Imagining Peace(s) in Colombia. Between Negotiations, Policies, and Resisting Narratives

A auca ia. Re is a Ibe oame icana de Filoso ía, Polí ica, Humanidades y Relaciones In e nacionales, año 22, nº 43. P ime semes e de 2020. Pp. 99-117. ISSN 1575-6823 e-ISSN 2340-2199 h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/a auca ia.2020.i43.05 Imagining Peace(s) in Colombia. Be ween Nego ia ions, Policies, and Resis ing Na a i es1 Imaginando paz(ces) en Colombia. En e negociaciones, polí icas y na a i as de esis encia Ana Isabel Rod íguez Iglesias2 Uni e sidade de Coimb a (Po ugal) Recibido: 17-12-18 Ap obado: 06-11-19 Resumen Es e a ículo explo a la plu alidad de signi icados de la paz y sus encuen os pa a comp ende los desa íos u u os en la ase de consolidación de la paz en Colombia. A a és del análisis del discu so y sis ema ización de los p incipales discu sos sob e la paz en el deba e público en Colombia, se mues an los pun os de p oximidad y dis ancia en e ellos. En pa icula , el ex o decons uye las isiones hegemónicas de la paz al con as a las con las p opues as al e na i as o c í icas de paz. El documen o concluye que las negociaciones de paz ue on una opo unidad pa a da le a la paz un signi icado compa ido po la g an mayo ía de la sociedad colombiana. Sin emba go, po el con a io, la discusión sob e lo que signi ica y conlle a la paz ha pe manecido abie a después de la i ma del acue do de paz y, po lo an o, es á a ec ando su implemen ación. Palab as-cla e: Paz(ces), na a i as, diálogos de paz, esis encia, Colombia. 1 The elabo a ion o his a icle was unded by he FCT (Fundação pa a a Ciência e a Tecnologia) o Po ugal wi h na ional and Eu opean unds o he Eu opean Social Fund. 2 ([email p o ec ed]) Ana I Rod íguez Iglesias is a PhD candida e in In e na ional Poli ics and Con lic Resolu ion om he Uni e si y o Coimb a (2015-2020). She has been awa ded he Fulb igh schola ship o he MA in La in Ame ican S udies om Geo ge own Uni e si y, Washing on DC, and La Caixa schola ship o he MA s udies in In e na ional Rela ions a he Uni e si y CEU San Pablo, Mad id. She is cu en ly wo king as associa e p o esso a he In e na ional Uni e si y o Ca alonia in Ba celona and membe o he Resea ch g oup GLOBALCODES o he Blanque na School o Communica ion, Uni e si y Ramón Llull in Ba celona. ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5066-3190. 100 Ana Isabel Rod íguez Iglesias A auca ia. Re is a Ibe oame icana de Filoso ía, Polí ica, Humanidades y Relaciones In e nacionales, año 22, nº 43. P ime semes e de 2020. Pp. 99-117. ISSN 1575-6823 e-ISSN 2340-2199 h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/a auca ia.2020.i43.05 Abs ac This a icle explo es he plu ali y o meanings o peace and hei encoun e s in o de o unde s and he challenges ahead in he peacebuilding phase in Colombia. By mapping and sys ema izing he main discou ses a ound peace in he public deba e in Colombia, i shows he poin s o p oximi y and dis ance among hem based on discou se analysis. In pa icula , he ex decons uc s he hegemonic isions o peace by con as ing hem wi h he al e na i e o c i ical p oposals o peace. The pape concludes ha he peace nego ia ions we e a window o oppo uni y o gi e peace a meaning ha was sha ed by a g ea majo i y o he Colombian socie y. Ra he , on he con a y, he discussion abou wha peace means and en ails has emained open a e he peace ag eemen was signed and hus is a ec ing i s implemen a ion. Key-wo ds: Peace(s), Na a i es, Peace Talks, Resis ance, Colombia. In oduc ion O e he cou se o ou yea s, he go e nmen o Juan Manuel San os o Colombia and he gue illa FARC-EP me in Ha ana, Cuba o alk abou a peace deal. These alks we e based on di e en p emises: o he go e nmen , he peace alks we e he esul o a success ul mili a y campaign agains he insu gen g oup ha had aken place o e he pas eigh yea s; o he gue illa, he p ocess was a success because hey we e no de ea ed mili a ily and hey we e ecognized as alid in e locu o s in he sea ch o poli ical solu ions o he con lic . The signing o he Final Peace Ag eemen be ween hese wo pa ies, signed in Augus 2016, b ough an end o one o he longes p o ac