The Documentary Remains of the Perpetrator: Images and Texts

primer semestre enero • junio 2022 ISSN 0212-8365 e-ISSN 2253-900X primer semestre enero • junio 2022 ISSN 0212-8365 e-ISSN 2253-900X DOI: 10.12795/themata revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/themata https://editorial.us.es/es/revistas/themata-revista-de-filosofia 65 Thémata. Revista de Filosofía nace en el año 1983 con la intención de proporcionar a quienes investigan y producen en filosofía un cauce para publicar sus trabajos y fomentar un diálogo abierto sin condicionamientos ideológicos. En sus inicios participaron en el proyecto las Universidades de Murcia, Málaga y Sevilla, pero pronto quedaron como gestores de la revista un grupo de docentes de la Facultad de Filosofía de la Universidad de Sevilla. Una preocupación constante de sus realizadores ha sido fomentar los planteamientos interdisciplinares. La revista ha estado abierta siempre a colaboradores de todas las latitudes y ha cubierto toda la gama del espectro filosófico, de lo que constituye una buena prueba la extensa nómina de autores que han publicado en sus páginas. En sus páginas pueden encontrarse trabajos de todas las disciplinas filosóficas: Historia de la Filosofía, Metafísica, Gnoseología, Epistemología, Lógica, Ética, Estética, Filosofía Política, Filosofía del Lenguaje, Filosofía de la Mente, Filosofía de la Ciencia, Filosofía de la Historia, Filosofía de la Cultura, etc. También ha querido ser muy flexible a la hora de acoger nuevos proyectos, fomentar discusiones sobre temas controvertidos y abrirse a nuevos valores filosóficos. Por esta razón, los investigadores jóvenes siempre han encontrado bien abiertas las puertas de la revista. Equipo editorial / Editorial Team Director honorario Jacinto Choza Armenta jchoz[email protected] Director Fernando Infante del Rosal [email protected] Director Adjunto José Manuel Sánchez López [email protected] Subdirectores Jesús Navarro Reyes [email protected] Inmaculada Murcia Serrano [email protected] Jesús de Garay jgar[email protected]s Secretario Guillermo Ramírez Torres [email protected] Secretaria de Redacción Mª Piedad Retamal Delgado [email protected] Facultad de Filosofía. Universidad de Sevilla Departamento de Estética e Historia de la Filosofía • Departamento de Filosofía y Lógica y Filosofía de la Ciencia • Departamento de Metafísica y Corrientes Actuales de la Filosofía, Ética y Filosofía Política Camilo José Cela s/n, 41018 Sevilla (España) e-mail: [email protected] Bases de Datos y Repertorios Bibliográficas internacionales Emerging Sources Citation Index (Web of Science Group-Clarivate Analytics) Dialnet (España) Francis, Philosophie. INIST-CNRS (France) Philosopher's Index (Bowling Green, OH, USA) Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) Repertoire Bibliographique de Philosophie (Louvain, Belgique) Ulrich's Internacional Periodicals Directory (New York, USA) DialogJournalNameFinder (Palo Alto, CA, USA) Periodicals Index Online (Michigan, USA) Index Copernicus World of Journals Gale-Cengage Learning-Informe Académico Academic Journal Database DULCINEA Google Scholar Electra Bulletin signaletique. Philosophie, CNRS (France) Bibliográficas nacionales ISOC - Filosofía. CINDOC (España) De evaluación de la calidad de revistas CARHUS Plus ERIH PLUS Philosophy (2016) REDIB Latindex MIAR CIRC DICE Política editorial y directrices para autores/as, al final de la revista. Número 65 segundo semestre enero • junio 2022 ARGENTINA Flavia Dezzuto, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba ALEMANIA Alberto Ciria, Munich CANADÁ Óscar Moro, University of New Found Land CHILE Mariano De la Maza, Universidad Católica de Chile José Santos Herceg, Universidad de Santiago de Chile COLOMBIA Martha Cecilia Betancur García, Universidad de Caldas Víctor Hugo Gómez Yepes, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana Gustavo Adolfo Muñoz Marín, Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana ESPAÑA Alfonso García Marqués, Universidad de Murcia Antonio De Diego González, Universidad de Sevilla Avelina Cecilia Lafuente, Universidad de Sevilla Carlos Ortiz Landázuri, Universidad de Navarra Celso Sánchez Capdequí, Universidad Pública de Navarra Elena Ronzón Fernández, Universidad de Oviedo Enrique Anrubia, Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera Federico Basáñez, Universidad de Sevilla Fernando Wulff, Universidad de Málaga Fernando M. Pérez Herranz, Universidad de Alicante Fernando Pérez-Borbujo, Universitat Pompeu Fabra Francisco Rodríguez Valls, Universidad de Sevilla Ildefonso Murillo, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca Irene Comins Mingol, Universitat Jaume I Jacinto Rivera de Rosales Chacón, UNED Joan B. Llinares, Universitat de València Jorge Ayala, Universidad de Zaragoza José Manuel Chillón Lorenzo, Universidad de Valladolid Juan García González, Universidad de Málaga Juan José Padial Benticuaga, Universidad de Málaga Luis Miguel Arroyo Arrayás, Universidad de Huelva Mª Luz Pintos Peñaranda, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela Marcelo López Cambronero, Instituto de Filosofía Edith Stein María del Carmen Paredes, Universidad de Salamanca Octavi Piulats Riu, Universitat de Barcelona Óscar Barroso Fernández, Universidad de Granada Pedro Jesús Teruel, Universitat de València Ramón Román Alcalá, Universidad de Córdoba Ricardo Parellada, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Sonia París Albert, Universitat