Adaptive Fashion and Digital Technologies in Post Mastectomy - Undergarment personalization as a way of empowering women

Ma ia%de%Nolasco%San os% ADAPTIVE(FASHION(AND(DIGITAL(TECHNOLOGIES( IN(POST(MASTECTOMY( UNDERGARMENT%PERSONALIZATION%AS%A%WAY%OF% EMPOWERING%WOMEN% ( ( Disse a ion(in( he(con ex (o ( he(Mas e ’s(in(Design(and(Mul imedia(ad ised( by(P o esso (Paula(Alexand a(Sil a(and(p esen ed( o( he(Facul y(o (Sciences( and(Technology(/(Depa men (o (In o ma ics(Enginee ing(o ( he(Uni e si y(o ( Coimb a. Janua y%2023% ii ADAPTIVE FASHION AND DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN POST MASTECTOMY unde ga men pe sonaliza ion as a way o empowe ing women Disse a ion in he con ex o he Mas e ’s Deg ee in Design and Mul imedia Ma ia de Nolasco San os Ad iso Paula Alexand a Sil a i MARIA DE NOLASCO SANTOS Janua y 2023 MSC IN DESIGN & MULTIMEDIA Facul y o Science and Technology o Uni e si y o Coimb a! ! ADVISOR Paula Alexand a Sil a JURY Ped o Ma ins Ma iana Seiça i ii Ag adecimen os À minha o ien ado a, Po e acei e emba ca nes e p ojec o, po e compa ilhado o en usiasmo pelo ema da disse ação e pela disponibilidade demons ada. Às minhas amigas e colegas de Mes ado, em especial o Edua do, Pela ajuda essencial no desen ol imen o des a disse ação, pelas explicações e pela pa ilha de conhecimen o. Ana So ia, Di a, Bea iz, Valé ia, I ina e Bá ba a, as que consegui am o na am es es dois anos mais animados. À Rádio Uni e sidade de Coimb a, Po me e mos ado um hobbie no o, que an as ezes se iu como escape du an e es e pe cu so. Pelas amizades que me deu, e pelo espaço em que an as ho as passei lá a abalha . Aos meus amigos Samuel e Inês, Po es a em semp e disponí eis a ou i em os meus desaba os e a ajuda -me da melho o ma que consegui am. Aos meus pais e ao meu i mão, Pelo apoio incansá el ao longo de odo o meu pe cu so académico, e a enco aja em-me a con inua es e p ojec o. A odas as mulhe es que con ibuí am nes e p ojec o, Sem es as, a disse ação não se ia me ade do que é. A pa ilha des a expe iência ão pessoal, de o ma ão le e e abe a, oi a cha e pa a o desen ol imen o des e p ojec o. Ob igada po me mos a em a enca a as ad e ências da ida de o ma posi i a, e semp e com um so iso. iii ix Abs ac Women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies ace a ious changes and go h ough a numbe o s uggles, bo h physically and psychologically. This may lead o he loss o hei sense o eminini y and sel -es eem. One pa icula challenge ha women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies ace eme ges om he lack o unde ga men op ions ha a e adap ed o hei speci ic needs, whils being ashionable. The igh unde ga men op ions could help ackle he nega i e consequences o hei condi ion and posi i ely in luence hei men al s a e and sense o inclusion. Adap i e ashion may a o d us a way o con ibu e o sol ing his p oblem, ha ing he po en ial o e olu ionize he ashion indus y. This disse a ion epo s on he design, de elopmen , and e alua ion o a p oo o concep o an app ha allows women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies o i ually y a b a and pe sonalize i acco ding o hei p e e ences. To de elop his wo k, a se o ac i i ies was ca ied ou . Eigh in e iews we e ca ied ou wi h ou women who had unde gone a mas ec omy and ou heal h p o essionals. The ou women also pa icipa ed in a pho o elici a ion ac i i y. Ha ing gained a deepe insigh in o he con ex o he p oblem and he needs o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies, a 3D b a model and p o o ypes o inc easing ideli y o he p oo o concep we e c ea ed. The inal p o o ype was e alua ed h ough usabili y es ing and wo sel - epo ing pos session ques ionnai es wi h eigh pa icipan s. The esul s o he usabili y es s showed ha he p oo o concep is easy o na iga e and use. This was con i med by he esul s o he pos session ques ionnai e, which e ealed an unanimous posi i e esponse owa ds he p oo o concep . We hope his wo k con ibu es no only o imp o ing he li e o women who ha e unde gone a mas ec omy and o he women wi h simila issues, con ibu ing as well o he a ea o adap i e and inclusi e ashion. Keywo ds: Adap i e Fashion, Ga men Pe sonaliza ion, Unde ga men , B eas Cance , Mas ec omy x i 4.1. S o yboa d 40 4.2. In e iews 42 4.2.1. Rec ui men 42 4.2.2. P ocedu es 43 4.2.3. Resul s and analysis 45 4.2.3.1. Resul s and analysis o women’s in e iews 46 4.2.3.2. Resul s and analysis heal h ca e p o essionals in e iews 50 4.2.4. Implica ions o design 52 4.3. Pho o Elici a ion 53 4.3.1. P ocedu es 53 4.3.3. Implica ions o design 60 4.4. Chap e summa y 61 5. Visual design and modeling 61 5.1. 3D modeling 61 5.2. Visual iden i y and s yle guide 65 5.3. Typog aphy 65 5.4. Colo scheme 66 5.5. Logo ype 70 5.6. Layou and g id 71 5.7. Iconog aphy 72 5.8. Chap e summa y 74 6. Use in e ace design and e alua ion 75 6.1. App low 75 6.2. Inc easing ideli y p o o ypes 77 6.2.1. Low- ideli y p o o ype 77 6.2.2. Medium- ideli y p o o ype 79 6.2.3. High- ideli y p o o ype 86 6.3. Usabili y es s 89 6.3.1. Goals 89 6.3.2. Pa icipan s 89 6.3.3. P ocedu es 89 6.3.4. Tasks 90 6.4. Resul s and key insigh s 92 6.5. Implica ions o design 97 6.6. Chap e summa y 97 7. Conclusions and inal ema ks 98 7.1. Wo k de eloped 98 7.2. S eng hs and ca ea s 99 7.3. Final ema ks 100 8. Re e ences 102 x ii Annexes 107 Annex 1 - Reques o e hical app o al 107 Annex 2 - Ini ial wo k plan 115 Annex 3 - Ini ial s o yboa ds 116 Annex 4 - In e iews ansc ip s 117 Annex 5 - Womens’ common g ound a ini y diag am 121 Annex 6 - Heal h ca e p o essionals common g ound a ini y diag am 122 Annex 7 - Common g ound be ween bo h g oups a ini y diag am 123 Annex 8 - A ini y diag ams o in e iew analysis pe in e iewee 124 Annex 6 - P esen a ion used in he pho o elici a ion ac i i y 131 Annex 7 - Fi s es s o he logo ype 143 Annex 8 - Low ideli y p o o ypes conduc ed be o e achie ing he inal ones 144 Annex 9 - Final layou s o he p oo o concep , p o o yped in Figma 147 Annex 10 - Di e en colo s and ma e ials he b a model can p esen 157 Annex 11 - Usabili y es sc ip 160 1 1. In oduc ion Acco ding o he Liga Po uguesa Con a o Canc o (Liga Po uguesa Con a o Canc o, n.d.), he second mos common ype o cance amongs women (also in he numbe o a ali ies), a e skin cance , is b eas cance . The las p esen ed numbe s show ha in 2020, in Po ugal, 7 000 new cases o b eas cance we e de ec ed, and 1 800 women passed away on accoun o his disease (Liga Po uguesa Con a o Canc o, n.d.). The ea men s ha women who ha e been diagnosed wi h b eas cance unde go do no always p e en he need o a su ge y, mas ec omy, whe e he b eas can be pa ially o comple ely emo ed as a way o ea o p e en b eas cance . A e such an in asi e su ge y woman expe ience physical and psychological consequences, as he body goes h ough changes, becoming de o med and impac ing he way clo hes i . One o he ga men s women use on a daily basis and need o ake special a en ion o on he pos ope a i e s age a e unde ga men s like b as. A e a mas ec omy, women can no longe wea a b a wi h a igh i and unde wi es. The e a e c ucial aspec s ha need o be aken in o conside a ion, such as emo ing unde wi es, no placing padding in he b a and aking special a en ion o he used ab ic. I would be expec ed ha he ashion indus y had he o e o a ious op ions o women who ha e unde gone a mas ec omy, howe e , sea ching he In e ne widely o op ions, his is no he case. This unde lines he impo ance o unde s anding he needs o women who a e ba ling b eas cance when i comes o ga men s and d essing. As Sophie Coope , CEO o he b and I AM DENIM, s a es 1 “Clo hes shopping can be a challenge wi hou a disabili y bu imagine going shopping wi h he added anxie y o knowing mos clo hes a e no e en close o being designed o you needs. No one should eel o go en o excluded om some hing as simple as inding ashionable clo hes ha i and make hem eel good”. Building upon he cu en knowledge in he ield o adap i e ashion and ga men pe sonaliza ion, his disse a ion aims o s udy he needs o women who ha e unde gone a mas ec omy and had one o bo h b eas s emo ed (pa ially o comple ely) o hen design a p oo o concep o an app ha allows hese women o i ually y a b a and allows o he possibili y o pe sonalize and adap he b as o hei speci ic needs and measu es. 1.1. Scope and mo i a ion Fashion and clo hing can ha e bo h unc ional and symbolic alues. As unc ional alues, he mos ele an ones a e p o ec ion and com o agains na u al elemen s. Symbolic alues 1 h ps://en. ogue.me/ ashion/adap i e- ashion-b ands/ 2 include sel -es eem, s a e o mind, g oup-membe ship, deco a ion and espec abili y (Rosenblad-Wallin, 1985). No ha ing pieces o clo hing adap ed o he needs o niche popula ions, can con ibu e o e en bigge social ba ie s, wi h less social pa icipa ion and sel -isola ion (Jones e al., 2020). Al hough he e has been a ising awa eness, om he designe s, in e ms o adap i e ashion and c ea ing ga men s ha a e unc ional o disabled people, he o e , s yle and aes he ics con inue o be e y limi ed. “The ashion indus y needs o ealize he e is a eal demand o inclusi i y, and a o dable, accessible s ylish clo hing” (B emne , 2021). The impac o b eas cance is no o ious, since women who ha e unde gone a mas ec omy need o emb ace a lo o adjus men s, emo ionally and physically. Besides all he heal h isks ha women ace, hey also ha e o deal wi h a ec ed body image, since b eas s can play a e y impo an ole when i comes o o e all eelings o a ac i eness, ma e ni y and eminini y (Bea d, 2011). Aside om he di icul ies men ioned be o e, women also s uggle wi h he i and com o o a ga men , in he pos -su ge y phase. Keeping he p oblems connec ed wi h com o , i , s yle and aes he ics in mind, we can see how di icul i can be o ge such an o he wise mundane clo hing i em. 1.2. Goals and con ibu ion A e mas ec omy, women need o ake special a en ion o he ype o unde ga men s hey use, since a egula b a can cause discom o and i i a ion a ound he ches a ea, comp omising he eco e y; i is also c ucial o a oid igh i ed op ions and unde wi es (Bea d, 2011). A e esea ching abou adap i e ashion and solu ions o pos -mas ec omy women, i was unde s andable ha he unde ga men s op ions a ailable o his niche o he popula ion a e limi ed and unappealing (Figu e 1). Besides his, unde ga men s a e no adjus ed o each woman and he needs, which is exace ba ed once a woman has unde gone mas ec omy, con ibu ing o he eeling women ha e o no being aken in o accoun by he ashion indus y. As a esul , low sel -es eem and sel -image a e likely o eme ge, making women s uggle e en mo e, since clo hes can ha e he powe o change he way each pe son eels abou hemsel es (Gao, 2016, p. 10). 3 The main goal, and subsequen con ibu ion o his disse a ion, is he design, de elopmen and e alua ion o a p oo o concep o an app, cu a ed especially o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy. The p oo o concep o he app should enable women o y ou , a home, a b a ailo ed o hei speci ic needs. Wi h his app oach, he p esen disse a ion in ends o gain a deepe knowledge abou women’s expe iences a e mas ec omy, how hey eel and become awa e o he unde ga men choices in he pos -op s age. Likewise, i is o bes in e es o wo k side by side wi h ele an people, such as women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy and heal h ca e p o essionals ha assis hese women, as a way o ob aining his deepe knowledge. None heless, an indi idual s age o he p ojec was also conduc ed, anging om he 3D modula ion o a b a model o he use in e ace design and in e ac i e implemen a ion, wi h he subsequen alida ion wi h end use s. By combining he ields o ga men pe sonaliza ion and adap i e ashion, h ough echnology, we hope o con ibu e as a way o celeb a ing he uniqueness and au hen ici y o each woman, while keeping com o and sa e y in mind. 1.3. Me hodology As s a ed in he p e ious sec ion, his wo k elies on he pa icipa ion o end use s, such as women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy and heal h ca e p o essionals ha wo k side by side wi h hese women. So, a pa icipa o y design app oach was chosen as a way o guiding he de elopmen o he wo k. Figu e 1 - Pos mas ec omy b a 4 Choosing a pa icipa o y design app oach, such as co-design, is a way o unde s and and imp o e he use 's expe iences by in ol ing key use s and s akeholde s in all he di e en design s ages (Co - Design Guide, 2018). Co-design also p o ides a way o disco e he blindspo s in al eady exis ing p oduc s, o se ices (Kunia sky e al., 2012), p o iding he designe / esea che , who can pe ec ly be he same pe son (Sande s & S appe s, 2008), wi h in o ma ion abou pe sonal aspi a ions and alues. In o de o ollow his me hodology, a ious ac i i ies can be planned. To s a he p ocess, he e is he need o choose and con ac key use s. A e his s ep, di e en ac i i ies can be ollowed, such as hose ha eso o gene a i e ac i i ies. Acco ding o Mike Kunia sky (2012), dialogic and gene a i e echniques a e e y use ul in he explo a o y esea ch s age, which is he beginning poin o he de elopmen o his disse a ion. Pho o elici a ion sessions a e one example o ac i i y ha can be conduc ed, in o de o “open up space o explo a ion” (Kunia sky e al., 2012, p. 231). In e iews also ake place, wo king side by side wi h he p e ious pa icipan s men ioned. The in o ma ion collec ed in he ac i i ies will help in he de elopmen s age o his wo k. P o o yping will ollow, being di ided in o e ol ing ideli y p o o ypes. To make su e ha he p o o ypes a e mee ing he pa icipan s’ expec a ions, e alua ion echniques will ake place, being adap ed o he di e en s ages he wo k p esen s. E alua ion echniques will s a wi h an in o mal app oach, leading o a well hough and p epa ed one by he e alua o (usabili y es ing). Fu he in his documen , he di e en app oaches and echniques will be well p esen ed and explained. 1.4. Documen ’s s uc u e This disse a ion is di ided in o se en chap e s: Chap e 1 p o ides a b ie in oduc ion abou ga men pe sonaliza ion, he mo i a ion and scope, he goals, he con ibu ions o he esea ch and he app oach ollowed. This explana ion o he documen ’s s uc u e is also included he e. Chap e 2, S a e o he A and Li e a u e Re iew p o ides an o e iew abou b eas cance , ea men op ions, mainly mas ec omies, and he implica ions his disease has bo h in women and socie y. Besides hese opics, chap e wo also highligh s he impo ance o adap i e ashion and ga men pe sonaliza ion. As we will see, hese h ee main opics (b eas cance , adap i e ashion and ga men pe sonaliza ion) a e in e connec ed. Chap e wo also e iews design p inciples ha could guide he design wo k o inish he chap e , an analysis o exis ing echnological solu ions in he ield o ga men pe sonaliza ion is p esen ed. Cu en b ands ega ding ga men op ions o niche popula ions, o example o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies, also appea in his chap e . 