Distribution of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in Terceira and São Miguel Islands (Azores)

Biodi e si y Da a Jou nal 8: e49759 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.8.e49759 Da a Pape Dis ibu ion o a buscula myco hizal ungi (AMF) in Te cei a and São Miguel Islands (Azo es) Ca a ina D umonde Melo , Ch is ophe Walke , Helena F ei as , A u Câma a Machado , Paulo A. V. Bo ges ‡ cE3c – Cen e o Ecology, E olu ion and En i onmen al Changes / Azo ean Biodi e si y G oup and Uni e sidade dos Aço es - Depa amen o de Ciências Ag á ias e do Ambien e, Rua Capi ão João d’Á ila, São Ped o, 9700-042, Ang a do He oísmo, Te cei a, Azo es, Po ugal § CFE - Cen e o Func ional Ecology, Depa men o Li e Sciences, Uni e si y o Coimb a, 3001-401, Coimb a, Po ugal | Royal Bo anic Ga den Edinbu gh, 20A In e lei h Row, EH3 5LR, Edinbu gh, Uni ed Kingdom ¶ School o Ag icul u e and En i onmen , Uni e si y o Wes e n Aus alia, 35 S i ling Highway, Pe h WA 6009, C awley, Aus alia # CFE – Cen e o Func ionalCFE - Cen e o Func ional Ecology, Depa men o Li e Sciences, Uni e si y o Coimb a, 3001-401, Coimb a, Po ugal ¤ CBA-UAç – Bio echnology Cen e o Azo es, Uni e sidade dos Aço es - Depa amen o de Ciências e Engenha ia do Ambien e, Rua Capi ão D´Á ila, 9700-042, Ang a do He oísmo, Po ugal Co esponding au ho : Ca a ina D umonde Melo ([email p o ec ed]) Academic edi o : Dmi y Schigel Recei ed: 30 Dec 2019 | Accep ed: 08 Ma 2020 | Published: 01 Ap 2020 Ci a ion: Melo CD, Walke C, F ei as H, Machado AC, Bo ges PAV (2020) Dis ibu ion o a buscula myco hizal ungi (AMF) in Te cei a and São Miguel Islands (Azo es). Biodi e si y Da a Jou nal 8: e49759. h ps://doi.o g/10.3897/BDJ.8.e49759 Abs ac Backg ound The da a, p esen ed he e, come om samples collec ed du ing h ee esea ch p ojec s which aimed o assess he impac o land-use ype on A buscula Myco hizal Fungi (AMF) di e si y and communi y composi ion in pas u es o Te cei a Island (Azo es, Maca onesia, Po ugal) and also in he na i e o es o wo Azo ean Islands (Te cei a and São Miguel; Azo es, Maca onesia, Po ugal). Bo h p ojec s con ibu ed o imp o ing he knowledge o AMF communi y s uc u e a bo h local and egional scales. ‡,§ |,¶ # ¤ ‡ © Melo C e al. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License (CC BY 4.0), which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal au ho and sou ce a e c edi ed. New in o ma ion Li le is known on he AMF communi ies om Azo es islands and his s udy epo s he i s su ey in wo Azo ean Islands (Te cei a and São Miguel). A o al o 18,733 glome omyco an spo es we e classi ied a he species le el om 244 ield soil samples collec ed in h ee di e en habi a ypes – na i e o es s (domina ed by Junipe us b e i olia and Picconia azo ica), semi-na u al and in ensi ely-managed pas u es. Thi y-se en dis inc spo e mo pho ypes, ep esen ing en glome omyco an amilies, we e de ec ed. Species o he amily Acaulospo aceae domina ed he samples, wi h 13 species (38% o he axa), ollowed by Glome aceae (6 spp.), Di e sispo aceae (4 spp.), A chaeospo aceae (3 spp.), Cla oideoglome aceae (3 spp.), Gigaspo aceae (3 spp.), Ambispo aceae and Pa aglome aceae, bo h wi h he same numbe o AMF species (2 spp.), Sacculospo