ed a med con lic s in he wo ld and ep esen ed a anscenden al momen in he his o y o Colombia. Mos o he con e sa ions ha ook place du ing he nego ia ions and a e he app o al o he Ag eemen e ol ed a ound he implemen a ion o he Ag eemen , ye li le a en ion was paid o wha he di e en ac o s unde s ood by peace. The ejec ion o he Peace Ag eemen in he e e endum ha was held in Oc obe o 2016, along wi h he cong essional discussions ha ook place a e wa ds o p epa e he legal amewo k o he ag eemen , showed ha o he di e en sec o s o socie y he e was no common g ound o e he meaning o he e m and ha he discussions had no been closed du ing he peace alks. On he con a y, he peace alks es ablished a lowes common denomina o o end he con lic and o s a building peace, bu hey did no ix a common in e p e a ion o peace. Be ween wha he au ho s o he documen w o e and wha he di e en audiences in e p e ed, he e is a whole ange o possibili ies. 101 Imagining Peace(s) in Colombia. Be ween Nego ia ions, Policies, and Resis ing Na a i es A auca ia. Re is a Ibe oame icana de Filoso ía, Polí ica, Humanidades y Relaciones In e nacionales, año 22, nº 43. P ime semes e de 2020. Pp. 99-117. ISSN 1575-6823 e-ISSN 2340-2199 h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/a auca ia.2020.i43.05 This a icle explo es he plu ali y o meanings o peace and hei encoun e s in o de o unde s and he challenges ahead in he peacebuilding phase in Colombia. By mapping and sys ema izing he main discou ses a ound peace in he public deba e in Colombia, i shows he poin s o p oximi y and dis ance among hem based on discou se analysis. In pa icula , he ex decons uc s he hegemonic isions o peace by con as ing hem wi h he al e na i e o c i ical p oposals o peace. The pape concludes ha he peace nego ia ions we e a window o oppo uni y o gi e peace a meaning ha was sha ed by a g ea majo i y o he Colombian socie y. Ra he , on he con a y, he discussion abou wha peace means and en ails has emained open a e he peace ag eemen was signed and hus is a ec ing i s implemen a ion. This pape ollows an in e p e a i e me hodology based on in e ex uali y and discou se analysis. The a icle pu s in dialogue di e en s udies o peace and con lic in Colombia, public iews, na a i es, in e p e a ions, as well as in e iews he au ho has conduc ed on he g ound wi h he main ac o s o he peacemaking p ocess. This pape is pa o a la ge esea ch p ojec in which he au ho spen i een mon hs in di e en places o Colombia (including Bogo á and he depa men o Chocó) conduc ing mo e han one hund ed in e iews and accompanying he implemen a ion o he peace deal h ough e hnog aphic wo k. In his pape , he au ho has quo ed some o hese in e iews ha ook place wi h high le el ac o s o he peace p ocess and used o he s as backg ound in o ma ion o he analysis. A pos s uc u alis app oach: Peace as an emp y signi ie This pape is designed as a dialogue wi h pos s uc u alism and i s e lec ion on ‘how knowledge, u h, and meaning a e cons i u ed’ (De De ian and Shapi o 1989: xiii) and econs uc ed in an ongoing p ocess, ejec ing any meaning, u h and knowledge as essen ialis o uni e sal. Pos s uc u alism ejec s he no ion o he concep o peace ‘as on ologically s able, in e ms o ep esen ing an objec i e u h (plausible o no ), legi ima ing he exe cise o powe , and ep esen ing a uni e sal e hic’ (Richmond 2008: 5). This heo e ical/ me hodological app oach does no o e an al e na i e on ology o heo y, bu a he , i unco e s how discou ses o peace become na u alized and no malized h ough hegemonic p ac ices. This pape s a s wi h he p emise ha he concep o peace is polysemic, subjec o in e p e a ion, and ne e closed. Peace is no a uni e sal phenomenon o o ali y. Ra he , peace is he p oduc o social ela ions and he a icula ion o di e en discou ses in a pa icula his o ical con ex . Taking he con ingency and his o ici y o he meaning o peace in o accoun , his concep ual p oposal d aws om he discou se heo y o Laclau and Mou e (1985, 2005) o 102 Ana Isabel Rod íguez Iglesias A auca ia. Re is a Ibe oame icana de Filoso ía, Polí ica, Humanidades y Relaciones In e nacionales, año 22, nº 43. P ime semes e de 2020. Pp. 