5 Chap e 3 ocuses on he me hodological app oach ha he disse a ion ollows. He e, use - cen e ed design and pa icipa o y design app oach a e explained, p esen ing he di e en s ages and ac i i ies ha a e ollowed. To end he chap e , he wo k plan is also displayed, h ough a Gan cha . Chap e 4 p esen s he analysis o he p oblem and all ha is in e wined wi h i . I is in his chap e ha he de elopmen o he p ojec s a s o ake place and be desc ibed. In his pa o he p ojec , pa icipan s s a o ac i ely ake pa in he p oposed ac i i ies. The s o yboa ds, he conduc ed in e iews, he c ea ed pe sonas and he pho o elici a ion ac i i y a e he e con e ed. Chap e 5 in oduces he 3D modula ion ha ook place, bu also he isual iden i y and s yle guide c ea ed o he p esen disse a ion. In chap e i e, he c ea i e p ocess is desc ibed and how he 3D modula ion was de eloped, as well as he a ious s eps aken o c ea e he isual iden i y o he p ojec , such as he logo ype, he choices o ypog aphy and colo , he used layou and g id and he c ea ed iconog aphy. Chap e 6 shows he p ocess o designing he use in e ace, and he e alua ion o he same in e ace. He e, he a ious ypes o p o o ypes a e p esen ed, and he usabili y es s a e ca ied owa ds hese p o o ypes. A e conduc ing and in e p e ing he esul s, i will be possible o conclude he implica ions he es s ha e on he design o he in e ace. Chap e 7 p esen s he conclusions and inal ema ks o he disse a ion, as well as he discussion o he u u e wo k. 2. Li e a u e e iew and s a e o he a This chap e e iews he main concep s ha suppo his disse a ion. In doing so, i p o ides a b ie o e iew o b eas cance and he ea men s ha women go h ough, in o de o be e unde s and he con ex o he p oblem. The ole o ashion in he psychological s a e o women is also discussed, add essing impo an concep s such as adap i e ashion and ga men pe sonaliza ion, and how ashion has he powe and sway o e women’s sel -es eem, especially a e mas ec omies. To be e unde s and how o design an e ec i e use in e ace, a e iew o design p inciples was also conduc ed, wi h he goal o y o ind he design p inciples ha a e ecognized among he design communi y. 2.1. B eas cance , disease and ea men s Al hough b eas cance is no he mos le hal ype o cance , i p esen s a high mo ali y a e, especially amongs women. B eas cance is he second mos common ype o cance amids women, also in he numbe o a ali ies, second only o skin cance (Liga Po uguesa Con a o Canc o, n.d.). In Po ugal, wi h a emale popula ion o i e million women, 7 000 new cases 6 we e de ec ed in 2020, and 1 800 women passed away, acco ding o Liga Po uguesa Con a o Canc o (Liga Po uguesa Con a o Canc o, n.d.). B eas Cance is a ype o cance ha leads o he o ma ion o malignan cells in he issues o he b eas . Mul iple ac o s can con ibu e o he de elopmen o b eas cance , such as amily his o y, inhe i ed gene mu a ions and o he isk ac o s. Signs o b eas cance can be a lump o a change in he b eas , such as edness and swelling. (Na ional Cance Ins i u e, 2021). In o de o ackle b eas cance , each woman aces “a unique ea men pa h ha may include su ge y, chemo he apy, adia ion he apy, and ea men wi h ho mones” (Bea d, 2011, p. 1). In mos cases, i is no mal o combine ea men s, howe e , hese ea men s p oduce changes in women’s bodies, a ec ing bo h physically and psychologically. When physical changes a e no iceable, women ace s uggles linked wi h clo hes’ i ing, com o and aes he ic conce ns (Bea d, 2011, p. 7). Cance ea men can be localized o sys emic (Liga Po uguesa Con a o Canc o, n.d.): 1. Local ea men occu s when he b eas cance cells a e emo ed in he speci ic a ea o he b eas . In his ca ego y, we can place su ge y and adia ion he apy. 2. Sys emic ea men , o a ge ea men , is used in o de o con ol he cance . The ea men s can be chemo he apy, ho monal he apy o di ec ed he apy. I can be used o educe umo size be o e a local he apy so ha he p ocedu e won’ be so in usi e. Su ge y is he mos common ea men o b eas cance (Liga Po uguesa Con a o Canc o, n.d.), and can be di ided in o b eas conse ing and non-b eas conse ing modali ies. Conse ing su ge y includes umo ec omy, segmen al mas ec omy and pa ial mas ec omy. In hese p ocedu es, he cance cells a e emo ed and no he en i e b eas . A e he su gical p ocedu e, he majo i y o women go h ough adia ion he apy in o de o des oy any cance cells ha migh s ill exis . The e a e also non-b eas conse ing ea men s, mas ec omy, which ollow one o he h ee ollowing p ocedu es (Bea d, 2011, p. 3): simple mas ec omy; modi ied adical mas ec omy o adical mas ec omy. These h ee p ocedu es a e desc ibed in sec ion 2.1.1. . Radia ion he apy 2 and chemo he apy 3 can also ollow non-b eas conse ing su ge ies, in o de o kill any emaining cance cells, dec easing he isk o he cance coming back (Liga Po uguesa Con a o Canc o, n.d.). Pos -su gical complica ions may occu , being he mos common one lymphedema. Lymphedema a ec s he a m and he hand, becoming swollen, and can e en lead o ne e pain named pos -mas ec omy pain synd ome (PMP), which is a sha p pain associa ed wi h he 2 Radia ion ea men is a ea men ha uses high doses o adia ion o kill emaining cance cells 3 Chemo he apy is a ea men ha eso s o a mix u e o d ugs o kill emaining cance cells 7 ne e a ec ed du ing he su ge y, con ibu ing also o eelings o aching, bu ning and igh ness (Bea d, 2011). Lymphedema can be in e mi en o pe manen , and women need o be ca e ul o p o ec he swollen a ea om acciden al inju ies, like ab asions, bu ns and b uises, which can boos he edema and cause e en mo e discom o (Gao, 2016). Besides he discom o and limi ed mobili y caused by he edema, he e is also he added isk o in ec ion, comp omising he unc ion o he lymph sys em (Bea d, 2011). The swelling caused by he lymphedema can lead o se ious discom o , loss o unc ionali y and pain (Bea d, 2011). The size o he a ec ed a m also luc ua es signi ican ly, which can complica e he i o he clo hing. Due o his i is e y impo an ha he clo hing does no cons ic mo emen s. O he complica ions a e su ge y can be sca sensi i i y, pos adia ion skin discom o and phan om b eas pain, in e e ing wi h daily ac i i ies (Bea d, 2011). A e su ge y, adia ion he apy and chemo he apy can be used as a ollow-up ea men . Radia ion he apy no mally causes gene al a igue du ing, and e en a e he ea men . The skin becomes ed, sensi i e and i chy, bu hese side e ec s a e empo a y and will heal, g adually. I is also impo an o conside he unde ga men s ha a e used, such as b as, since hey can ub and cause i i a ion in he skin. I is essen ial o use so p oduc s and no igh i ed clo hes (Liga Po uguesa Con a o Canc o, n.d.). The mos common side e ec o chemo he apy is hai loss, which a ec s people in di e en ways. I can cause only pa ial hai loss o hinning, o hai loss all o e he body, being he mos common one he loss o he head hai . In some cases, eyeb ows and eyelashes can also all o . This loss o hai is almos always empo a y, and he hai s a s o eg ow a e he ea men is inished. Hai loss g ea ly in e e es wi h sel -es eem and body image (Na ional Heal h Se ice UK, 2017). Nausea, appe i e loss, menopause, in e ili y, weigh gain and sensi i e skin a e some o he side e ec s associa ed wi h he ea men . “All hese di icul ies, along wi h pain and loss o mo ion, can c ea e emo ional anguish, emo ional dis ess, and social ba ie s'' (Gao, 2016, p. 8). Mas ec omy p ocedu e and pos -ope a i e op ions When a woman unde goes a mas ec omy, i means ha a non-b eas conse ing ea men is ollowed. As s a ed be o e, pa o he b eas , o he o ali y o i , is emo ed. None heless, he e is always an e o o ollow b eas conse ing su ge ies as long as i is possible (Bea d, 2011). The e a e di e en ypes o mas ec omies:simple, modi ied adical and adical mas ec omy, being he mos common ones: he simple mas ec omy and he modi ied adical mas ec omy (Gao, 2016). These h ee p ocedu es can be desc ibed as ollowing; 1. Simple mas ec omy, whe e he en i e y o he b eas is emo ed, bu he lymph nodes benea h he a ms, o he muscle issue unde he b eas , is p ese ed. 2. Modi ied Radical Mas ec omy emo es he en i e b eas , as well as some o he lymph nodes unde he a m. 3. Radical Mas ec omy, which is cu en ly a a e p ocedu e, bu is cha ac e ized by an ex ensi e emo al o he en i e b eas , lymph nodes and he ches wall muscles. (Bea d, 2011) 8 As any su ge y, mas ec omies p esen physical side e ec s ha a e mos ly empo a y. Pain and sensibili y in he ope a ion a ea a e common, h ough a sho pe iod o ime, he same wi h ense and weak muscles (a m and shoulde ) (Liga Po uguesa Con a o Canc o, n.d.). Remo ing a b eas , o bo h, can cause a eeling o uns eadiness, which can lead o discom o in he neck and back (Liga Po uguesa Con a o Canc o, n.d.). Sca ing is also an adjacen p oblem o a mas ec omy, and he skin incisions a y, being “chosen based on he ype o umo , quad an loca ion o he umo , acili a ion o incision closu e, and cosme ic implica ions. “The emaining body con igu a ion will a y by he ype o su ge y and he closu e echnique ha was used”, as Bea d (2011) s a es. Following a mas ec omy, women can decide o ei he econs uc he b eas (s), h ough a econs uc i e su ge y, o no ha e econs uc ion a all. This decision, linked o he physical side e ec s o a su ge y, will con ibu e o he psychological impac ha b eas cance and mas ec omies p esen o women. The changes ha he body goes h ough a e mas ec omy a e ine i able and women ace a ious challenges when i comes o “sel -concep , emo ions, beha io , amily dynamics” (Koçan & Gü soy, 2016, p. 145), aking a big oll in each woman’s men al heal h, wi h each dealing wi h psychological p oblems di e en ly. Al hough women unde s and he impo ance and necessi y o mas ec omy, women hough s and eelings abou mas ec omy may shi be ween being “g a e ul o s ill be ali e and saw his as mo e impo an han he loss o a b eas ” and expe iencing “g ea sadness a he loss o hei b eas ”, (Koçan & Gü soy, 2016, p. 147). Pos -ope a ion psychosocial impac s Psychologically, women ace a ious challenges and conce ns, being “emo ionally a lic ed due o he ampu a ion o hei b eas and su ounding issues, unde a m lymph nodes, and ches muscles” (Gao, 2016, p. 7). Women ge conce ned abou physical- ela ed p oblems, such as pos ea men pain, u u e heal h h ea s and he ea o physical de ec s. Psychological issues a e also a conce n, since “any pe cei ed losses may lead o a ious psychosocial p oblems'' (Koçan & Gü soy, 2016, p. 146). These “men al ac i i ies and image dissa is ac ion”, as Gao designa es (2016, p. 9), ha p e and pos -mas ec omy pa ien s expe ience lead o psychological challenges, such as anxie y, dep ession, nega i e body image and low quali y o li e. Women also lose a sense o eminini y, a ac i eness and powe . Sel -isola ion and eelings o being di e en a ise and haun each woman in a pa icula way, o cing hem o deal wi h a new body image eali y ha can cause psychological p oblems and eelings o incomple eness (Koçan & Gü soy, 2016). Body image can be cha ac e ized as “ he in eg a ion o one’s physical and psychological sel ”, and can be “in luenced by socie al alues, cul u e, and expe iences o childhood h ough adul hood” (Fea he e al., 1988, p. 130). In mo e de ail, “body image is de ined as 15 Wi h globaliza ion and he In e ne , online shopping has become in eg al in consume ’s daily li e, making he shopping expe ience mo e con enien , since i can happen a any ime and anywhe e he consume desi es. Bu , wi h online shopping, di e en p oblems come up. As men ioned be o e, designe s s ill c ea e ga men s o a ce ain ype o body size, no aking in o conside a ion he changes ha bodies ha e su e ed o e ime, making i almos impossible o a piece o clo hing o p ope ly i (Gup a e al., 2006). When pu chasing online, consume s guide hemsel es h ough a uni e sal sizing cha ha is no accu a e o he di e en body shapes ha exis , which con ibu es o he high a es o e u ning pieces o clo hing (Li e al., 2017). This p oblem made ob ious he necessi y o c ea ing a solu ion ha would sol e he lack o accu acy in sizing cha s and educing measu emen e o s. The e is an u gen need o p o ide a mo e pe sonalized expe ience when i comes o clo hing, since people p esen di e en physical cha ac e is ics, p e e ences and needs (Shilk o e al., 2013). In his con ex , wo concep s eme ge: pe sonaliza ion and cus omiza ion. Pe sonaliza ion can be de ined as assis ing “in cus omizing ea u es o a p oduc o se ice o sa is y consume s’ needs” (Halepe e e al., 2009, p. 144). While “cus omiza ion allows a consume o choose changes mainly ela ed o colo and ga men dimensions”, in pe sonaliza ion “in o ma ion is collec ed o p o ide se ices ha mee he needs o ha pa icula indi idual” (Halepe e e al., 2009, p. 144). Wi h ga men pe sonaliza ion, i is c ucial o mee he di e en needs o he wea e , being hese connec ed wi h size, adap i e needs o o he . Resea ch has explo ed echnological solu ions, such as i ual mi o s o i ual i ing ooms, using Vi ual Reali y, wi h a iew o suppo he ashion indus y o ba le his gap ha socie y aces (Shilk o e al., 2013). Wi h his in mind, his disse a ion con ibu es as a way o igh ing he p esen ed gap in he ashion indus y, by o e ing use s he possibili y o pe sonalize he unde ga men gi en in he p oo o concep . Mo eo e , being also able o e ie e onesel 's measu emen s, use s can ind he bes i o he unde ga men , ba ling he p oblem o lacking accu acy in sizing cha s. 2.3. Designing solu ions o inclusi e and adap i e ashion When designing a digi al solu ion, i is impo an o ake in o accoun design p inciples ha a e al eady es ablished in he design communi y. The aim o his p ojec is o design and de elop a p oo o concep o an app, as p e iously explained. Since mobile applica ions ha e become ubiqui ous in e e yday li e, ollowing design p inciples o guide he c ea ion o hose apps is a way o make su e ha he c ea ed app is p oduced in he mos e ec i e way. This chap e i s p o ides an o e iew o gene al design p inciples, o hen ocus on design p inciples o ashion apps. 16 Gene al Design P inciples When use s do no know how o use a ce ain p oduc /se ice, such as a echnological one, his can lead o us a ion and make he use gi e up. This means ha , when in e ac ing wi h a p oduc , he e is he need o Figu e ou wha he p oduc does, how i wo ks and wha i is possible o do wi h i . The use in e ace p o ides he way h ough which he use will in e ac wi h he p oduc . As a way o inc easing he chances o success when c ea ing a use in e ace, designe s ollow design p inciples. The e a e a numbe o lis s o design p inciples o guiding use in e ace design. These a e he p inciples by Jakob Nielsen (1994), Ben Shneide man’s (1984) and Donald No man (2013). Al hough Nielsen’s and Shneide man’s p inciples played a e y impo an ole when i comes o use in e ace design, we need o keep in mind ha hese p inciples we e i s ly p esen ed in 1994 and 1984, espec i ely. A e analyzing he di e en au ho s and wha hey p esen , a lo o o e lapping o he p inciples was encoun e ed. Fo his eason, i was op ed o show jus one o he au ho s, Donald No man, who in eg a ed he majo i y o he p inciples p esen ed by p e ious schola s. The expe ience he use has is c ucial, since i is some hing ha de e mines how hese use s will emembe he in e ac ions hey had wi h he designed sys em (No man, 2013). I he expe ience is no enjoyable, making he use s no know how o na iga e h ough he sys em, us a ion will a ise. As Don No man s esses, “cogni ion and emo ion a e igh ly in e wined”, making he designe obliged o design wi h bo h in mind, as a way o c ea ing he bes expe ience possible. In his book “The design o e e yday hings”, Don No man p esen s se en undamen al p inciples: a o dances, signi ie s, mapping, eedback, concep ual models, cons ain s and, las ly, disco e abili y. These p inciples a e p esen ed and b ie ly explained nex . A o dances A o dances can be desc ibed as he ela ionship be ween a physical objec and a pe son. This ela ionship ocuses on he p ope ies o he objec and he abili y he use has o de e mine how o possibly use he objec . These wo aspec s, he p ope ies o he objec and i s quali ies and he abili y o he agen owa ds he in e ac ion, de e mine he p esence o an a o dance, as No man s a es (2013, p. 11), “a o dance is no a p ope y, (...) is a ela ionship. Whe he an a o dance exis s depends upon he p ope ies o bo h he objec and agen ”. And, o he success o an a o dance, he same needs o be pe cei ed. This no ion o a o dance was i s p esen ed by he psychologis J.J.Gibson. Gibson e e ed o a o dance as “ac ionable p ope ies be ween he wo ld and an ac o . (...) They a e ela ionships. They exis na u ally: hey do no ha e o be isible, known, o desi able” (No man, 1999, p. 3). The psychologis a i med ha he “wo ld con ained he clues and ha people simply picked hem up h ough ‘di ec pe cep ion'” (No man, 2013, p. 12), since he i mly belie ed ha all senses wo ked oge he , and he in o ma ion ha each use e ie es om he wo ld is he esul o he combina ion o all he senses. I is impo an o s a e ha i is possible o an a o dance o 17 exis e en i he same is no isible. Bu , ha ing isibili y is s ongly app ecia ed by designe s, since i is a way o o e ing obus clues on how o ope a e a ce ain objec . This can be known as pe cei ed a o dances, which a e “ isual eedback ha ad e ises he a o dances” (No man, 1999). These pe cei ed a o dances help he use s o Figu e ou how o na iga e h ough he a ious ac ions, no ha ing he need o ins uc ions. Signi ie s A signi ie is “any ma k o sound, any pe cei able indica o ha communica es app op ia e beha io o a pe son” (No man, 2013). They can be delibe a e and in en ional, like he signal o pushing a doo , o acciden al and unin en ional, such as he ails c ea ed by p e ious people walking in he ield. Wha signi ie s help o do is o communica e whe e he ac ion should ake place, since use s need o ha e a way o unde s anding how o use he objec in ques ion. The e is a cons an sea ch o clues ha migh help o unde s and he pu pose o he objec , how o use i , wha is happening and possible al e na i e solu ions. This makes signi ie s some hing ha people need and some hing ha designe s mus p o ide. No ma e he na u e o he signi ie , “planned o acciden al, ( hey) p o ide aluable clues as o he na u e o he wo ld and o social ac i i ies” (No man, 2013, p. 17). Al hough a o dances and signi ie s may ha e aspec s in common, maybe e en being mixed up oge he , in design signi ie s play a bigge ole since hey ha e he abili y o communica ing how o use he design. On op o ha , signi ie s can be ep esen ed by a a ie y o hings, such as “wo ds, a g aphical illus a ion, o jus a de ice whose pe cei ed a o dances a e unambiguous” (No man, 2013, p. 19). To sum up, signi ie s ha e he need o be pe cei able, o he wise hey will ail hei pu pose. Mapping Mapping, a e m bo owed om ma hema ics, can be de ined as he “ ela ionship be ween he elemen s o wo se s o hings”, being an impo an concep when i comes o design and layou o con ols and displays (No man, 2013, p. 21). Mapping is simply he ela ionship be ween con ols and hei mo emen s o e ec s, so a ela ionship be ween con ol and display. Acco ding o Lidwell (2003) mapping is good, o na u al, when he p oduced e ec co esponds o he expec a ion, o example, when we click on a ligh swi ch, we expec o he ligh o u n on. Good mapping, in he end, is a “ unc ion o simila i y o layou , beha iou o meaning” (Lidwell e al., 2003). He e, he e m o simila i y