Jaume I Tomás Domingo Moratalla, UNED ESTADOS UNIDOS Witold Wolny, University of Virginia) Thao Theresa Phuong Phan, University of Maryland REINO UNIDO Beatriz Caballero Rodríguez, University of Strathclyde ITALIA Luigi Bonanate, Università di Torino MÉXICO Rafael De Gasperín, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey Julio Quesada, Universidad Veracruzana Adriana Rodríguez Barraza, Universidad Veracruzana PERÚ Ananí Gutiérrez Aguilar, Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa y Universidad Católica de Santa María Nicanor Wong Ortiz, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola PORTUGAL Yolanda Espiña, Universidade Católica Portuguesa TURQUÍA Mehmet Özkan, SETA Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research Consejo Editor / Editorial Board ARGENTINA Graciela Maturo, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET Jaime Peire, Universidad Nacional de Tres de Febrero- CONICET ALEMANIA Tomás Gil, Freie Universität Berlin Fernando Inciarte, † Westfälische Wilhelms- Universität Otto Saame, † Universität Mainz BULGARIA Lazar Koprinarov, South-West University ‘Neofit Rilski’ CHILE Carla Corduá, Universidad de Chile Roberto Torreti, Universidad de Chile COLOMBIA Carlos Másmela, Universidad de Antioquía Fernando Zalamea, Universidad Nacional de Colombia ESPAÑA Agustín González Gallego, Universitat de Barcelona Alejandro Llano, Universidad de Navarra Andrés Ortiz-Osés, Universidad de Deusto Ángel D’ors, † Universidad Complutense de Madrid Antonio Hermosa Andújar, Universidad de Sevilla Carlos Beorlegui Rodríguez, Universidad de Deusto Concha Roldán Panadero, Instituto de Filosofía, CCHS-CSIC Daniel Innerarity Grau, Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science Francisco Soler, Universidad de Sevilla Ignacio Falgueras, Universidad de Málaga Javier San Martín, UNED Jesús Arellano Catalán, † Universidad de Sevilla Joaquín Lomba Fuentes, Universidad de Zaragoza Jorge Vicente Arregui, † Universidad de Málaga José María Prieto Soler, † Universidad de Sevilla José Rubio, Universidad de Málaga Juan Antonio Estrada Díaz, Universidad de Granada Juan Arana Cañedo-Argüelles, Universidad de Sevilla Luis Girón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Manuel Fontán Del Junco, Fundación March Manuel Jiménez Redondo, Universitat de València Marcelino Rodríguez Donís, Universidad de Sevilla Miguel García-Baró López, Universidad Pontificia Comillas Modesto Berciano, Universidad de Oviedo Pascual Martínez-Freire, Universidad de Málaga Rafael Alvira, Universidad de Navarra Teresa Bejarano Fernández, Universidad de Sevilla Vicente San Félix Vidarte, Universitat de València ESTADOS UNIDOS Lawrence Cahoone, University of Boston FRANCIA Nicolás Grimaldi, Université Paris IV-Sorbonne PARAGUAY Mario Ramos Reyes, Universidad Católica de Asunción REINO UNIDO Alexander Broadie, University of Glasgow ISRAEL Marcelo Dascal, † Tel Aviv University ITALIA Massimo Campanini, Università di Napoli l´Orientale Maurizio Pagano, Università degli Studi del Piamonte Orientale. Amedeo Avogadro JAPÓN Juan Masiá, Sophia University, Tokio MÉXICO Jaime Méndez Jiménez, Universidad Veracruzana Ana Laura Santamaría, Instituto Tecnológico de Monterrey Héctor Zagal, Universidad Panamericana VENEZUELA Seny Hernández Ledezma, Universidad Central de Venezuela Comité Científico Asesor / Advisory Board Thémata. Revista de Filosofía agradece la labor realizada desde su inicio por sus anteriores directores: Jacinto Choza, Juan Arana y Jesús de Garay. Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 64 • julio-diciembre (2021) ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2021.i64 LOS RESTOS DOCUMENTALES DEL PERPETRADOR: IMÁGENES Y TEXTOS_ MONOGRÁFICO [COORDS.: IRENE CÁRCEL EJARQUE, JUANJO MONSELL CORTS] 10 PRESENTACIÓN. Los restos documentales del perpetrador: imágenes y textos Irene Cárcel Ejarque, Juanjo Monsell Corts 36 PRESENTATION. The Documentary Remains of the Perpetrator: Images and Texts Irene Cárcel Ejarque, Juanjo Monsell Corts 61 La propaganda como imagen de perpetrador. Escorzos de la Guerra de Malvinas en 1982, de Lucas Gallo Natalia Taccetta, Mariano Veliz 81 Remains of the World War I: War against War by Ernst Friedrich and Two Approaches to Reading Archives Marta Maliszewska 104 ‘Nunca comprenderán que yo también tenía corazón’. Sobre el testimonio del victimario en el cine documental Lior Zylberman 133 El ‘silencio’ de los perpetradores. Una aproximación a la literatura alemana de los perpetradores del Tercer Reich Brigitte E. Jirku 158 Léon Degrelle. Del silencio a la negación del Holocausto José Luis Rodríguez Jiménez 181 Los “sacrificados” y la resignificación del Valle de los Caídos como símbolo de reconciliación (1958-1959) David Tormo Benavent 203 Memorias, genealogías femeninas y lugares de perpetración. Etnografía de las exhumaciones contemporáneas de fosas del franquismo en el cementerio de Paterna (Valencia) Isabel Gadea i Peiró, Mª José García-Hernandorena Índice. 