Entre el espejismo y la incertidumbre : derribar el canon mediante el placer estético
Full text
(QWUHHOHVSHMLVPR\ODFHUWLGXPEUHGHUULEDUHOFDQRQPHGLDQWHHOSODFHUHVWpWLFR *$5&Ë$1DYDUUR&DUPHQ 'HVGH HVWDV SiJLQDV DQDOL]DUHPRV HO SDSHO GH OD FXOWXUD FRPR PHGLR SDUD FRQWULEXLUDODHPDQFLSDFLyQGHOKRPEUHDVtFRPRHQTXpPHGLGDHOORSXHGHGHUULEDU ORVYDORUHVTXHHOFDQRQKDLPSODQWDGRPHGLDQWHVXSHUYLYHQFLD\ODGXUDELOLGDGHQXQ FRQWH[WRFXOWXUDOFRQFUHWRHQHVWHFDVRHOGH(XURSDRFFLGHQWDO1RVEDVDUHPRVHQOD QRYHOD/RYHDJDLQGH'RULV/HVVLQJ ,QWHQWDUpGHPRVWUDUTXHHOWH[WRSRVHH XQRVUDVJRVTXHORLGHQWLILFDQFRQORTXHVHKDFRQVLGHUDGRIUDJPHQWDULRIUHQWHDOR UHSUHVHQWDWLYRGHOFDQRQOLWHUDULRRFFLGHQWDO0HHVWR\UHILULHQGRDXQDOLWHUDWXUDTXH EDVDVXSURGXFFLyQYHQFLHQGRODVH[LJHQFLDVGHOSDWUyQFXOWXUDOGHFDOLGDG 'HHVWXGLDUORDQWHULRUVHKDQRFXSDGR\DGLVWLQWRVDXWRUHVHQ(VSDxD (QVXV WUDEDMRVVHDILUPDTXHHOFDQRQKDYLVWRFyPRVHSRQtDQHQFXHVWLyQXQRVSULQFLSLRV WHyULFRV HVWpWLFRV \ IRUPDOHVTXH QR KDQSDVDGR SRU DOWRD OD FUHDFLyQOLWHUDULD 'H PRGRVLPLODUVHKDH[SUHVDGR-RVp03R]XHOR<YDQFRVGLFLHQGRTXHIUHQWHDOD GHIHQVDGHORVYDORUHVGHOFDQRQHVWpWLFRRFFLGHQWDOFDUDFWHUL]DGRSRUODSDUFLDOLGDGOD FHQWUDOLGDG \ HO DQJORFHQWULVPR KHPRV VLGR WHVWLJRV D OR ODUJR GH ODV WUHV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDVGHODSUHVHQFLDGHWH[WRVHVFULWRVSRUDXWRUHVFX\DVREUDVYLQGLFDQXQRVYDORUHV TXHHVWiQPiVDOOiGHORVDFHSWDGRVSRUHOFDQRQ\TXHODWHRUtDOLWHUDULDKDHQYLDGR ³GHVGH OD SHULIHULD DO FHQWUR GHO VLVWHPD GH DGPLQLVWUDFLyQ GH OR OLWHUDULR´ 3R]XHOR <YDQFRV\$UDGUD6iQFKH] 3RUHOORFRQXQDREUDFRPR/RYHDJDLQKD\TXHGHFLUTXH/HVVLQJQRGHMDGH H[SRQHU VXV LQTXLHWXGHV DO UHVSHFWR GH XQ GHVPDQWHODPLHQWR GH GLFKRV YDORUHV WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWHDFHSWDGRV$OLJXDOTXHRWUDVDXWRUDV/HVVLQJHVWDED\DKDFLHQGROR SURSLRDOSURSRQHUXQDREUDFRPR7KH *ROGHQ 1RWHERRNTXHURPSLyPROGHV GHVGHHOSXQWRGHYLVWDHVWpWLFRHLGHROyJLFR'HODPLVPDPDQHUDRWURGHVDItRDOFHQWUR /(66,1* ' /RYH DJDLQ /RQGRQ )ODPLQJR ([LVWH XQD YHUVLyQ HQ HVSDxRO SXEOLFDGD HQ 'HVWLQR 9pDVH$=3(,7,$0HWDOOHGV3LHOTXHKDEOD%DUFHORQD,FDULD(QODPLVPDFROHFFLyQ 6(*$55$ 0 \ &$5$%Ë È HGV )HPLQLVPR \ FUtWLFD OLWHUDULD 68È5(= %ULRQHV % 0$57Ë1/XFDV%\)$5,f$%XVWR0-HGV(VFULELUHQIHPHQLQR3RpWLFDV\SROtWLFDV ,JXDOPHQWH/Ï3(=5RPiQ%\./(,1+$*(1+7HRUtDVIHPLQLVWDV\VXVDSOLFDFLRQHVDO WHDWURIHPLQLVWDEULWiQLFRFRQWHPSRUiQHR*UDQDGD&RPDUHV 9pDVH*$/9È15HXOD)HUQDQGRHG0iUJHQHV\FHQWURVHQODOLWHUDWXUDEULWiQLFDDFWXDO 