becomes impo an , since i is some hing ha makes he ela ionship o mapping p edic able and, hence, o eseeable. This design p inciple ells us ha , when placing a con ol, he same should be done acco ding o he layou and beha iou o he de ice. To easily use a de ice, No man explains ha his occu s when a “se o possible ac ions is isible, when he con ols and displays exploi na u al mapping” (2013, p. 23). Feedback Acco ding o No man, eedback is “some way o le ing you know ha he sys em is wo king on you eques (...) communica ing he esul s o an ac ion” (2013, p. 23). The e a e a ew aspec s ha need o be aken in o accoun . Fi s ly, eedback mus be immedia e, o he wise people will easily gi e up on he ac ion when p o iding eedback. I mus also be 18 in o ma i e, bu his mus be done ca e ully, since ligh s and sound signals used o p o ide in o ma ion can easily become mo e annoying han use ul. I is impo an o ha e a balance wi h he gi en eedback, since oo much eedback can also be dis ac ing o he use . Feedback, besides ha ing o be planned as a way o con i ming all ac ions, also needs o be p io i ized. The p esen ed eedback wo ks as a signal o he use , bu i should be o e ed in an a en ion g abbing way. No man inishes p esen ing his design p inciple by s a ing ha “ eedback is essen ial, bu i has o be done co ec ly. App op ia ely.” (2013, p. 25). Concep ual Models A concep ual model is a simple explana ion o how some hing wo ks. This explana ion only needs o be use ul, wi h no demand o i o be comple e o accu a e. The example Donald No man p esen s in “The Design o E e yday Things”, is a good way o unde s anding concep ual models and how hey wo k, “The iles, olde s, and icons you see displayed on a compu e sc een help people c ea e he concep ual model o documen s and olde s inside he compu e , o o apps” (2013, p. 25). Again, concep ual models can be p esen ed in a e y simple way, and ha a e aluable, al hough his alue only coun s “as long as he assump ions ha suppo hem hold ue” (No man, 2013, p. 26). Since hey a e simpli ied models, hese concep ual models can also be known as men al models. As No man p esen s, men al models “a e he concep ual models in people’s minds ha ep esen hei unde s anding o how hings wo k.” (2013, p. 26). Men al models can be passed om pe son o pe son o e en appea in manuals and, no mally, he de ice a s ake “o e s e y li le assis ance, so he model is cons uc ed by expe ience” (No man, 2013, p. 26), showing ha he e a e many ways o app ehending hese men al models. Since hese models a e buil upon expe ience, usually when i comes o de ices, he bulk o he clues o unde s and how hings wo k come om “pe cei ed s uc u e”, commonly based on signi ie s, a o dances, cons ain s and mappings (No man, 2013, p. 26). To sum up his design p inciple, we can conclude ha a good concep ual model allows us o an icipa e he e ec s o ou ac ions and, wi hou a good model, use s ope a e in a blind way (No man, 2013, p. 28). Cons ain s Acco ding o Lidwell, a cons ain is a “me hod o limi ing he ac ions ha can be pe o med by a sys em” (2003, p. 50). When used co ec ly, cons ain s can p e en he p obabili y o occu ing e o s du ing an in e ac ion. No man p esen s ou di e en ypes o cons ain s (2013): physical, cul u al, seman ic and logical. Physical cons ain s a e cons ain s ha ely on “p ope ies o he physical wo ld” o ope a ing (No man, 2013, p. 125). The numbe o possible ac ions should be limi ed, o assume app op ia e use o he physical cons ain s. Also, he e is no need o special guidance when i comes o hese cons ain s, becoming mo e ad an ageous i hey a e easy o in e p e and use, as hey p e en w ong ac ions om occu ing igh a e being ied ou (No man, 2013). Cul u al cons ain s a e in e wined wi h he social con en ions c ea ed by each cul u e. “Each cul u e has a se o allowable ac ions o social si ua ions” (No man, 2013, p. 128). 19 This se o social con en ions is wha makes each pe son know how o na iga e and beha e in he socie y in which hey a e in eg a ed. One o he challenges ha may be encoun e ed is he ac ha cul u al cons ain s a e no “uni e sally accep ed con en ions”(No man, 2013, p. 129), which can make i di icul , some imes, he use o ce ain machines o sys ems. None heless, “cul u al cons ain s a e likely o change wi h ime”, as Donald No man claims (2013, p. 129). Seman ic cons ain s a e connec ed wi h “ he meaning o he si ua ion o con ol he se o possible ac ions”(No man, 2013, p. 129). These a e cons ain s ha depend on he pe sonal knowledge o a speci ic si ua ion and o he wo ld, o e ing clues on how o pe o m ce ain ac ions. Like cul u al cons ain s, seman ic cons ain s can also change wi h ime, since he way each one o us in e ac s wi h echnologies will also shi h oughou he yea s. Logical cons ain s help de e mine al e na i es when na iga ing a sys em. He e, he e is a “logical ela ionship be ween he spa ial o unc ional layou o componen s and he hings ha hey a ec o a e a ec ed by” (No man, 2013, p. 130). Logical cons ain s a e p o ided by he na u al mappings, e e ed p e iously. No man explains hese cons ain s h ough an example: i he e a e wo ligh swi ches con olling he ligh s, he le swi ch should con ol he le ligh , and he igh swi ch con ol he igh one. I his does no happen, “ he na u al mapping is des oyed” (No man, 2013, p. 130) and, subsequen ly, no logical cons ain s. Disco e abili y When in e ac ing wi h a sys em, o p oduc , he e is he necessi y o lea n how i wo ks, “disco e ing wha i does, how i wo ks, and wha ope a ions a e possible” (No man, 2013, p. 10). This is disco e abili y. I helps us o “de e mine wha ac ions a e possible and he cu en s a e o he de ice”, as No man explains in his publica ion (2013, p. 72). Disco e abili y is a p inciple ha esul s om he p ope appliance o p e iously p esen ed p inciples, such as: a o dances, signi ie s, cons ain s, mappings and eedback. So, when a design is lacking disco e abili y, he use needs o make a bigge e o o unde s and how he sys em wo ks. Design p inciples such as signi ie s, eedback and cons ain s, ha e he abili y o inc ease disco e abili y and help p e en possible e o s (No man, 2013). These a e he design p inciples acco ding o Donald No man, undamen al o designing in e aces in he mos e icien way possible, as a way o helping o inc ease he usabili y o an in e ace. Nex , he design p inciples will be analyzed based on exis ing ashion applica ions, as a way o igu ing ou whe he he ac ual ashion applica ions ocus on c ea ing a be e expe ience o he use , based on hese p inciples. Design p inciples o ashion applica ions A e esea ching design p inciples and how hey should be used in a use in e ace, i was impo an o unde s and how he design p inciples wo k wi h ashion apps. Al hough a ho ough esea ch was conduc ed, he e is no a lo o li e a u e a ailable ega ding design 20 p inciples in ashion apps. S ill, we we e able o loca e a ele an a icle (Bu gha d , 2017). Acco ding o Bu gha d (2017, p. 5), he e is a common g ound when i comes o designa e wha a ashion app is: “ ashion applica ion sells ashion p oduc s online”. The main goal o hese apps is o sell p oduc s and gain he cus ome s loyal y, inc easing b and image and awa eness. The au ho o “How o design a ashion applica ion wi h a high cus ome loyal y” (Bu gha d , 2017) s a es ha ce ain ea u es can in luence he cus ome ’s loyal y owa ds he app. These ea u es can be di ided in o: - Mobile ea u es ha ep esen he echnical capabili ies o mobile phones. The wo ea u es ha p esen a bigge in luence in o cus ome loyal y a e i ual in e ac i i y and sys em quali y. Vi ual in e ac i i y is de ined as “ he ex en o which online use s migh pa icipa e in adjus ing he con en o a websi e in eal ime” (Bu gha d , 2017, p. 5). The sys em quali y can be measu ed h ough: he s yle o design, he ease o na iga ion, esponse and ansac ion ime, secu i y, cla i y o he unc ionali y and he c ea ion o an audio isual expe ience. - Social ea u es a e associa ed wi h he possibili y o in e ac wi h he con en o he app and also o he use s. These ea u es can ei he be an in e ac ion wi h he con en o an in e ac ion be ween use s, since hey bo h esul in a posi i e psychological ewa d o he use . A use can eel ewa ded by in e ac ing wi h he con en and pe sonalizing i . Including end use s in he p oduc de elopmen enhances cus ome loyal y, since a use is mo e emp ed o use he p oduc hey helped o c ea e. - B and men ion gi es an indica ion o how companies ma ke hei b ands wi hin he applica ion. B and design has he pu pose o c ea e he co po a e iden i y and consis s o : ype ace, layou , colo , s imuli (shape and icons), and p esen a ion s yle. The pu pose o b and con en is o deli e and enhance he b and image, e e ing o image y, copy, ela ionship ea u es (communica ion beyond he websi e) and sound and ideo. The ea u es o a b and ha in luence cus ome loyal y can be he logo, name, b and design and b and con en . The a icle also p esen s wo case s udies o ashion apps, Zalando 4 and Asos 5 , ha ocus on showing how he design p inciples a e con empla ed he e. The Zalando case s udy is pa icula ly ele an , since he p inciples i ollows a e, o e all, simila o he No man p inciples, p e iously desc ibed. Zalando, in e ms o i ual in e ac i i y, o e s wha “seems o be e y s ong” came a op ion (Bu gha d , 2017, p. 8), allowing he use o ake a pic u e o a clo hing piece o pa e n and sea ch based on he image. The sys em quali y is analyzed based on he p esen ed design, which is clea , wi h easily pe cei ed unc ions, and is simple and accessible o na iga e. Acco ding o he au ho , Zalando u he o e s he possibili y o lea e commen s on p oduc s and o change he colo s o a ce ain piece o clo hing. The isual s yle is consis en h oughou he en i e app. The b and con en is conside ed o be e y 4 h ps://www.zalando.com/ 5 h ps://www.asos.com/women/ 21 ich, since e e y p oduc has, a leas , wo pic u es o illus a e i . The b and design eso s o a on ha imp o es eadabili y, colo s ha in oke a minimalis eeling o i and, las ly, all he bu ons and in e ac i e elemen s a e easily ecognizable. The nex sec ion o he documen ocuses on al eady exis ing b ands and echnological solu ions ega ding pos mas ec omy inclusi i y and ga men pe sonaliza ion, helping o unde s and wha is lacking in he ma ke and how he p oposed p oo o concep can dis inguish i sel . 2.4. Cu en b ands and solu ions This sec ion p esen s b ands ha c ea e adap i e unde ga men s o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies and ha s and ou o making ashionable and beau i ul lines. Besides his, i also add esses al eady exis ing echnological solu ions o ga men pe sonaliza ion. These solu ions include he possibili y o ga men pe sonaliza ion, body me ics and measu emen , 3D echnology used and he abili y o using he echnological solu ions a home o in s o e. Fo iden i ying he solu ions, a ho ough esea ch was held, especially in cen al loca ions o downloading and pu chasing con en (Google Play S o e and Apple S o e). These solu ions we e iden i ied and selec ed because hey cons i u e g ea ga men pe sonaliza ion solu ions, making i easy o he use o ake ad an age o he se ice a home. Adding up o hese easons, he solu ions all in o he wo k ield ha i is being p oposed o wo k on, ga men pe sonaliza ion and he possibili y o i ually y unde ga men s. Pos mas ec omy inclusi e b ands Megami As discussed be o e, he e is adap i e wea and adap i e ashion. When looking a b ands ha c ea e unde ga men op ions o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies, i is no iceable ha he op ions all in o he adap i e wea ca ego y. These op ions only ocus on he unc ional aspec o he unde ga men , and no on he ashionable and aes he ic pa . The majo i y o hem esemble spo s b as, wi h plain and basic colo s, no ex u es, no sexy o ashionable. Megami 6 is a London-based unde ga men and swimwea b and ha does no i in he p e ious desc ip ion. The aim o he b and is, also, o design unde ga men s o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies, bu hey s and ou om he o he b ands due o hei alues and wha he b and s ands o . Megami belie es in equali y o all women, empowe ing hem and enhancing hei con idence h ough quali y and ashionable unde ga men s op ions, being 6 h ps://megami.uk/homepage 22 awa e ha linge ie plays an impo an ole in making women eel eminine and con iden , while also being com o able and i ing p ope ly. I c ea es elegan op ions, wi e- ee, wi h ull-co e age and b ea habili y, making women eel com o able, s ong and eminine. The b and s a ed a e he ounde s no iced how ha d i was o pos -mas ec omy women o shop and also o ind ashionable linge ie. This was a eali y o women a ound he wo ld, whe e women needed o gi e up shopping because hey could no ind beau i ul op ions, making i isible he huge gap exis ing in he linge ie ma ke . Megami is b and conce ned wi h p o iding beau i ul unde ga men s o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies (Figu e 6), since hey a e awa e ha ashion plays a s ong ole in he psychological s a e o each woman. Thei unde ga men op ions ha e he abili y o make each woman eel sexy and hea d in he ashion indus y. Figu e 6 - Megami’s Allu e B a Oysho Recen ly, he spanish clo hing e aile Oysho, eleased a linge ie line o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies, p esen ing ou di e en models o b as. These b a op ions a e designed o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy, do no use p os hesis and op ed o no ha ing b eas econs uc i e su ge y. All he o e ed op ions p esen he same cha ac e is ics based on he speci ic needs o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy: - Unicup, i necessa y; - F on and back zip, wi h a ious posi ions; - Wi hou unde wi e; - Adjus able s aps; - B ea hable ma e ial. Besides aking in o conside a ion he speci ic needs o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy, he op ions o e ed by Oysho a e also a o dable ones. Al hough some models p esen ed a e i ial, and ha women a e used o seeing, he e a e a ew op ions ha s and ou o being elegan op ions (Figu e 7). On he one hand his shows ha he b and is conce ned wi h bo h he unc ional and aes he ic aspec ha he 23 unde ga men needs o ha e. On he o he hand, i u he exposes a g owing awa eness o ashion b ands o he p oblem p esen ed in his disse a ion. Figu e 7 - Lola mul iway b a Ga men pe sonaliza ion apps In o de o design he p oo o concep his disse a ion p oposes and unde s and he cu en con ex , i is necessa y o esea ch and e alua e di e en echnological solu ions in he ield o ga men pe sonaliza ion. In pe o ming a c i ical analysis o exis en solu ions, we sough o iden i y ga men pe sonaliza ion unc ionali ies, such as: body me ics collec ed; a a a c ea ed (gene al 3D model o pho o ealis ic); con ex o use (in-s o e o a home); and o he ele an aspec s, o example SDKs (So wa e De elopmen Ki s) and he possibili y o sa e images. A e conduc ing esea ch on he web, especially in websi es ha allow downloading and pu chasing con en (Google Play S o e and Apple S o e), and he esul ing analysis o he a ious solu ions, ou ga men pe sonaliza ion apps ha allow he use o y di e en ga men s and ind he pe ec i eme ged as pa icula ly in e es ing. in3d In3d 7 is a solu ion ha allows he use o c ea e pho o ealis ic a a a s o di e en uses, such as ashion, gaming and en e ainmen , o e ing an SDK ha can be used ac oss a ious pla o ms. The scanning p ocess, in o de o ob ain he 3D a a a , is achie ed h ough a 360º ideo o he use . To c ea e he mos pho o ealis ic 3D a a a possible, i is necessa y o do a head and body scan, excep i he a a a is only used o body measu emen s, whe e in his case he head scan is op ional. A e his, a ull digi al eplica o he use is c ea ed based on 100 ames ex ac ed om he ideo. 7 h ps://in3d.io/ 24 To ge he bes quali y possible in he c ea ion o he 3D model, he e a e a ew ac o s o ake in o accoun : 1. Op imal ligh condi ions, whe e he ideo is being aken; 2. T y o ha e as li le in e e ence as possible; 3. Do no ha e objec s be ween he use and he came a; 4. Use igh i ed clo hes, especially i he goal o he scan is o be used o body me ics o a i ual i ing oom. The 3D a a a ha is c ea ed (Figu e 8) is suppo ed ac oss a ious o ma s, and can be expo ed in any 3D o ma , such as FBX, DAE, USDZ, OBJ and GLTF. The models, i used o gaming pu poses o example, can be igged and p e- igged in o de o be compa ible wi h Mixamo anima ions. In e ms o body me ics, he a e age accu acy ha can be achie ed is o 1 cm ac oss all poin s o he body. The 3D model o e s o e 200 body measu emen s, besides he possibili y o cus omizing he alues and ob aining an endless combina ion o measu emen s. The i ual i ing oom unc ionali y, also o e ed by his solu ion, is a way o ying clo hes in he 3D a a a , using he mobile app TRAI. This allows he use o y di e en i ems wi hin minu es, see he exac i and choose he igh size. The i ual i ing oom suppo s 3D models o ga men s ha he use can upload and see how hey i . I also suppo s 2D pa e ns o clo hing, being con e ed a e in a 3D model in o de o be used in he i ual i ing oom. Besides hese op ions, he use can also upload pho os ha a e la e ans o med in 3D models. The solu ion p esen ed by in3d becomes ele an due o he echnological app oach used. The main posi i e unc ionali ies o in3d, is he ealis ic 3D a a a s ha a e c ea ed based on he use , wi h a high a e age accu acy o measu emen s. Besides his, he app can be used a home, which is o g ea alue since online shopping is inc easing among consume s. Online shopping, as s a ed p e iously, is mo e con enien o consume s (Gup a e al., 2006, p. 2) and ha is why i is mo e and mo e used. Howe e , his ype o solu ion also c ea es p oblems, such as he high numbe o e u ns made since he clo hes do no i p ope ly, and consume s do no ha e he chance o y hem be o e pu chasing (Gup a e al., 2006, p. 2). 