Toward a contemporary planning methor: technological and citizenship commiment

IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture S E V I L L A IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture S E V I L L AS E V I L L A Antonio Tejedor Cabrera, Marta Molina Huelva (comp.) IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture Sevilla: Universidad de Sevilla, 2017. 1.408 pp. 21 x 29,7 cm ISBN: 38765987928376375 Legal Dep.: 236235768336 All right reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or any means without prior written permission from the Publisher. EDITOR Universidad de Sevilla COMPILERS Antonio Tejedor Cabrera Marta Molina Huelva DESIGN AND LAYOUT BY Pablo Blázquez Jesús María Carrascal Pérez Daniel Longa García Marina López Sánchez Francisco Javier Navarro de Pablos Gabriel Velasco Blanco ADMINISTRATION AND SERVICES STAFF Adoración Gavira Iglesias Seville, november 2017 © 2017. IDA: ADVANCED DOCTORAL RESEARCH IN ARCHITECTURE IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture ORGANIZED BY S E V I L L AS E V I L L A COLLABORATORS IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture All manuscripts have been submitted to blind peer review, all content in this publication has been strictly selected, the international scientific committee that participates in the selection of the works is of international character and of recognized prestige, an scrupulous method of content filtering has been followed in terms of its veracity, scientific definition and plot quality. IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture COMMITTEES CONFERENCE CHAIRPERSONS Antonio Tejedor Cabrera, Coordinator of the PhD Program in Architecture and Director of the University Institute of Architecture and Construction Sciences, Professor Department of Architectural Design, University of Seville Marta Molina Huelva, Secretary of the University Institute of Architecture and Construction Sciences, Professor of the Department of Building Structures and Geotechnical Engineering, University of Seville ORGANISING COMMITTEE María Carrascal Pérez, Department of History, Theory and Architectural Composition, University of Seville Mercedes Linares Gómez del Pulgar, Department of Architectural Graphic Expression, University of Seville Ángel Martínez García-Posada, Department of Architectural Design, University of Seville Pilar Mercader Moyano, Department of Architectural Constructions I, University of Seville Domingo Sánchez Fuentes, Department of Urban Planning and Spatial Planning, University of Seville Manuel Vázquez Boza, Department of Building Structures and Land Engineering, University of Seville CONFERENCE SECRETARY Pablo Blázquez Jesús, Ph.D. student, Department of Architectural Design, University of Seville Marina López Sánchez, Ph.D. student, Department of Architectural Design, University of Seville IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture 1. Analyze the research lines of the various programs and build a map of doctoral research in Spain with the support of coordinators, tutors / thesis supervisors, doctoral students and young doctors in the disciplines related to Architecture and their related areas. 2. To know the status of doctoral theses in progress or defended in the last three years, selected by means of a call with blind peer evaluation of the doctoral programs participating in the congress. 3. Discuss the structure and university management of doctoral programs in relation to employment challenges, collaboration with the productive sector and national research programs. 4. Exchange experiences with other international doctoral research programs on international mobility management, theses with international mention, co-supervised theses, theses with industrial mentions, etc. 5. No less important, consolidate a national and international network of Doctoral Programs related to Architecture, Urban Planning, Heritage, Landscape, Technologies and related disciplines. OBJECTIVES IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture Thematic tables The thematic tables are places to present the methodologies and experiences of young doctors and doctoral students from different universities. They are managed by the doctorate students themselves, who generate conclusions to be debated and reworked in the final plenary session. The sessions are developed simultaneously with the presentation of the papers selected in the call, organized in four areas or thematic lines: 1. Architectural technologies 2. Housing, city and territory 3. Heritage and Rehabilitation 4. Analysis and advanced projects Workshop The workshop of the Congress is oriented towards the analysis of the problems and management needs of the Doctorate Programs, with the objective of arriving at conclusions that may be useful to the Universities involved. The coordinators of the Doctorate in Architecture programs and the doctoral students’ representatives will participate in the workshop. The following are topics for debate: lines of research, methodologies, organizational needs of the doctoral programs, the International Doctorate and the Industrial Doctorate, and the future of doctoral research. Plenary Sessions The plenary sessions are held at the beginning and end of the Congress. In the first session of welcome and introduction to the Congress, researchers from the national and international scene and the coordinators of the doctorate programs are invited to participate. In the second plenary session an open debate is proposed for the going over of the proposals drawn from the workshop and the thematic tables. It also serves as a closing ceremony with the presentation of the final conclusions of the 2017 IDA_Sevilla Congress. FORMAT IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture 1. Analizar las líneas de investigación de los diversos programas y construir el mapa de la investigación doctoral en España con el apoyo de los coordinadores, los tutores/directores de tesis, los doctorandos y los jóvenes doctores en las disciplinas relacionadas con la Arquitectura y sus áreas afines. 2. Conocer el estado de las tesis doctorales en marcha o defendidas en los últimos tres años, seleccionadas por medio de una call con evaluadores por pares ciegos de los programas de doctorado participantes en el congreso. 3. Debatir sobre la estructura y la gestión universitaria de los programas de doctorado en relación con los retos de empleo, colaboración con el sector productivo y los programas nacionales de investigación. 4. Intercambiar experiencias con otros programas de investigación doctoral a escala internacional sobre gestión de la movilidad internacional, tesis con mención internacional, tesis en cotutela, tesis con mención industrial, etc. 5. No menos importante, consolidar una red nacional e internacional de Programas de Doctorado relacionados con la Arquitectura, la Urbanística, el Patrimonio, el Paisaje, las Tecnologías y sus disciplinas afines. OBJETIVOS IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture Mesas temáticas Las mesas temáticas son lugares de presentación de las metodologías y las experiencias de jóvenes doctores y de estudiantes de doctorado procedentes de las diferentes universidades. Son gestionadas por los propios estudiantes de doctorado que generan unas conclusiones para ser debatidas y reelaboradas en la sesión plenaria final. Las sesiones se desarrollan de manera simultánea con la presentación de los papers seleccionados en la call, organizados en cuatro áreas o líneas temáticas: 1. Tecnologías de la Arquitectura 2. Vivienda, Ciudad y Territorio 3. Patrimonio y Rehabilitación 4. Análisis y Proyectos Avanzados Taller El workshop del Congreso se orienta hacia el análisis de los problemas y las necesidades de gestión de los Programas de Doctorado con el fin de extraer conclusiones que pueden ser útiles a las Universidades implicadas. En el workshop participan los coordinadores de los programas de Doctorado en Arquitectura y los representantes de los doctorandos. Son temas de debate: las líneas de investigación, las metodologías, las necesidades organizativas de los programas de doctorado, el Doctorado Internacional y el Doctorado Industrial, y el futuro de la investigación doctoral. Sesiones Plenarias Las sesiones plenarias se realizan al inicio y al final del Congreso. En la primera sesión de bienvenida e introducción al Congreso se invita a participar a expertos investigadores del panorama nacional e internacional y a los coordinadores de los programas de doctorado. En la segunda sesión plenaria se propone un debate abierto para la reelaboración de las propuestas extraídas del taller y de las mesas temáticas. Sirve también de clausura con la presentación de las conclusiones finales del Congreso IDA_Sevilla 2017. FORMATO IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture S E V I L L A IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture IDA: Advanced Doctoral Research in Architecture Architecture technologies / TECNOLOGíAS DE LA ARqUITECTURA p. 23-30: AnAlYsis oF inciDence oF license MAnAgeMent ActiVities in the Processes oF the internAtionAl stAnDArD une iso 21,500 / p. 31-39: ANÁLISIS DE INCIDENCIA DE LAS ACTIVIDADES DE GESTIÓN DE LICENCIAS EN LOS PROCESOS DE LA NORMA INTERNACIONAL UNE ISO 21.500 García Ruiz-Espiga, Adolfo; Soler Severino, Manuel p. 41-49: enVeloPe’s energY PerForMAnce oF uniVersities BuilDings locAteD in BAhiA – BrAZil / p.50-58: DESEMPEÑO ENERGÉTICO DE LA ENVOLVENTE TÉRMICA DE EDIFICACIONES UNIVERSITARIAS CONSTRUIDAS EN BAHIA - BRASIL Santana, Bruno; Coch, Helena p. 59-66: A stuDY oF the essentiAl chArActeristics oF A gloBAl DAnce Floor sYsteM / p. 67-74: ESTUDIO SOBRE LAS CARACTERíSTICAS ESENCIALES DE UN SISTEMA DE SUELO GLOBAL PARA LA DANZA Turiel, Claudia; García-Santos, Alfonso p. 75-83: the rooF therMAl BehAVior