8QLYHUVLGDG GH $OFDOi (O OLEUR UHFRJH RFKR DUWtFXORV GH RWURV WDQWRV DXWRUHV TXH LQGDJDQ VREUH OD PDQLIHVWDFLyQOLWHUDULDGHODVXEYHUVLyQVXFRQFHSWR\VXSUiFWLFDHQORVGLVWLQWRVJpQHURVHQODDFWXDO OLWHUDWXUD EULWiQLFD /D WHVLV GH SDUWLGD VRVWLHQH TXH HO SULPHU FRQFHSWR GHFRQVWUXLGR SRU ORV DXWRUHV OLWHUDULRVHVHOGHODQRFLyQGHOLWHUDWXUDLQJOHVDRTXHKDWHQLGRVXRULJHQHQODV,VODV%ULWiQLFDV 32=8(/2<9$1&26-0\$5$'5$6iQFKH]57HRUtDGHOFDQRQ\OLWHUDWXUDHVSDxROD 0DGULG&iWHGUD
GHQWURGHODOtQHDVHJXLGDSRU/HVVLQJKDVWDHQWRQFHVIXHVXDSXHVWDSRUXQDWHPiWLFDGH ILFFLyQ FLHQWtILFD FRQ XQD SHQWDORJtD TXH OOHYD HO VREUHWtWXOR &DQRSXV LQ $UJRV $UFKLYHVHVFULWDHQWUH\3RUORWDQWRHQVXVREUDVFRPRHQODVGHDXWRUDV TXH SHUWHQHFHQ D XQD JHQHUDFLyQ SRVWHULRU FRPR $QJHOD &DUWHU &DU\O &KXUFKLOO %DUEDUD3\PR-HDQHWWH:LQWHUVRQORFRQVLGHUDGRVXEYHUVLYR\PDUJLQDOREWLHQHXQ WUDWDPLHQWR SULRULWDULR FRPR SRU HMHPSOR OD UHOHYDQFLD GHO SDSHO GH OD PXMHU HQ OD KLVWRULDRODLGHQWLGDGVH[XDO&UHRTXHORDQWHULRUQRVFRQGXFLUtDDFXHVWLRQDUQRVTXpVH DFHSWDFRPRXQDSDUWHPiVGHOFHQWURFXOWXUDOGHQWURGHODWUDGLFLyQHVWpWLFD\DUWtVWLFD RFFLGHQWDOSHURHOORQRVOOHYDUtDDXQGHEDWHGHOTXHQRVHRFXSDHVWHWUDEDMR 7HQLHQGRHQFXHQWDORDQWHULRU\UHILULpQGRQRV\DD/RYH DJDLQHVVDELGDOD LPSRUWDQFLDTXHOLJDDOWH[WRFRQHOFRQWH[WRVRFLDO\FXOWXUDOHQHOTXHpVWHVHGHVDUUROOD &RER1DYDMDV TXHHQ/RYHDJDLQHVGREOH8QKHFKRGHILFFLyQVHKDFUHDGR GHQWUR GH OD QRYHOD OD UHSUHVHQWDFLyQ GH OD YLGD GH XQD HVFULWRUD FRPSRVLWRUD \ GLEXMDQWH OD IUDQFHVD GH RULJHQ FDULEHxR -XOLH 9DLURQ FX\D ELRJUDItD HV UHFUHDGD D SDUWLU GHO GHVFXEULPLHQWR GH VXV GLDULRV SRU 6DUDK 'XUKDP GLUHFWRUD JXLRQLVWD \ UHDOL]DGRUDGHODFRPSDxtDGHWHDWURLQGHSHQGLHQWH7KH*UHHQ%LUGXELFDGDHQ/RQGUHV 6DUDK WUDEDMD FRQ 6WHSKHQ (OOLQJWRQ6PLWK PHFHQDV SHUWHQHFLHQWH D OD DULVWRFUDFLD LQJOHVDVREUHORVGLDULRVGH9DLURQ(QODILFFLyQFUHDGDSRU/HVVLQJ6DUDKVHHQFDUJD GH UHFRQVWUXLU ORV GLDULRV GH OD DUWLVWD \ D SDUWLU GH OD LQIRUPDFLyQ REWHQLGD HQ HOORV HODERUD XQD REUD GH WHDWUR PHGLDQWH OD TXH VH OOHYDUiQ D HVFHQD ORV KHFKRV PiV GHVWDFDGRVGHODYLGDGHODGHVFRQRFLGD9DLURQ'HHVWHPRGRHQODQRYHODVHPH]FODOD KLVWRULDGHODSURWDJRQLVWD6DUDKHQWUHILQDOHVGHORVDxRVµ\SULQFLSLRGHORVµ\ OD KLVWRULD GH -XOLH SURWDJRQLVWD GH OD QDUUDFLyQ TXH FRQWLHQH QXHVWUD QRYHOD GHVDUUROODGDHQWUHILQDOHVGHOVLJOR;,;\SULQFLSLRGHO;; 6LQGXGDWRGRKHFKRFXOWXUDOOOHYDLPSOtFLWRVXQRVFRPSRUWDPLHQWRVVRFLDOHV HFRQyPLFRV\SROtWLFRVFRQUHVSHFWRDODUHDOLGDG3RUHVWDUD]yQKHPRVFRQVLGHUDGR