07 ESTUDIOS_ARTÍCULOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN 227 Kafka, Roth y Buber: en torno a dos relatos (II) Gabriel Insausti Herrero-Velarde 248 El nuevo realismo: un análisis de las propuestas de Quentin Meillassoux, Graham Harman, Maurizio Ferraris y Markus Gabriel Andrés Vega Luque 271 Parricidio y ley en la obra de Derrida Pedro Tenner 291 La filosofía existencial como “vox clamantis in deserto”. La lectura shestoviana de la filosofía de Søren Kierkegaard Catalina Elena Dobre 317 La filosofía en tiempos de Covid-19 y pospandemia: hacia una nueva humanidad Sonia París Albert 340 Historia e identidad: reflexiones en torno a Ibn Jaldún y Hegel Alejandro Martín Navarro 361 “Nosotros en los otros”. La dialéctica de la autorrealización social e individual en la teoría del reconocimiento de G. H. Mead Carlos Emel Rendón 381 Situación actual de los estudios sobre Jesús Jacobo Negueruela Abellá 394 Praxis, daños e intención. Una aproximación al problema de daño sin víctima póstumo en sede aristotélica Jan María Podhorski TRADUCCIONES 412 Dominique Chateau: Étienne Souriau: una ontología de la singularidad Sergio González Araneda RESEÑAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 427 Ferrer, Anacleto. Facticidad y ficción. Ensayo sobre cinco secuencias fotográficas de perpetración de la Shoah, Valencia: Shangrila, 2020, 226 pp. Melania Torres Mariner 432 Sánchez Biosca, Vicente. La muerte en los ojos. Qué perpetran las imágenes de perpetrador. Madrid: Alianza Editorial, 2021, 301 pp. Rafael Rodríguez Tranche Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 64 • julio-diciembre (2021) ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2021.i64 08 436 Benéitez Andrés, Rosa; Fusco, Virginia (eds). Hospitalidad: Lo otro y sus fronteras. Madrid: Dykinson, 2021, 147 pp. José Luis Panea 441 Federici, Silvia. Brujas, caza de brujas y mujeres. Traficante de sueños: Madrid, 2021, 144 pp. María Medina-Vicent 446 Markus, Gabriel. Neoexistencialismo: Concebir la mente humana tras el fracaso del naturalismo. Madrid: Pasado & Presente, 2019, 188 pp. Asier Arias Domínguez 451 Hernández-Pacheco Sanz, Javier. Hegel: Introducción e interpretación. Independently published, 2019, 268 pp. José Carlos Cortés Jiménez 454 Giombini, Lisa y Kvokačka, Adrián eds. Everydayness. Contemporary Aesthetics Approaches. Prešov/Roma: University of Prešov/Roma Tre- Press, 2021, 287 pp. Mª Jesús Godoy Domínguez 459 Mora, José Luis; Heredia, Antonio eds. Guía Comares de Historia de la Filosofía Española. Granada: Comares, 2022, 361 pp. Jéssica Sánchez Espillaque 465 Call for Papers Thémata 2022-2023 466 Política editorial. 469 Directrices para autores/as. Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 64 • julio-diciembre (2021) ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2021.i64 09 Monográfico. ‘Los restos documentales del perpetrador: imágenes y textos’. Irene Cárcel Ejarque, Juanjo Monsell Corts (Coords.) 4242 Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 65 • enero-junio (2022) pp. 36-60 • ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2022.i65.02 IRENE CÁRCEL EJARQUE JUANJO MONSELL CORTS THE DOCUMENTARY REMAINS OF THE PERPETRATOR: IMAGES AND TEXTS how it should be archived (Derrida 33-34), the archive becomes the law of what can be enunciated (Foucault 170). The shift from the consideration of the archive as a documentary source to the conception of the archive as a historical agent makes it possible to identify the remains of political power attached to documents during the process of producing knowledge of the past and consequently to unravel the different meanings acquired by them during their period of preservation in the archive (Cooke and Reichelt-Brushett 12). In fact, the moment of the document’s inclusion in the archive is profoundly paradoxical: the immortalizing intention of the act of registering nullifies the original meaning instead of maintaining it intact. The privileged preservation of the document implies its exposure to the passing of time and, hence, to resignifications. The uniqueness of the event to which the document refers is eliminated at the very moment of archiving (Harris 100) and the document ceases to operate as a signifier of the historical fact and acquires the status of a signifier of historical time (Cooke and Reichelt-Brushett 15). That is, it begins to absorb and reflect a series of meanings derived from the historical processes to which it is exposed (Brunow 6). 16 Since the archive is a constantly evolving production – and therefore indescribable in its totality – the number of meanings that archived documents can acquire tends to infinity (Hall 89). They become multidimensional artifacts in which different structures are intermingled, none of them original (Guasch 2), so that the scrutiny of archived documents is closely related to detail and discrimination (Ginzburg 1989; Osborne 58). Ultimately, in the very conception of the archive as an instrument whose function is to present history as a succession of linear moments accessible in a positivist manner – and, therefore, to feed a conception of historical time as progressive – opens the possibility of reading it as a device that wrest the significant moment from the historicist perspective – embodied in the document – and intersperses it with the rest of the ruins of the past, that is, with the present (Benjamin 1991; Cooke and Reichelt-Brushett 21). 16 In this sense, it is worth noting, as Stuart Hall (89) points out, that although there is a connection between the archive and tradition, this is produced in terms of contradiction: the archive must be conceived as an unfinished space open to modification, while tradition is a concept with a tendency towards stagnation and immobilism. This fact does not imply that tradition does not use the archive as a legitimizing space. 