in A troPicAl-eQuAtoriAl cliMAte / p. 84-93: EL COMPORTAMIENTO TÉRMICO DE LA CUBIERTA EN EL CLIMA TROPICAL-ECUATORIAL Torres-Quezada, Jefferson; Coch-Roura, Helena; Isalgué, Antonio p. 95-103: FrP reinForceMent AnD ProDuction oF Duo tiMBer BeAMs / p. 104-112: FABRICACIÓN Y REFUERZO DE VIGAS LAMINADAS DÚO CON FRP Balmori, Jose Antonio; Basterra, Luis-Alfonso p. 113-121: MethoDologY oF coMPleMentArY AssessMent to A liFe cYcle AnAlYsis oF the sustAinABilitY oF use gADuA BAMBoo in constructiVe solutions / p. 122-130: METODOLOGíA DE VALORACIÓN COMPLEMENTARIA A UN ANÁLISIS DE CICLO DE VIDA DE LA SOSTENIBILIDAD DEL USO DEL BAMBÚ GUADUA EN SOLUCIONES CONSTRUCTIVAS Torres Rojas, José Eduardo; Neila Gonzalez, Francisco Javier p. 131-141: therMoDYnAMics oF MeDiterrAneAn courtYArDs: QuAntiFicAtion AnD APPlicAtions in eco-eFFicient ArchitecturAl Design / p. 142-152: TERMODINÁMICA DEL PATIO MEDITERRÁNEO: CUANTIFICACIÓN Y APLICACIÓN AL DISEÑO DE ARqUITECTURAS ECO-EFICIENTES Rojas Fernández, Juan Manuel; Galán Marín, Carmen; Fernández Nieto, Enrique p. 153-160: coMPleMentArY techniQues For the chArActeriZAtion oF neW construction MAteriAls: AnAlYsis AnD reVieW / p. 161-169: TÉCNICAS COMPLEMENTARIAS PARA LA CARACTERIZACIÓN DE NUEVOS MATERIALES CONSTRUCTIVOS: ANÁLISIS Y REVISIÓN Pedreño-Rojas, M. Alejandro; Morales-Conde, M. Jesús; Rodríguez-Liñán, Carmen; Pérez-Gálvez, Filomena; Rubio-de-Hita, Paloma p. 171-181: current AnD Future DeMAnD-siDe MAnAgeMent PotentiAl relAteD to the therMAl MAss oF resiDentiAl BuilDings in euroPe BAcKgrounD AnD MethoDologicAl APProAch / p. 182-192: POTENCIAL ACTUAL Y FUTURO DE GESTIÓN DE LA DEMANDA ENERGÉTICA ASOCIADA A LA MASA TÉRMICA DE EDIFICIOS RESIDENCIALES EN EUROPA ANTEDECENDES Y PLANTEAMIENTO METODOLÓGICO de-Borja-Torrejón, Manuel; León-Rodríguez, Ángel-Luis; Auer, Thomas p. 193-203: stuDY AnD AssessMent oF the seisMic VulnerABilitY oF PriMArY school BuilDings locAteD At the AlgArVe AnD huelVA: stAte oF the Art / p. 204-214: ESTUDIO Y VALORACIÓN DE LA VULNERABILIDAD SíSMICA DE EDIFICIOS DE EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA EN EL ALGARVE Y HUELVA: ESTADO DEL ARTE Requena-García-de-la-Cruz, María-Victoria; Fazendeiro-Sá, Luis; Morales-Esteban, Antonio; Estêvão, João M.C.; Ferreira, Mónica A.; Durand-Neyra, Percy; Oliveira, Carlos Soussa p. 215-222: reseArch on eco-eFFicient structurAl MortArs / p. 223-231: INVESTIGACIÓN SOBRE MORTEROS ESTRUCTURALES ECO-EFICIENTES González-Kunz, Rocío N.; Pineda, Paloma; Morillas, Leandro; Brás, Ana p. 233-242: toWArD A conteMPorArY PlAnning MethoD: technologiAl AnD citiZenshiP coMMitMent / p. 243-253: HACIA UN MÉTODO DE PLANIFICACIÓN CONTEMPORÁNEO: COMPROMISO TECNOLÓGICO Y CIUDADANO Luque Martín, Irene TOWARD A CONTEMPORARY PLANNING METHOD: TECHNOLOGIAL AND CITIZENSHIP COMMITMENT Luque Martín, Irene (1) (1) Universidad de Sevilla, [email protected]. Abstract: Cities are growing exponentially, raising new demands and complexities that, combined with an unexpected and accelerated technological, multisectoral and massive transition, generate scenarios and challenges that conventional planning - with conventional methods - has not solved. This paper –as summary of some outcomes from a PhD Thesisresponses to the research question: How contemporary urban planning could improve its outcomes through urban technologies implementations? In order to be able to respond the question the thesis researched within the past looking for techniques, methods, success and failures which could be useful as reference to understand our knowledge and potential future goals to enhance the use of technologies. Such technology combined with the actual information and data available nowadays could allow us to face the raising complexity of a society that demands new improvements within the cities. The use of technological techniques such simulation and modelling using artificial intelligence would move further toward rigorous, accurate and resilient outcomes from spatial planning. It could support to avoid the negative consequences after applying inadequate actions and unnecessary sources that –usuallydo not cover the demands from the citizens. Therefore, it needed to move further, in a realistic and factible way, toward a methodological alternative that filters itself within the current urban planning processes. This proposal is tested in the PhD thesis with some potential outcomes to support further research and that are highlighted in this paper. Keywords: Urban planning, Artificial intelligence, Collaborative planning, Urban technology, Urban simulation. 1. Introduction At the end of century XIX Reclus (2014) said: Al observar nuestras inmensas ciudades expandirse cada día y casi cada hora, engullir año tras año nuevas colonias de inmigrantes y extender sus tentáculos, como pulpos gigantes, sobre el espacio que las rodea; se siente una especie de estremecimiento, como si se presenciaran los síntomas de alguna extraña enfermedad social[...]