aceae (1 sp.) and En ophospo a ( amily inse ae sedis). Membe s o he amily Acaulospo aceae occu ed almos exclusi ely in he na i e o es s especially associa ed wi h he Picconia azo ica hizosphe e, while membe s o Gigaspo aceae amily showed a high endency o occupy he semi-na u al pas u es and he na i e o es s o Picconia azo ica. Membe s o Glome aceae amily we e b oadly dis ibu ed by all ypes o habi a which con i m he high ecological plas ici y o his AMF amily o occupy he mo e di e se habi a s. Keywo ds A buscula myco hizal ungi (AMF), na i e o es , Junipe us b e i olia, Picconia azo ica, semi-na u al and in ensi e pas u es In oduc ion A buscula myco hizal ungi (AMF) a e one o he mos impo an g oups o below-g ound bio a (Je ies e al. 2003; Ba ea e al. 2005). These obliga e symbion s li e in associa ion wi h app oxima ely 80% o ascula plan s and ha e essen ial ecological oles, namely, hey acili a e plan g ow h h ough enhancing up ake o se e al mac o- and mic o-nu ien s o low mobili y (e.g. P, Zn, Cu) in soil (B und e and Tede soo 2018). A buscula myco hizas can also p o ide o he ecological unc ions such as in luencing he mic obial and chemical en i onmen o he myco hizosphe e, s abilising soil agg ega es (Rillig and Mummey 2006) and con e ing plan ole ance o se e al abio ic (Göh e and Paszkowski 2006; Li e al. 2013; Chi a a e al. 2016) and bio ic (Vos e al. 2012; an de Heijden e al. 2015) s esses. AMF a e, he e o e, bene icial o plan pe o mance, playing a c ucial ole o he sus ainabili y o na u al and ag icul u al ecosys ems (Ba ea e al. 2011) and impo an ecosys em se ices (Chen e al. 2018). Howe e , despi e hei ecological ole, li le is known abou how hei communi y s uc u e a ies in ela ion o habi a ype in he Azo es a chipelago. 2Melo C e al The Azo es a chipelago has an ex ended a ea o g asslands (Ma ins 1993), including na u al g asslands, semi-na u al pas u es and in ensi e pas u es (Ca doso e al. 2009). I also has he unique na i e o es , Lau isil a, which has mo e endemic plan s and animals han any o he habi a in he egion. In he las 500 yea s, as a consequence o human ac i i y, much o his na i e o es has been eplaced by man-made habi a s and has been subjec ed o agmen a ion (Bo ges e al. 2005). Thus, immedia e ac ion o es o e and expand na i e o es is equi ed o a oid he ongoing loss o endemic species (Te zopoulou e al. 2015). AMF play an impo an ole in habi a es o a ion, by imp o ing plan nu i ion and pe o mance unde en i onmen al s ess by acili a ing plan adap a ion in bo h nu se y and ield condi ions (Babu and Reddy 2011). The e o e, unde s anding he AMF di e si y in he na i e o es will help o de ine s a egies o managemen and es o a ion o such endange ed o es s. An impo an s ep in es o a ion s a egies is he e-es ablishmen o adap ed na i e plan species (Fe ol e al. 2004). A good unde s anding o myco hizal associa ions in undis u bed locali ies could hen be used o p o ide in o ma ion abou AMF inoculum p oduc ion o use in he ehabili a ion o deg aded ecosys ems. In his con ibu ion, we lis he species o A buscula Myco hizal Fungi (AMF) ound in ecological s udies, compa ing an h opogenically dis u bed pas u es and o es s o Te cei a Island (Azo es, Maca onesia, Po ugal) and