDV ³DODUPDV´ GH RUGHQ VRFLROyJLFR KDQ SURYRFDGR XQD DYDODQFKDGHGRFXPHQWDFLyQRILFLDO\SDUDRILFLDOFHQWUDGDHQVXSHUSRQHUDUWLILFLDOPHQWH OD FXHVWLyQ GH ORV YDORUHV WUDWDGRV HQ IRUPD GH FyGLJRV FHUUDGRV GH UDQFLD PRUDOLQD GLVFXUVLYDDXQTXHDGRUQDGDGHWHUPLQRORJtDQRYHGRVD$ODOHFWXUDGHGLYHUVDVIXHQWHV GH LQIRUPDFLyQWRGDVYDOLGtVLPDV\OHJtWLPDVSRUOH\HOSURIHVRUKDGHDxDGLUSRUREUD \ JUDFLD GH ODV GLUHFWULFHV XQ PHFDQLVPR GH FHQVXUD GH WH[WRV TXH SRU VXSXHVWR UHYHODUiQVXYHUGDGHUDQDWXUDOH]DHQFXDQWRHODOXPQRSHUWUHFKDGRGHYDORUHVORVOHD 2FLRVRHVGHFLUTXHHOVH[LVPRHVXQDGHODVVLHWHSODJDVDKDFHUH[WLQJXLUDXQTXHHO ~QLFR DQWtGRWRTXHRIUH]FDHOVLVWHPDOHJDOHGXFDWLYRVHDHOGHODFHQVXUD6LQR¢TXp GLIHUHQFLDGHIRQGRKD\HQWUHSUHVFULELUHOXVRGH³HQVDODGDQDFLRQDO´SRU³HQVDODGLOOD UXVD´ \ SURKLELU GHQWUR GHODXODH[SUHVLRQHVGHQLJUDWRULDVEDVDGDVHQHOJpQHURTXHHO DOXPQRYDDUHSHWLUHQFXDQWRFUXFHODSXHUWDGHODHVFXHOD"'HKHFKRKDEUtDTXHSDVDU ODUJDVQRFKHVSHQVDQGRGHFODURHQFODURSDUDGLVFHUQLUVLVHKDGHSUHPLDUDXQDOXPQR SRU XVDU IUDVHVKHFKDVRUHIUDQHVGHVXHQWRUQRLQPHGLDWRRELHQFDVWLJDUORSRUTXHWDOHV HOHPHQWRV VHDQ SROtWLFDPHQWH LQFRUUHFWRV (VWR QR HV UHWyULFD HV VyOR XQD IRUPD GH FRQWDU VLQ DFULWXG OD H[SHULHQFLD GH FRQWHPSODU SURPRFLRQHV HQWHUDV GH DOXPQDV GH FHQWURV UXUDOHV HQ ORV TXH DOFDQ]DGR GHWHUPLQDGR QLYHO GH HGDG HPSLH]DQ D VHU DQHVWHVLDGDVHQVXVLQWHUHVHVDFDGpPLFRSURIHVLRQDOHVDVtFRPRGHODSHUVHFXFLyQGH YDORUHVFRPRODVHQVLELOLGDGHLQWXLFLyQHQORVSURFHVRVFRJQLWLYRVPDVFXOLQRV(VDIXH OD UD]yQ SRU OD TXH DEDQGRQp SRVWXUDV PiV IRUPDOLVWDV \ YtD SUDJPiWLFD FRPHQFp D LQWURGXFLU HQ PL IRUPDFLyQ ~WLOHV KHUUDPLHQWDV GH JLQRFUtWLFD $ HVR VH VXPy RWUR SUREOHPD HO GH OD SURSLD LGHQWLGDG /D E~VTXHGD GH OD LGHQWLGDG IHPHQLQD \ GH ORV PHFDQLVPRV UHSUHVRUHV TXH OD SXHGDQ FRQILQDU \ RWUR WDQWR KDEUtD TXH GHFLU GH ODV LGHQWLGDGHVHLPDJLQDULRVKRPRVH[XDOHV\GHDKtHQDGHODQWHHVORTXHPHSHUPLWHLU HQ EXVFD GH OD LGHQWLGDG GH HVD PLQRUtD OODPDGD ³YDUyQ KHWHURVH[XDO FDWyOLFR PRQyJDPRILHO\OHYHPHQWHDFRPSOHMDGLOOR´ /D FXHVWLyQ SRU WDQWRHVPXFKRPiVVHULDODOHJLVODFLyQHGXFDWLYDD\XQDGH UHQRYDFLyQHQODHSLVWHPRORJtDGHORTXHVHHQVHxDVRVWLHQHXQFRQFHSWRGHUHIHUHQWH WDQ UtJLGRTXHUD\DHQORSODWyQLFRHQVXVHQWLGRPiVSH\RUDWLYRPXHUWDODSDODEUD PXHUWD ODFRVD(VDULJLGH]DSRFDOtSWLFDTXHSURYRFDPRGHUQRVHVFU~SXORVGHPRQMDGH ODV