QHFHVDULRHVWXGLDUODLQWHUSUHWDFLyQTXH/HVVLQJUHDOL]DGHOFRQWH[WRFXOWXUDOHQHOTXH YLYHWHQLHQGRHQFXHQWDTXHGLVWLQWRVDXWRUHVKDQDILUPDGRTXHFXHVWLRQDUVHODPLVLyQ GHODFXOWXUDHXURSHDKR\SRVHHHODOFDQFHGH³DFRQWHFLPLHQWRILORVyILFRGHOD~OWLPD GpFDGD TXH VH SHUILOD \D FRPR XQR GH ORV PiV VLJQLILFDWLYRV´ 6DQ 0DUWtQ 6DOD 3RUVXSDUWH8PEHUWR(FRKDHVFULWRTXH &2%21DYDMDV0/RXUGHV$QWRQLR0XxR]0ROLQD'H%HDWXV,OOHD(O-LQHWH3RODFRÒEHGD 81(' 6$10$57Ë16DOD-7HRUtDGHODFXOWXUD0DGULG6tQWHVLV
/RVLQWHOHFWXDOHVFRPRFDWHJRUtDVRQDOJRPX\YDJR\DVHVDEH'LIHUHQWHHV HQFDPELRGHILQLUODIXQFLyQLQWHOHFWXDOC/DIXQFLyQLQWHOHFWXDOFRQVLVWHHQGHWHUPLQDU FUtWLFDPHQWHORTXHVHFRQVLGHUDXQDDSUR[LPDFLyQVDWLVIDFWRULDDOSURSLRFRQFHSWRGH YHUGDG\SXHGHGHVDUUROODUODTXLHQVHDLQFOXVRXQPDUJLQDGRTXHUHIOH[LRQHVREUHVX SURSLDFRQGLFLyQ>@PLHQWUDVTXHSXHGHWUDLFLRQDUODXQHVFULWRUTXHUHDFFLRQHDQWHORV DFRQWHFLPLHQWRV FRQ DSDVLRQDPLHQWR VLQ LPSRQHUVH OD FULED GH OD UHIOH[LyQ (FR ,JXDOPHQWHSDUD-HIIUH\*ROGIDUEODDFFLyQGHOLQWHOHFWXDOUHVXOWDQHFHVDULDHQ ODVRFLHGDGGHPRFUiWLFDSDUDTXHpVWDGLVIUXWHGHXQDVLWXDFLyQHTXLOLEUDGD\VDOXGDEOH (OORHVDVtSRUTXH³ORVLQWHOHFWXDOHVSRVHHQXQDJUDQFDSDFLGDGSDUDDIURQWDUXQDGHODV QHFHVLGDGHV PiV XUJHQWHV GH ODV GHPRFUDFLDV QHFHVLGDG GH GHOLEHUDU VREUH ORV SUREOHPDVFRPXQHV´*ROGIDUE $HVWRKD\TXHDxDGLUORH[SXHVWRSRU7HUU\ /RYHOOFRQUHVSHFWRDODSUHJXQWD¢TXpHVFXOWXUD"FXDQGRVHUHILHUHDODDSRUWDFLyQGH 5D\PRQG:LOOLDPVHQHVWHVHQWLGR (QVX REUD 0DU[LVPR \ OLWHUDWXUD\HQRWUDVREUDV:LOOLDPVLGHQWLILFDWUHV VLJQLILFDGRV >GH FXOWXUD@ UHOHYDQWHV SDUD OD WDUHD GH ORV HVWXGLRV FXOWXUDOHV FRQWHPSRUiQHRV , (OSURFHVRGHGHVDUUROORSVtTXLFRLQWHOHFWXDOHVSLULWXDO\HVWpWLFR\HOFXOWLYRGHODYLGD LQWHULRU ,, &XOWXUDFRPRODVSUiFWLFDV\ORVSURGXFWRVGHODDFWLYLGDGLQWHOHFWXDO\HVSHFLDOPHQWH DUWtVWLFD ,,, &XOWXUDFRPRIRUPDGHYLGDGHXQSXHEORSHUtRGRRJUXSR/RYHOO 3DUWLHQGR GH OR DQWHULRU KD\ TXH GHFLU TXH HQ /RYH DJDLQ GHWHFWDPRV OD SUHVHQFLD GH XQ PXQGR YLUWXDO TXHVH LPSRQH QRVyOR HQ ODFXOWXUD HQ JHQHUDOVLQR WDPELpQHQODYLGDSHUVRQDOGHOVXMHWR3HURGLFKDLPSRVLFLyQGHODDSDULHQFLDDPHUFHG GHO VHU HV GHFLU D PHUFHG GH OD HVHQFLD GHO LQGLYLGXR GH OD E~VTXHGD GH QXHYRV FDPLQRVKDFLDHOHQFXHQWURFRQOD9HUGDGVHJ~QSDODEUDVGHODSURSLD/HVVLQJHQVX DXWRELRJUDItD\ VHDVLHQWDHQHOLPDJLQDULRFROHFWLYRGHRFFLGHQWHFRQ XQDGHWHUPLQDFLyQWDOTXHDEVRUEHFXDOTXLHUSRVLELOLGDGGHHPDQFLSDFLyQGHOKRPEUH $KRUDELHQFRQUHVSHFWRDODVFUtWLFDVSRVPRGHUQDVVREUHHOGHVYDQHFLPLHQWR