also in he na i e o es s o São Miguel Island (Azo es, Maca onesia, Po ugal). Gene al desc ip ion Pu pose: In his con ibu ion, we lis he AMF species ound in pas u es om di e en land- use ypes o Te cei a Island o in es iga e he e ec o dis u bance on AMF communi y s uc u e. Na i e o es s om Te cei a and São Miguel Island we e also sampled o obse e pa e ns o AMF species composi ion and dis ibu ion, in o de o p o ide baseline in o ma ion o la e use in es ablishing s a egies o conse a ion o Picconia azo ica and Junipe us b e i olia, in pa icula and na i e Azo ean o es s, in gene al. P ojec desc ip ion S udy a ea desc ip ion: All da a used in his s udy came om su eys abou AMF di e si y and composi ion in di e en ecosys ems (pas u elands and na i e o es s) conduc ed in wo Islands o he Azo ean a chipelago, Te cei a and São Miguel (Melo e al. 2014, Melo e al. 2017, Melo e al. 2018) (Fig. 1). The sampling a eas we e ca le-g azed upland pas u es o wo di e en ypes om Te cei a and ou agmen s o na i e o es s om each Island (Table 1) (Fig. 2). The wo pas u e ypes include semi-na u al pas u es wi h low g azing in ensi y and equency (managed o mo e han 50 yea s, wi h low s ocking densi y, g azed only in summe and wi h a ela i ely high di e si y o g asses and o bs) and in ensi ely-managed pas u es wi h high g azing in ensi y and equency (managed o mo e han 30 yea s, wi h high s ocking densi y, g azing du ing all yea and cha ac e ised also by a depaupe a e ascula lo a o i e o ewe dominan species) (Melo e al. 2014). The semi-na u al pas u es, Pico Galha do (TER_SP_PG) and Te a Dis ibu ion o a buscula myco hizal ungi (AMF) in Te cei a and São ... 3 B a a (TER_SP_TB) (Fig. 1) a e included in Te cei a Na u al Pa k and a e domina ed by he pe ennial g asses Holcus lana us and Ag os is cas ellana, ha e a high lo is ic di e si y (Dias 1996, Bo ges 1997), o en including o he g asses such as An hoxan hum odo a um, Lolium mul i lo um, Holcus igidus and Poa i ialis and non- o age species including Lo us uliginosus, Rumex ace osella ssp. angioca pus, Po en illa anglica, Hyd oco yle ulga is, Plan ago lanceola a and Lobelia u ens (Fo mo e de ails see Melo e al. 2014). The in ensi ely-managed pas u es, Agual a 1 (TER_IP_R1) and Agual a 2 (TER_IP_R2) (Fig. 1) esul ed om he con e sion o undis u bed na i e o es o wood p oduc ion o non- na i e ees and hen o pe manen pas u es. They a e now su ounded by an exo ic eucalyp us plan a ion. The ege a ion is domina ed by Holcus lana us and Lolium pe enne, bu also has high popula ions o T i olium epens, P. lanceola a, Cype us esculen us, Men ha sua eolens, Ce as ium on anum and Rumex conglome a us (Dias 1996, Bo ges 1997). Si e Longi ude La i ude TER_SP-PG -27.2232 38.7296 TER_SP_TB -27.2112 38.7341 TER_IP_R1 -27.1922 38.8296 TER_IP_R2 -27.1950 38.7568 TER_NF_PG -27.2272 38.7341 TER_NF_LA -27.3310 38.7496 TER_NF_TB -27.1979 38.7323 TER_NF_SE -27.3677 38.7618 SMG_NF_LO -25.4649 37.7856 SMG_NF_TR -25.1854 37.7940 SMG_NF_LG -25.1433 37.7862 SMG_NF_RQ -25.3020 37.7407 In Te cei a Island, he na i e o es s included wo agmen s om Na u al Pa k – Pico Galha do (TER_NF_PG) and Lagoinha (TER_NF_LA) (Fig. 1) (Melo e al. 2017), bo h domina ed by he Azo ean ceda Junipe us