. Sin embargo, es fácil demostrar que este crecimiento monstruoso de la ciudad -resultado complejo de una multiplicidad de causasno es pura patología. Nowadays over 54% of the world population live within urban areas, forecasting an increment toward 66% within the horizon 2050 (UN Habitat, 2016). This trend is because of the foreseeable growth of the population combined with their preference to live within urban areas. Hence, this is our current scenario, but also it is our future. A panorama in which cities will become more important, probably more than the states (Castells, 2001). Every time is more evident that the city is a complex system but incomplete (Sassen, 2015). This statement is useful to set position and drive the goals to move further in the methods and techniques within contemporary urban planning toward a successful outcomes. These moments begin to be a juncture where the population and the urban management is one of the main challenges of our immediate future. The new urban Agenda approved within Quito in 2016 deal the demand of social inclusiveness, equity and an urgent change in the current urban growth trends. This Agenda also remarks the need to face the climate change challenges and the resilience to the critic scenarios as consequence of the natural disasters and circumstances out of control. On that note, the United Nations has settled seventeen goals to transform our world, the so called “17 Sustainable Development Goals” which are detailed within 169 aims dealing the basic elements defining this guide for the future transformations: economic growth, social inclusiveness, and environmental protection. Scales, demands, circumstances and challenges in the local and global level that show us a heterogeneous and complex panorama that is going to require substantial changes within planning and management of our cities. Ascher studied in his book “Los nuevos principios del urbanismo” saying (2004): Las sociedades occidentales están cambiando y entran en una nueva fase de la modernidad que ve evolucionar profundamente las formas de pensar y actuar, la ciencia y la técnica, las relaciones sociales, la economía, las desigualdades sociales, los modelos de democracia. Estas mutaciones suponen y hacen necesarios cambios importantes en el concepto, la producción y la gestión de las ciudades y de los territorios, y ponen de actualidad una nueva revolución urbana moderna, la tercera después de la revolución de la ciudad clásica y de la ciudad industrial. These words begin to be part of urban planning’s future while other authors remain showing the gradual and irrelevant role of urban planning with a wide acknowledge of its failures due to it did not face on time and spatially the actual issues of the cities. A generic position which depends of every case presenting different palate of failures and successes. Therefore, the failure of planning practice has been widely reported (UN Habitat, 2016; Hall, 1980; among others) although there are also several exceptions reporting good practices (Tojo & Naredo, 2010) Contextualized in Andalusia, the situation presents an alarming framework specially for the high law production –even contradictory sometimeson the last decades. Along the time has been shown its useless and inefficiency due to nowadays it still keeps excessive urban planning proposals belonging to other times and promoting speculative growing dynamics. It generated some of the irreversible territorial effects and a critic social and economic situation (Belil, 2012; I Díaz, 2008; among others). The research by Martín (2016) underpins these thoughts about the details and effects above mentioned based on three main analysis: a) assess the current status of regional and urban planning, b) the valorisation of the actual regional planning models from the analysis of the current urban planning, and c) assess the incidence and the impact on the current “urban models” (translated from Spanish term “modelo urbano”) from the regularization and integration in the urban fabric of the irregular building processes which are happening in the “non-urban” (translated from the Spanish term “no urbanizable”) land. On that sense, clarity is experessed by “Adaptaciones Parciales a la LOUA”: […] ha certificado en muchos casos, con una actitud contemplativa y condescendiente, la desfiguración del tradicional sistema de asentamientos existente en su ámbito territorial sin adoptar medidas que fomenten la contención y, porque no, la reversión de esta situación, obligando a la reconducción de estos modelos consumistas de territorio hacia patrones de ordenación encaminados hacia la sostenibilidad y, por tanto, al establecimiento de modelos de ciudad razonablemente compactas, funcionalmente complejas, dotacionalmente proporcionadas e infraestructuralmente eficientes. Processes, tools, culture, education, learning, and