4343 Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 65 • enero-junio (2022) pp. 36-60 • ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2022.i65.02 IRENE CÁRCEL EJARQUE JUANJO MONSELL CORTS THE DOCUMENTARY REMAINS OF THE PERPETRATOR: IMAGES AND TEXTS Rather than enabling direct access to the past, the archive offers a textual refiguration of it (Featherstone 596). The genealogical study of the archive as a state institution shows that its capacity to intervene in the creation of historical narratives and to influence the meaning of the materials it preserves within it has existed from the moment of its consolidation. The generalization of the construction of archives between the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in Europe responded to the need to transfer symbolically the power and memory emanating, in the first place, from the figure of the monarch, and later, from the state itself to an external organism. At this point, the archive became a fundamental element in sustaining the national memory. However, the archive also emerged to fulfill the function of collecting systematic and measurable information on population and territory in a context of nation-state formation and exponential population growth (Featherstone 591-592). It expanded and established itself within European societies in order to cohere and control. 17 In this sense, from the archive as a tool to record a past and determine a future for the construction of a solid national identity cannot be separated the will to regulate the internal – and in the case of colonial contexts also external – population and territories (Featherstone 592-593). Its use has always been linked to the legitimization, validation, and protection of hegemonic interests and activities. This fact is particularly relevant for the examination of the nature of totalitarian societies in the twentieth century. In a context of expanding state powers, world wars and international rivalries, dictatorial regimes make use of archives in order to mobilize the population through the exaltation of national values, as well as to surveil and monitor them in order to protect themselves from enemies and subversive influences. The apparatuses of surveillance and control deposit their documents in the archives under a logic which presupposes the indefinite temporal extension 17 The demographic growth of the eighteenth century was accompanied by a process of increasing disciplinary power. This process, while aiming to obtain docile bodies, also individualized them. That is to say, there began to emerge a desire to distinguish the individual from the rest of the population by his or her own history. The individual began to be formed as a category of knowledge through the accumulation in archives of documents that recorded individual life histories (Featherstone 591-592). 4444 Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 65 • enero-junio (2022) pp. 36-60 • ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2022.i65.02 IRENE CÁRCEL EJARQUE JUANJO MONSELL CORTS THE DOCUMENTARY REMAINS OF THE PERPETRATOR: IMAGES AND TEXTS of the dictatorial regime (Osborne 56). In general, 18 many of the documents generated by perpetrators remain in the archives once the regimes have been dismantled and are not publicly known until the archives are scrutinized. Accordingly, the archive proves to be a state institution with pretensions of exercising power over all aspects of society (Luker 2016). Precisely these pretensions generate a contradictory relationship between the entity that uses the instrument and the instrument itself: the state cannot exist without archives, but the very existence of the archive – given that it conceals within itself the operating logics of the state – constitutes a constant threat to the state (Mbembe 23). The tension between these two elements makes the archive, despite its apparent rigidity and immobility, a profoundly unstable space, constantly changing and open to the demands of the present and the future (Van Zyl 53). No document is exempt from the possibility of being discarded, destroyed, or replaced. The existence of the archive as a state institution, that is, as a legitimizing space and as an effect of sovereignty, implies the existence of a reverse side in which are included all those documents that, despite having been preserved, have been excluded from the official archive. This other space, called counter-archive, includes all the collections of documents that have been compiled in opposition to a specific hegemonic discourse for different reasons (Guasch 4). 19 However, the logic that operates in them is not significantly different from that of the official archive. These documentary collections are also defined by the type of material collected, by the way it is grouped and described, and by everything that is being excluded (Hamilton, Harris and Reid 9). Thus, an examination of the reasons for the inclusion or exclusion of the document from the official archive or, failing that, from the 18 Some dictatorial systems made efforts to destroy official documents that could compromise them in cases where they could foresee the end of the regime. This usually occurred in contexts of war. 19 Documents stored in the counter-archive should not necessarily be considered in opposition to the official narratives constructed by the archive. In many cases, the reasons that lead a document not to be archived respond to personal issues, as may occur, for example, in the case of family documents – both textual and visual – of perpetrators. In this case, although the signifying structure of these documents corresponds to a large extent to that of perpetrator documents generated by an official organism, they remain in the private sphere and the access to them is, therefore, more complicated. 