31 Figu e 13 - Diag am o he me hodology 3.1. Use -cen e ed design and pa icipa o y design When a designe is challenged o de elop a p oduc o a se ice, he designe should place he use in he cen e o he design and de elopmen p ocess, no ma e in which phase o he p ocess i is. We a e no only designing o use s, bu also o hei u u e expe iences, since people a e becoming mo e in o med in he mos a ious ields (Sande s & S appe s, 2008). The e is a g ea e need o pay a en ion o people’s expe iences, emo ions and needs (Sande s & S appe s, 2008). Acco ding o Kunia sky, use -cen e ed design is a p ocess ha “o en demands ha de elope s shi pe spec i es and spend ime walking in hei use s’ shoes” (Kunia sky e al., 2012, p. 676). While use -cen e ed design ocuses on he p oduc o se ice ha is being designed, sea ching o ways o mee he use s’ needs h ough he applica ion o a ious me hodologies, pa icipa o y design is mo e han his. I is conside ed a way o hinking and an a i ude owa ds he use , being cha ac e ized as “ he belie ha all people ha e some hing o o e o he design p ocess and ha hey can be bo h a icula e and c ea i e when gi en app op ia e ools wi h which o exp ess hemsel es” (Sande s, 2002, p. 2). 32 In pa icipa o y app oaches, he oles o he esea che and he designe begin o me ge, making he use “a c i ical componen o he p ocess” (Sande s, 2002, p. 3). I is ele an o s udy he use and i s backg ound o unde s and how hey hink, how hey eel and how hey ac , since people ha e a di icul y o exp ess, e bally, eelings and knowledge owa ds he wo ld (Kunia sky e al., 2012). Ha ing access o people’s expe iences, designe s can pu he use a he cen e o he design p ocess, being awa e o hese expe iences and he special needs, desi es and d eams each use has. Acco ding o Sande s (Sande s, 2002), he possible ways o a ain he pa icula expe iences o each use , can be ob ained h ough: 1. Lis en o wha people say; 2. In e p e wha people exp ess and make in e ences abou wha hey hink; 3. Wa ch wha people do; 4. Obse e wha people use; 5. Unco e wha people know; 6. Reach owa d unde s anding wha people eel; 7. App ecia e wha people d eam. This p oduces a deep le el o empa hy wi h he use , es ablishing esonance be ween he designe and he use . Becoming awa e o he use 's eelings and d eams, u ns he “use expe ience he sou ce o inspi a ion and idea ion o design” (Sande s, 2002, p. 3). Acco ding o Kunia sky (2012), co-design can be di ided in o h ee main ypes o echniques: 1. Dialogic echniques, o s imula ing discussion wi h pa icipan s; 2. Gene a i e echniques, whe e pa icipan s a e able o ex e nalize emo ions and hough s h ough he c ea ion o objec s; 3. Associa i e echniques ha help o unco e how pa icipan s o ganize in o ma ion ega ding a subjec . Dialogic and gene a i e echniques a e a g ea way o ind blindspo s, in an al eady exis ing p oduc o se ice, bu ha is in ended o be upda ed (Kunia sky e al., 2012). They p o ide he designe / esea che , who can pe ec ly be he same pe son (Sande s & S appe s, 2008), wi h in o ma ion abou pe sonal aspi a ions and alues. Make ools a e a design ool, buil upon expe ience, ha a e in ended o be used ei he by use s o designe s. These ools “ acili a e exchange be ween he people who expe ience p oduc s, in e aces, sys ems and spaces and he people who design o expe ience” (Sande s, 2002, p. 5). Di e en ypes o oolki s can be p esen ed, such as emo ional oolki s o cogni i e oolki s. Emo ional oolki s allow he use o show and ell pe sonal s o ies and d eams, o he wise no sha ed, and can be ma e ialized h ough collages, dia ies and pho o elici a ion. Cogni i e oolki s, on ano he hand, allows pa icipan s o showcase diag ams o ela ionships, lowcha s o p ocesses and cogni i e models (Sande s, 2002). Toolki s ha e he powe o o e access o he emo ional side o he expe ience, and acknowledge he 33 pe sonal pe spec i es o each pa icipan , e ealing pe sonal his o ies ha can con ibu e g ea ly in he design p ocess. Besides his, he pa icipan also has he abili y o become in ol ed in he c ea i e p ocess o designing he p oduc o se ice (Sande s, 2000). Taking in o accoun he p e ious exposu e o me hodologic app oaches, he me hodology ollowed in his disse a ion eso s o a combina ion o use -cen e ed and pa icipa o y design app oaches. Being he pu pose o he de elopmen o his p ojec o unde s and how women eel, lea n abou hei expe iences and wha hey know abou b eas cance and unde ga men choice in he pos -op s age, dialogic and gene a i e echniques a e ollowed. In he nex opic, hese echniques and he oolki s used o p oduce use gene a ed-a i ac s a e explained. 3.2. Use esea ch As s a ed p e iously, a pa icipa o y design app oach was ollowed. This sec ion p esen s a clea ocus on comp ehending he use needs and mo i a ions. He e, one can ind he conduc ed ac i i ies and he s eps each one has. E hical app o al To wo k side by side wi h he pa icipan s aises ques ions ega ding he p i acy o he pa icipan s and da a p o ec ion, all o his linked wi h e hical ques ions. The in o ma ion o be collec ed can be e y pe sonal, since i ega ds such a delica e subjec . Keeping his in mind, he o m o in o med consen om he Faculdade de Psicologia e Ciências da Educação da Uni e sidade de Coimb a was illed and submi ed o app o al (Annex 1). This o m p esen s a b ie explana ion o he p ojec , sus ained wi h he scien i ic jus i ica ion o he in es iga ion. Wi h his documen , he Comissão de É ica was able o unde s and he conduc ed in es iga ion, he pa icipan s o be ec ui ed, he isks and bene i s o he in es iga ion and how he da a was p o ec ed. In he same documen , he in o med consen o m can be ound. Da a p o ec ion and con iden iali y igh s a e also p esen ed, being he pa icipan s awa e o he igh s and he wi hd awal o pa icipa ion. The p i acy o pa icipan s and he espec i e da a p o ec ion is ensu ed and espec ed. This s udy also makes su e no o jeopa dize he pa icipan s in any way. Rec ui men In o de o ollow he p oposed me hodology, i is c ucial o ec ui pa icipan s. The pa icipan s a e chosen based on hei pe sonal expe iences ega ding b eas cance and mas ec omy. They can be di ided in o wo g oups: women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy; and heal h ca e p o essionals. The heal h ca e p o essionals ec ui ed a e doc o s and psychologis s ha wo k side by side wi h women who ha e unde gone 34 mas ec omy. Doc o s ha e he abili y o o e scien i ic inpu o he p ojec , sha ing knowledge abou mas ec omies, he impac i has on women and he p ecau ions women need o ha e a e a mas ec omy, especially when i comes o choosing a b a. Psychologis s will help o unde s and he psychosocial impac a mas ec omy can p oduce on women. Besides, psychologis s can p o ide scien i ic insigh abou he ole o ashion and clo hing in he psychological s a e o women who ha e unde gone a mas ec omy. Fo ec ui ing, wo dis inguished pa hs we e ollowed, es ablishing con ac h ough email o phone: 1. Pe sonal con ac s; 2. O ganiza ions, such as Liga Po uguesa con a o Canc o. A he end o he ec ui men p ocess, he goal was o ec ui en pa icipan s: i e o se en women, one o wo doc o s and one o wo psychologis s. A ange ha would p o ide a good spec um o people and di e en expe iences. Wi h he p ocess comple ed, i was possible o mo e o he nex s ages o he pa icipa o y design app oach, which we e he in e iews. In e iews In e iews, in he ield o use esea ch, is some hing o mal and s anda dized ha ies o be nondi ec ed as a way o minimizing “ he pe spec i e o he pe son asking he ques ions” (Kunia sky e al., 2012, p. 169), allowing o deeply explo e pa icipan s' hough s and expe iences (Kunia sky e al., 2012). Use esea ch in e iews all in o a p ede ined s uc u e, composed by six s ages (Kunia sky e al., 2012, pp. 170–171): 1. In oduc ion, om he pa icipan s and in e iewe . This will allow o se a mo e com o able en i onmen o answe ing ques ions and sha ing pe sonal and somewha deep expe iences; 2. Wa m-up, as a way o pa icipan s o s a o ocus on he wo k p esen ed and answe ing ques ions; 3. Gene al issues, wi h an ini ial ound o gene al ques ions; 4. Deep ocus, whe e he idea, p oduc o se ice is in oduced and pa icipan s concen a e on de ails, expe ience and he abili y o using he se ice o p oduc ; 5. Re ospec i e, whe e use s e alua e and alk abou he idea in a b oade ligh ; 6. W ap-up, as a way o o mally comple ing he in e iew. Pe sonas Wi h he goals and beha io pa e ns obse ed du ing he in e iews, i was possible o c ea e pe sonas. Pe sonas a e “no a eal pe son, bu a syn hesis o ac s and obse a ions abou he use s” (Kunia sky e al., 2012, p. 587). I is a way o ep esen ing people, and i is bes used in hese ea ly s ages, be o e s a ing de eloping he wo k. 35 When c ea ing a pe sona, i is aluable o analyze wha he in e iewed pa icipan s ha e in common, becoming possible o unde s and sha ed aspi a ions owa ds he p esen ed wo k. Besides, i is also impo an o see he poin s o disag eemen . This allowed us o ind pa e ns in he use beha io , and pa e ns end o d i e use goals and needs (Kunia sky e al., 2012). Pe sonas a e a g ea way o gaining amilia i y and empa hy wi h use s. Unde s anding he needs and desi es o he use s is a way o achie ing good design (Kunia sky e al., 2012) Pho o elici a ion When i comes o pa icipa o y design ac i i ies, he i s se o ac i i ies elies on dialogic echniques, in o de o s imula e discussion wi h pa icipan s. One popula echnique used du ing his s age, acco ding o Kunia sky (2012, p. 232), is pho o elici a ion, whe e pic u es a e used “ o s imula e i id, conc e e, meaning ul wo ds” in o de o pa icipan s o espond o a se o ques ions linked o pic u es shown by esea che s (Kunia sky e al., 2012). The aim o his ac i i y is o unde s and pe sonal in e p e a ions ha each pa icipan has owa ds each ques ion/pic u e, while ecalling p e ious expe iences ha a e ele an o he de elopmen s age. 3.3. Concep ualiza ion and P o o yping A e conduc ing a use esea ch, when a deepe unde s anding o he inal use was gained, ele an in o ma ion was collec ed and conside ed o he concep ualiza ion and p o o yping s age. None heless, some phases we e achie ed based on he academic knowledge gained h oughou he yea s and ex ac ed om he li e a u e e iew. The ollowing sec ion p esen s he a ious s ages his concep ualiza ion and p o o yping con ains. Visual iden i y When de eloping a p oo o concep o an app, de ining he isual iden i y is c ucial, as a way o isual ep esen a ion. Fo c ea ing he isual iden i y, he de eloped g aphic elemen s we e suppo ed by he undamen al p inciples o design, in oduced by Donald No man. Reso ing o hese p inciples o design helped o ensu e ha he design was c ea ed in he bes way possible, being unc ional and appealing o he use s. Besides he design p inciples p esen ed by No man, i was also eso ed o he wo k o Alan Coope and his book “Abou Face” (2014) and he sys em c ea ed by Google, Ma e ial Design 11 . Al hough wo king wi h end use s is c ucial in his p ojec , his phase o he p ojec was c ea ed independen ly, wi hou inpu om he pa icipan s o he pa icipa o y design 11 h ps://m2.ma e ial.io/ 36 ac i i ies, bu keeping he insigh s gained in he p e ious phases in mind a all imes. Ha ing a cohe en isual iden i y is e y impo an , o co ec ly communica ing wi h end use s o he se ice, bu also p o iding he bes expe ience possible. I is he i s impac he use s ha e owa ds he p oo o concep , u ning he se ice in o some hing memo able o he eye o he end use s. The c ea ed isual iden i y plays an impo an ole in he p o o ype phase, especially in he medium- ideli y s age. I is in he p o o ype phase ha he c ea ed g aphic elemen s a e employed, so i is undamen al ha hey a e c ea ed p e iously. Rega ding he isual iden i y o his p ojec , one can ind: Logo ype; Typog aphy; colo scheme; Layou and g id; and iconog aphy. 3D modeling This s age combines bo h concep ualiza ion and p o o yping, o c ea ing a model o a b a designed o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies. Fi s ly, he e is he concep ualiza ion s age, whe e i is unde s ood he needs and desi es women ha e owa ds b as o he pos -op s age. To achie e his, in o ma ion om he pa icipa o y design ac i i ies is e ie ed, ega ding he needs owa ds pos mas ec omy b as. A e o ganizing he in o ma ion, i is possible o mo e o he p o o ype s age o he 3D modula ion. The p o o ype s age consis s, i s ly, o designing b a op ions ha con ain he aspec s equi ed by he pa icipan s. A e he pape ske ches a e done, i is possible o s a he 3D modula ion, eso ing o he so wa e Blende 12 . This allows o c ea e a 3D model o a b a, o la e use in he high- ideli y p o o ypes o he p oo o concep . P o o yping P o o yping is an impo an s ep o designing he p oo o concep in o de o ans o m he in o ma ion p e iously ob ained in o isual ep esen a ions, allowing he pa icipan s o in e ac wi h hese ep esen a ions. P o o yping can p esen dis inc shapes, anging om “pape -based ou line o a sc een” o a “complex piece o so wa e” (P eece e al., 2002, p. 241). The limi ed ep esen a ion o he inal p oduc o se ice ha he p o o ype ep esen s, allows he use s o in e ac and explo e he a ious unc ionali ies planned, and see i i mee s hei pa icula expec a ions. E ol ing ideli y p o o ypes we e c ea ed. The i s ound o p o o yping consis s o low- ideli y p o o ypes, i.e. pape p o o ypes. This is a quick way o isually ep esen ideas and p esen hem o he use , and con i m whe he he p oposed design mee s use desi es and expec a ions. Fo he medium and high- ideli y p o o ypes, a digi al app oach was used. Figma, Uni y, and he associa ed p og amming language C#, was he chosen pla o m o c ea e he p oo o concep o he in ended disse a ion. Adding o hese echnologies, he In el RealSense Dep h Came a 13 was es ed, as a way o unde s anding i i was possible o pa icipan s o i ually y unde ga men s a home. As p esen ed in he opic ega ding ga men pe sonaliza ion apps, in3d o e s an easy 12 h ps://www.blende .o g/ 13 h ps://www.in el ealsense.com/dep h-came a-d455/ 37 in eg a able SDK (So wa e De elopmen Ki ) 14 o 3D a a a models. The SDK gi es access o in3D a a a models, wi h ex u es and igged, being compa ible wi h Uni y. This SDK was also explo ed in he p o o yping phase. 3.4. E alua ion In o de o unde s and i he p oduc o se ice is “usable by he in ended use popula ion” (P eece e al., 2002, p. 230), e alua ing becomes ele an . Du ing an e alua ion phase, use s a e asked o comple e p e iously de ined asks ega ding he sys em being e alua ed (P eece e al., 2002). In a mo e ad anced s age o p o o yping, when mo e unc ionali ies a e de ined, usabili y es ing is he chosen echnique o use expe ience e alua ion. Acco ding o Kunia sky, “usabili y es ing examines how people pe o m speci ic asks, guiding he de ini ion and implemen a ion o unc ionali y” (Kunia sky e al., 2012, p. 345). In his e alua ion echnique, pa icipan s a e asked o ca y ou a se o ca e ully p epa ed asks, whe e he pe o mance is measu ed in e ms o e o s and ime aken o comple e he asks. While use s a e pe o ming he ask, hey a e being wa ched and eco ded. This helps he designe o be e ecognize e o s, ime aken o comple e a ask and o unde s and why he pa icipan s had a ce ain beha io owa ds he asks (P eece e al., 2002). The ga he ed da a is mainly quan i a i e, ob ained h ough ques ionnai es o in e iews made o he pa icipan s. The app oach is based on expe imen a ion and p oduces ou pu s ha p o ide a benchma k o imp o emen s o he idea, based on pe o mance measu es and e o s (P eece e al., 2002). 