The Impact Of Exercise On Inflammation, Oxidative Stress And Remodelling In Cardiac Muscle

Sho Edi o ial The Impac O Exe cise On In lamma ion, Oxida i e S ess And Remodelling In Ca diac Muscle Fe nando Mendes1,2,3,4 and Diana Ma ins1,5 Poli écnico de Coimb a - Depa amen o de Ciências Biomédicas Labo a o iais ESTeSC,1 Coimb a – Po ugal Consó cio CNC.IBILI/ Cen o de Biomedicina Ino ado a e Bio ecnologia (CIBB), Uni e sidade de Coimb a,2 Coimb a – Po ugal Ins i u o de Bio ísica e Ins i u o de In es igação Clínica e Biomédica de Coimb a (iCBR) á ea de Meio Ambien e Gené ica e Oncobiologia (CIMAGO), Faculdade de Medicina, Uni e sidade de Coimb a,3 Coimb a – Po ugal Eu opean Associa ion o P o essions in Biomedical Sciences,4 B uxelles – Belgium I3S, Ins i u o de In es igação e Ino ação em Saúde, Uni e sidade do Po o,5 Po o – Po ugal Sho Edi o ial ela ed o he a icle: E ec s o Physical T aining on he Myoca dium o Oxa iec omized LDL Knockou Mice: MMP 2/9, Collagen I/III, In lamma ion and Oxida i e S ess Mailing Add ess: Fe nando Mendes • Escola Supe io de Tecnologia da Saúde de Coimb a - Depa amen o de Ciências Biomédicas Labo a o iais, Gabine e 1.9 - Rua 5 de Ou ub o - SM Bispo - Apa ado 7006. Pos al Code 3046-854 Coimb a – Po ugal E-mail: [email p o ec ed] Keywo ds Co ona y A e y Disease; Exe cise; Menopause; Dyslipidemias; Physical ac i i y; Collagen; Oxida i e S ess; In lamma ion; Mice. DOI: h ps://doi.o g/10.36660/abc.20190735 Aging is na u ally connec ed wi h a decline, in some i no all physiological unc ions, namely loss o bone mass densi y (BMD) and s eng h associa ed wi h he loss o muscle mass.1-3 This muscle loss happens mainly due o an imbalance be ween muscle p o ein syn hesis and muscle p o ein b eakdown. The inc ease o ca abolic ac o s such as oxida i e s ess and in lamma ion con ibu e signi ican ly o he abo e p ocess. Ne e heless, he weakening o s eng h and muscle loss is no linea , occu ing di e en ly in all sexes. O he ac o s such as a decline in ho monal le els due o menopause phenomenon a e hough o be also implica ed in his p ocess.1 In ac , some au ho s p oposed ha , in emales, an accele a ed loss o muscle mass and s eng h a ises a an ea lie age han in males, a ound he ime o menopause.1 A good body o e idence suppo s ha he decline in muscle mass may be in line wi h he es ogen dec ease ha ypi ies menopausal yea s.3 The p esen s udy published a A qui os B asilei os de Ca diologia by B ianezi e al.4 p oposed o in es iga e he ae obic exe cise aining on he le en icle in low-densi y lipop o ein (LDL) knockou o a iec omized mice, mimicking he e ec s o menopause, exe cise and i s e ec s on muscles o he mouse. I is well known ha es ogen dec ease con ibu es o he loss o BMD, as well as o he edis ibu ion o subcu aneous a o he isce al a ea, associa ed o an inc eased isk o ca dio ascula disease, a ec ing he quali y o li e o emales. To wo sen he undesi able impac o menopause on emale’s heal h, he dec ease in es ogen le els may also ha e a di ec e ec on muscle issue.1,3 In o de o be e unde s and he abo e-men ioned e ec s, Ledima e al.,4 design he ollowing expe imen ; a g oup o hi y animals we e di ided in o 6 g oups, each wi h 5 mice: non-o a iec omized seden a y con ol, o a iec omized seden a y con ol, o a iec omized ained con ol, non-o a iec omized seden a y LDL knockou , o a iec omized seden a y LDL knockou , o a iec omized LDL knockou ained. The animals we e o a iec omized a 9 mon hs acco ding o he p o ocol desc ibed, a e ha he animals we e exposed o wo di e en es s, one ega ding he max aining es and a second one aining exe cises. Then animals we e eu hanized and pa ame e s such as he a e age olume densi y ype I and III collagen ib es, ma ix me allop o einases (MMP) 2 and 9, oxida i e s ess (OS) we e analysed. Thei esul s e ealed ha he exe cise p o ocol al e ed he olume o collagen ib es in ype I and collagen emodelling pa ame e s namely MMP-2, and u he educed he OS pa ame e o 8-hyd oxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG). In emales, aging o he ascula sys em only occu s due o a decline o o a ian unc ion along wi h he decline in associa ed ci cula ing ho mones, in pa icula es ogen.5 Al hough he isk ac o s, age and es ogen de iciency a e well cha ac e ized, he mechanism o es ogen ac ion in he ascula u e comp omised by aging a e no well de e mined. In lamma ion is associa ed wi h he aging o he ascula sys em, mainly due o he ele a ed le els o p oin lamma o y cy okines, such as umou nec osis ac o (TNF), which is also known o induce MMP. Fo