99-117. ISSN 1575-6823 e-ISSN 2340-2199 h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/a auca ia.2020.i43.05 unde s and how he meaning o peace is empo ally ixed in a hegemonic p ac ice, how he hegemonic a icula ions exclude o he al e na i es, and also how in u n his a o emen ioned con ingency allows o change, con es a ion, and e-a icula ion. Thus, peace is s udied as an emp y signi ie whose meaning is cons uc ed on an ongoing basis acco ding o dynamics o powe and esis ance. Powe s uggles o meaning-making end o ix a hegemonic a icula ion o he meaning, bu his ac is always con ingen and empo a y, and subjec o al e a ions.3 F om his poin o depa u e, his pape explo es he mul iplici y o in e p e a ions o peace ha we e p esen in he public deba e and how hei encoun e happened a di e en le els: be ween he go e nmen and he FARC, be ween he peace delega ions and he opposi ion, as well as be ween poli ical eli es and social mo emen s. This plu ali y o discou ses abou peace, in u n, a e a e lec ion o he mul iplici y o unde s andings o wa , con lic , and iolence. They a e also oo ed in some o he peace discou ses ha go hei meaning in p e ious peace dialogues/ alks, peace mo emen s, and e en wa - ela ed policies. Peace(s) in dispu e D awing om a li e a u e e iew on he Colombian con lic and peace p ocesses, as well as om pe sonal in e iews wi h he main ac o s o he peace alks, his sec ion sys ema izes and analyzes he main app oaches o peace(s) in Colombia. The analysis ocuses mainly on he peace dialogue ha ook place be ween he go e nmen and he FARC ( om 2012-2016) bu also d aws om p e ious na a i es and p ac ices ha a e s ill p esen in he public deba e. The analysis o he discou ses o peace a e boiled down o ou main app oaches: a. Peace is unde s ood as a ela ional dynamic ha allows o he decons uc ion o he iend-enemy bina y and he ecogni ion o he o he ; b. peace is seen as a condi ion ha enables secu i y and economic de elopmen ; c. peace is e-signi ied h ough he loa ing signi ie ‘ e i o y’, o e e o he need o in ol ing he locals in he de ini ion and implemen a ion o peace policies in o de o uly ake in o accoun he needs o hose li ing in he e i o ies; and d. peace is p oposed as he consecu ion o social and en i onmen al jus ice, along wi h he possibili y o an al e na i e de elopmen pa h ha ensu es he au onomy o indigenous peoples, black communi ies, and peasan s o decide how hey wan o li e and how hey wan o exis . 3 See mo e on he idea o peace as an emp y signi ie in Rod íguez Iglesias, Ana I. (2020). 103 Imagining Peace(s) in Colombia. Be ween Nego ia ions, Policies, and Resis ing Na a i es A auca ia. Re is a Ibe oame icana de Filoso ía, Polí ica, Humanidades y Relaciones In e nacionales, año 22, nº 43. P ime semes e de 2020. Pp. 99-117. ISSN 1575-6823 e-ISSN 2340-2199 h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/a auca ia.2020.i43.05 Peace as ela ional dynamic: In sea ch o ecogni ion The peace alks in Ha ana ep esen ed a s a ing poin o he b idging o he abyssal lines ha had deeply di ided he di e en ac o s du ing he a med con lic - be ween hose conside ed ‘us’ and ‘ hem’. Wi h he publica ion o he Agenda o Peace in 2012 and wi h he achie emen o he Final Peace Ag eemen in 2016, he iend-enemy dualism was e-signi ied in se e al ways by San os’ coali ion: he peace dialogues acknowledged he exis ence o he con lic , a con lic ha is a med, poli ical and social (FARC, 2012). Tha ecogni ion came mainly om he go e nmen o San os, bu was s ongly ejec ed by he o me p esiden Ál a o U ibe and his poli ical pa y he Democ a ic Cen e , as well as by o he opposi ion leade s om he Conse a i e Pa y, social sec o s, and he E angelical and Ch is ian chu ches. E en wi hin he go e nmen o San os, some in e nal o ces we e agains he poli ical alks and main ained a bellige en language when e e ing o he a med g oup, such as was he case wi h he Minis e o De ense - Juan Ca los Pinzón (López de la Roche 2015). The e o e, he e was a hegemonic s uggle in he public deba e abou keeping o ans o ming ha enemy- iend dualism and he unde s anding o he wa . The acknowledgmen o he a med con lic by he go e nmen o San