3.5. Wo k plan As a way o s uc u ing he wo k de eloped, a wo k plan was elabo a ed. This plan consis ed o es ima ing and planning he asks, me hods and he amoun o ime needed o each s age. In Sep embe 2021, a i s wo k plan (Annex 2) was c ea ed o bo h semes e s. Bu , a e conduc ing he wo k in he i s semes e , and ha ing a miles one in he beginning o Feb ua y, e isions we e necessa y. Figu e 14 and Figu e 15 p esen s he e ised Gan cha , planned a e he i s miles one o he disse a ion. In his Gan cha , i is possible o see how he wo k ook place in he i s semes e and con empla e a mo e ealis ic plan o he second semes e . None heless, his wo k planned had o be e ised again (Figu e 16) o he las h ee s ages o he disse a ion de elopmen : p o o yping and implemen a ion, e alua ion and disse a ion w i ing. 14 h ps://asse s o e.uni y.com/packages/3d/cha ac e s/in3d-a a a -sdk-205111#desc ip ion 38 Figu e 14 - Re ised Gan cha - i s semes e Figu e 15 - Re ised Gan cha - second semes e 39 Figu e 16 - Final Gan cha This new wo k plan (Figu e 16) s a s in Sep embe and con empla es he whole wo k p ocess un il he deadline o he disse a ion in Janua y. Fo be e o ganiza ion, he new Gan cha is di ided by weeks and each week has an assigned ask. S a ing in Sep embe , i was necessa y o e ise he p e ious wo k plan and o ganize i again, acco ding o he new ime ame. A he same ime, i was ime o s a o de elop he medium- ideli y p o o ypes, s a ing in mid-Sep embe and going un il he end o Oc obe . In he week a e s a ing he medium- ideli y p o o ypes, he 3D modula ion o a b a op ion ook place. A e e ising he wo k done p e iously, i was no iceable ha ha ing a chap e dedica ed o design p inciples was lacking, so i is also planned o do some li e a u e e iew ega ding his opic. Be o e s a ing o p epa e he usabili y es s, i is undamen al o ha e a ec ui men phase, since he a ailabili y o people can be ha d o ob ain. Keeping his in mind, he ec ui men phase ook place wo weeks p io o he usabili y es s, s a ing om he 31s o Oc obe un il he 11 h o No embe . A e conduc ing he usabili y es s o he medium- ideli y p o o ypes, adjus men s we e made and p oceeded o de elop he high- ideli y p o o ypes in Uni y. These p o o ypes we e de eloped om he mid o No embe un il he second week o Decembe . In he las week designa ed o de elop he high- ideli y p o o ypes, i was planned o s a p epa ing he usabili y es s o he high- ideli y p o o ypes. Bu since he medium- ideli y p o o ypes p o ed o be success ul in he usabili y es s, we concluded a new ound o es s was unnecessa y. Chap e 6 o e s a de ailed iew o he es s and he analysis o hem, explaining why he medium- ideli y p o o ypes we e a success. The documen o he disse a ion will be w i en om he beginning o No embe un il he second week o Janua y, wi h e isions and co ec ions in be ween. The wo k plan ends in he hi d week o Janua y, wi h he deli e y o he hesis and he p epa a ion o he de ense. 40 3.6. Chap e summa y This chap e p esen ed he di e en esea ch s ages ha he wo k is in ended o pu sue. While use -cen e ed design ocuses on de eloping a p oduc o se ice ha will e en ually mee he use s’ needs, pa icipa o y design wo ks side by side wi h he pa icipan s as a way o uly unde s anding hei desi es and needs. Co-design includes a ious echniques ha allows designe s and pa icipan s o wo k oge he . Combining elemen s om hese wo app oaches, i was possible o gain a be e sense o he expe iences o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies. F om he ealm o pa icipa o y and co-design, dialogic echniques and gene a i e echniques we e chosen o lead he wo k sessions. These echniques a e used o ge in-dep h knowledge o he pa icipan s, hei aspi a ions and needs, ga he ing impo an in o ma ion in o de o de elop he bes wo k possible. The e alua ion o he e ol ing ideli y p o o ypes allowed us o unde s and i he sys em mee s he use s’ needs. To inish his chap e , and as a way o o ganizing he di e en s ages he wo k p esen s, a Gan cha was p esen ed, which helps o isually unde s and he a ious phases o he wo k. 4. Analysis o he p oblem This chap e p esen s he wo k conduc ed in he p ojec de elopmen s age. The wo k ca ied ou in his s age s a ed wi h he ec ui men o pa icipan s and includes he in e iews, pe sonas, pho o elici a ion. Each phase desc ibes how i was p epa ed, when i was de eloped, he pa icipan s in ol ed (when applicable), he con ex in which i occu ed, wha ma e ials o echnologies we e used, he esul s and key lea nings ha eme ged om ha phase, and how hey impac ed he design. 4.1. S o yboa d In o de o help isualize he use expe ience wi h he p oposed p ojec and unde s and he possible in e ac ions, a s o yboa d was c ea ed (Figu e 17) 15 . The s o yboa d s a s wi h Amélia expe iencing di icul y choosing an adap ed b a o he speci ic needs a e unde going mas ec omy. I is a ha d ask o he , especially because she ecalls he elegan and a ie y o op ions she had p io o he su ge y. A e inding a ga men pe sonaliza ion app, whose main ocus is o o e unde ga men op ions o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies, Amélia s a s o explo e he app and he di e en op ions ha a e o e ed. Fo pe sonalizing he desi ed unde ga men , Amélia needs o c ea e a 3D a a a based on he body. A e wa ds, 15 In Annex 3, one can ind he i s de eloped s o yboa d ha su e ed al e a ions a e he i s a ge was deli e ed. This adjus men was needed o be made because, un o una ely, he senso In el RealSense s opped being explo ed and making pa o he p ojec . The eam only had access o he senso in Ma ch and, be o e being able o explo e wi h i , we only had access o he p o ided in o ma ion online. A e a ho ough esea ch, i was made no iceable ha he e was no a ailable li e a u e e iew ega ding body mea ics. A e esea ching and a ious a emp s, i was concluded ha he senso only can measu e in dep h (z axis) and no be ween wo poin s (x and y axis), as was in ended. 47 sen ences sha ed by he in e iewed women and ha encapsula e he eelings he pa icipan s ha e owa ds he exis ing b a op ions. These a i ma ions also suppo one o he main ideas behind he p oposed wo k, and ha i is in ended o add ess he s a ed di icul y. Wi h he in e iews, i was possible o lea n abou wha women eally look o when he e is he need o buy a b a. The unanimous unc ional aspec ha he in e iewed women e e ed o was he need o b as no o ha e unde wi e. Besides his unc ional aspec , women also indica ed he ollowing: - B a wi h side pocke s o pu he p os hesis on; - Wide b a s ap; - P ac ical b a. The las pa o he in e iew consis ed in opening up he space o exchange ideas abou he concep o enclo hed cogni ion, p esen ed p e iously in his documen in sec ion 2.2.1. All ou women “ o ally ag eed” wi h his concep , claiming ha clo hes ha e he powe o impac one’s sel -es eem. Clo hing is pe cei ed as a way o communica ing, and e en colo s can a ec he way women eel and hei sel -es eem. One woman said ha b igh ed made he eel like he sel and con iden , and ano he one said ha black was he sa e choice when she needed o eel good. “I may be da k, people may say i is connec ed wi h sadness, bu i makes me eel good”. The in e iewed women s a ed ha hey liked o ge eady, and chose pieces o clo hing ha made hem eel good abou hemsel es. One hing ha hese women e e ed o was he ac ha hey like o ge eady o hemsel es and no o o he s. “I is no o he o he s, i is o me, o eel good”, as one pa icipan con essed. They use ashion, and clo hing, as a way o posi i ely p omo ing hei sel -es eem, o eel good abou hemsel es, and no o please o he people. The o he ou come om he in e iews wi h he ec ui ed women was he c ea ion o wo pe sonas (Figu e 19 and Figu e 20). As s a ed by Mike Kunia sky (2012), “a pe sona is a use a che ype (...), no a eal pe son, bu a syn hesis o ac s and obse a ions abou eal use s ha leads o a memo able cha ac e ”. In he con ex o his p ojec , i was impo an o de ine pe sonas in o de o cap u e women’s needs and desi es, as well as o gain mo e empa hy wi h hem. The pe sonas c ea ed we e de eloped and e ined based on he in o ma ion collec ed om he in e iews. The names o he pe sonas a e ic i ious, bu he emnan o he in o ma ion is based on he in e iewed pa icipan s. The c ea ed pe sonas ep esen wo di e en ypes o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies: women who had unde gone mas ec omy a ew yea s ago and ended up ha ing b eas econs uc i e su ge y; and women who had unde gone mas ec omy ecen ly, and a e s ill ying o adjus o he changes. The i s desc ip ion o women a e ep esen ed by Alice Gama (Figu e 19) and include posi i e eelings owa ds he su ge y, he amilia i y wi h he si ua ion, bu s ill he s uggle i is o ind an adequa e b a. The second pe sona, Te esa Soa es (Figu e 20), desc ibes a woman who had unde gone a mas ec omy ecen ly and is s ill adjus ing o he a ious changes. Besides his, i ep esen s he pa o women who y o 48 o e come he obs acles o no ha ing b as ha i co ec ly and a e beau i ul, by al e ing di e en op ions and making hese mo e hei pe sonal s yle. To isually c ea e he pe sonas, we used Figma and he open sou ce plug-in “Humaaans o Figma” 16 by Pablo S anley. Figu e 19 - Pe sona Alice Gama, woman who unde gone mas ec omy 16 h ps://www. igma.com/communi y/plugin/739503328703046360/Humaaans- o -Figma 49 Figu e 20 - Pe sona Te esa Soa es, woman who unde gone mas ec omy 50 4.2.1.2. Resul s and analysis heal h ca e p o essionals’ in e iews In e iewing heal h ca e p o essionals ha wo k side by side wi h pos mas ec omy women was a way o ge ing in-dep h knowledge o he p ocedu e o he mas ec omy and how i a ec ed women. Again, he analysis o he collec ed da a was o ganized h ough an a ini y diag am (Annex 6), based on he al eady p esen ed le els. The i s le el ocuses on he knowledge collec ed abou mas ec omy, such as he p ocedu e, he physical impac s and he eco e y p ocess. The mas ec omy is a long and pain ul pa h, as s a ed by all he in e iewed heal h ca e p o essionals. “I is no only he mas ec omy, hey (women) go h ough chemo he apy and adio he apy sessions. I is a long and pain ul p ocess”, as one pa icipan explained. I is a p ocess ha in ol es a ious su ge ies, adio he apy and chemo he apy, and a e y challenging sca ing p ocess. The e is also he loss o a e y impo an a ea o he emale body, wi h a huge physical impac . This is u e ly connec ed wi h he psychological impac , as one pa icipan explained “I hink ha i is impossible o dissocia e he physical pa om he psychological one. And he b eas s, o women, always ha e a ious symbols, such as o eminini y and mo he hood”. The second le el p esen ed on he a ini y diag am is connec ed wi h clo hing, especially b as, in he pos mas ec omy s age. When i comes o clo hing, all o he in e iewed p o essionals ag eed ha women need o ake special a en ion when i comes o clea ages, due o he p os hesis, sca ing and e en skin i egula i ies a e ea men s. O he aspec s ha we e men ioned, and which a e pa icula ly ele an o his esea ch, a e: - A oid igh i ed ops; - Cau ion wi h syn he ic ab ics and seams, since hey can cause i i a ion on he skin o he sca ; - Cau ion wi h colo s and ab ics, so hey don’ ans e o he skin, especially o he sca . When ques ioned abou b a op ions, he h ee heal h ca e p o essionals highligh ed he necessa y unc ional aspec s ha b a op ions need o ha e in o de o be conside ed a good b a: - B a wi h suppo o p os hesis, such as a side pocke ; - B a wi hou unde wi e; - Take special a en ion o he ab ic quali y, ying o op o co on since i is, usually, mo e com o able; - B a ha opens in he on . I is e y p ac ical, no only o placing he p os hesis, bu also because women ha e a di icul ime o o a e hei a ms and uppe body a e he mas ec omy, so closing he b a in he back can be e y ha d and pain ul; - La ge b a s aps, helping o suppo he p os hesis and a oid o cause any ha m on he shoulde s; 51 - B a wi h a alle clea age can be a good op ion o women ha ha e sca s on he s e num o do s in ha a ea om he adio he apy. An impo an aspec ha he in e iewed doc o e e ed o was ha lace is no a iable op ion when choosing a b a, as lace is, mos o he ime, a syn he ic ab ic. A ype o ab ic ha can ha e se ious implica ions in a mo e sensi i e skin a ea, such as he ches a e he mas ec omy, ending up by causing i i abili y. Ano he hing is ha lace does no p o ide good suppo o he p os hesis used by women. This is in e es ing, since lace is usually pe cei ed as an elegan op ion o ab ic and women end o like i o unde wea pieces. Connec ing he physical impac wi h he psychological one, and being his he hi d le el o he a ini y diag am, i is possible o no ice how he mas ec omy a ec s women and hei men al s a e. Psychologically, women ace a ious challenges. The one aspec ha was poin ed ou by all h ee in e iewed heal h ca e p o essionals was he dec ease o he libido and sexuali y, some hing ha can ake a big oll on ela ionships wi h pa ne s. One o he in e iewed pa icipan s ecalled some episodes o women who el ha people, especially hei pa ne s, s a ed o look di e en ly owa ds hem. The doc o con ibu ed wi h he opinion on his subjec , sha ing wha women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy el : “(People) don’ look a me in he same way, my husband does no look in he same way (...) So, he e is a s ong psychological impac ”. This impac s g ea ly when i comes o women’s sel -es eem and he way hey pe cei e hemsel es. The ela ionship women ha e wi h hei body d as ically changes, wi h a nega i e a ec ed sel -es eem and sel -concep . This happens, mainly, because women eel ha some hing is missing, and do no eel like hemsel es. And some women ha e e en a deepe sense o loss, eeling ampu a ed. The e is a long p ocess o accep ing he new body image, a p ocess ha can be eased ou by ha ing he igh help, such as psychologis s. The in e iewed p o essionals unde s and ha women “ eel he loss o one o gan ha , al hough is no physically i al, i is o he appea ance and sel -es eem”, especially due o he a ious meanings and oles ha b eas s ha e in socie y, such as: eminini y, mo he hood, sexuali y, and e en dis inc ion be ween sexes (biologically speaking). The in e iewed psychologis s essed how impo an i is o be hones abou wha he woman is eeling, in o de o help du ing he healing p ocess, “Wi hou a doub , one o he main pieces o ad ice gi en is o women o sha e and be hones wi h how she eels”. Women also ea he esu gence o cance cells, so hey accep he mas ec omy as pa o he cu e p ocess. Women de elop an a e sion o he oncological en i onmen , being his one o he easons why women op o no ha ing b eas econs uc i e su ge y. When in oduced wi h he concep o enclo hed cogni ion, he in e iewed heal h ca e wo ke s we e pa ed, since hey could no gene alize some hing like his, being s yle and ashion e y pe sonal o each indi idual. Bu , i was possible o conclude ha clo hes do ha e he powe o a ec he men al s a e, ene gy and a i ude owa ds li e. Clo hing can also help o pe cei e he men al s a e o he wea e , i “in luences he s a e o he pe son. The psychological s a e, he pos u e o he pe son. The ene gy i p esen s owa ds li e (...) In my 52 wo k, I y o e en use clo hes o unde s and he psychological s a e o he pe son”, as sha ed by he nu se. The same pa icipan ga e an example o someone who was dealing wi h dep ession. In his case, i was possible o no ice ha some hing was no well since he pe son s opped ca ing o he appea ance, p esen ing he sel in e y w inkled clo hes, o example. Implica ions o design A e analyzing he in e iews, i s indi idually, and hen di ided by g oups o pa icipan s, i was possible o syn hesize he key lea nings and ind common g ound be ween he wo g oups (Annex 7). These key lea nings we e hen aken in o conside a ion in he design s age o his p ojec . When alking abou clo hing, i was clea ha buying pieces o clo hing a e he mas ec omy is di icul , especially unde wea and swimwea . A e he in e iews wi h he pa icipan s, i was unde s ood ha he b a model ha was c ea ed had o espond o ce ain demands and needs om women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy, such as: - Side pocke s o he p os hesis; - Talle clea age, helping o hide he sca ; - B a wi hou unde wi es; - Wide b a s aps; - Quali y ab ic, usually co on and pay ex a a en ion o lace. I he e is lace, a leas don’ be in di ec con ac wi h he skin. These aspec s we e he ones ha guided he design o he b a model and can be encoun e ed in he inal p o o ype o he 3D b a model, p esen in sec ion 5.1 - 3D modeling. These conside a ions we e also suppo ed by he in e iewed heal h ca e p o essionals. The in e iewed women all eel ha he indus y has no malized b a op ions o women who do no ha e o deal wi h a mas ec omy, making i ha de o ind a ious op ions o women who ha e unde gone his p ocedu e. Wi h ega ds o he enclo hed cogni ion concep , i was no possible o achie e common g ound. While women conside ed his concep o be a eali y, and could connec wi h i , heal h ca e p o essionals p e e ed o ela e i o some hing ha can be di e en o each pe son han o gene alize. Besides his, i was possible o unde s and ha all o he in e iewees ag ee wi h he ac ha clo hing can be a way o communica ing and posi i ely impac sel -es eem. This can be ansla ed in o he o e ed op ion o b as o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omies, combining he unc ional wi h he aes he ic elemen s, making women eel good abou hemsel es and help wi h hei sel -es eem. 53 4.3. Pho o Elici a ion A e conduc ing he in e iews, we we e able o s a wi h he p oposed ac i i y, connec ed wi h he pa icipa o y design app oach chosen o be ollowed. I is in his s age ha he pho o elici a ion ac i i y is p esen ed. The main goal o his ac i i y is o p omo e communica ion wi h pa icipan s, eso ing o pic u es o guide he con e sa ion. I is also in ended o pa icipan s o sha e pe sonal expe iences, eelings and hough s ega ding mas ec omy and b a op ions a ailable. As s a ed p e iously, he al eady ec ui ed and in e iewed women pa icipa ed in his ac i i y. P ocedu es A e conduc ing he in e iews, we we e able o s a wi h he pho o elici a ion p oposed ac i i y. Pho o elici a ion p omo es communica ion wi h pa icipan s, eso ing o pic u es o guide he con e sa ion (Kunia sky e al., 2012, p. 232). In