GHOVXMHWRFRPRFODYHGHOVHQWLGR\GHODQiOLVLVFHQWUDOGHOFRQRFLPLHQWR7KLHEDXWHQ (&28&LQFRHVFULWRVPRUDOHV%DUFHORQD/XPHQ *2/')$5%-/RV LQWHOHFWXDOHV HQ OD VRFLHGDG GHPRFUiWLFD&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV 0DGULG (Q675((7-3ROtWLFD\FXOWXUDSRSXODU0DGULG$OLDQ]D 9pDVH/(66,1*'\UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH8QGHU0\6NLQ\:DONLQJLQWKH6KDGH/RQGRQ )ODPLQJR([LVWHXQDHGLFLyQHQFDVWHOODQRHQ'HVWLQRGHORVDxRV\SDUDFDGDXQRGHORV YRO~PHQHV
%R]DO HG /HVVLQJ PDQWLHQH XQD SRVWXUD FRKHUHQWH HQ VX WUD\HFWRULD OLWHUDULDHQHVWHVHQWLGRHOVXMHWRFRPRSUHRFXSDFLyQSHUPDQHQWH6XPLUDGDHVPiV FRQVWUXFWLYDVLQHPEDUJRDVtTXHHOORVXSRQHTXHHOGHEDWHUHFLHQWHFUHDGRFRQWUDHO VXMHWRTXHSURFHGHGHOD,OXVWUDFLyQOOHYDGRDFDERSRUFLHUWRVVHFWRUHVGHOPRYLPLHQWR WHyULFR SRVPRGHUQR FRPR )RXFDXOW 'HUULGD R 3DXO GH 0DQ QR DSDUHFH GH PDQHUD GUiVWLFD QL FRPR HVWDQGDUWH SULQFLSDO HQ HO SHQVDPLHQWR GH /HVVLQJ 4XL]i SXHGD UDVWUHDUVHHVWDUHVLVWHQFLDGHODDXWRUDEULWiQLFDKDFLDHOURPSLPLHQWRWRWDOGHODXQLGDG GHOLQGLYLGXRHQVXDGPLUDFLyQSRUODQRYHODUHDOLVWDGHOVLJOR;,; (VWD VLWXDFLyQ HV OD TXH DSDUHFH GHVFULWD HQ /RYH DJDLQ SHUVRQDMHV FRPR OD SURWDJRQLVWD 6DUDK UHFRUUHQ HVH HVFHQDULR GH OD DSDULHQFLD KDFLD HO H[WHULRU HPSUHQGLHQGRDVXYH]XQYLDMHGHLQWURVSHFFLyQKDFLDVXPXQGRtQWLPRTXHGDQGRWRGRV FRQWDJLDGRVSRUHVWHPRYLPLHQWRGHUHIOH[LyQSHQGXODU (Q /RYH DJDLQ ORV SHUVRQDMHV ILMDQ VXV UHSUHVHQWDFLRQHV VREUH Vt PLVPRV \ VREUHHOPXQGRTXHOHVURGHDGHODPLVPDPDQHUDTXHVXVFDPLQRVSDUDSHQVDUVREUH HOORVPLVPR,QWHUHVDDQRWDUTXH-XOLHSHUPLWHUHIOH[LRQDUDORVGHPiVSHUVRQDMHVVREUH FyPR YLYHQ \ FyPR KDQ YLYLGR 6X HQFXHQWUR FRQ 9DLURQ HVWDEOHFH XQ DQWHV \ XQ GHVSXpVHQVXVYLGDVGHORTXHVHLQILHUHTXHODREUDGHDUWHSXHGHDUWLFXODUHOPRGRHQ HO TXH HO VXMHWR YLYH HQ VX PHGLR 'H HVWD PDQHUD OD DXWRUD SRQH GH PDQLILHVWR VX YLYHQFLD GH OD H[SHULHQFLD HVWpWLFD HV GHFLU HO SURFHVR GH FUHDFLyQ DUWtVWLFD \ GH UHFHSFLyQGHODYLYHQFLDHVWpWLFDFRPRXQDYtDGHFRQRFLPLHQWRIUHQWHDODFRQFHSFLyQ DFWXDOGHODUWHFRPRHO³WLQJODGRHVSHFWDFXODU´GHOTXHKDEOD)UDQFLVFR&DOYR6HUUDOOHU (QOtQHDFRQORDQWHULRUVHREVHUYDVXFUtWLFDKDFLDORTXHHVHQWHQGLGR FRPRHPSHxRSRUSDUWHGHPHGLRVGHFRPXQLFDFLyQGHPDVDVHLQVWLWXFLRQHVSROtWLFDV\ HFRQyPLFDVSRUHQPDVFDUDUHVWDREYLHGDG )XHUDGHWRGDSROpPLFDDFWXDOHQWHQGHPRVTXHHOSHQVDPLHQWRGH/HVVLQJVH DOHMDGHOGHFRQVWUXFFLRQLVPRPiVVHYHUR/DGHVHVSHUDQ]DGDFUtWLFDKDFLDHOLQGLYLGXR QRVHPDQLILHVWDGHXQDPDQHUDUDGLFDOHQVXREUDUHFLHQWH$ORODUJRGHOGHVDUUROOR