4545 Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 65 • enero-junio (2022) pp. 36-60 • ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2022.i65.02 IRENE CÁRCEL EJARQUE JUANJO MONSELL CORTS THE DOCUMENTARY REMAINS OF THE PERPETRATOR: IMAGES AND TEXTS counter-archive can help in understanding the multilaminarity characteristic of these artifacts (Hamilton, Harris and Reid 9). Not surprisingly, the very space in charge of preservation inscribes the documents in a series of practices related to production, distribution and reception that reflect the construction of a historical discourse – or counter-discourse (Brunow 4). In short, while the recreation of the original meaning of archived documents is impossible, the unraveling of the mechanisms that sustain this very impossibility is a feasible task. 3 · Towards an analysis of the perpetrator’s documentary remains One of the strategies that could help in this unraveling would be to approach these archival documents from the perspective of postmemory proposed by Marianne Hirsch (2008 and 2021), according to which the generations after those who lived through the traumatic and violent episodes – the so-called postgeneration – take over the memory of the victims without appropriating it; that is, not using postmemory as an identity position, but as a generational structure of transmission of the past. 20 The work of the academic study is thus understood as part of the affiliative postgeneration 21 that is aware of its 20 “Postmemory describes the relationship that the generation after those who witnessed cultural or collective trauma bears to the experiences of those who came before, experiences that they “remember” only by means of the stories, images, and behaviors among which they grew up. But these experiences were transmitted to them so deeply and affectively as to seem to constitute memories in their own right. Postmemory’s connection to the past is thus not actually mediated by recall but by imaginative investment, projection and creation” (Hirsch 2008 106-107). Although Hirsch’s concept focuses on and comes from the particular study of photographs, there is the possibility of applying it and extrapolating it to the study of textual documents. One must, however, be aware of the differences, both bridgeable and impassable, and not force adaptation by any means. This possibility is supported by the ideas of Anacleto Ferrer and Vicente Sánchez-Biosca (47), according to whom it is illusory to think that concepts, narratives and images are spheres that live separately in our world, especially when it comes to areas such as mass violence. On the contrary, photographic images often condense an account of the events they supposedly represent, albeit in miniature and full of gaps. 21 Within postmemory, due to the different mechanisms of transmission of memories, 4646 Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 65 • enero-junio (2022) pp. 36-60 • ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2022.i65.02 IRENE CÁRCEL EJARQUE JUANJO MONSELL CORTS THE DOCUMENTARY REMAINS OF THE PERPETRATOR: IMAGES AND TEXTS dependence on the images, narratives and documents that were bequeathed to them (Hirsch 2021 158). It tries to find a balance between the emotional force and the informative potential of the various documents and to prevent the former from overshadowing or excluding the latter. It focuses especially on the form and not so much on the content – infinitely more worked – and puts the focus, then, more than on what the documents reveal, on the manner in which they do so and the information they provide about the victims, the perpetrators and the context in which the documents emerged. Thus, postmemory is a starting point for establishing a connective analysis of the figure of the victims – much more studied in a canonical way – and that of the perpetrators 22 through the study of the documents produced by them and their main characteristics. The first of these, which is of crucial importance as far as perpetrator documents are concerned, is the performative force. In respect to images, this performative force can be observed in two senses. On the one hand, perpetrator images not only capture those who are in front of the camera at some given time, but they also contribute to the action that is about to be performed on them – to the violent crime that is going to be perpetrated. In a way, or at least partly, that violent action is carried out for the camera, because it was there to capture it. Thus, the images have created and generated reality. 23 On the other hand, this performativity becomes an additional – but a distinction is made between family and affiliative postmemory: the former is the result of a vertical intergenerational identification that takes place within the family space itself, while the latter is presented as a horizontal intra-generational identification that exceeds the limits of the family institution, and is therefore accessible and extensible to a larger number of people (Hirsch 2008 114-115). 