b e i olia, a a e coni e species ha is endemic o Azo es, which domina es a high-ele a ion (> 650 m), wi h subdominan endemic woody pe ennials, including Lau us azo ica (Lau aceae), Ilex pe ado azo ica (Aqui oliaceae), E ica azo ica (E icaceae), Vaccinium cylind aceum (E icaceae) and F angula azo ica (Rhamnaceae) (Elias e al. 2016). Ne e heless, in Lagoinha, in asi e woody species, including C yp ome ia japonica, Pi ospo um undula um (Pi ospo aceae), Eucalyp us globules and Acacia melanoxylon (Fabaceae), ha e begun o es ablish. The emaining wo na i e agmen s om Te cei a Island include wo popula ions o Picconia Table 1. Coo dina es o sampling si es. 4Melo C e al azo ica – Te a B a a (TER_NF_TB) and Se e a (TER_NF_SE) (Fig. 1). Te a B a a is loca ed in he e y we Lau isil a a 650 m al i ude (Fig. 1) being domina ed by endemic woody plan s, p edominan ly L. azo ica, I. azo ica, F angula azo ica, V. cylind aceum, E. azo ica, My sine a icana and, occasionally, by J. b e i olia and P. azo ica. Se e a (NFSE) is loca ed a low al i ude (95 m) (Fig. 1) and is cha ac e ised by a low di e si y o plan s, domina ed by Mo ella aya and P. azo ica and, occasionally, by L. azo ica. These o es s a e loca ed in he mos he mophilic a eas o Azo es and a e almos ex inc (Dias 1996). The highes canopy is domina ed by a dense co e o P. undula um and, a ely, by L. azo ica. This o es is mixed wi h o he in asi e woody species, including Me oside os excelsa, E. globules, A. melanoxylon, Sphae op e is coope i, Fuchsia magellanica and Rubus ine mis. The he baceous s a um is domina ed by D yop e is azo ica, Hede a helix a . azo ica, Smilax aspe a and Gomphoca pus u icosus (Dias 1996). Figu e 1. Loca ion o sampling si es in Te cei a and São Miguel Islands (Azo es). Figu e 2. Habi a ypes in Te cei a and São Miguel Islands, Azo es: a. na i e o es o Junipe us b e i olia; b. na i e o es o Picconia azo ica; c. semi-na u al pas u es; d. in ensi ely- managed pas u es. Dis ibu ion o a buscula myco hizal ungi (AMF) in Te cei a and São ... 5 In São Miguel Island, he ou na i e agmen s a e wo popula ions o J. b e i olia up o 700 m al i ude (Lombadas and T onquei a) and wo popula ions o P. azo ica in he lowlands a ound 95 m al i ude in Lombo Go do and Ribei a Quen e (Fig. 1). Lombadas (SMG_NF_LO) is included in he Na u al Rese e o Lagoa do Fogo in São Miguel (Fig. 1). Al hough he su ounding ege a ion is domina ed by he in oduced species C. japonica, Cle h a a bo ea, A. melanoxylon and E. globulus, his o es s ill e ains se e al endemic elemen s, including J. b e i olia,V. cylind aceum (E icaceae), L. azo ica, Eupho bia s ygiana (Eupho biaceae), F. azo ica, E. azo ica, I. azo ica and Culci a mac oca pa (Culci aceae) (Sil a 2001). T onquei a (SMG_NF_TR) is loca ed in hype humid na i e o es (Fig. 1), a ype o o es ha has been la gely eplaced by o he land uses (Mo ei a e al. 2012), esul ing in an abundance o exo ic plan s, such as C. japonica and C. a bo ea . The ee laye is composed o he endemic woody plan s J. b e i olia, I. azo ica, L. azo ica, M. a icana (My sinaceae) and E. azo ica, while he sh ub laye is mos ly o med by V. cylind aceum and Vibu num eleasei (Adoxaceae). Lombo Go do (SMG_NF_LG) is co e ed by a coas