DUJXPHQWDOGHODQRYHODORVSURWDJRQLVWDVHVWiQSHQVDQGRHQVtPLVPRV7RGRVSRVHHQ XQDFODUDFRQFLHQFLDGHTXHGHEHQFDPELDUDOJ~QDVSHFWRGHVtSDUDHQFRQWUDUXQPHMRU DFRPRGRHQVXSURSLDSHUVRQDRGHTXHVyORPHGLDQWHODUHIOH[LyQSRGUiQOOHYDUDFDER XQSUR\HFWRRXQDHYROXFLyQLQWHULRUTXHORVSUHSDUHSDUDDIURQWDUHWDSDVYHQLGHUDV %2=$/9+LVWRULDGHODVLGHDVHVWpWLFDV\GHODVWHRUtDVDUWtVWLFDVFRQWHPSRUiQHDVYROV,\ ,,0DGULG9LVRU &$/92 6HUUDOOHU ) ³6REUH HO WySLFR GH OD MHUJD GHO DUWH´ &ODYHV GH UD]yQ SUiFWLFD Q QRYLHPEUHSiJV
3RUORWDQWRHVSRVLEOHDILUPDUWUDVODOHFWXUDGH/RYHDJDLQTXHORTXHUHGLPH DOLQGLYLGXRHVODSXHVWDHQSUiFWLFDGHOHMHUFLFLRGHODUHIOH[LyQTXHORFRQGXFHDXQD YDORUDFLyQ GH VX VLWXDFLyQ HQ HO PXQGR 6H FRQILUPD DVt OD QHFHVLGDG GH VXSHUDU OD FUHHQFLD GH TXH HO \R YHUGDGHUR VH DOFDQ]D DVLPLOiQGRVH QHFHVDULDPHQWH DXQ JUXSR LQVWLWXFLRQDOL]DGRVRFLDOPHQWHYiOLGRSRUWDQWRSRUHMHPSORODIDPLOLD/RVSULQFLSDOHV SHUVRQDMHV GH OD QRYHOD YLYHQ VRORVR VLHQWHQ ODQHFHVLGDG GH HVWDUVRORV SDUD OOHYDU DGHODQWHORVSURFHVRVPiVDUULEDGHVFULWRV3RUHOFRQWUDULRDTXHOORVTXHHQWLHQGHQTXH GHEHQSURVHJXLUFRQODLGHDGHXQDYLGDHQFRPXQLGDGQRFRQWHPSODQODSRVLELOLGDGGH SDVDUSRUXQSURFHVRGHUHIOH[LyQSXHVHQHOORVSULPDHOHQFDVLOODPLHQWRVRFLDO\QROD UHLYLQGLFDFLyQGHORLQGLYLGXDO 9HiPRVOR $PEDV SURWDJRQLVWDV VRQ RULJLQDULDV GH PXQGRV GLVWLQWRV PX\ DOHMDGRV JHRJUiILFD \ FXOWXUDOPHQWH -XOLH SURYLHQH GH XQD FRORQLD SHUWHQHFLHQWHD OD )UDQFLDLPSHULDO/D0DUWLQLFD\QXQFDVHDGDSWDUiGHOWRGRDODYLGDHQVXOXJDUGH GHVWLQR(QVXP~VLFDHVWiSUHVHQWHHOPXQGRGHORVWURYDGRUHV\GHODPRUFRUWpV\HO FDUiFWHU LWLQHUDQWH GH OD FXOWXUD WURYDGRUHVFD HV D VX YH] LQGLFLR GH ORV UDVJRV LWLQHUDQWHV TXH WDPELpQ SRVHH OD H[SHULHQFLD tQWLPD GH -XOLH (Q FXDQWR D 6DUDK VX SURFHGHQFLDLJXDOPHQWHLQVXODUGHXQSDtVFRPR*UDQ%UHWDxDVHKDFHSUHVHQWHHQOD IDVFLQDFLyQTXHVLHQWHSRUOROHMDQRSRURWUDVFXOWXUDVRSRUHOSDVDGRORTXHLQFOX\H WDPELpQ VXV SUHIHUHQFLDV PXVLFDOHV (Q %HOOHV 5LYLqUHV VH KDOODQ ORV GRV PXQGRVGH DPERV ODGRV GHO $WOiQWLFR HO PXQGR FDULEHxR \ HO PXQGR PHGLWHUUiQHR \ ODV HYRFDFLRQHV TXH VH KDFHQ GH ORV GRV GHVSLHUWDQ HQ ODV SURWDJRQLVWDV UHFXHUGRV \ VHQWLPLHQWRVGHYDULDGDQDWXUDOH]DHQWUHORVTXHSUHGRPLQDODQRVWDOJLD\ODIDVFLQDFLyQ SRUXQPXQGRXQDIRUPDGHYLGD\XQDFXOWXUDTXHDPEDVDWHVRUDQFRPRXQRGHORV Pi[LPRVYDORUHVGHVXH[LVWHQFLDSHURTXHVDEHQKDLGRGHVDSDUHFLHQGR (PSOHDQGRWpUPLQRVGHODWHRUtDH[SXHVWDSRU,VDEHO&DUUHUD6XiUH]REVHUYDPRV TXH VHJ~Q HV SUHVHQWDGD SRU PHGLR GH 6DUDK -XOLH HV HQ QXHVWUD