his wo k, he pho o elici a ion was in ended o pa icipan s o sha e pe sonal expe iences, eelings and hough s ega ding mas ec omy and b a op ions a ailable. The pa icipan s o he pho o elici a ion ac i i y we e he same as hose in e iewed. P ocedu es The p epa a ion o his ac i i y s a ed wi h he c ea ion o a able (Table 5) o o ganize ideas and goals o his ac i i y. The able is di ided by: - Possible ques ions o be asked du ing he ac i i ies; - Goals o he ac i i y; - P ocedu e and p epa a ion; - Da a collec ion; - Analysis o he da a. 54 Table 5 - Table c ea ed o o ganizing he pho o elici a ion ac i i y As a way o guiding he sea ch o images, i was decided o ocus he ac i i y on he ollowing hemes: - B eas cance , pe sonal expe ience; - B eas cance , psychological impac and body image; - B as, be o e and a e he mas ec omy. Wi h he hemes de ined, i was possible o s a sea ching and collec ing di e en pho os o he ac i i y. We sea ched he web o pic u es and e ie ed 17 pho os. A e a e iew p ocess, hi een pho os we e selec ed, which me he goals we se -ou o achie e. The ac i i y is in ended o be guided by he pa icipan s. This means ha he pa icipan s would choose wha pho os hey would like o alk abou and conduc he ac i i y, being he esea che an ac i e lis ene . Fo his pu pose, a small p esen a ion was c ea ed (Annex 6), in o de o be sha ed wi h he pa icipan s be o e he ac i i y. This way, pa icipan s we e able o ake a i s look a he pho os and he di e en hemes, deciding he cou se hey wan ed he ac i i y o ake, such as deciding he o de o he pho os o be deba ed. The pho o elici a ion ac i i y ook place on he online pla o m Zoom, making i possible o eco d he mee ings. This ac i i y was planned o ake no longe han i een minu es, some hing ha was possible o achie e. Fo he analysis, an a ini y diag am was used. The h ee hema ics men ioned 55 abo e se ed as segmen s o he hema ic analysis. The nex sec ion sha es he esul s o his ac i i y. Resul s and analysis The ac i i y s a ed wi h explo ing he b oade heme, b eas cance and he pe sonal expe ience, and hen became mo e speci ic a each s age, ending wi h b a op ions be o e and a e he mas ec omy. The ac i i y was eco ded, as a way o helping in he analysis p ocess. Da a we e i s ansc ibed and, a e wa ds, analyzed. This sec ion p esen s and discusses he ob ained esul s. a. B eas Cance , pe sonal expe ience When i comes o he mas ec omy p ocedu e and he pe sonal expe ience o each woman, i was aluable o unde s and ha he pa icipan s did no eel shocked when looking a sca s shown in he pho og aphs, and eel he same way owa ds hei own. All he pa icipan s emembe ed how ha d he eco e ing and sca ing p ocess was, and e en how ho ible i looked. S ill, women can look a he sca and ha e a posi i e a i ude owa ds i . Al hough i was a challenging p ocess o hese women, hey all aced i as a cu e, some hing o be g a e ul o . Al hough he e we e some o n ideas ega ding his posi i e a i ude, some women eel like no ha ing a b eas is an achie emen , no some hing ha is missing, as one pa icipan s a ed “ he lack o he b eas was no exac ly a lack, bu mo e o an achie emen ”. On he o he hand, some women eel his absence owa ds some hing, being le wi h an odd eeling o jus ha ing one side, o none, o he b eas . I is possible o link hese eelings, exp essed by he pa icipa ing women, wi h he al eady p esen ed li e a u e e iew. The au ho s Koçan and Gü soy exp ess hose same conce ns and hough s when sha ing ha he opinions o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy shi be ween being “g a e ul o s ill be ali e and saw his as mo e impo an han he loss o a b eas ” and expe iencing “g ea sadness a he loss o hei b eas ”, (2016, p. 147). When aced wi h he pic u e o women showing o hei sca s in such a ligh mood (Figu e 21), he pa icipan s did no eel uncom o able. They all hough how beau i ul he pho o was, and how com o able women el wi h hei new body, “ acing he missing o one b eas wi h cou age”, as one woman said. The e a e beau i ul ways o showing he new body, elling a new na a i e, helping women o ind a way o eeling con iden and beau i ul. 56 Figu e 21 - Image used in he pho o elici a ion ac i i y Some hing ha women ecalled as being e y ha d o go h ough was he cons ain s hey el on hei uppe body, due o he ex ac ion o he lymph nodes. This made he eco e y p ocess e en ha de , a ec ing no only physically, bu also psychologically. I equi es “a lo o willingness o u n he si ua ion a ound and egain he p e ious mobili y”, as one o he pa icipan s ecalled. In sho , we concluded ha he in e iewees canno disassocia e he physical om he psychological, being bo h a ec ed a e unde going a mas ec omy. b. B eas Cance , body image and psychological impac Following he ain o hough o ha ing a posi i e mindse owa ds mas ec omy, women eel like hey do no ha e he need o hide hei new body, a e he healing p ocess. Bu , al hough he pa icipan s appea o ha e a posi i e a i ude, i is s ill a oublesome p ocess o deal wi h. And “no ma e how s ong a pe son is, i is s ill ha d o look in he mi o ”, as s a ed by one o he pa icipan s. The same pa icipan sha ed ha “ he i s ime you look in he mi o is odd, al hough i is no some hing new, since I was awa e o he change”. Bu some hing ha was mo e challenging o some o he in e iewed women (2 ou o 4) was ouching he a ec ed a ea, specially he sca . Ano he pa icipan e en said ha she “did no imagine ha ha was going o happen”. When con on ed wi h a pho o o a woman looking in he mi o and pu ing makeup on (Figu e 22), he majo i y o he pa icipan s (3 ou o 4) con essed ha hey s a ed o pay mo e a en ion o aking ca e o hemsel es, o example pu ing makeup on, because i was some hing ha made hem eel good. Besides, i was a way o no looking so sick. One o he pa icipan s e en ecalled one unpleasan in e ac ion wi h a pe son ha made a lo o ques ions abou he looks and heal h, making he eel e y uncom o able abou he image. We concluded ha a e he mas ec omy, i can be ha d o look a he new body and he new eali y, as s a ed p e iously, being e y easy o igno e pe sonal desi es and ways o being in li e. 63 Figu e 28 - Final low- ideli y p o o ype o he b a Al hough in he ske ches one canno see he pocke s o he p os hesis, placed inside he b a, and he opening o he same, hese aspec s we e aken in o conside a ion in he ske ch phase. Rega ding he op ions o he b a, i was decided o ha e a on opening, which is a p ac ical op ion o women since: - A e he mas ec omy, and especially i he lymph nodes a e ex ac ed, women canno o a e and each hei back, making i ha d o open he b a in he back; - I is a p ac ical way o adjus he p os hesis, i needed. A e inalizing he ske ches o he b a model, i was ime o mo e o he nex phase o p o o yping, he digi al one. Fo achie ing his goal, he 3D so wa e blende was used. The i s model ha was p o o yped, had bo h closing a he on and back. Bu , a e analyzing he c ea ed e sion, we came o he ealiza ion ha ha ing one opening in he back and one in he on did no make much sense. A ee alua ion o he speci ica ions women sha ed ega ding b as o pos mas ec omy, helped o e ocus on he ask o c ea ing his 3D model. Likewise, he speci ica ions ha ended up being inco po a ed in he 3D model we e: - Inside pocke s, as a way o helping wi h he p os hesis; - F on opening, helping o adjus he p os hesis when needed. Also, i is e y use ul in he mon hs a e he su ge y, whe e a lo o women deal wi h limi a ions o mo emen ; - Talle clea age, o co e ing he sca and o help suppo he p os hesis; - La ge s aps in he shoulde a ea, o e ing mo e suppo ; - Possibili y o adjus ing s aps; - No unde wi e and no padding added, making su e i is com o able o wea ; - Ha ing special a en ion o he selec ed ab ics. Always 100% co on and, in he cases whe e lace is in ended o be used, he e is always a p o ec i e laye o co on, making su e he lace and skin a e no in di ec con ac . 64 Wi h hese aspec s in mind, he c ea ed model is he ollowing one, as shown in Figu e 29. The di e en ex u es and colo s ha he b a can ha e, we e ied ou in he nex phase o p o o ypes, he high- ideli y ones. Figu e 29 - 3D model o he c ea ed b a Las ly, he 3D b a model gained ex u es and colo s. Two di e en ex u es we e used in he model, eso ing o ee ex u es a ailable online. One o he ex u es esembles co on 17 and he o he p esen s a pa e n ha can be pe cei ed as lace 18 . A e , di e en colo s we e applied o he model (whi e, black and pink). Figu e 30 shows he pink b a model wi h co on ab ic. In annex 10, one can ind all he o he colo s and ex u es he p o o ype can p esen . Figu e 30 - Pink b a model wi h co on ma e ial 17 h ps://www.poliigon.com/ ex u e/ ab ic- leece-001/2332 18 h ps://3d ex u es.me/2022/06/20/ ab ic-lace-027/ 65 5.2. Visual iden i y and s yle guide Unlike p e ious s ages, he isual iden i y and s yle guide we e de eloped wi hou he inpu gained h ough pa icipa o y design ac i i ies. The chap e desc ibes he di e en s eps aken o de ine he ypog aphy, colo , logo ype, layou and g id, iconog aphy. Typog aphy Reso ing o ex as an ally in an in e ace can be a good op ion, since “w i en language can con ey dense and nuanced in o ma ion” (Coope , 2014, p. 410). None heless, he e is also he need o use ex in a ca e ul way, since “i also has g ea po en ial o con use and complica e” he use , as explained by Alan Coope (2014, p. 410). Typog aphy ends up being wha i is “be ween he au ho and he eade ”, ensu ing he legibili y and he eadabili y o he ex (Ru e , 2017, p. 4). Wi h his in mind, one can unde s and he impo ance o choosing he co ec ype ace when designing a isual iden i y. Acco ding o Alan Coope , h ee main guidelines should be ollowed when eso ing o ex on an in e ace (2014, p. 410): 1. Op o high con as ex , making su e ha he “ ex con as s wi h i s backg ound”, aiming o 80% con as . I is also ad ised no o use complemen a y colo s, since hey may a ec eadabili y; 2. Choose a i ing ype ace and size, whe e sans-se i on s a e bes used o eadabili y. I he ype ace size is less han 10 pixels, he eadabili y can be comp omised. 3. Decide on succinc ly w i en ex , achie ing unde s andabili y by using “ he ewes wo ds necessa y o clea ly con ey meaning” (Coope , 2014, p. 410). Conside ing he impo ance o choosing he igh ype ace o he p oo o concep , i was decided o ha e wo di e en on s, Robo o Mono (Figu e 31) and Mon se a (Figu e 31). The dis inguished on s help o deciphe he in o ma ion hie a chy c ea ed. Bo h chosen on s a e sans-se i , since hey p oduce a be e esul o legibili y (Ru e , 2017). The main chosen on was Robo o Mono, used o headlines and sub i les. Fo small cap ions and body ex , he complemen a y chosen on was Mon se a . To help make he bes decisions ega ding he ype ace, we eso ed o Ma e ial Design 19 , a sys em c ea ed by Google ha allows he eam o c ea e a high-quali y digi al expe ience, such as in e aces. He e, di e en guidelines a e p esen ed as a way o helping in he design p ocess. I used he ype scale gene a o , a ool p o ided by Ma e ial Design ha helps o es ablish ype scales. These ype scales can be applied o any on p esen in he Google Fon s 19 h ps://ma e ial.io/ 66 ca alog, au oma ically esizing and op imizing each one, based on he Ma e ial Design ypog aphy guidance o eadabili y. Figu e 31 - Main ype ace Robo o Mono Figu e 32 - Complemen a y ype ace Mon se a Colo scheme When choosing a colo pale e o a isual iden i y he e is he need o “ ake in o accoun he use ’s goals, en i onmen , he con en , and he b and”, as explained by Coope in he book 67 “Abou Face” (2014, p. 407). The e a e h ee p inciples ha colo p esen s, as explained h ough he Ma e ial Design sys em 20 : 1. Hie a chical, whe e colo indica es he le el o emphasis o he elemen s, how hey in e ac wi h each o he and can e en indica e he elemen s ha a e in e ac able, o no . Impo an elemen s should s and ou h ough he use o colo ; 2. Legible, whe e he e is he need o mee legibili y s anda ds when i comes o elemen s showing in on o he backg ound, o example ex and icons. As Coope explains, on a da k backg ound da k elemen will appea as ain . Bu , i he backg ound is ligh , da ke elemen s will s and ou (2014, p. 407); 3. Exp essi e, since colo has he powe o exp ess he b and’s s yle, i should be used in ou a o . Using he b and colo s a memo able momen s will ein o ce he s yle. I is bes p ac ice o ha e a limi ed numbe o colo s composing he pale e, o he wise he use will be g ee ed wi h he ca ni al e ec . This happens when he colo pale e is c owded, “o e whelms use s and limi s (...) he abili y o communica e” (Coope , 2014, p. 408). Likewise, he Ma e ial Design sys em ecommends selec ing a p ima y and a seconda y colo . Then, one can eso o da k and ligh a ian s o each. A p ima y colo is he colo displayed mo e equen ly ac oss he in e ace. A seconda y colo is no manda o y, bu is a good way o accen and dis inguish he b and. The seconda y colo should be applied occasionally o accen selec ed pa s o he UI. Keeping in mind he aspec s e e ed p e iously, and being awa e ha he colo s need o e lec he b and and s yle, i was op ed o he ollowing colo pale e (Figu e 33): Figu e 33 - Colo pale e 20 h ps://m2.ma e ial.io/design/colo / he-colo -sys em.h ml#colo -usage-and-pale es 68 The pink was chosen wi h he in en ion o being used in elemen s ha need o s and ou in he in e ace. Pink is he colo ha is in ima ely connec ed wi h b eas cance , being he pink lace he in e na ional symbol o b eas cance awa eness (Figu e 34). The idea was o con inue wi h he pink, bu wi h a di e en colo alue, as a way o c ea ing mo e con as wi h he o he wo colo s (black and whi e). The whi e was chosen o be used as he backg ound colo and black o he ex and small elemen s ha don’ ha e he need o be as p ominen as he ones in pink. Figu e 34 - Pink ibbon, in e na ional symbol o b eas cance awa eness As a way o ensu ing ha he con as be ween he h ee colo s would wo k, a Figma plugin was used. Con as 21 , by Maa k and Alex Ca , is a ool ha allows you o check he con as a io o selec ed colo s. When e i ying he con as be ween he pink and whi e (Figu e 35), one can no ice ha pink ex o e whi e backg ound does no wo k, and whi e ex o e a pink backg ound only wo ks in la ge ex . Bu , when i comes o g aphics, he con as a io wo ks. When e i ying he con as be ween black and whi e (Figu e 36), i is con i med ha pai ing hese wo colo s wo ks in e e y way possible. The las con as o check was be ween black and pink (Figu e 37). The combina ion o bo h colo s wo ks almos in e e y aspec , excep o pink ex o e black backg ound, when ocusing on no mal ex . 21 h ps://www. igma.com/communi y/plugin/748533339900865323/Con as 69 Figu e 35 - Whi e and pink con as Figu e 36 - Whi e and black con as 70 Figu e 37 - Pink and black con as Logo ype The logo ype is o ex eme impo ance, since i isually p esen s he b and o he use s. I is a means o g abbing he use s’ a en ion, making a s ong and memo able i s imp ession, while c ea ing a dis inc ion om he compe i ion. Fo c ea ing he logo ype o he p oo o concep , i was i s necessa y o choose a name o he app. A name ha ep esen s he b and, has a powe ul meaning associa ed and is dis inguishable om he o he b ands (Coope , 2014). Wi h his in mind, he name decided o he p ojec was Saku a. Saku a is he che y-blossom lowe and has a s ong meaning in Japanese cul u e. Fo Japanese, Saku a ep esen s a ime o enewal and op imism. Bu i also eminds he b e i y o li e, ha i can be sho and beau i ul. In he book “The Che y Blossom Fes i al: Saku a Celeb a ion”, i is explained ha “To he Samu ai, he blooming o he che y ees signi ied he beau y o a b ie li e well-li ed, i s pe als alling om he ee in hei p ime” (McClellan, 2005). A e deciding on he name, i was possible o s a wo king on he logo ype (Figu e 38). The goal was o ha e a logo ype ha is simple, bu would s and ou . Likewise, i was decided o use ypog aphy as a way o c ea ing he logo ype. The base o c ea ing he logo ype was he main chosen on , p e iously iden i ied, Robo o Mono. A e a ew es s ha can be ound in Annex 7, i was op ed o use Robo o Mono Bold and all capi al le e s, as a way o ensu e he eadabili y o he logo ype. 71 Figu e 38 - Final Logo ype A se o ules was c ea ed ega ding he logo ype (Figu e 39). In o al, 100% o bo h he heigh and wid h co esponds o he space occupied by he logo ype. In e ms o wid h, 74% is ee space and he emaining 26% o he wid h is occupied by he le e s. The e is a ma gin o 2% a each end o he logo ype, which allows o ha e a sa e space o b ea habili y when used wi h o he elemen s. The space be ween each cha ac e co esponds o 14% o he o al wid h. Fo he heigh , 60% co esponds o he space occupied by he cha ac e and, he le 40% is o black space. This blank space wo ks, again, as a sa e ma gin o when o he elemen s appea in he in e ace. Bo h op and bo om ma gin ha e 20% o ee space, he sa e ma gin. Figu e 39 - Logo ype ules As seen in he sub- opic ega ding colo , he bes con as is c ea ed wi h black o e whi e. This combina ion wo ks in e e y pa ame e , om ex o elemen s and, since he backg ound o he in e ace is in ended o be whi e, i is he bes op ion o he logo ype o be black. This will assu e ha he con as will ha e an app op ia e a io, ei he wi h whi e o pink backg ound. Layou