22 The study of this complex figure, argue Anacleto Ferrer and Vicente Sánchez-Biosca (20), can be approached from a tripartite distinction: the macro-level of the architects, of those who conceive them [the perpetration processes] ideologically and hold the highest responsibilities in decision-making; the meso-level of the organizers, of those who, from offices or through specific orders, act and set the machinery in motion; and the micro-level of the executors, of those who pull the trigger or throw the pills into the gas chambers and consummate the passage from power to criminal act. The latter are the ones that receive the most attention in the current literature. 23 In this sense, Judith Butler’s reflections on torture photographs, the relations that according to the author are established, by virtue of the frame, between the camera, the photographer and the scene could help us to understand the idea that is defended here: 4747 Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 65 • enero-junio (2022) pp. 36-60 • ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2022.i65.02 IRENE CÁRCEL EJARQUE JUANJO MONSELL CORTS THE DOCUMENTARY REMAINS OF THE PERPETRATOR: IMAGES AND TEXTS not secondary – act of violence to that which the image itself captures: the victims receive the shot from the camera before the final one, and that shot, unlike the one that follows it, has an unbearable continuity (Sánchez-Biosca 95). For their part, the textual documents, with their differences, respond to the same logic of performativity and the double moment of violence: their writing, elaboration or diffusion induces the criminal action in a manner analogous to that of the image. These documents will condemn, torture or murder the victim before he or she is condemned, tortured or murdered de facto. But what is paradoxical about both types of perpetrator documents is the ambivalence they contain, the dialectic that is born in or from them: even when the crime – the second and definitive act of violence – is narrated in past perfect, the images – literal or figurative – transmitted by the various types of documents remain in an intolerable present, in that Barthesian ça a été 24 that indicates a past future in a continuous manner. 25 Documents capture that instant in which that which has been, that which has happened, has not yet happened, hence the powerful impact of the preserved present. It is known what is going to happen – what happened – and this becomes, even if it escapes the explicitness of the document, its most visible and legible detail – the inescapable mark of time in it. Not in vain, the first act of violence, the one that seemed complementary, is the one that is preserved 26 and that allows, again from the postthe presence of an accomplice photographer – often unaware, due to the overwhelming nature of the image, of those who explicitly appear in it – and of a camera that prompts, frames and orchestrates the act as well as capturing the moment of its accomplishment (Butler 2007 959). That is to say, the image does not simply portray the event, but provokes and augments it –without intervening in it. Therefore, the interpretation of the image becomes essential for the interpretation of the event. 24 Is betting here for the application of an inexcusably photographic concept to the textual sphere, being aware of the problems it could entail, but emphasizing what it can contribute. Even so, the documents studied in this monograph do not represent entirely this temporal punctum, since sometimes the research focuses on texts or images produced after the death of the person who, in some way, is the protagonist. 25 Again, with Butler, and trying to apply her reflections on photography also to textual documents: “The photograph is a kind of promise that the event will continue, indeed it is that that very continuation. [...] Because of the photo, the event has not stopped happening” (Butler 2007 959, 961). 26 It is worth clarifying what this preservation refers to. Insofar as the moment of pro- 4848 Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 65 • enero-junio (2022) pp. 36-60 • ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2022.i65.02 IRENE CÁRCEL EJARQUE JUANJO MONSELL CORTS THE DOCUMENTARY REMAINS OF THE PERPETRATOR: IMAGES AND TEXTS memory, to carry out the process of reappropriation of the perpetrators’ vision, which is turned it against them – and this with a double meaning: because it helps to denounce their crimes and because it turns the focus towards them. Therefore, appropriating the documents of power turns them into documents of resistance and denunciation; it allows to see the different temporal layers of which they are constituted, thus showing that they can say one thing and the opposite (Peris 192). On the one hand, they say 27 what the perpetrators who produced them intended to express with them and the perspective from which they wanted to do so (Sánchez-Biosca 31): that of the perpetrator’s gaze. These documents had, among others, the function of facilitating the recognition of the supposed enemy and their essential and defining characteristics in order to be able to identify and denounce it for its undesirable behaviors. However, more than a description, it was a stereotyped construction through which a whole series of prejudices were established against a caricatured image of the victims – which may give more information about the perpetrators themselves than about the victims. 