QRYHOD ³VXMHWR GHFRQVWUXFWRUGHOGLVFXUVRKHJHPyQLFRGHVXWLHPSR´HQ6XiUH]%ULRQHV0DUWtQ/XFDV \ )DULxD %XVWR HGV \ VV /OHJD D (XURSD RFFLGHQWDO SURFHGHQWH GH ODV FRORQLDVHVGHFRORUHVFULWRUDSLQWRUD\FRPSRVLWRUDMRYHQYLYLUiVRODHQXQDSHTXHxD FDVD HQ ORV ERVTXHV WUDV OD PXHUWH GH VX PDGUH DSDUWDGD GHO Q~FOHR GH SREODFLyQ 9pDVH$=3(,7,$0HWDOO2SFLW(QODPLVPDFROHFFLyQ6(*$55$0\&$5$%ËÈHGV )HPLQLVPR\FUtWLFDOLWHUDULD68È5(=%ULRQHV%0$57Ë1/XFDV%\)$5,f$%XVWR0 -HGV(VFULELUHQIHPHQLQR3RpWLFDV\SROtWLFDV,JXDOPHQWH/Ï3(=5RPiQ%\./(,1 +$*(1+7HRUtDVIHPLQLVWDV\VXVDSOLFDFLRQHVDOWHDWURIHPLQLVWDEULWiQLFRFRQWHPSRUiQHR *UDQDGD&RPDUHV
UHFHSWRUPiVSUy[LPR%HOOHV5LYLqUHVHQJHQGUDUiXQKLMRVLQKDEHUVHFDVDGRKDELHQGR YLYLGRXQDKLVWRULDGHDPRUFRQHOKHUHGHURGHXQDGHODVIDPLOLDVPiVLQIOX\HQWHVGHO OXJDUORV5RVWDQG\UHFKD]DUiODSURSXHVWDGHPDWULPRQLRGHXQKRPEUHPDGXURTXH HQFDUQD HO LGHDO PDVFXOLQR GH KRQRUDELOLGDG \UHVSHWDELOLGDG /D VXEYHUVLyQGH -XOLH IUHQWHD³ODGRPLQDFLyQ\ODKHJHPRQtDSDWULDUFDO´6HJDUUDHQ6HJDUUD0\&DUUDEt ÈHGV HVLPSHUGRQDEOHDRMRVGHORVKDELWDQWHVGHOSXHEOR6LQHPEDUJR DOFDERGHXQVLJORVHOHULQGHQKRPHQDMHV\VHUHSUHVHQWDVXYLGDHQXQDH[LWRVDREUDGH WHDWURHQODTXHVHPH]FODWH[WROLWHUDULR\WH[WRPXVLFDO6DEHPRVTXHODFRPSRVLWRUD -XOLHHVXQVHUPDUJLQDOIXHUDGHOGLVFXUVRFXOWXUDOGRPLQDQWHDSDUWDGDItVLFDPHQWHGH ORVGRPLQLRVGHOFHQWURJHRJUiILFRGRQGHVHGHVDUUROODVXH[LVWHQFLDPRVWUiQGRVHOR DQWHULRUPHGLDQWHVXGHVHRGHTXHVXLGHQWLGDGSHUPDQH]FDSRUHQFLPDGHODVHJXULGDG TXHOHRIUHFHHOPDWULPRQLR $OKDEODUGHOFDUiFWHUVXEYHUVLYRGH-XOLHQRSRGHPRVSDVDUSRUDOWRODSUHVHQFLD GHO PLVPR UDVJR HQ 6DUDK FXDQGR VH GHVFXEUH HQDPRUDGD GH XQ DFWRU TXH FXHQWD YHLQWLVpLVDxRV%LOO&ROOLQV6DUDKFRQPiVGHVHVHQWD\FLQFRYLYLUiODH[SHULHQFLD DPRURVDFRPRXQSURFHVRGHFDWDUVLVTXHOHSURSRUFLRQDHQHUJtDVUHQRYDGDVSHURTXHOD REOLJDDUHPHPRUDUYLYHQFLDVGHOSDVDGR\DHQIUHQWDUVHDPLHGRVTXHHVFRQGtDHQDOJ~Q DSDUWDGR ULQFyQ GH VX FRUD]yQ 3HUR OD DFHSWDFLyQ GH OD VLWXDFLyQ OD IDFXOWDUi SDUD YHQFHUHOWDE~VREUHODYHMH]\VXFRQVLGHUDFLyQVRFLDOHQHOPXQGRRFFLGHQWDO0iV WDUGHWHQGUiODRSRUWXQLGDGGHYLYLUGHQXHYRODH[SHULHQFLDDPRURVDGHVGHRWURSXQWR GHYLVWDGHIRUPDPiVVHUHQD\SDXVDGDFRQHOGLUHFWRUQRUWHDPHULFDQRGHOPRQWDMH -XOLH9DLURQ+HQU\%LVOH\SHURpVWHVHJXLUiVLHQGRXQDPRUPDUJLQDOYLYLGRGHVGHHO GHVHRGHWUDVJUHVLyQGHODVQRUPDVLPSXHVWDVFXOWXUDOPHQWHSRUVHU+HQU\XQKRPEUH FDVDGR\QXHYDPHQWHPiVMRYHQTXHHOOD 3RURWURODGR\IUHQWHDHVWDPDQLIHVWDFLyQGHORVXEYHUVLYRHQODQRYHODHQ /RYHDJDLQVHSURGXFHXQDFRQVWDQWHUHIHUHQFLDDORVFOiVLFRVQRVyORDORVDUWLVWDV