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Planificación conjunta de fabricación y distribución de productos con instantes fijos de entrega.

García Sánchez, José Manuel; Villa Caro, Gabriel

Abstract

En este artículo se presenta el problema asociado a la planificación conjunta de la fabricación y distribución de pedidos cuando ambos procesos se producen de forma continua sin esperas. Analizamos el caso en el que los pedidos poseen un instante

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