28 This constructive mechanism, in which the idiosyncrasy and ideology that led to the machinery of horror 29 can alduction of these documents contributes to and increases the scope of the crime, these documents are the trace that the crime leaves behind. But it is not a distant, external, alien trace; rather, the event itself is contained in the images and texts themselves. The event and its trace are the two parts of the same violence that emerge at the same time. 27 The use of the present tense in this case is neither casual nor unreflective: although there are several temporal strata that cross the documents and this is, chronologically, the oldest, they do not constitute a vertical linearity in which the appearance of one would cause the rejection, annulment or oblivion of the previous one – or the previous ones –, but rather they are superimposed. Thus, the documents did not say what the perpetrators wanted them to say, but continue and will continue to do so, causing the approach to them to be necessarily kaleidoscopic. 28 It should be noted that not all the perpetrator images have the victims as protagonists; the archives also have images in which they are the ones represented. However, the first type, the images in which the figure of the victim appears explicitly or implicitly, are the ones that provide the most information: the figure of the perpetrator is constructed in a negative way, as the obverse of everything that is attributed to the victims, as an ideal opposition to their vices and defects. 29 As Anacleto Ferrer and Vicente Sánchez-Biosca (29), point out the words of the perpetrators, their rhetoric, their manifestations in the performative order, define their 4949 Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 65 • enero-junio (2022) pp. 36-60 • ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2022.i65.02 IRENE CÁRCEL EJARQUE JUANJO MONSELL CORTS THE DOCUMENTARY REMAINS OF THE PERPETRATOR: IMAGES AND TEXTS ready be observed, served the propagandistic purposes of the regimes that held – or pretended to hold – power at the time, i.e., those that produced the documents. With images taken from the place where they wanted the gaze to be positioned, with texts plagued by a deeply pejorative and performative language, they carried out a double game of ostentation: internally, they were a symptom of the good functioning of the regime, of its power and of the tranquility and security they offered by controlling the adversary; externally, they served as a warning to those who were not supporters. In all cases, they justified criminal actions through the process they provoked and to which they contributed: the reification 30 and dehumanization 31 of the enemy to be fought. In a second interpretative layer, one can find what they say for the victims: these perpetrator documents are considered here primarily as evidence of the crimes and offenses committed and of the participation in them of the perpetrators. The documents thus respond to the desire for reparation and justice of the victims, who add to these images and texts their own gaze in order to subvert the point of view imposed on them. If it is a question of purging personal responsibilities and not only of reconstructing the history of the machinery of horror (Hirsch 2021 197), the extensive bureaucratization with which these events and regimes have usually counted could be of great help. All kinds of documents are preserved: images showing the perpetrators themselves or texts headed by the names of the people who held positions – of greater or lesser importance – within official institutions of the machinery that ordered and orchestrated the crimes; in these documents the hierarchy that operated is recorded and the signatures of those responsible, the bureaucrats, the executors and even the victims appear. Moreover, in many cases these documents are the only reliable proof of the existence of acts. 30 An example of this process of reification can be found, according to Ferrer and Sánchez-Biosca (24), in the consideration of the thousands of people arriving at the Treblinka ramp as ‘cargo’. 31 As Todorov (187-188) claims, to be classified as an enemy is enough to exclude him from humanity. An example of this is the fact that detainees are deprived of their names – the first sign of the individual – and given a number. When the guards talk about the detainees, they avoid using terms such as “persons”, “individuals”, “men”, and designate them as “pieces”, “chunks”, or use of impersonal expressions. 5050 Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 65 • enero-junio (2022) pp. 36-60 • ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2022.i65.02 IRENE CÁRCEL EJARQUE JUANJO MONSELL CORTS THE DOCUMENTARY REMAINS OF THE PERPETRATOR: IMAGES AND TEXTS the victims or of their passage through the machinery of horror and death. Archival documents or even private documents from other cases can serve to approximate what happened, to reconstruct an account – uncertain but likely – of what happened to those for whom we do not know what became of them, of whom there is no further evidence of their existence or, of course, of their forced disappearance. 