example, MMP2 can speci ically clea age big endo helin-1, sugges ing he ole o his p o eoly ic enzyme in he ascula wall. Also, an in e es ing s udy ound inc eased MMP2 ac i i y in he mesen e ic a e ies om aged/es ogen-de icien animals, which was es o ed when he animals we e ea ed wi h an an i-in lamma o y agen a ge ing TNF.6 Also, he majo sou ce o MMP-9 a e leucocy es, majo key playe s in in lamma o y p ocess, sugges ing ha MMPs a e c i ical modula o s o ascula disease in an aging/es ogen-de icien model. Al hough es ogen eplacemen had been p oposed o he managemen o ca dio ascula isk associa ed wi h aging in emale, i s e icacy is con o e sial. Physical ac i i y seems o be an e ec i e al e na i e o es ogen supplemen a ion in pos -menopausal emales, imp o ing ae obic i ness and physiological adap a ions o he ca dio ascula sys em.7-9 The e is some in iguing e idence ela ed o he loss o es ogen in mice showing a ole in muscle con ac ile p ope ies. Wohle s e al.10 s udied he con ac ile p ope ies 106 Sho Edi o ial Mendes & Ma ins E ec s o physical aining in emodelling, in lamma ion and oxida i e s ess A q B as Ca diol. 2020; 114(1):106-108 o o a iec omized mice muscle, has demons a ed he lowe capabili y o ac i a ing adenosine monophospha e kinase (AMPK) phospho yla ion.10 This p o ein is impo an o glucose up ake and lipid oxida ion in muscle, being implica ed in ene gy p oduc ion, needed o p oduce muscle con ac ions.1,11,12 Associa ed o physical ac i i y is he gene a ion o eac i e species o oxygen (ROS) ha may damage cell memb anes lipids, p o eins as well as bo h mi ochond ial and nuclea DNA in case o oxida i e s ess, ha can esul in se ious o mo al cellula inju y.13,14 No ais e al.15 epo ed ha wi h eigh weeks o exe cise aining in he ained hype ensi e menopausal g oup, ae obic aining was e ec i e in p omo ing an inc ease in supe oxide dismú ase (SOD) and ca alase, an ioxidan agen s, which ha e a c ucial ole in oxida i e s ess modula ion. Also in animal s udies, Claudio e al.16 demons a ed ha eigh weeks o in e al aining p og ams signi ican ly inc eased SOD and ca alase exp ession, con ibu ing o he educ ion o ca diac supe oxide p oduc ion in a s wi h o a iec omized, in his case wi h hype ension, which may p e en co ona y hea disease in hype ensi e pos menopausal women.1,7,14 B ianezi e al.4 conclude ha mode a e-in ensi y ae obic aining ac s on he olume o collagen ib es and on he collagen emodelling, wi h educed oxida i e s ess in le en icles o mice o a iec omized LDL Knockou . I is known ha a e menopause, di e en ac o s con ibu e o he decline in muscle mass, he combina ion o physical inac i i y, p o ein in ake and oxida i e s ess16 clea ly con ibu e he inc ease o his p ocess.16 Associa ed wi h he oxida i e s ess inc ease, cha ac e ized by he imbalance be ween he p oduc ion and he emo al o ee adicals, usually due o an inadequa e an ioxidan sys em.16,17 Oxida i e s ess is ela ed o a highe ROS p oduc ion om he mi ochond ia, which can induce cell apop osis.18 Meaning ha he mi ochond ial DNA may be damaged due o oxida i e s ess, a ec ing mi ochond ia capaci y o p oduce ene gy, con ibu ing o a highe suscep ibili y o apop osis which inally in ensi ies muscle ib e a ophy o dea h and muscle mass dec ease.1 Taking oge he , he esul s o B ianezie e al.4 conclude ha physical exe cise con ibu es posi i ely in luencing he con ol and dyslipidemic g oups in he pa ame e o densi y and olume o collagen ib es o ype I and he con ol g oup in ela ion o oxida i e s ess. The mechanisms unde lying he pa hophysiology o menopausal al e a ions a e complex and implica e es ogen-MMP-me abolic de egula ion wi h age-d i en ascula changes. Acknowledgemen s Founda ion o Science and Technology (FCT), Po ugal (S a egic P ojec s UID/NEU/04539/2013 and UID/ NEU/04539/2019), and COMPETE-FEDER (POCI-01-0145- FEDER-007440). 1. Mal ais ML, Des oches J,Donne IJ. Changes in muscle mass and s eng h a e enopause. J Musculoskele Neu onal In e ac . 2009;9(4):, 186–97. 2. Ca e CS, Jus ice JN,Thompson L. Lipo oxici y, aging, and muscle con ac ili y: does ibe ype ma e ? Ge oScience.2019;41(3);297-308. 3. Calmels P, Vico L, Alexand e C, Minai e P. C oss-sec ional s udy o muscle s eng h and bone mine al densi y in a popula ion o 106 women be ween he ages o 44 and 87 yea s: ela ionship wi h age and menopause. Eu J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol.1995;70(2):180-6. 4. B ianezi L, O nelas E, Geh ke FS, Fonseca LA, Al es BC, Sousa VA, e al. 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