DQWLJXDV\TXHVHWUDGXFHHQODSRVLELOLGDGGHVDQFLRQDUDXQSURIHVRUSRUVDOLUVH GHOEXHQFDPLQRWLHQHVXFDUDLQWHJUDGDVLORVFRPSRQHQWHVVRQEXHQRVHOSURGXFWRHV EXHQR 3RU WDQWR OR TXH D FRQWLQXDFLyQ WUDWDUp GH RIUHFHU HV QR XQD FRQGHQD QL XQD GHPRQL]DFLyQGH'LVQH\VLQRXQHMHPSORGHTXHVLPSOHPHQWHFRQXQDVHVFDVDVSHUR FRKHUHQWHV LGHDV HV HQRUPHPHQWH IiFLO VHSDUDU JUDQR \ SDMD &RPR HMHPSOR XVDUp HO WUDWDPLHQWR LQWHQVLYR TXH KDQ VXIULGR DOJXQRV HOHPHQWRV IHPHQLQRV HQ OD SHOtFXOD GH GLEXMRV DQLPDGRV +pUFXOHV KDVWD HO SXQWR GH UHLGHRORJL]DU HO PLWR HQ XQD GLUHFFLyQ UHSURJUDPDGD'HKHFKRORTXHH[SRQGUpHVSDUWHGHODEDVHGHXQWUDEDMRLQLFLDOFRQ DOXPQRVGH6HFXQGDULDTXHHVSHURSHUILODUHQEUHYH'HMRGHODGRSXHVHOLQWHUHVDQWH SUREOHPD GHO YDFLDPLHQWR GHO KpURH PDVFXOLQR OD WULYLDOL]DFLyQ GH OD WUDVFHQGHQFLD PLWROyJLFD RWUD EXHQD SDUWH GH SURFHVRV GH WUDQVGLVFXUVLYL]DFLyQ DOLHQDQWH \ HO IRUPLGDEOH HQWUDPDGR HFRQyPLFR TXH VXVWHQWD WDQWR WDOHV SURGXFFLRQHV FRPR ORV EHQHILFLRVHFRQyPLFRVTXHUHSRUWDODPDQLSXODFLyQLGHROyJLFD /D SULPHUD GLILFXOWDG TXH VH SRGUtD SRQHU D XQD WDUHD GRFHQWH GH HVWH WLSR DSOLFDGDDOQLYHOHGXFDWLYRSURSXHVWRHVHOHOHYDGRJUDGRGHDEVWUDFFLyQTXHLPSOLFD UHIRUPDU HO FRQFHSWR GH UHIHUHQWH 'H KHFKR TXLHQ OHV KDEOD KD VLGR S~EOLFDPHQWH GHVSUHFLDGRFRQHVWDH[FXVDHQGLYHUVDVFDWHTXHVLV/2*6(VREUH/HQJXD\/LWHUDWXUD SRU SRQHQWHVTXHQRVDEtDQTXpHUDODSUDJPiWLFD\TXHKDQSXEOLFDGRHOPDQXDOGH GLGiFWLFD GH OD DVLJQDWXUD GHO &$3 GH HVWD 8QLYHUVLGDG TXH QRV DORMD DVt FRPR HO SURIHVRU HQFDUJDGR SRUODPLVPDGHFRRUGLQDUODSUXHEDGH&RPHQWDULRGH7H[WRSDUDHO DFFHVR D OD 8QLYHUVLGDG FXHVWLyQ D~Q PiV GRORURVD FXDQGR XQR VLJXH VLQWLHQGR HVWD FDVDFRPRVX8QLYHUVLGDG (QUHDOLGDGODGHODVGLILFXOWDGHVGHORVQXHYRVSDUDGLJPDVWHyULFRVHVXQDIDOVD FXHVWLyQSXHVWRTXHHOTXHWLHQHTXHFDPELDUVXVSUHVXSXHVWRVREVROHWRVHVXQSURIHVRU DOTXHKDEUtDTXHGDUOHPiVIDFLOLGDGHVSDUDHVWDUDOGtDGHVXDVLJQDWXUD\XQHQMDPEUH EXURFUiWLFRTXHQRGHEHUtDGLFWDPLQDUVREUHORTXHGHVFRQRFH -DPiV VH PH RFXUULUtD KDEODU D XQ DOXPQDGR GH FDWRUFH DxRV GH YDFLDPLHQWR UHIHUHQFLDO R GH UHLGHRORJL]DFLyQ ±DXQTXH WDPSRFR GH OD GLIHUHQFLD HQWUH VHPDV \ DUFKLVHPDV 6HQFLOODPHQWH SRUTXH ODV LGHDV FRPR QRV HQVHxy 'HVFDUWHV VRQ RSHUDWLYDV HQ HO HVWDGR GH LQWXLFLyQ (V WUHPHQGDPHQWH IiFLO SUHJXQWDU SRU TXp /D VLUHQLWD GH $QGHUVHQWHUPLQDGHIRUPDGLIHUHQWHDODYHUVLyQ'LVQH\\SRUTXpWLHQHQ TXH DFDEDUELHQODVSHOtFXODVSHURQRORVFXHQWRVWUDGLFLRQDOHV/XHJROOHJDHOPRPHQWR GH KDEODU GH OD SULPHUD FRPR DOHJRUtD FRQGHQDWRULD GHO PDWULPRQLR GHVLJXDO \ GH OD VHJXQGD FRPR DQHVWHVLDGRUD GH XQD FXHVWLyQ UHDO KD\ GLIHUHQFLDV GH FODVH VRFLDO FXOWXUDO VH[XDO TXH HVWiQ RSHUDQGR FRPR EDUUHUDV HIHFWLYDV HQ QXHVWUR HQWRUQR 'H KHFKR FXDQGR VH HV SURIHVRU IXHUD GH ]RQDV XUEDQDV HV PX\ IiFLO PRVWUDU HMHPSORV FUXGDPHQWH H[SOtFLWRV DXQTXH VX FRQGHQD UHWyULFD HV LQ~WLO /D EDVH GH HVRV DXWRPDWLVPRV GLVFULPLQDQWHV \ HQ HVSHFLDO HQ OR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D OD GLVWLQFLyQ SRU VH[RV QR HVWiWDQWRHQODSUiFWLFDSXQWXDO\PXFKRPHQRVHQVXVYHUEDOL]DFLRQHVFRPR HQORVUHODWRV\PHWDUUHODWRVTXHODOHJLWLPDQ (PSHFHPRVXQDYH]VXUJLGDODVRPEUDGHODVRVSHFKDDUHYLVDUHOUHODWRPtWLFR FRUUHVSRQGLHQWH D +pUFXOHV FRQ D\XGD GH FXDOTXLHU GLFFLRQDULR GH PLWRORJtD PHGLDQDPHQWHFRPSOHWR  \DXQHVRVDELHQGRTXHODVPLWRORJtDVQRVRQSUHFLVDPHQWH PRGpOLFDV SHUR OR TXH LPSRUWD HV DSUHQGHU D GHVDWDU ORV SULPHURV OD]RV TXH OXHJR RFDVLyQKDEUiGHVHJXLUFRQHOUHVWRGHODPDGHMD'HKHFKRFRQILHVRXQFRQRFLPLHQWR GHODPLWRORJtDJUHFRUURPDQDQRPiVDOOiGHORTXHGHEHVDEHUXQSURIHVRUGHOiUHDGH +XPDQLGDGHV /D SULPHUD VRUSUHVD TXH SRGUHPRV HQFRQWUDU HV TXH OD SHOtFXOD QR GHMD DWUiV SUiFWLFDPHQWH QLQJ~Q HOHPHQWR GHOPLWR1R\DORVGRFHWUDEDMRVVLQRLQFOXVREXHQD SDUWH GH ORV SDUHUJD DSDUHFHQ GH XQD X RWUD PDQHUD UHIOHMDGRV HQ HO WH[WR ItOPLFR OOHJDQGRDGHWDOOHVFRPRDSURYHFKDUHOJULWRGH'H\DQLUDXQDGHODVHVSRVDVGHOKpURH FXDQGR 1HVR WUDWD GH YLRODUOD &LHUWDPHQWH ORV HOHPHQWRV GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ GHO UHODWR PtWLFR KDQ VLGR FXLGDGRVDPHQWH GHVPRQWDGRV SDUD DSURYHFKDU OD IXHU]D LQKHUHQWH D HOHPHQWRV TXH KDQ UHVLVWLGR HO SDVR GHO WLHPSR \ SRGHU DVt XVDUORV FRPR PDWHULDO GH FRQVWUXFFLyQ $Vt HVH JULWR SDVD D VHU OD SULPHUD VLWXDFLyQ GH FRPEDWH UHDO GH XQ +pUFXOHV GLEXMDGR FRPR ³KpURHFDEDOOHUR DQGDQWH´ TXH WUDWD GH UHDOL]DU VX SULPHUD ³KD]DxDHQWUHQDPLHQWRGHFRPEDWHUHDO´UHVFDWDUDXQDGRQFHOOD (OPiVFODURGHORVHMHPSORVGHHVWHSURFHVRGHYDFLDGRHVSUREDEOHPHQWHHO WUDWDPLHQWRTXHUHFLEH+HUD6LODILJXUDGH+HUDHQODPLWRJUDItDQRHVSUHFLVDPHQWHXQ DODUGHGHIHPLQLVPR  \HVSDUWHHVHQFLDOHQHOGHVDUUROORGHOPLWRSXHVHQHOIRQGRHVOD