al sc ubland (Fig. 1) whe e P. azo ica domina es in ce ain a eas, bu is mixed wi h o he na i e and in asi e woody species including M. aya, E. azo ica, P. undula um, A undo donax, Hedychium ga dne ianum and Pho mium enax (Ma ins e al. 2011). Ribei a Quen e (SMG_NF_RQ) is also a coas al sc ubland (Fig. 1) domina ed by he endemic plan s L. azo ica and P. azo ica bu also associa ed wi h o he na i e and in asi e woody species, such as P. undula um, M. aya and A. melanoxylon. Design desc ip ion: A buscula myco hizal ungi (AMF) di e si y and composi ion we e in es iga ed a h ee habi a ypes: na i e o es s o J. b e i olia and P. azo ica, semi- na u al pas u es and in ensi ely-managed pas u es. Each habi a ype was ep esen ed by wo si es. A each si e om semi-na u al (Pico Galha do (10.39 ha) – TER_SP_PG; Te a B a a (8.81 ha) – TER_SP_TB) and in ensi ely (Agual a 1 (5.03 ha) – TER_IP_R1; Agual a 2 (3.06 ha) – TER_IP_R2) managed pas u es, en soil samples we e collec ed in Augus 2007 (i.e. a o al o 40 soil samples) (P ojec CD_Melo_PhD). In na u al o es s o J. b e i olia om Te cei a (Pico Galha do (13.97 ha) – TER_NF_PG; Lagoinha (3.05 ha) – TER_NF_LA) and om São Miguel (Lombadas (37.42 ha) – SMG_NF_LO; T onquei a (51.70 ha) – SMG_NF_TR), 21 soil samples we e collec ed om se en ma ked J. b e i olia plan s in each si e a h ee di e en sampling imes (Sep embe 2012; May 2013; Sep embe 2013) in bo h islands, esul ing in a o al o 84 soil samples (2 islands × 2 si es/ island × 7 samples/si e × 3 sampling da es) (CD_Melo_Pos doc; FCT - PTDC /AGR-ALI/ 122152/2010). In na u al o es s o P. azo ica om Te cei a (Te a B a a (9.72 ha) - TER_NF_TB; Se e a (7.67 ha) – TER_NF_SE) and om São Miguel (Lombo Go do (41.69 ha –SMG_ NF_LG; Ribei a Quen e (6.32 ha) – SMG_NF_RQ), 30 soil samples we e collec ed om en ma ked P. azo ica plan s in each si e, du ing he same sampling imes o J. b e i olia, in bo h islands esul ing in 120 soil samples (2 islands × 2 si es/ island × 10 samples/si e × 3 sampling da es) (CD_Melo_Pos doc; FCT - PTDC /AGR-ALI/ 122152/2010). 6Melo C e al Sampling me hods Sampling desc ip ion: In semi-na u al and in ensi ely-managed pas u es, he soil samples wi h associa ed oo s we e andomly collec ed wi h a sho el, om he oo ing zone o he dominan plan species, H. lana us, o a dep h o 0 - 20 cm. In na i e agmen s o P. azo ica, he dis ance be ween samples aken on each si e was a minimum o 25 m and maximum o 40 m and he dis ance be ween sample si es was abou 20 km in Te cei a and 15 km in São Miguel. Each soil sample was geo- e e enced and consis ed o ou subsamples collec ed om di e en poin s (app oxima ely N, S, E and W) a ound he oo ing zone o each P. azo ica plan wi h a sho el o a dep h o 0 - 20 cm o 0 - 30 cm, depending on he soil condi ions and he dep h o hizosphe e sys em. The li e laye was emo ed du ing sampling and eplaced a e wa ds. Subsequen samples we e aken om he same ma ked plan s ollowing he ca dinal poin s. In he case o na i e agmen s o J. b e i olia, he dis ance be ween samples aken on each si e was be ween 25 m and 40 m and he dis ance be ween sample si es was abou 5 km in Te cei a and 24 km in São Miguel. The sample collec ion ollowed he same p ocedu e as o P. azo ica (Melo e al. 2017). Fo all habi a ypes, each soil sample consis ed o app oxima ely 2 kg o hizosphe e soil. In he lab, he soil samples we e ai -d ied, sie ed h ough a 2 mm mesh and s o ed a 4ºC be o e analysis. Quali y con ol: F equen ly, spo es di ec ly ex ac ed om he soil a e low in numbe and con amina ed by o he o ganisms, which makes hei iden i ica ion di icul . Consequen ly, i is necessa y o es ablish ap cul u es o p omo e spo ula ion and p o ide specimens o de ailed examina ion. Open po - ap cul u es (Gilmo e 1968) we e es ablished om each soil sample collec ed a semi-na u al and in ensi e pas u es wi h one-week-old Zea mays seedlings (Melo e al. 2014). Soil samples collec ed om he na i e o es s we e used o es ablish wo o such cul u es, one wi h one-week-old Z. mays seedlings and ano he one wi h mic op opaga ed J. b e i olia and P. azo ica seedlings (Melo e al. 2017, Melo e al. 2018). Es ablishmen o single o mul i-spo e cul u es o he di e en AM ungal mo pho ypes wi h Plan ago lanceola a as hos plan was a emp ed in po s o i e sand. Spo es wi h a heal hy appea ance (oily con en s; wi hou e idence o con amina ion by non-AMF) o each AM ungal mo pho ype we e used as inoculum by placing hem on a seedling oo sys em unde a dissec ing mic oscope, immedia ely be o e ansplan ing in o he po (Melo e al. 2017, Melo e al. 2018). Specimens we e gi en a ouche numbe , linked o hei cul u e a emp numbe . Indi idual mic oscope slides we e numbe ed se ially so ha pho og aphic images could be aced back o hei specimen o o igin and de ails we e eco ded in a da abase o allow comple e acking o cul u ing his o y and linkage o ela ed ouche specimens. The new cul u es we e placed in a clima e-con olled plan g ow h chambe . When needed, cul u es we e wa e ed wi h deionised wa e . Indi iduals o mo phologically cha ac e ised spo e ypes, ex ac ed om ield soil, ap cul u es o single spo e cul u es, we e used o DNA analysis. Molecula cha ac e isa ion, including DNA ex ac ion, PCR, cloning, RFLP, sequencing and phylogene ic analyses, is published in Melo e al. (Melo e al. 2017, Melo e al. 2018). Dis ibu ion o a buscula myco hizal ungi (AMF) in Te cei a and São ... 7 S ep desc ip ion: Glome omyco an spo es we e ex ac ed om 50 g o ai -d ied soil om each sample ( ield soil, ap cul u es and single o mul i-spo e cul u es) by we sie ing and suc ose cen i uga ion (Walke 1992) and s o ed a 4ºC in au ocla ed wa e , pending examina ion. Di e en spo e ypes we e ini ially sepa a ed in wa e unde a s e eomic oscope. Rep esen a i es o each mo pho ype we e iden i ied h ough a compound mic oscope in a 4:1 mix u e o poly inyl alcohol lac o-glyce ol (PVLG) and Melze ’s eagen , pho og aphed and s o ed as semi-pe manen slide p epa a ions. Coun s we e made o he o al numbe o spo es o each mo pho ype unde a dissec ing mic oscope a e classi ica ion in o ei he known species o ypes ha could no be placed in a cu en species, based on colou , size, su ace o namen a ion, hyphal a achmen , eac ion o Melze ’s eagen and wall s uc u e. Iden i ica ion o spo es was ca ied ou by use o p ima y li e a u e and expe ience om mo e han 40 yea s o axonomic s udy o he Glome omyco a by C. Walke (e.g., Walke and T appe 1981, Walke e al. 