SOiVWLFRVVLQRWDPELpQDGLIHUHQWHVYRFHVGHODOLWHUDWXUD1RPEUHVFRPRORVGH0DGDPH GH 6HYLJQq 3URXVW 3ODXWR 6KDNHVSHDUH :RUGVZRUWK &DUO\OH 7ROVWRL R 6WHQGKDO OOHQDQ ODV FRQYHUVDFLRQHV GH ORV SHUVRQDMHV GH /RYH DJDLQ 7RGR HVWR QRV OOHYD D LQWHUWH[WXDOLGDG \ OD LQWHUGLVFXUVLYLGDG TXH VH KDFHQ SUHVHQWHV HQ HO GHVDUUROOR DUJXPHQWDOGHODQRYHOD(OHMHUFLFLRFXOWXUDOHKLVWyULFRDTXHHVLQYLWDGRHOOHFWRUVH FRQYLHUWHHQXQDH[LJHQFLDMXVWLILFDGDSRU/HVVLQJFXDQGRDILUPDDWUDYpVGHXQWH[WR 9pDVH,EtGHP
FRPR/RYHDJDLQTXHHO~QLFRUDVJRGHQXHVWUDFXOWXUDTXHUHGLPHDOKRPEUHGHVX SHVLPLVPR H[LVWHQFLDO HV OD H[SHULHQFLD VHQVLEOH \ OD UHIOH[LyQ TXH SHUPLWH OD FRQWHPSODFLyQGHODREUDGHDUWH~QLFRPHGLRGHGHUULEDULPSRVLFLRQHVFXOWXUDOHVTXH XQIpUUHRILOWURVHRFXSDGHPDQWHQHUHUJXLGDV(ODUWHVHUtDDVtSDUD/HVVLQJXQPHGLR SDUDHQWHQGHUPHMRUHOSUHVHQWHFRQIXVRFDUJDGRGHLQFHUWLGXPEUHTXHYLYHHOKRPEUH FRQWHPSRUiQHR \ FRQVWLWXLUtD OR ~QLFR TXH OR UHGLPH GHO GHVDVRVLHJR \ GH OD LQVDWLVIDFFLyQDQWHHOYHUWLJLQRVRGHVDUUROORTXHKDQWRPDGRORVDFRQWHFLPLHQWRVGHVGH ODILQDOL]DFLyQGHOD6HJXQGD*XHUUD0XQGLDO (QUHDOLGDGFXDQGRHVWXGLDPRVFRQSURIXQGLGDGODQRYHODVRPRVWHVWLJRVGHOD FRPSOHMLGDGTXHWUDHFRQVLJRXQSDQRUDPDWDQYDULDGRFRPRHOTXHKR\HQFRQWUDPRVHQ ODOLWHUDWXUDHVFULWDHQOHQJXDLQJOHVD/RYHDJDLQUHSUHVHQWDSRUORWDQWRXQDSUXHED TXH UHIOHMD OD YHUVDWLOLGDG \HO PXOWLFXOWXUDOLVPR SURSLRVGH HVWD WUDQVLFLyQHQWUH GRV VLJORV DVRFLDGRV pVWRV D OD GLYHUVLGDG VRFLDO \ SROtWLFD HQ OD TXH VH PDQLILHVWDQ ODV GLVWLQWDV UHDOLGDGHV TXH FRH[LVWHQ HQ HO PLVPR iPELWR JHRJUiILFR \ FXOWXUDO FRPR GHPXHVWUDODSUHVHQFLDDORODUJRGHWRGRHOWH[WRGHSHUVRQDMHVTXHUHSUHVHQWDQDODV OODPDGDVPLQRUtDVpWQLFDVRVH[XDOHV (Q/RYHDJDLQHVFODUDODSUHVHQFLDGHSHUVRQDMHVTXHOXFKDQSRUFRQVHUYDUVX LGHQWLGDG\HOORTXHGDHVSHFLDOPHQWHSXHVWRGHPDQLILHVWRHQHOFDVRGH6DUDKTXHQR VLUYHDORVLQWHUHVHVGHORFRQVLGHUDGRSROtWLFDPHQWHFRUUHFWR(QHVWHVHQWLGRKDEORGH PDUJHQDOKDEODUGH6DUDK\GHODYHMH]HQ/RYH DJDLQSRUHMHPSORSRUTXHORTXH SXGLHUD VHU FHQWUR VH KD WRPDGR FRPR DUJXPHQWR TXH D WUDYpV GH ODV SiJLQDV GHOD QRYHOD TXHGD GHFRQVWUXLGR \ HV DSDUWDGR GHO PLVPR FRQVFLHQWHPHQWH SRU QXHVWUD DXWRUD (VWH PDUJHQ KD VLGR LPSXOVDGR SRU /HVVLQJ DO UHIOHMDU XQDV GLFRWRPtDV TXH DIHFWDQ DO VXMHWR HQ HO RUGHQ VRFLDO SROtWLFR \ FXOWXUDO FRQ XQD HVFULWXUD GRQGH VH GHUUXPED HO VHQWLGR GH OR WUDGLFLRQDOPHQWH DFHSWDGR \ VH DOWHUDQ ORV yUGHQHV SUHYLVLEOHPHQWH FRQVWUXLGRV FRPR YLHMRMRYHQ R HQIHUPRVDQR