32 Thus, an affiliative exercise is carried out: that of reading in those names or seeing in those faces the ones of all men and women who do not appear but could have appeared. A final level in the stratification is the analysis carried out by academic studies that, in a way, brings together the previous ones and gives them a necessary distance to make the approach to the issue as objective as possible. Among the various tasks of this analysis, the critical interpretation of the frameworks that made possible, incited and justified the crimes to which the documents bear witness stands out. A close relationship or even feedback is thus established between the study and the documents since the latter are not only objects to be examined – study objects – but also valuable sources for the reconstruction of the framework in question – study tools. This ambivalence helps to unravel the official and hegemonic discourse that made possible the production of these documents – a discourse that these documents reinforced and perpetuated at the time they emerged. 33 And this critical interpretation of the imposed interpretation sheds light on perhaps the most striking feature of the perpetrator documents: their very existence. The purpose of these totalitarian systems in which perpetration occurs is none other than to erase entire peoples or sectors of the population from the pages of history, which is why the sheer number of documents they produced on these individuals is so surprising. Although this amazement is more easily identifiable – perhaps even greater – in the visual documents, since the only purpose they seem to have is to boast about their trophy or to exacerbate the feeling of comradeship among the perpetrators, 34 it can also be observed in 32 According to Hirsch (2021 335), the National Archives contain listings on microfiche, and in these impersonal inscriptions descendants seek evidence of the existence of those whose names appear only as objects of ownership. 33 In Butler’s words, the photograph [like documents], “is not just a visual image awaiting its interpretation; it is itself interpreting, actively, even forcibly” (Butler 2005 823). 34 See in this regard the considerations on the concept of comradeship by Anacleto 5151 Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 65 • enero-junio (2022) pp. 36-60 • ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2022.i65.02 IRENE CÁRCEL EJARQUE JUANJO MONSELL CORTS THE DOCUMENTARY REMAINS OF THE PERPETRATOR: IMAGES AND TEXTS the textual documents. Even considering the bureaucratic and organizational function with which they arise – which could also be attributed to some of the visual ones –, it is still surprising the high number of documents that record the victims when this content could have been avoided. 4 · Case Studies of Perpetrator Documents: Images and Texts This monographic issue arises from the problems raised with the aim of defining the fundamental role that visual or textual perpetrator documents play when it comes to an in-depth analysis of this controversial figure. This interest in the figure of the perpetrator and their documentary remains is rooted in the work of the REPERCRI research group, a transversal group of the University of Valencia, pioneer in the introduction of the field of perpetrator studies in Spain. 35 In accordance with the different, but synergistic, lines of research of the members and collaborators of the group, each of the articles in the issue presents a unique approach to the state of affairs and focuses on specific and diverse case studies. Thus, the articles will study the documentary remains of the perpetrator by addressing either the images or the texts. The issue opens with the text by Natalia Taccetta and Mariano Veliz “La propaganda como imagen de perpetrador. Escorzos de la Guerra de las Malvinas”, in which the authors analyze of the audiovisual materials that constituted the television media coverage of the conflict that took place in the islands between dictatorial Argentina and Great Britain in the 1980s. The backbone of their study is Lucas Gallo’s 2020 documentary film 1982, Ferrer in Facticidad y ficción. Ensayo sobre cinco secuencias fotográficas de perpetración de la Shoah (2020). 35 The work of this interdisciplinary group can be consulted in collective publications such as El infierno de los perpetradores. Imágenes, relatos y conceptos (Ferrer and Sánchez-Biosca 2019) or Geographies of Perpetration. Re-Signifying Cultural Narratives of Mass Violence (Jirku and Sánchez-Biosca 2021) and individual publications such as Facticidad y ficción. Ensayo sobre cinco secuencias fotográficas de perpetración de la Shoah (Ferrer 2020) or La muerte en los ojos. Qué perpetran las imágenes de perpetrador (Sánchez-Biosca 2021) among others. 5858 Thémata. Revista de Filosofía • nº 65 • enero-junio (2022) pp. 36-60 • ISSN: 0212-8365 • e-ISSN: 2253-900X • DOI: 10.12795/themata.2022.i65.02 IRENE CÁRCEL EJARQUE JUANJO MONSELL CORTS THE DOCUMENTARY REMAINS OF THE PERPETRATOR: IMAGES AND TEXTS ages taken by the perpetrators themselves as an extension of the violent act. In order to face the great complexity the images entail – due to their authorship, their fragmentary nature, their state of preservation in which they are found –, Sánchez-Biosca recurs to a variety of methodologies adapted to each specific case. Nevertheless, he finds commonalities in the performativity of the images and the plurality of lives that they have, that is to say, the different temporal strata in which these images acquire importance. 5 · Bibliographic references Barthes, Roland. La cámara lúcida. Nota sobre fotografía. Barcelona: Paidós, 2009. Baudrillard, Jean. Le crime parfait. Paris: Éditions Galilée, 1995. Benjamin, Walter. Gesammelte Schriften V. 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