HVSLQDGRUVDOTXHHQOD]DODVGHVJUDFLDV\KD]DxDVGHOSURGXFWRGHO~OWLPRGHYDQHRGH =HXV TXH LQFOXVR KD GH FDPELDU VX QRPEUH GH $OFLGHV DO GH +HUDFOHV HQ HO WH[WR FLQHPDWRJUiILFR OD SHUVHFXFLyQ SDVD D PDQRV GH +DGHV TXH DGTXLHUH XQ FDUiFWHU GLDEyOLFR PiV SURSLR GH OD FXOWXUD MXGHRFULVWLDQD +HUD HV HO SHUVRQDMH PHQRV FRQVLVWHQWHLQFOXVRHQVXWUD]RGHGLEXMRFRQXQURVWURWDQRYDODGRTXHODH[FOX\HGHO UHVWR GH GLRVDV H LQFOXVR GH GLRVHV (QYXHOWD HQ XQ YHOR S~USXUD D QR HQYLGLDU XQD EXUNDDIJDQDSDVDDVHUQRVyORODPDGUHOHJtWLPDGHOKpURHVLQRTXHHQORVGLiORJRVQR KDFHVLQRGDUODUpSOLFDDXQ=HXVSDWULDUFDODOTXHVyORLQWHUUXPSHSDUDTXHHOQLxRQR VHKDJDGDxRRSDUDGHVSHUWDUD=HXVSDUDTXHDFXGDDWUDWDUGHLPSHGLUHOVHFXHVWURGH VX KLMR SRU +DGHV TXH OR FRQYHUWLUi HQ XQ PRUWDO D WUDYpV GH XQ ELEHUyQ UpSOLFD LQYHUWLGDGHOPLWRGHODIRUPDFLyQGHOD9tD/iFWHD/DQHJDFLyQGHODOHFKHSXHVHO  $VtXQFOiVLFRFRPRHOGH*5,0$/3'LFFLRQDULRGHPLWRORJtDJULHJD\5RPDQD%DUFHORQD 3DLGyVRELHQ58,='((/9,5$$0LWRORJtDFOiVLFD0DGULG*UHGRV  &IU(OFOiVLFRGH320(52<6%'LRVDVUDPHUDV\HVFODYDV0XMHUHVHQODDQWLJHGDG FOiVLFD0DGULG$NDO DWDTXH GH ODV VHUSLHQWHV \ RWUDV PHQXGHQFLDV GH OD LQIDQFLD GH +pUFXOHV QR VRQ DVt SURGXFWRGHODYHQJDWLYDGLRVD+HUDKDVLGRSXHVGHVDFWLYDGDSDUDFRQYHUWLUVHHQXQD UHFDWDGD\SUXGHQWHDPDGHFDVDTXHDVLHQWHHGXFDGDPHQWHDWRGRFXDQWRRFXUUHDVX DOUHGHGRU 'H KHFKR LQFOXVR OD SURSLD PDWHUQLGDG LPSXHVWD SRU HO JXLyQ DSDUHFH GHVFDIHLQDGD SXHV VRODPHQWH H[SHULPHQWD VHQWLPLHQWRV \ HQ QLQJ~Q PRPHQWR DFW~D FXLGDQGRDFWLYDPHQWHDOEHEpRVHSURQXQFLDDIDYRURHQFRQWUDGHODVGHFLVLRQHVGHVX PDULGRRKLMR8Q3HJDVRGHLPSRUWDFLyQDFW~DGHQLxHUD\GHILQLWLYDPHQWHUHGXFHODV SURSRUFLRQHVGHODGLRVDDODVGHXQDHVSRVDGHQLYHOHFRQyPLFRHOHYDGRTXHFXPSOHODV H[LJHQFLDVGHOSURWRFROR /DPDGUHPLWROyJLFD$OFPHQDVXIUHXQSDUHFLGRSURFHVR6XVH[XDOLGDGKDVLGR GHVWUXLGD SRU XQ SURFHGLPLHQWR FOiVLFR GH OD LFRQRJUDItD FULVWLDQD $O LJXDO TXH OD YLUJLQLGDGGH0DUtDUHTXHUtDODLPDJHQGHXQHVSRVRGHHGDGPiVTXHPDGXUDFDSD]GH UHSULPLUVXVLPSXOVRVODHQJDxDGDSRU=HXVIRUPDMXQWRFRQVXPDULGRXQDVLPSiWLFD SDUHMDGHDQFLDQLWRVQRVHROYLGHHOPLWRGH)LOHPyQ\%DXFLVTXHKDQURJDGRDORV GLRVHVXQKLMR\WURSLH]DQFRQHOQLxRDEDQGRQDGRSRUXQDWRUSH]DGHORVD\XGDQWHVGH +DGHV )UHQWH D OD UHODWLYD SDVLYLGDG GH $QILWULyQ HQ HO UHODWR PtWLFR ±D OD IXHU]D DKRUFDQHOSHUVRQDMHIHPHQLQRHVHOTXHSDVDDXQVHJXQGRSODQRGHFRQVHQWLPLHQWR\ VXPLVLyQ DO PDULGR TXH DXQTXH GpELO \ FRQIUDWHUQL]DQWH FRQ VX KLMR OOHYD HO SURWDJRQLVPR GH OD HVFDVD DFFLyQ GH HVWRV SDGUHV SRVWL]RV GDGD OD OHJLWLPLGDG LQWUDPDWULPRQLDOTXHVHKDRWRUJDGRDOSURWDJRQLVWDHQHOILOPH (O FDVR GH ODV 0RLUDV HV HVSHFLDOPHQWH LQWHUHVDQWH 3RU XQ ODGR HQ OD FRQVWUXFFLyQJUiILFDGHORVSHUVRQDMHVSRGHPRVDSUHFLDUTXHHOHTXLSRTXHGHVDUUROOyHO SHUVRQDMHFROHFWLYRKDDFXGLGRDDWULEXWRVSURSLRVGHODV)XULDVDVtORVFDEHOORVFRPR VHUSLHQWHVRODGLVSRVLFLyQVHUYLOGH+DGHVTXHFRLQFLGHFRQHOWHPRUUHYHUHQFLDOTXH VHOHVWHQtDLQFOXVRHQHOQRPEUHDOWHUQDWLYRODV(XPpQLGHV3RURWUDSDUWHVHFHQWUD VXWDUHDHQORVGRVDVSHFWRVPiVGLYXOJDGRVFRQRFLPLHQWRGHOGHVWLQR\GXUDFLyQGHOD YLGDGHORVPRUWDOHV 3HUR HVWD FRPELQDFLyQ H[SORVLYD GH HQWHV IHPHQLQRV HV GHVDFWLYDGD GH LQPHGLDWR(QSULPHUOXJDUHOLQWHUWH[WRJUiILFRFRQGLWLRVLQHTXDQRQSDUDFRQVHUYDU HOSXHVWRGHGLEXMDQWHHQ'LVQH\GHODEUXMDGH%ODQFDQLHYHVELHQTXHGHSXUDGDVODV UHGRQGHFHVHQFDUDVDQJXORVDVVHJ~QHOJXVWRGHORVWLHPSRVTXHFRUUHQGDXQWRTXHGH IDPLOLDULGDGFRQORVGLEXMRVGH³ODFDVD´\VXJLHUHXQSRVLEOHILQDOIHOL]3RURWUDSDUWH HO WUDWDPLHQWR GH OD WDUHD GH KLODU HQUROODU \ FRUWDU OD YLGD GH ORV VHUHV KXPDQRV HV GHVDFWLYDGRSRUPHGLRGHXQKXPRUtVWLFR³FRQWDGRUGHPXHUWRV´DOHVWLORGHDOJXQRV HVWDEOHFLPLHQWRV GH VHUYLFLRV UiSLGRV HVWDGRXQLGHQVHV $GHPiVODSUHJXQWDGH+DGHV VREUHHOIXWXURGHVXLQYHQWDGDFRQMXUDUHFLEHXQDUHVSXHVWDGREOHPHQWHGHELOLWDGDSDUD OD LQIDOLELOLGDG VXSXHVWD D ODV FXVWRGLDGRUDV GHO GHVWLQR (Q OD IRUPD FRQ UHVSXHVWDV HVWLOR ³DGLYLQD´ \ ³EROD GH FULVWDO´ QR ROYLGHPRV HO HVWDWXV PDUJLQDGRUGHOFRQFHSWR WUDGLFLRQDO GH EUXMD \ HQ HO FRQWHQLGR )UHQWH DO FXPSOLPLHQWR PLWROyJLFR GH ORV RUiFXORV FRPR H[SUHVLyQ GH OD IDWDOLGDG ODV 3DUFDV LQWURGXFLUiQ D +pUFXOHV FRPR SRWHQFLDO GLVWRUVLRQDGRU GHO GHVWLQR H LQFOXVR IDOODQ DO FRUWDU HO KLOR GH VX YLGD SRU GLYLQL]DUVHHOPLVPRHQODUHHVWUXFWXUDFLyQGHOJXLyQ /DSULPHUDJUDQKD]DxDGHQXHVWURKpURHSURFHGHGHODIXVLyQGHGRVHSLVRGLRV ODPXHUWHGHOD+LGUD\HOVDOYDPHQWRGH+HVtRQHGHVHUGHYRUDGDSRUHOFHWiFHR3RU VXSXHVWR OD YLROHQFLD HQ 'LVQH\ GHEH HVWDU SUHYLDPHQWH MXVWLILFDGD \ OHJLWLPDGD \ RIUHFHU D XQD GRQFHOOD FRPR YtFWLPD QR HV XQ EXHQ HMHPSOR $WDFDU D RWUR VHU VLQ PRWLYR WDPSRFR $Vt SXHV SDUHFH PiV FRQYHQLHQWH QR VyOR TXH +DGHV SUHSDUH XQD WUDPSDVLQRTXHODYtFWLPDPiVLQRFHQWHHQYH]GHXQDGRQFHOODVHDQDSDUHQWHPHQWH