interests are converted in causes and effects of the inability from planning of the incorporation of criteria and guiding principles useful to rule, coordinate and orientate dynamics as accelerated as the ones that we have lived the last decades. Besides, they do not only have reported a gap between the plan and the citizens, but a gap between what is executed and what could be convenient to execute. It is evident that planning is dreamy with the radical changes happening nowadays, not just referred to the discipline, methods and tools itself, but to its role and habits. Therefore, it should move further toward the enhancement of its obsolescence integrating other disciplines and interacting with other sectorial competences (environmentalist, engineers, artists, so on), with the stakeholders and with the citizens. On that way, it could have the possibility to find the essence of planning practices to become the suitable tool toward the best social, economics and environmental actions which are needed. In order to do so, it has to gather the respect and disciplinary credit to be successful in the processes, generating criteria for the proposals beyond the classic parameters. Un urbanismo enfocado a la producción flexible que sustituya a la producción fordista, un urbanismo zonificador tradicional que tiene que dar paso a un nuevo urbanismo que incide más en la forma de producir que en la propia naturaleza de aquello que se produce (Trullén, 2014, p. 105). The technology is not only an element that affects the city, but it performances the revolution in its understanding and functional working system (Hajer & Dassen, 2014). However, we are still not able to appreciate and understand the whole picture of its potential applications and capabilities. While there are still some discussions and debates about the dilemma whether the technology should be implemented or not within planning, in other disciplines there is a strong and clear interest and application of the technology. They are moving further very quickly in order to have accessible the tools, also because they take in account all the raising available data that allow us new scope and solutions. Advanced technology makes its way and begins to set as an unquestionable reality in the planning of cities In addition, the technology also starts to have a role within urbanism practices such urban management, communication, participation, and even within sociological analysis. However, in the meanwhile planning remains refusing to incorporate technological advances to regard that processing data, the systematization, and the scientist become to cancel one of the most important moment of planning: the decision-making process by the intuitive process by practitioners. Therefore, the contemporary planning approach has to understand and assume the role as coordinator between experts, actors, and stakeholders in order to use the best information and technology available. On this line, Offenhuber and Ratti (2014) on their book called “Decoding the city” was key inspiration source on the beginning of this literature review: But planners, policy experts, and economists are no longer the only specialists responding to these challenges. New actors enter the stage and bring new approaches to the field. Perhaps the most significant developments have happened in the domain of data-intense methodologies. Hence, regarding the literature review, we reflect on the original research question: How contemporary urban planning approach can improve its outcomes through the urban technology? Either planning or urbanism are at this moment at the level which is demanded by the society. Regarding the lack of usability of technological tools and the possibilities that are open with the citizen collaboration, we underused the opportunity to bring together finally the two opposite side of the dilemma between humanistic and technocratic experts (Portugali, 2011). In definitive, there is needed to assume the new transition as a positive challenge, where planning has a main role in the future of cities, and that the planner is presented as the essential agent who is able to read the general picture and being the integrator of all the disciplines interacting within the decisionmaking processes (Haselsberger, 2017). In this paper, it is synthetize the PhD thesis where was generated a methodological alternative exploring the new paths to enhance and to transform the current situation, proposing that technology and collaborative processes become in key elements in order to respond to the raising complexity in our cities. It is proposed by practices which go beyond of the readings, visualizations and performances of the urban dynamics. It is more about allowing us to study that complexity through specific tools (Batty, 2013). On that sense was developed the test on a case study: Intramuros de Jerez de la Frontera. 