and g id “A g id sys em is one o he mos powe ul ools a ailable o he isual designe ”, as s a ed by Alan Coope (2014, p. 415). Ha ing a g id sys em p o ides a uni o m and consis en s uc u e o he in e ace layou , helping o es ablish he isual hie a chy c ea ed, emphasizing “ op-le el elemen s and s uc u es” (Coope , 2014, p. 415). Al hough i is ecommended o a g id o ollow an idealized geome ic ela ionship, he g id should be lexible enough o deal wi h essen ial a ia ions o he g id, whils main aining he consis ency since “sligh di e ences can eel uns able o he use s” (Coope , 2014, p. 417). Ha ing a de ined g id has he ollowing bene i s, acco ding o Coope (2014, p. 417): - Usabili y, since g ids a emp o egula ize posi ioning o elemen s. This consis ency suppo s he use s’ “inna e isual-p ocessing mechanisms”; - Aes he ic appeal, c ea ing a sense o o de ha i is com o able o look a ; 72 - E iciency, by s anda dizing he c ea ed layou s. This allows he design o be modi ied and ex ended easily. Ano he impo an aspec o ake in o conside a ion when c ea ing a g id, is o o e a logical pa h. Fo example, in wes e n socie ies he eyes mo e om op o bo om, le o igh . This allows use s o ead he layou in an e icien and e ec i e way (Coope , 2014, p. 418). Fo c ea ing a g id i is necessa y, acco ding o Ma e ial Design, columns, gu e s and ma gins. Figu e 40 p esen s he cons uc ed g id, wi h he necessa y elemen s. The e a e h ee columns, equally di ided h ough he layou , whe e he con en was placed. Al hough no alked abou in Ma e ial Design, ha ing ows is also impo an o cons uc ing a g id layou , allowing o a co ec pa i ion o he ho izon al space. In o al, he g id coun s wi h 6 ows. Be ween each column and ow he e is a gu e , he ee space ha helps sepa a e he con en . To inish he g id, a ma gin was c ea ed on bo h sides, making su e ha he con en does no ge oo close o he limi s and ha ing enough b ea hable space o he elemen s. Figu e 40 - G id Iconog aphy As a way o isually communica ing a de e mined unc ion and beha io , icons a e c ucial. Icons need o be consis en , ha ing he powe o hold he isual s yle oge he . When eso ing o icons o isually ep esen some hing, he ollowing guidelines should be aken in o conside a ion (Coope , 2014, p. 419): 79 Figu e 47 - Final low- ideli y p o o ypes o he layou s This was a pa o he p ocess ha allowed o pu in o p ac ice all he acqui ed knowledge ob ained du ing he academic yea s, ega ding UI/UX design. The p esen low- ideli y p o o ypes a e no impe a i e, since some imes he p o o ypes wo k in pape , bu no in digi al o ma . Medium- ideli y p o o ype The medium- ideli y p o o ypes ollowed wha was decided in he i s phase o p o o yping, and u ned he pape e sions in o a digi al e sion. Fo c ea ing he medium- ideli y p o o ypes o he use in e ace, he chosen so wa e was Figma 22 . The p o o ypes we e c ea ed based on he s yle guide, p esen ed in sec ion 5.2, as well as he li e a u e e iew and No man’s Design P inciples. In he ollowing sec ion, he layou s c ea ed in he medium- ideli y p o o yping phase will be p esen ed, and he di e en e sions hey wen h ough un il he inish. The es o he layou s can be ound in he Annex 9. En ance layou The en ance layou o he p oo o concep su e ed some al e a ions (Figu e 48) be o e achie ing he inal layou (Figu e 49). The low- ideli y p o o ypes con empla ed he usage o an image o he i s layou , as a way o helping o isually unde s and he opic ha i is connec ed wi h he p oo o concep . Bu , a e seeing how he colo s and he ypog aphy wo k oge he , we concluded ha he layou was oo c owded and c ea ed some isual con usion, especially wi h he b igh pink ec angle ha occupied almos all o he sc een. A simple layou was conside ed and ended up disca ding he image and u ning he pink in a mo e sub le objec , h ough a blu e ec (Figu e 49). 22 h ps://www. igma.com/ ile/ hUxzhWxkX0G6DddogB35n/p o o ypes?node- id=0%3A1& =wbTQb1TN4Fh PgYi-1 80 Figu e 48 - Fi s p oposi ions o he en ance layou Figu e 49 - Final en ance layou Login layou Fo he login layou , i was i s ied o ha e a deco a i e elemen on he sc een. In his case a Saku a lowe (Figu e 50). Bu he illus a ion s yle was no wo king wi h he in ended 81 isual s yle, wi h minimalis and clean lines. So, i was decided o abandon he idea o ha ing an illus a ion wi h he pu e pu pose o deco a ion, in any o he layou s. Figu e 50 - Fi s p oposi ions o he login layou A he end o c ea ing all he layou s o his s age o he wo k p ocess, his layou was edesigned and added a new subsec ion, he abou sec ion (Figu e 51). I made sense o ha e he possibili y o lea n mo e abou he p oo o concep be o e ha ing o c ea e an accoun . Figu e 51 - Final login layou 82 Pe sonaliza ion layou This was he layou ha ook he mos e o in his phase. In he i s e sions (Figu e 52), all he in o ma ion ega ding he b a model and he pe sonaliza ion was on he igh side o he sc een, c ea ing some isual ins abili y. Figu e 52 - Fi s p oposi ions o he pe sonaliza ion layou Fu he mo e, he e was he need o add wo mo e unc ionali ies in his sec ion (Figu e 53). The i s was he possibili y o he use o ake hei own measu es using a senso , he in el one. Al hough we al eady knew ha his pa o he p ojec was no possible o implemen , since his is a p oo o concep , i made only sense o con inue o include he pa o eso ing o a senso o ake he speci ic measu es o he use . A e adding his unc ionali y, i was concluded ha i also made sense o he use s o be able o see he p e ious measu es, no being necessa y o go h ough he whole measu ing p ocess. 83 Figu e 53 - Second p oposi ion o he pe sonaliza ion layou The inal pe sonaliza ion layou (Figu e 54) p esen s some di e ences. Fi s , he p oblem o he isual ins abili y was o e come by shi ing some in o ma ion o he le side and ea anging he placemen o he elemen s. The 3D model o he b a is also con empla ed in his layou . Figu e 54 - Final pe sonaliza ion layou 84 Vi ual d essing oom layou This sc een was a challenge o p o o ype, since i was desi ed o con ey he idea o he use being in a d essing oom, bu i could no be some hing hype ealis , ha would clash wi h he s yle chosen o he p oo o concep , wi h simple illus a ions and geome ic lines. The ini ial p oposals (Figu e 55) ied o mimic a 3D e ec o a simple wall, and e en expe imen ed wi h some pa e ns o c ea e a mo e dep h e ec . S ill, a e he di e en op ions, he layou s we e no p oducing he desi ed e ec s. 85 Figu e 55 - Fi s p oposi ions o he pe sonaliza ion layou We hen ied a new app oach o he inal sc een, ying o inco po a e he illus a ion s yle once again (Figu e 56). Reso ing o che y blossoms, we designed a simple illus a ion o use as backg ound and abandoned he idea o ha ing some hing simila o a d essing oom as backg ound. Wi h his illus a ion, he isual ha mony we we e ying o ob ain was achie ed be ween all elemen s. Figu e 56 - Final i ual d essing oom layou 86 High- ideli y p o o ype The las se o p o o ypes o be c ea ed we e he high- ideli y 23 ones, which we e c ea ed using Uni y as he de elopmen ool. These high- ideli y p o o ypes ep esen wi h g ea de ail how he inal p oduc could be, when implemen ed. The e was a need o s udy some aspec s ega ding Uni y, in pa icula he used language C#, eso ing o online lib a ies and o ums, such as S ack O e Flow 24 and he Uni y Fo um 25 . I was in his s age ha he 3D a a a was c ea ed, using he in3d 26 app. This is a ai ly simple app o use, only needing o ollow he ins uc ions on he sc een. Th ough a se ies o pho og aphs o he use , making a 360º u n, he app is able o c ea e a eliable 3D model o he body, e en wi h he ex u es o he clo hes he use is wea ing (Figu e 57). Figu e 57 - 3D a a a c ea ed wi h in3d A e c ea ing he 3D model, using in3d 27 , and seeing how he model wi h he ex u es unc ioned wi h he backg ound chosen o he sc een, i was e iden ha i did no wo k isually. As a way o o e coming his, i was decided o use he pink, p esen in he s yle guide, as ex u e o he 3D model (Figu e 58). 23 h ps://you u.be/ly9-Kh lTaU 24 h ps://s acko e low.com/ 25 h ps:// o um.uni y.com/ 26 h ps://in3d.io/ 27 h ps://in3d.io/ 87 Figu e 58 - Final 3D a a a Wi h all he elemen s c ea ed, i was possible o mo e o he de elopmen o he high- ideli y p o o ypes, using Uni y. As s a ed p e iously, he use in e ace layou s a e he same as he ones c ea ed in he medium- ideli y p o o ypes. The p esen ed use in e ace layou s ha e he same measu emen s as he able used o his p ojec (1600 px x 2560 px). I was chosen o use a able as a mids o p esen ing he p ojec o he use because i suppo s he app in3d, used o c ea e he 3D a a a s; i is some hing ha i is po able, being easy o anspo ; and o e s a good sc een size o display he necessa y in o ma ion, helping wi h eadabili y. None heless, some di icul ies we e encoun e ed in his pa o he p ojec . Al hough he majo i y o he unc ionali ies we e p o o yped, he e we e a ew ha ended up no being comple ed. In he i ual d essing oom (Figu e 59), i was no possible o ha e bo h he desi ed backg ound, con empla ed in he medium- ideli y p o o ypes, and he 3D elemen s (a a a and b a). I was hen decided o keep he backg ound whi e (Figu e 59)like in he es o he p oo o concep , as a way o keeping he 3D elemen s c ea ed. Figu e 59 - Final d essing oom sc een 88 Fo zooming in he 3D objec s and ha ing he possibili y o o a e he same objec s in 360º, he e was a need o ha e a C# sc ip ha could con ol hese mo emen s. Al hough some a emp s we e made, and ha ing ho oughly esea ched possible solu ions, he esul s ob ained we e no he desi ed ones. Since he p o o ype did no o e he possibili y o ake a pho o o he 3D a a a wi h he chosen b a (Figu e 59), i was no possible o conclude he galle y sc een (Figu e 60). Al hough he p e iously desc ibed unc ionali ies we e no implemen ed comple ely in he high- ideli y p o o ypes, hey we e s ill conside ed. Fu he discussion was ca ied ou in chap e 7, dwelling on he s eng hs and ca ea s o he p ojec , as well as u u e wo k. Figu e 60 - Final galle y sc een The o he unc ionali y ha does no p esen i s comple e inal o m is he di ec connec ion be ween he p oo o concep and in3d. In3d is he app ha allows use s o c ea e a 3D a a a , accu a e o hei bodies. Ideally, he link be ween he p oo o concep and in3d would be smoo h, wi hou ha ing he need o exi he p oo o concep , go o in3d and hen back o he p oo o concep . Many a emp s we e made in o de o o e come his obs acle, bu wi hou success. The u h is, i is s ill possible o c ea e he 3D a a a and hen impo i o he p oo o concep , so he goal o his unc ionali y is s ill being ul illed, al hough no in i s mos op imized way. None heless, he unc ionali ies con inue o be con empla ed in he layou s. Also, hese unc ionali ies a e conside ed ex as in he p oo o concep , meaning ha he p ojec con inues o achie e he main goal ha was in ended om he beginning - he pe sonaliza ion o a b a o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy. In he ollowing sec ion, he conduc ed usabili y es s a e p esen ed, as well as he esul s. 95 because some o he pa icipan s had di icul ies unde s anding ha o en e ing he app hey needed o click on a bu on ins ead o swapping on he sc een, as hey we e used o. This is also con i med by he a e age numbe o e o s each g oup p esen s in ask one (Figu e 67). None heless, all pa icipan s we e able o independen ly conclude he ask. Once again, ask ou was he one ha p esen ed a highe a e age numbe o aps, in bo h g oups, due o he complex na u e associa ed wi h he ask. Figu e 66 - A e age numbe o ouches o comple e a ask Figu e 67 - A e age numbe o e o s The usabili y es also con empla ed a se o ques ions ha he pa icipan s we e asked o espond o. Mainly, hese ques ions we e abou he p o o ypes and wha he pa icipan s hough abou he same, in which pa icipan s we e in i ed o sha e hei imp essions and p opose imp o emen s. Bo h g oups o pa icipan s sha ed ha hey hink ha he concep p esen ed h ough his p ojec is an in e es ing one, con i ming he di icul ies behind inding b a op ions ha a e elegan and unc ional o pos mas ec omy. The pa icipan s also sha ed he eeling hey had owa ds he p o o ypes and he design o he same, being some hing “sub le and disc ee . The in o ma ion is objec i e and goes s aigh o he poin ”. Pa icipan s also sha ed ha he app low is e y na u al and easy o na iga e ac oss sc eens. These ques ions we e also a good way o unde s and he possible downsides he pa icipan s no ed owa ds he p o o ypes. One o he women sha ed ha , in he beginning o he usabili y es s, she ound he way o go back be ween sc eens o he p o o ypes was a bi con using, bu soon a e she was able o unde s and how i wo ked. Ano he pa icipan highligh ed ha he backg ound o he i ual d essing oom did no wo k well when compa ed wi h he emaining design o he layou s. 96 Rega ding he p esen ed 3D model o he b a, i was asked di ec ly o he pa icipan s o sha e hei hough s abou he model. The esul s we e ha all he pa icipan s sha ed he opinion ha i was an elegan and p ac ical op ion. None heless, hey wished hey had some mo e op ions o choose om. So, his is some hing ha should be aken in o conside a ion in u u e wo k o be de eloped and p esen ed in he nex chap e . To end he usabili y es s, he pa icipan s we e asked o ill a sys em usabili y scale (SUS) ques ionnai e and a ne p omo e sco e (NPS) ques ion, as well. The sys em usabili y scale allowed us o unde s and how he pe sonal expe ience o he use s was owa ds he p oo o concep , being asked o classi y a se o en ques ions om 1 o 5, being 1 “ o ally disag ee” and 5 “ o ally ag ee”. Fo analyzing he Sys em Usabili y Scale, i is sugges ed o eso o he ollowing in e p e a ion (Tullis & Albe , 2013, p. 139): - <50%: no accep able; - 50-70%: ma ginal; - >70% accep able. To answe he ne p omo e sco e, he pa icipan is asked o answe , on a scale o 0 o 10, whe he he/she would ecommend he pla o m o ano he pe son. Fo in e p e ing he esul s, we also eso ed o one in e p e a ion p esen ed by Tullis & Albe (2013, p. 146): - De ac o s: a ings om 0 o 6; - Passi es: a ings o 7 o 8; - P omo e s: a ings o 9 o 10. The esul s o he SUS and he NPS we e o ganized on a able (Table 6). The analysis o he esul s, show he answe s we e ans e sal o all he pa icipan s, gi ing all he 8 women he same answe s. In e ms o sys em usabili y sco e, i is always 100%, which means ha , acco ding o he in e p e a ion o Tullis & Albe p e iously p esen ed (2013, p. 143) he p oo o concep is accep able. Fo he ne p omo e sco e, he esul s we e 10 all ac oss he esponses, meaning ha he pa icipan s a e all p omo e s o he p oo o concep . Table 6 - Table c ea ed o o ganizing he SUS and NPS esul s O e all, i is possible o conclude ha all eigh pa icipan s ca ied ou usabili y es s wi h no majo e o s ha could comp omise he designed p o o ypes, and enjoyed he p oposed p ojec , as one can see by he esul s o he sys em usabili y scale and he ne p omo e sco e. 97 In he nex sec ion o he documen , he implica ions o he usabili y e alua ion esul s owa ds he design a e p esen ed and discussed. 6.5. Implica ions o design A e analyzing he ca ied usabili y es s, i is possible o conclude ha all se en asks we e success ully ca ied ou , wi hou any majo e o s ha would no allow he pa icipan o conclude he ask. Al hough some asks p esen ed some e o s, he e o s did no p e en use s om comple ing hem. Wi h hese esul s, p e iously p esen ed and analyzed, i was possible o conclude ha he e was no any ask ha needed any majo design al e a ions since all pa icipan s we e success ul in comple ing he asks. As p esen ed in he wo k plan, i was planned o ca y one mo e se o usabili y es s a e he high- ideli y p o o ypes, in Uni y, we e comple ed. Bu , a e he i s ound o usabili y es s in he medium- ideli y s age, i was decided no o ca y ou ano he ound o es s. This decision was made based on he success o he i s ca ied es s and he posi i e eedback o he pa icipan s owa ds he de eloped wo k. 6.6. Chap e summa y In his chap e i was possible o pu in o p ac ice all he p e ious knowledge and he c ea ed elemen s. I was in he phase ha he p oo o concep s a ed o gain shape and ha ideas ans o med in o a angible a i ac . The use in e ace design, h ough he di e en p o o ype phases, and he subsequen e alua ion was c ucial o unde s and he quali y o he p oo o concep , as some imes, wha is i s ly idealized does no wo k in he ollowing phases. A e he medium- ideli y p o o ypes we e inished, he usabili y es s we e conduc ed and i was possible o assess whe he he p o o ypes we e mee ing he use s needs and desi es. The ou come o hese es s was ex emely posi i e, since no conside able e o s we e pe o med by he use s, wi h all use s being able o comple e all asks. The eedback om pa icipan s was also e y posi i e, wi h no majo sugges ion changes. Likewise, i was decided ha i was no necessa y o conduc ano he se o es s o he high- ideli y p o o ypes. This made he de elopmen p ocess mo e agile and con i med he use in e ace was well hough ou and de eloped. None heless, he e a e s ill some unc ionali ies ha we e planned o in he medium- ideli y p o o ypes bu ha e no been implemen ed in he Uni y p o o ypes. These unc ionali ies do no comp omise he main goal o he p oo o concep , bu could be a good imp o emen o he same. The nex chap e will p esen a ecap o he wo k and highligh he u u e wo k 98 7. Conclusions and inal ema ks This chap e is he culmina ion o his disse a ion and he wo k de eloped h oughou his pas yea and hal . Re lec ions on he accomplishmen s and he ca ea s a e p esen ed and discussed he e. This chap e also highligh s he u u e wo k o his p ojec . 