GRVQLxRVQRQLxDVDFFLGHQWDGRV$VLPLVPROD+LGUDDxDGHDVXUHSHUWRULRHOWUDJDUVH D +pUFXOHV TXH FRUUHVSRQGH DO HSLVRGLR GH +HVtRQH DXQTXH FRQ XQD GLIHUHQFLD PLHQWUDV TXH HQ HO PLWR HV XQD HVWUDWDJHPD GHO KpURH DTXt HV XQ HUURU GHO LQH[SHUWR DSUHQGL] OR TXH OH VLUYH DO JXLRQLVWD SDUD FUHDU XQ IDOVR ILQDO TXH HQODFH GRV GH ORV HSLVRGLRV GH DFFLyQ PiV WUHSLGDQWH GHO ILOPH SRU RWUD SDUWH FRQ LQWHUHVDQWHV DQWHFHGHQWHV\FRQVHFXHQWHVLQWHUWH[WXDOHVHQHOVHQRGHODIDFWRUtD(QFXDOTXLHUDGH ORVGRVFDVRVHOSURWDJRQLVWDYHQFHUiDOPRQVWUXRDWDFiQGRORGHVGHGHQWUR (VWD YLFWRULD SURGXFLUi HQ HO GLVFXUVR ItOPLFR XQD SDXVD HQ OD TXH OD YR] QDUUDWLYD HQ RII GH ODV PXVDV TXH MXQWR FRQ XQD FDQFLyQ UHODWDUi JUDQ SDUWH GH ODV KD]DxDVGH+pUFXOHVDULWPRGHYLGHRFOLSGHIRUPDTXHVHFRQWUDLJDHOWLHPSRKDVWDTXH OOHJDDOHVWDWXVGHOHVWUHOODWR<HVWRFRQGXFHDXQDSRSXODULGDGPHGLGDHQDGROHVFHQWHV KLVWpULFDV \ HQ p[LWR FRPHUFLDO 3RGUtD SDUHFHU OR VHJXQGR XQD SDURGLD DO HVWLOR GH OD UHDOL]DGDSRU0HO%URRNVHQ/DORFDKLVWRULDGHODVJDOD[LDVGHQRVHUSRUTXHDTXtHV FRQVXVWDFLDODOWUDEDMRKHURLFRGHOSHUVRQDMHFRPROHUHFXHUGDVXHQWUHQDGRULQWHUWH[WR 5RFN\DOUHYLVDUVXDJHQGDGHWUDEDMRVODSDUWHGHKD]DxDVTXHIDOWDEDVLQROYLGDUQL XQD (Q FXDQWR D OD SRSXODULGDG PLWROyJLFD GH +pUFXOHV HQWUH ODV PXMHUHV FLHUWDPHQWH ORV +HUiFOLGDV VRQ ULFR WHVWLPRQLR GH HOOR HQ HO PLWR 3HUR HVWD SURPLVFXLGDGLQFOXVRVHPHQWDOL]DFLyQGHOSHUVRQDMHPtWLFRHVXQDRSFLyQGREOHPHQWH SHOLJURVDSDUDODSHOtFXOD(QSULPHUOXJDUGHEHVHUREYLDGDSRUUD]RQHVGHS~EOLFR±HVH FXULRVRFRPSOHMRGHQLxRVDFRPSDxDGRVGHDGXOWRVTXHREOLJDDPDQWHQHUXQGLVFXUVR PXOWLQLYHOFRQJXLxRVVHPLLUyQLFRVTXHQRDIHFWDQDODUHFHSFLyQPiVHOHPHQWDO3RU RWUR ODGR OD PLVLyQ TXH VH OH KD HQFRPHQGDGR HQ HO JXLyQ ±KDFHUVH XQ KpURH QR SHUPLWHGLVWUDFFLRQHVHUyWLFDV\GHKHFKROD~QLFDTXHVHGDHVWiDSXQWRGHFDXVDUOD GHVWUXFFLyQ GHILQLWLYD GHO SHUVRQDMH (Q HVWH FDVR LQWHUYLHQH GH QXHYR FRPR PiV DGHODQWHYHUHPRVHOLQWHUWH[WRGHOHSLVRGLRGH6DQVyQHQHO/LEURGHORV-XHFHVFDSV DOFRQHOFRQGLFLRQDQWHGHOYRWRGHGHGLFDFLyQQD]LUHDWRD<DYp 3HUR SRU RWUD SDUWH HO VH[R YHQGH HQ ODV SHOtFXODV DQLPDGDV DXQTXH VHD VXDYHPHQWH DOXGLGR HQ HO \D UHPRWR EDxR GH &HQLFLHQWD (O SUREOHPD HV EXVFDU ORV GHVDFWLYDGRUHV TXH DXWRPDWLFHQ XQD UHFHSFLyQ VXEOLPLQDO GH ODV DOXVLRQHV 'H KHFKR ODV DOXVLRQHV GLUHFWDV DO VH[R FRPR HO ³£IyOODPH´ GH XQD IDQ DGROHVFHQWH FDVL VXEOLPLQDOHQWUHORVJULWRVYDULDGRVSDUHFHQLQWHQFLRQDOPHQWHFRORFDGDVSDUDGHVSHUWDU ODV LUDV GH JUXSRV XOWUDFRQVHUYDGRUHV \ FDOLILFDU OD SHOtFXOD GH LQPRUDO FRQ OD FRQVLJXLHQWHSXEOLFLGDGJUDWXLWD ¢&yPRGHVDFWLYDUXQVH[RTXHLQWHUHVDSUHVHQWDUYHODGDPHQWH"(QSULPHUOXJDU GHJUDGDQGR OD DWUDFFLyQ ItVLFDLQWHUVH[XDOIUHQWHDXQYDUyQDGXOWR\PXVFXODGRXQD SDQGLOODGHJUDQXMLHQWDV\GHVJDUEDGDVDGROHVFHQWHVFRQODVGHVSURSRUFLRQHVGHODHGDG IUHQWHDKHUPRVDVQLQIDVXQViWLURGHDVSHFWR\FRQGXFWDFRPSOHWDPHQWHFRQWUDULRVD ORVGH+pUFXOHVTXHUHFLEHPHUHFLGRPDOWUDWRGHODVPXMHUHVDVDOWDGDV'HKHFKRHQOD VHFXHQFLDILQDOSRUILQUHFLELUiXQEHVRGHODFDVTXLYDQD$IURGLWD 3RURWUDSDUWHODV0XVDVSLHUGHQEXHQDSDUWHGHVXVDWULEXWRVPtWLFRV\SDVDQD FRQYHUWLUVH HQ XQ FRUR QDUUDGRU FRQ XQ SURQXQFLDGR DLUH JRVSHO &XULRVDPHQWH HVWi FRPSXHVWRGHHVFXOWXUDOHVEHOOH]DVGHpEDQRFRQXQGLVFXUVRSHUPDQHQWHPHQWHFDVWR VDOYROD~OWLPDREHVDWRUSHGHPRYLPLHQWRVHWFTXHHVODTXHHQODPLVPDOyJLFD DQWHULRUJR]DGHPiVOLEHUWDGGDGRVXDVSHFWRSDUDIRUPXODUFRPHQWDULRVHUyWLFDPHQWH PiVGLUHFWRV (QWHUFHUOXJDUODSUHVHQFLDGHODFRPSDxHUDGH+pUFXOHV0pJDUD/RSULPHUR TXH HV QHFHVDULR WHQHU HQ FXHQWD HV TXH SURFHGH GH XQ GLVHxR GH SHUVRQDMH TXH KD UHFRJLGRLQWHOLJHQWHPHQWHODWUDGLFLyQGHODVYDPSLUHVDVGHODKLVWRULDGHOFLQHDVtQR KDEUtD TXH ROYLGDU OD VHFXHQFLD GH %ROD GH )XHJR HQ HO TXH XQD H[SORVLYD %DUEDUD 6WDQZLFN SRVD VX SLHUQD VREUH *DU\ &RRSHU \ VX FRUUHVSRQGHQFLD FRQ XQD VLPLODU VHFXHQFLD HQ HO ILOPH TXH HVWDPRV DQDOL]DQGR 6LQ HPEDUJR OD YHUVLyQ 'LVQH\IUHQD SDUWHGHODFDUJDHUyWLFDFXDQGRQRVSUHVHQWDDXQDPXMHUTXHUHQXQFLDDORVKRPEUHV\ TXH SURQWR VH DSLDGD FDVL IUDWHUQDOPHQWH GHO KpURH KDVWD TXH DFDED HQDPRUiQGRVH FDVWDPHQWHGHpO $OUHGHGRUGHHVWHSHUVRQDMHUHODWLYDPHQWHPHQRUHQHOGHVDUUROORGHOPLWRVH FRQFHQWUDVLQHPEDUJRODDFFLyQGHOILOPHFXDQGRUH~QHODVFDUDFWHUtVWLFDVGHOSHUVRQDMH KRPyQLPR ±TXH GHVHQFDGHQD WUDV VX PXHUWH HO FLFOR GH ORV GRFH WUDEDMRV \ ODV GH HVSRVDV\FRQFXELQDVGHOKpURHHQHVSHFLDOODPHQFLRQDGD'H\DQLUDDODTXHKD\TXH VDOYDUGH1HVR\TXHSURYRFDDGHPiVVXPXHUWHGHIRUPDLQYROXQWDULD$HOORKD\TXH VXPDU TXH HO UHVFDWH ILQDO QR HV RWUR SURFHVRTXHHOGHODOLEHUDFLyQGHODPXHUWHGH $OFHVWLV7RGRVHOORVKDQVLGRSHUVRQDMHVIHPHQLQRVGHOPLWRFRQVXVSURSLRVUDVJRV TXH KDQ VLGR GHVSLH]DGRV \ FRPELQDGRV SDUD FRQVWUXLU XQD FRPELQDFLyQ GH