2. Objectives Responding to the research question, this PhD thesis was proposed to: approach a historical and theoretical reflection on the dilemma of planning; to find the keys to integrate the advantages of each one of the extremes of the pendulum; to study the evolution in the time and in the positions of each one of the parts; and to concretize a methodology that allows positive addition by translating them into practice in a useful way, and also to test this methodology to verify the results in an empirical case. They are the objectives and focuses of the research. Therefore, the line of work is centered on proposing: 1) a theoretical-methodological model that fuses the main contributions of extreme positions between humanists and technocrats. 2) to establish a specific technological channel for the discussion of complex situations. 3) to propose a process that contemplates the insertion of these objectives. 4) develop and experience a concrete application with the simulation of urban scenarios that allows to reflect and learn from the conjunction of an intelligent process between people and machines. 5) to test viability in an urban study of a specific area in which theoretical key concepts (complexity and dilemma) are combined with other thematic aspects (heritage values, depopulation and progressive deterioration). At the end, some lines to attend the objectives presented below:  Show the set of improvements that can be incorporated into the planning as a result of technological advances.  Study the incorporation of a new dimension and formats for the processes of citizen participation facilitating an important civic advance.  Contribute to incorporate a greater degree of success in urban projects.  Minimize the negative effects of cabinet decisions and imperatives.  Pursue the values of the academic world by ensuring that research and technology transfer also reach urban planning in a useful way.  Renew the toolbox in the drafting and monitoring processes of urban and territorial planning.  To inventory, to review and to join cases of investigation and experimentation on the urban simulation to elaborate a state of the art.  Reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of these techniques, both in their preliminary applications and in their consolidation phase. Hall, P. (1980). Great planning disasters. Futures, 12(1). Harris, B. (1989). Beyond geographic information systems. Journal of the American Planning Association, 55(1), 85-90. Haselsberger, B. (Ed.). (2017). Epilogue: Back to the Future. A Personal Portrayal in the Interface of Past Planning and Planning Futures. In Encounters in Planning Thought: 16 Autobiographical Essays from Key Thinkers in Spatial Planning. Routledge. i Díaz, F. G. (2008). El “tsunami urbanizador” en el litoral mediterráneo. El ciclo de hiperproducción inmobiliaria 1996- 2006. Scripta Nova: Revista electrónica de geografía y ciencias sociales, 12. Innes, J. E., & Booher, D. E. (2010). Planning with complexity: An introduction to collaborative rationality for public policy. Routledge. Jacobs, J. (1973). Muerte y vida de las grandes ciudades. Madrid. Península. Klosterman, R. E. (1997). Planning support systems: a new perspective on computer-aided planning. Journal of Planning education and research, 17(1), 45-54. Martín, P. G. G. (2016). La planificación de la ciudad en el cambio de milenio (1997-2017). Propuestas para reconducir la herencia recibida: Los casos de casares (Málaga) y Chiclana de la Frontera (Cádiz) (Doctoral dissertation, Universidad de Sevilla). páginas 447 y siguientes. Offenhuber, D., & Ratti, C. (2014). Decoding the city: Urbanism in the age of big data. Birkhäuser. Portugali, J. (2011). Complexity, cognition and the city. Springer Science & Business Media. Reclus, E. (2014). La evolución de las ciudades. Boletín CF+ S, (45), 121-130. Saseen, S. (2015). Economía, ciudad y espacio público, Quaderns entrevista a Saskia Sassen. Quaderns, D´arquitectura i urbanisme. Obtenido de http://quaderns.coac.net/es/2016/09/saskia-sassen/ Terán, F. (2009). El pasado activo (Vol. 11). Ediciones AKAL. Tojo, J. F., & Naredo, J. M. (2010). Libro blanco de la sostenibilidad en el planeamiento urbanístico español. Trullén, J. (2014). Presentación. Papers 57. Discursos emergentes para un nuevo urbanismo. UN Habitat. (2016). World Cities Report. A city that plans: reinventing urban planning. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. Vonk, G. A. (2006). Improving planning support: the use of planning support systems for spatial planning. KNAG/Netherlands Geographical Studies. 8. Acknowledgment Special thanks to my thesis supervisors Victoriano Sainz Gutiérrez and Antonio Piñero Valverde of the University of Seville, for accompanying me and guiding me in the process of writing and reviewing the thesis. To Karin Pfeffer and the doctoral students with whom I shared an international research stay at the University of Amsterdam.