7.1. Wo k de eloped This disse a ion las ed eigh een mon hs, mo e o less. The goal o he p ojec was o c ea e a p oo o concep o an app ha allowed women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy o y, i ually and a home, a 3D model o a b a. A b a ha was bo h elegan and unc ional. The p ojec was in ended o ill in he exis ing gap in he ma ke o elegan b as o pos mas ec omy, bu also as a way o empowe ing women. The accomplishmen o his goal was possible h ough a use -cen e ed design and pa icipa o y design app oach ha included: in e iews, pe sonas, pho o elici a ion, p o o yping and e alua ion. These mul iple s ages o de elopmen allowed he necessa y imp o emen s ha could ake place in each s age, o example he design o he b a model ha con empla ed he desi es and needs o he pa icipan s, and he di e en phases he use in e aces p o o ypes aced. Wo king side by side wi h he end-use s was c ucial, being his g oup o pa icipan s o med by ou women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy and h ee heal h ca e p o essionals. Wo king wi h hem allowed us o con i m ideas o med du ing he li e a u e e iew and o co obo a e he assump ions behind he p oposed p ojec : ha he b a op ions o women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy a e no he mos elegan no he mos beau i ul. Fu he mo e, he pa icipa ion o he end-use s p o ided a deep insigh o he needs and desi es women ha e owa ds b as o pos -mas ec omy, making he design p ocess o he b a model easie and pu pose ul. So, we can conclude ha he pa icipa ion o his g oup was o g ea alue, ensu ing a me hodological obus ness o he p ocess. The use in e ace p o o ypes we e c ea ed wi hou he inpu o he pa icipan s. This ook a g ea e e o om ou pa , since i was necessa y o combine a ious knowledge app ehended du ing hese las eigh een mon hs, wi h he co ec in o ma ion o suppo his c ea ion, as well as he knowledge gained h oughou he pas academic yea s. This phase o he p ojec was ma e ialized in a s yle guide, comp ehending he ypog aphy, colo , logo ype, icons, g id and layou . The p ojec ook conce n in ollowing good design p ac ices and p inciples, wi h clea in e ac ions, simple design and an o ganized sc een. P ac ices ha a e conside ed o be ollowed and p esen ed in he p oo o concep . We ealized ha he p ojec was ambi ious o one pe son, in he beginning o he de elopmen phase and, consequen ly, mul iple adap a ions and changes needed o be made. None heless, he main goals o his disse a ion we e accomplished. In he ollowing sec ion, he s eng hs and ca ea s o he p ojec a e p esen ed and discussed. 99 7.2. S eng hs and ca ea s Du ing his pas yea and hal whe e he disse a ion ook place, he e we e some hings ha did no go as ini ially planned. The e was he need o adap and ace he challenges ha came ac oss, which made he de elopmen p ocess mo e in e es ing. The i s in e es ing challenge ha was aced was ega ding b eas cance and he mas ec omy p ocess. Be o e s a ing o de elop any ideas, i was c ucial o lea n abou b eas cance , he mas ec omy p ocedu e and he eco e y p ocess. Being a comple ely di e en ield o knowledge, he au ho had o conduc a ho ough esea ch, lea ning abou he physical and psychological impac s he mas ec omy p oduces on women. To comple e his unde s anding, i was also decided o wo k side by side wi h women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy, which was challenging on a pe sonal le el. B eas cance is a delica e subjec and some pe sonal es imonies can be e y in ense and ha d o lis en o. None heless, i is conside ed ha his was an essen ial pa o he p ojec and o e ed a deepe knowledge ega ding his subjec , wi h a good base o suppo he de elopmen phase. The o he challenge ha was aced was connec ed wi h he echnological de elopmen o he p ojec . This was a pa ame e o he disse a ion ha was known o be mo e complex and challenging o he s uden , since new echnologies needed o be explo ed and o he s had o be emembe ed. The i s challenge aced was ega ding he in el senso in ended o be used. The senso was an equipmen ha we we e un amilia wi h, so he explo a ion o he unc ionali ies was based on online knowledge, h ough online o ums and documen a ion, as well as h ough sel augh expe imen a ion. A e se e al es s and expe imen a ions, i was unde s ood ha his would no p oduce he desi ed e ec . While he goal was o use he senso as a way o measu ing be ween an x an y axis, he senso could only measu e he dep h, so he z axis. Fo measu ing be ween he x and y axis, i was necessa y o de elop an equa ion ha , when unned h ough he code, would be able o measu e he desi ed poin s. A e se e al a emp s, i was decided o abandon he use o his senso and he possibili y o he use s o i ually e ie e hei bus measu es. Howe e , his unc ionali y was s ill p o o yped, as a way o showing he use s how i would wo k. All in all, his s ill a ends o he equi emen s o a p oo o concep . The high- ideli y p o o ypes, c ea ed in uni y, p esen some ca ea s. As s a ed in he sec ion 6.2.3 - High ideli y p o o ype, he e we e a ew unc ionali ies ha we e no comple ed in his phase. The i ual d essing oom sc een has incomple e unc ionali ies: zooming in he 3D elemen s; o a ing and ha ing a 360º o e iew; aking a pho o. Va ious a emp s we e made o comple e he implemen a ion o hese unc ionali ies, bu his was e ealed no o be possible. None heless, since hese unc ionali ies do no limi he usage o he p o o ype and do no comp omise he main goal o he p oo o concep , hese unc ionali ies a e conside ed seconda y in he o e iew o he de elopmen o he p ojec . Fu he mo e, he de elopmen o hese aspec s can en e in he lis o u u e wo k o be ca ied ou . Being his disse a ion ma e ialized in a p oo o concep , he e is always oom o u u e wo k and imp o emen s. 100 O he poin s ha also en y on he lis o possible wo k o be done, in he u u e, a e: - Connec ing he p oo o concep wi h he in3d app, being he use s able o scan hei bodies and c ea e a 3D a a a easily; - Ha ing he galle y unc ion wo king, wi h pho os aken in he i ual d essing oom; - Imp o ing he backg ound o he i ual d essing oom; - C ea ing mo e 3D b a models, which b oadens he ange o op ions o he use s. Some hing ha was sha ed, by he pa icipan s o he pa icipa o y design ac i i ies, was he need o ha e a b a whe e he s aps could ha e a ious posi ions, o example c ossing in he back. S ill, i is impo an o no ice ha he goals o his disse a ion a e conside ed o be comple e. Fi s , we success ully c ea ed a p oo o concep ha allows women who ha e unde gone mas ec omy o i ually y, a home and h ough a 3D a a a , a b a ha was designed based on hei desi es and needs. This shows ha he concep o adap i e ashion was aken in o conside a ion when designing he b a model, since i is some hing ha he women ind p ac ical bu also elegan , wi h a ashionable sense o i . Linking o his, he e was also he concep o enclo hed cogni ion ha was in oduced in he li e a u e e iew and s a e o he a . Du ing he a ious ac i i ies ha ook place du ing he de elopmen o his p ojec , he women pa icipan s sha ed hei hough s and opinions ega ding his concep and whe he ashion and unde ga men op ions in luenced hei psychological s a e. When we con i med his o be ue, we we e ce ain ha i was i al o ha e an unde ga men model ha e lec ed he delicacy women look o when choosing a b a. To wo k side by side wi h end use s, eso ing o a pa icipa o y and use -cen e ed p ocess, engaging hem in mul iple s ages o de elopmen was also a e y en iching expe ience. The inal aspec ha we wish o highligh is he posi i e eac ion o he use in e ace design c ea ed. We expec ed ha adjus men s and a second ound o usabili y es s would be necessa y, howe e because he i s se o usabili y es s we e a success, he e was no need o conduc any mo e es s no o implemen signi ican changes in he use in e ace. Finally, looking back a he apps analyzed in he beginning o his wo k, we can say ha he p oposed p oo o concep p esen s some dis inc unc ionali ies ha a e no a ailable in he analyzed ashion apps, such as he possibili y o e ie e onesel measu emen s o choose he bes i ing size. 7.3. Final ema ks Pe sonally, i was a g ea challenge o wo k on his disse a ion. Bu i was also wi h g ea en husiasm ha I p oposed his opic and de eloped his p ojec . Fi s ly, i was ex emely ewa ding o wo k side by side wi h a g oup o women who so kindly ga e hei es imonies, helping me o unde s and a eali y ha is no my own. This disse a ion also allowed me o apply a solid me hodology in a mo e p ac ical con ex . I allowed me o wo k on an a ea whe e my in e es s uly eside - design - and ano he ha awoke an in e es and made me esea ch and lea n mo e - heal h. When p oposing his opic, one o my pe sonal goals was o c ea e a p ojec ha could p oduce a posi i e impac in socie y, dwelling on a niche o popula ion ha is o en o go en. And i is wi h con idence ha I say ha his goal was achie ed. This esea ch en iched my expe ience and knowledge on a ious le els, making me 101 pe o m di e en asks and oles as a way o comple ing his disse a ion. Summa ily, i is possible o s a e ha his disse a ion augh me a lo , aligned wi h a co ec and s uc u ed p ocess. I also en iched my pe sonal and p o essional expe ience. 102 8. Re e ences Abou us – unspun. (2017). Re ie ed 15 No embe 2021, om h ps://unspun.io/pages/abou us Adam, H., & Galinsky, A. D. (2012). Enclo hed cogni ion. Jou nal o Expe imen al Social Psychology, 48(4), 918–925. h ps://doi.o g/10.1016/j.jesp.2012.02.008 Bea d, C. (2011). Con empo a y Clo hing Issues o Women Who A e Pos -Mas ec omy. Ben Shneide man. 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Bunke Hill Publishing, Inc. 111 112 113 114 Figu e 68 - Documen submi ed o e hical app o al 115 Annex 2 - Ini ial wo k plan Figu e 69 - Fi s Gan cha o he i s semes e Figu e 70 - Fi s Gan cha o he second semes e 116 Annex 3 - Ini ial s o yboa ds Figu e 71 - Fi s c ea ed s o yboa ds 117 Annex 4 - In e iews ansc ip s //sc ip en e is a //in odução Bom dia. An es de mais, que o ag adece po e mos ado in e esse e disponibilidade pa a pa icipa nes e es udo que es ou a desen ol e . Tendo em con a o ca ác e olun á io des a en e is a, se em algum momen o não se sen i con o á el pa a esponde a uma ques ão ou sen i que que pa a a en e is a, es á à on ade e no seu di ei o. Nesse caso, diga-me e pa amos imedia amen e. Como é e e ido no documen o de consen imen o in o mado, é o almen e li e de ecusa , em qualque pon o, con ibui pa a es e es udo. O consen imen o pode se e i ado em qualque momen o, sem qualque consequência, bas ando apenas in o ma -me. //ap esen ação A p esen e en e is a em como objec i o pe cebe a sua expe iência pessoal no que oca ao p ocedimen o de uma mas ec omia, e o impac o que esse p ocedimen o p o oca na ida de cada uma das mulhe es. Mais especi icamen e, que emos pe cebe como é o p ocesso de encon a e comp a um sou ien após uma mas ec omia. Es a en e is a es á inse ida num conjun o de a i idades que i ão con ibui pa a o desen ol imen o do abalho da minha disse ação. O objec i o da disse ação passa pelo desen ol imen o de uma p o a de concei o de uma aplicação pensada pa a mulhe es que o am subme idas a mas ec omias. A a és des a aplicação, ai se possí el expe imen a i ualmen e, e em casa, um sou ien que é adap ado comple amen e às necessidades especí icas de cada mulhe . Vai se ainda possí el pe sonaliza , e cus omiza , es e sou ien, al e ando medidas (consoan e as medidas de cada mulhe ), copas, co es, ex u as, e c. O que se p e ende com es e abalho é ap esen a uma opção boni a e elegan e de sou iens, não deixando de pa e o aspec o uncional que o sou ien p ecisa de e . Assim, p e endo abalha lado a lado com quem ai usu ui des e se iço, ou seja, as mulhe es que o am subme idas a mas ec omias, nes e caso, consigo. Is o ai pe mi i que eu adqui a um maio conhecimen o sob e as necessidades especí icas de cada mulhe , pe cebendo os desejos e expec a i as de cada uma em elação a es a emá ica. Es a en e is a ai e uma du ação de ap oximadamen e meia ho a. 118 //começa a conhece Es a en e is a, apesa de se g a ada, ai se man ida no anonima o. Sendo assim, não ão se e elados quaisque nomes. Foi c iado um código iden i ica i o pa a cada um dos pa icipan es. O seu é o E1 Pa a começa , que ia sabe alguns dados sociodemog á icos, ais como: - Idade; - quando oi diagnos icada //mas ec omia a. An es de se subme ida à mas ec omia, que ou os a amen os o am usados pa a comba e o canc o da mama? b. Depois de se subme ida à mas ec omia, quais o am os maio es ajus es que e e de aze , em pa icula no que diz espei o às suas escolhas de es uá io e es ilo de ida? (exemplo: es ilo de ida que le a a, peças de oupa, e c) c. Qualque ans o mação no co po em implicações, não só a ní el ísico como ambém a ní el psicológico. Men almen e, quais o am as maio es implicações que a mas ec omia p o ocou? Como é que a mas ec omia a a e ou? d. Es a ques ão pode se mui o pessoal e, se não se sen i con o á el pa a esponde , po a o diga-me. Po que é que decidiu não aze uma econs ução do pei o? // oupa e expe iência de comp a Tendo em con a que o meu abalho es á mui o in e ligado com moda, oupa e a é com a p óp ia expe iência de comp a oupa, no pós mas ec omia, é pa a mim impo an e pe cebe quais as necessidades e desejos de cada mulhe . Só assim me se á possí el desen ol e um abalho que enha em conside ação as necessidades e expec a i as de pessoas como a __NOME__. 1. Como é que a mas ec omia a e ou a sua escolha de peças de oupa? 2. Quando em de comp a um sou ien ago a, que a ibu os é que, pa a si, são undamen ais que es e enha? Só uncionais (sem a os, enchimen o, em em conside ação o ecido, e c) ou ambém p ocu a peças que sejam boni as e elegan es (aspec o es é ico)? 3. No que oca às opções que exis em no me cado de sou iens pa a mulhe es que o am subme idas a mas ec omias, qual é a sua opinião? Acha que exis em opções boni as, elegan es, que encaixam no seu es ilo, acessí eis, e c? 4. An es da mas ec omia, como e a a sua expe iência de comp a oupa (peças de oupa no ge al, não só oupa in e io )? (P e e ia comp a online ou em loja; se não inha p oblema de pedi ajuda aos colabo ado es da loja, e c) 119 5. Quando p ecis a de comp a um sou ien, qual a si uação que a deixa mais con o á el? Em loja ou online? (Online não p ecisa de in e agi com colabo ado es, não p ecisa de explica a si uação, e c) //like scale Nes a pa e da en e is a, ou pedi que a alie as ques ões que ão se ei as. Pa a a alia ai eco e à escala de: “conco do comple amen e” a “disco do comple amen e” 1. Peças de oupa que assen em bem no co po, e que sejam opções boni as, êm um impac o posi i o na au o-es ima. 2. As opções de sou iens pa a mulhe es que o am subme idas a mas ec omias não são as mais elegan es e boni as 3. As opções exis en es de sou iens pa a mulhe es que o am subme idas a mas ec omias azem-me e saudades de opções que u iliza a an es da ope ação 4. A exis ência de uma aplicação que me pe mi a escolhe , expe imen a , pe sonaliza e comp a sou iens online é uma mais alia. //w ap up No que oca a pe gun as, é udo da minha pa e. Não sei se em alguma coisa que quei a ac escen a , ou alguma dú ida que enha. Mais uma ez, ob igada po pa icipa nes a en e is a e nes e abalho. //enclo hed cogni ion Como já e e i, a pa e de pe gun as já e minou e ago a que ia ab i um bocadinho o espaço pa a con e sa um pouco, e pa ilha ideias, sob e um e mo u ilizado na psicologia da moda. Mui o esumidamen e, enclo hed cogni ion é um e mo u ilizado pa a desc e e a in luência que uma peça de oupa pode e no es ado men al, e nos compo amen os, de quem a es á a usa . Uma peça de oupa em, ag egado, po um lado, o signi icado simbólico que cada peça de oupa aca e a (po exemplo: casaco de cabedal aca e a um signi icado de ebeldia), e po ou o, a expe iência ísica de a u iliza (exemplo: usa oupas con o á eis acaba po es a in e ligado com empo de elaxa ). E são es es dois a o es que, em conjun o, são esponsá eis pelos e ei os psicológicos p o ocados, pela peça de oupa, em quem a usa. Assim, es a expe iência de u iliza uma peça de oupa, acaba po despole a concei os abs ac os dis in os em cada um de nós. Po exemplo, u iliza uma de e minada peça de oupa in e io pode e o pode pa a in luencia e aumen a a con iança e au o-es ima de cada um. Ab o ago a o espaço pa a uma con e sa sob e o ema, uma pa ilha de ideias. 120 A _NOME_ acha que es e e mo, enclo hed cogni ion, ep esen a bem a ealidade? //possí eis ópicos pa a a con e sa - Acha que a oupa em a capacidade de al e a o es ado men al de quem a es á a usa ? - Aumen a ou diminui a con iança de cada um? - Usa a oupa como o ma de exp essão, ou como o ma de aumen a a sua au o- es ima? 127 128 129 130 Figu e 75 - Pa icipan s’ a ini y diag am 32 32 Link o a ini y diag ams 131 Annex 6 - P esen a ion used in he pho o elici a ion ac i i y 132 133 134 135 136