DWUDFWLYR IDWDO VHGXFFLyQ DUUHSHQWLPLHQWR HQDPRUDPLHQWR VDOYDFLyQ WUDV HVR Vt SDJDU FRQ OD YLGDVXFXOSD\ILQDOIHOL]HQODWLHUUDHVWR\DFRQWUDGLFLHQGRHOPLWR ¢&yPR HVWUXFWXUDU WRGR HVWR" 6L HQ HO PHQFLRQDGR JXLyQ GH %LOO\ :LOGHU HO PRGHORHUDXQLUUHYHUHQWHUHODWRGH%ODQFDQLHYHV\ORVVLHWHHQDQLWRVHQHOFDVRTXH QRVRFXSDFODUDPHQWHHVWDPRVDQWHXQDYHUVLyQGHO\DPHQFLRQDGRUHODWRGH6DQVyQ\ 0pJDUDGHVHPSHxDHOSDSHOGH'DOLODVLELHQFRQYHQLHQWHPHQWHDUUHSHQWLGDGHVXIDOWD 'DOLOD HV VHGXFWRUD SHUR PDOYDGD 0pJDUD HQ HO ILOPH H[StD VX SHFDGR PXULHQGR \ SRVWHULRUPHQWHHVUHFDWDGDGHODPXHUWHFRQORTXHTXHGDUHSULPLGRHOIDFWRUVHGXFFLyQ KDVWDHOFDVWRPDWULPRQLRILQDO 3RGUtDPRVVHJXLUDERUGDQGRRWURVPXFKRVFDVRVGHHVWHSURFHVRGHGHVSLH]DGR\ UHFRQVWUXFFLyQ SHUR GH HOORV VHJXLUtDPRV REWHQLHQGR FRQFOXVLRQHV SDUHFLGDV QRV HQFRQWUDPRVFRQXQHMHFHQWUDO6DQVyQ'DOLODTXHHVWUXFWXUDORVHOHPHQWRVSURFHGHQWHV GHO PLWR HQOD]DGRV FRQ SURFHGLPLHQWRV SURFHGHQWHV GH OD FRPHGLD URPiQWLFD KROO\ZRRGLHQVH GH IRUPD TXH REWHQHPRV SRU XQ ODGR XQD FRPELQDFLyQ QXHYD GH LPSXOVRV EDMR OD DSDULHQFLD GH PXMHUHV LPDJLQDULDV FXDQGR HQ UHDOLGDG WDOHVPXMHUHV KDQVLGRYDFLDGDVGHVXVHQWLGRSULPLJHQLR\GHVSURYLVWDVGHODSRVLELOLGDGGHDGTXLULU RWUR 'H OD PLVPD IRUPD SRGHPRV FRQWHPSODU HO HQWUHFUX]DPLHQWRGH GLVFXUVRVGH KRQGR FDODGR HQ QXHVWUD FXOWXUD \D VHD GH IRUPD FRQVFLHQWH R QR TXH QR VyOR VH LQWHUOHJLWLPDQ VLQR TXH OHJLWLPDQ HO SURGXFWR ILQDO FRPR DFHSWDEOH H LQFOXVR DSDUHQWHPHQWH UHFRPHQGDEOH 6LQHPEDUJR HOSURFHVR GH VLPSOHFRPSDUDFLyQ QRV KD UHYHODGR FyPR OD XQLyQ HQWUH SLH]DV HVWi DXWRPDWL]DGD SDUD SURPRYHU XQD OHFWXUD PRQROyJLFD GH FRPHGLD UHODWLYDPHQWH ³EODQFD´ TXH ODQ]D DO HVSHFWDGRU KDFLD XQD LQWHUSUHWDFLyQHVWHUHRWLSDGDGHORIHPHQLQR ¢4XpGLIHUHQFLDKD\HQWUHORDTXtSODQWHDGR\XQDVLPSOHFUtWLFDGHIXHQWHVSRU RWUDSDUWHIiFLOPHQWHDFFHVLEOHV"$SHQDVXQDVFRUURVLYDVJRWDVGHWHRUtD±TXHFRQORV DGROHVFHQWHV HV DGPLQLVWUDEOH YtD LQWXLFLyQ FRQ HO ILQ GH DX[LOLDUQRV HQ OD WDUHD GH GHVDXWRPDWL]DUORVSURFHVRVUHFHSWLYRVGHVSHUWDUXQDVDQDVXVSLFDFLDDQWHORVSURGXFWRV GHFRQVXPR\VREUHWRGRGHYROYHUDOUHFHSWRUHOGHUHFKRGHFRQVWUXLUDSDUWLUGHORV GDWRV GH OD H[SHULHQFLD UHDO ILFWLYD \ GLIHULGD VX SURSLR FRQFHSWR UHIHUHQFLDO FRQWH[WXDOL]DGRGHDOJRWDQLPSRUWDQWHSRUVLPLODULGDGRFRQWUDVWHSDUDVXLGHQWLGDG FRPRHVHVHUHIHUHQWHTXHOODPDPRVµPXMHU¶