IHDOGDGEHOOH]D LJQRUDGRVPXWXDPHQWHFRQWDQWDIUHFXHQFLD(QODQRYHODQRVHFRQIXQGHQORVOtPLWHV SHURVtVHRWRUJDHOEHQHSOiFLWRGHODGXGDDODWUDVJUHVLyQTXHGHVPRURQDODVFDWHJRUtDV HVWDEOHFLGDV /R PLVPR RFXUUH FRQ -XOLH FX\D SUHVHQFLD HV XQ DFLFDWH IUHQWH D OR LPSXHVWR\DFHSWDGRVRFLDOPHQWHFRPRYiOLGR/DVXEYHUVLyQGH-XOLHVHWUDQVIRUPDHQ WUDVJUHVLyQPD\~VFXODDOFRQWLQXDUFRQVXWUDEDMRDUWtVWLFRHQWRGDVODVFLUFXQVWDQFLDV\ DOUHFKD]DUODRSRUWXQLGDGGHYLYLUIXHUDGHOPDUJHQEDMRODWHUDSLDWUDQTXLOL]DGRUDGHO PDWULPRQLRGHFLPRQyQLFRGHQWURGHORSUHYLVWRSDUDXQDMRYHQDODTXHHOJUXSRGH
LJXDOHVSHUGRQDUiVyORVLDFHSWDODVFRQGLFLRQHVTXHRIUHFHHOPDQGDWRGHOFDQRQVRFLDO \HFRQyPLFR &RQFOXLPRVTXH/HVVLQJDILUPDODQHFHVLGDGGHUHVFDWDUORTXHSHUWHQHFHRVHKD FRQILQDGR D ORV PiUJHQHV SRQLHQGR HQ WHOD GH MXLFLR PHGLDQWH XQD ULFD YDULHGDG GH UHFXUVRV ORV YDORUHV TXH VH FRQVLGHUDQ DFHSWDGRV GHVGH HO SXQWR GH YLVWD VRFLDO IDPLOLDU SROtWLFR \ FXOWXUDO 'H HVWD PDQHUD VH GHUULEDUtD HO FDQRQ SRUTXH ORV GRV SHUVRQDMHV SULQFLSDOHV VRQ HMHPSORV FUHDWLYRV PHGLDQWH ORV TXH /HVVLQJ PXHVWUD VX GHVDFXHUGRFRQHOOXJDUUHVHUYDGRDODFUHDFLyQSDUDPXFKDVPXMHUHVDVtFRPRDOD OLEHUWDG GH HOHFFLyQ IXHUD GH OR SHUPLWLGR GHQWUR GH ORV HVWUHFKRV PiUJHQHV GH OD QRUPDOLGDG\ODRUWRGR[LD/RDQWHULRUVHFRQILUPDDWHQGLHQGRDOWUDWDPLHQWRHQODREUD GHODVUHODFLRQHVIDPLOLDUHVDOFRQFHSWRGHSDUHMDDPRURVDDODFRQFHSFLyQGHOFUHDGRU FRPRILJXUDTXHGHEHSRQHUVXWDUHDDOVHUYLFLRGHOELHQGHODUWH\QRDOGHODFUtWLFDRDO GHOHPSUHVDULRRHOSROtWLFRRDODFUHHQFLDHQGHILQLWLYDHQODREUDGHDUWHFRPRXQ PHGLRSDUDH[SUHVDUODDSXHVWDSRUXQDUHYLVLyQGHOHVWDGRGHODVRFLHGDGDFWXDO\GHO OXJDUTXHRFXSDHOLQGLYLGXRHQHOOD&RPRGHPXHVWUDQORVDUJXPHQWRVGHODVQRYHODV GH /HVVLQJ \ FRPR DILUPD 2VFDU :LOGH HQ (O FUtWLFR FRPR DUWLVWD ³OD YLGD HV >@ GHILFLHQWHHQVXIRUPD´SHURHVHHVSDQWRTXHSURGXFHDWHQGHUDODUHDOLGDG YLROHQWD\GHJUDGDGD\QRYROYHUOHODFDUDSRGUiVHUUHVWLWXLGRHQSDUWHSRUODHVSHUDQ]D OHYHPHQWHLOXPLQDGDTXH/HVVLQJSUR\HFWDVREUHVXVFULDWXUDVTXHVHVLHQWHQDWUDtGDV SRUHOHVSHMLVPRTXHVXSRQHODLOXVLyQGHODLPDJLQDFLyQFXDQGRVHSUR\HFWDVREUHOD REUDGHDUWH$VtSXHGHQRWRUJDUVHQWLGRDVXVYLGDV\VHJXLUFUHFLHQGRHQXQPHGLR KRVWLOFRPRHOTXHYLYHHOLQGLYLGXRGHOPXQGRFRQWHPSRUiQHRPHGLDQWHHOLPSXOVR pWLFR GH OD FUHDFLyQ SRWHQFLDGR SRU OD LQWURVSHFFLyQ LQGLYLGXDO DSUHFLDQGR DGHPiV TXHODREUDGHDUWHHVWi HQXQDUHODFLyQQXHYDFRQQXHVWUDpSRFD1RVUHFRUGDUiVLHPSUHTXHODVJUDQGHV REUDV GH DUWH VRQ FRVDV YLYDV VRQ HQ UHDOLGDG ODV ~QLFDV FRVDV TXH YLYHQ :LOGH