1984, Koske and Walke 1985, Walke e al. 1986, Walke and Diede ichs 1989, Walke 1992, Walke and Ves be g 1998, Schüßle e al. 2011, K üge e al. 2012, Redecke e al. 2013, Walke e al. 2018, Wijayawa dene e al. 2018, Schüßle and Walke 2019) and join au ho ship wi h A. Schüßle o he websi e am -phylogeny.com, which lis s all accep ed species in he phylum. The illus a ed manual o Blaszkowski (2012) was also used. Compa isons we e made, whe e possible, wi h he ype and he au hen ica ed specimens and wi h o he li e a u e such as o iginal species desc ip ions, websi es (e.g. h p://in am.w u.edu) and examina ion o o he well-documen ed specimens, when a ailable. Geog aphic co e age Desc ip ion: Te cei a and São Miguel Islands, he Azo es, Maca onesia, Po ugal. Coo dina es: 37.423 and 38.959 La i ude; -27.532 and -24.917 Longi ude. Taxonomic co e age Taxa included: Rank Scien i ic Name Common Name phylum Glome omyco a A buscula myco hizal ungi Collec ion da a Collec ion name: AMF da a base Collec ion iden i ie : Ca a ina Melo Pa en collec ion iden i ie : Ch is ophe Walke Specimen p ese a ion me hod: PVLG-Melze slide 8Melo C e al Usage igh s Use license: C ea i e Commons Public Domain Wai e (CC-Ze o) Da a esou ces Da a package i le: Dis ibu ion o A buscula Myco hizal Fungi in Te cei a and S. Miguel (Azo es, Po ugal) Resou ce link: h p://ip .gbi .p /ip / esou ce? =a buscula _myco hizal_ ungi_ e cei a_azo es Al e na i e iden i ie s: h ps://www.gbi .o g/da ase /c72a7a97-9de0-4854- aa80-90d 6389 12 Numbe o da a se s: 1 Da a se name: a buscula _myco hizal_ ungi_ e cei a_azo es Download URL: h p://ip .gbi .p /ip / esou ce? =a buscula _myco hizal_ ungi_ e cei a_azo es Da a o ma : Da win Co e A chi e Da a o ma e sion: 1.4 Desc ip ion: The ollowing da a able includes all he eco ds o which a axonomic de e mina ion o he species was possible. The da ase submi ed o GBIF (Melo e al. 2019) is s uc u ed as a sample e en da ase , wi h wo ables: e en (as co e) and occu ences. The da a in his sampling e en esou ce ha e been published as a Da win Co e A chi e (DwCA), which is a s anda dised o ma o sha ing biodi e si y da a as a se o one o mo e da a ables. The co e da a able con ains 226 eco ds (e en ID). One ex ension da a able also exis s wi h 665 occu ences. An ex ension eco d supplies ex a in o ma ion abou a co e eco d. The numbe o eco ds in each ex ension da a able is illus a ed in he IPT link. This IPT link a chi es he da a and hus se es as he da a eposi o y. The da a and esou ce me ada a a e a ailable o downloading in he downloads sec ion. Column label Column desc ip ion Table o E en s Table wi h sampling e en s da a e en ID Iden i ie o he e en s, unique o he da ase samplingP o ocol The sampling p o ocol used o cap u e he species e en Rema ks Rema ks o he plan species om whe e he specimens we e ex ac ed sampleSizeValue The nume ic amoun o ime spen in each sampling sampleSizeUni The uni o he sample size alue Dis ibu ion o a buscula myco hizal ungi (AMF) in Te cei a and São ... 9 Re e ences • Babu AG, Reddy SM (2011) Di e si y o a buscula myco hizal ungi associa ed wi h plan s g owing in ly ash pond and hei po en ial ole in ecological es o a ion. 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