os also implied he ecogni ion o he FARC-EP and he ELN as poli ical ac o s: ‘The p ocess aims a pu ing an end o he a med con lic so ha he FARC can ans o m hemsel es in o a legal and una med poli ical o ganiza ion, hey can become an ac o in na ional ci il li e and hey can ecei e democ a ic gua an ees’ (De la Calle 2012). Fo he gue illa g oup his s ep implied he acknowledgmen o hei his o ical poli ical claims. Li le by li le he language o bo h nego ia ing pa ies was less bellige en . Th ough mechanisms o con idence building bo h delega ions s a ed o lea e behind he his o ical mis us hey had el om each o he . Fo ins ance, he go e nmen aided his by keeping he alks con iden ial and by no con inuously ai ing con o e sies in he media, as well as by w i ing a e y de ailed ex so ha he FARC el con iden abou e e y commi men in e e y poin o he ag eemen .4 Ano he ac ion ha helped was he go e nmen changing he Minis e o De ense in o de o ein o ce he peace discou se o he go e nmen as well as o ensu e he eno a ion o he mili a y leade ship wi h p o-peace o ice s (López de la Roche 2015). On hei end, he FARC’s discou se also e ol ed du ing he peace dialogues ega ding hei sel -acknowledgmen as ic imize s and hei willingness o beg pa don. Fo example, while du ing he launch o he peace alks in Oslo in 2012, he FARC leade Jesús San ich eplied “pe haps, pe haps, pe haps” when asked abou hei willingness o ecognize hei esponsibili y du ing he 4 In e iew wi h he go e nmen ’s chie nego ia o Humbe o de la Calle, Bogo á, 9 Janua y 2018. 104 Ana Isabel Rod íguez Iglesias A auca ia. Re is a Ibe oame icana de Filoso ía, Polí ica, Humanidades y Relaciones In e nacionales, año 22, nº 43. P ime semes e de 2020. Pp. 99-117. ISSN 1575-6823 e-ISSN 2340-2199 h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/a auca ia.2020.i43.05 con lic . By he end o he peace nego ia ions he a med g oup had ca ied ou a leas a dozen ac s o begging pa don and hey ha e con inued o do so du ing he pos -ag eemen phase. Likewise, he peace alks and he peace ag eemen aimed o econcile he s a e and he demobilized g oup wi h ci il socie y. The go e nmen and he FARC conside ed i pa amoun ha hey in ol e ci il socie y and he di e se peoples o Colombia in he peacebuilding phase in o de o gain legi imacy among hei s akeholde s. Al hough he pa icipa ion o ci il socie y was es ic ed and cons ained du ing he peacemaking p ocess (Ríos and Cai o, 2018), he o icial discou se made by bo h sides was: ha he ic ims we e a he cen e o he Ag eemen ; ha women had been e y ulne able in he con lic and needed a di e en ia ed ecogni ion; ha he black and indigenous peoples o Colombia had been allies o peace (b eaking he hegemonic discou se ha po ayed hem as collabo a o s o he gue illas) (Rod íguez Iglesias 2018, 2019); and ha social and poli ical mo emen s, as well as poli ical pa ies, had he igh o exe opposi ion wi h gua an ees and o no be c iminalized when ma ching and exe ing eedom o speech. In his ein, he Ag eemen acknowledges ha peace is an issue ha conce ns he whole ci izen y and ha hey ha e o pa icipa e om hei e i o ies and need o hink abou wha peace means and en ails he e. Despi e he decla a ion o in en ions o he ex o he ag eemen , none o hese new in e p e a ions abou he ela ion be ween us and hem became hegemonic in he public discou se. I did, howe e , open he doo o a possible esigni ica ion and i shook he pa ame e s o he abyssal line. S ill, despi e his, s ong o ces wi hin and ou side he go e nmen con inued o ep oduce he same discou ses ha we e dissemina ed o e he p e ious decade ha po ayed he gue illas as he only ic imize s and as being solely esponsible o he ‘na co- e o ism’ ha con inues o siege Colombia. Peace as secu i y and economic de elopmen : Consolida ing he neolibe al s a e One o he p e ailing discou ses a ound peace ha had p e ailed h oughou he 52 yea long con lic in Colombia has been ha o he nega i e peace. Acco ding o Gal ung (1969), nega i e peace only deals wi h physical o di ec iolence, and neglec s o denies he p esence o s uc u al and cul u al iolence.5 Many sec o s o Colombian socie y, mainly wi hin he es ablishmen , 5 In con as , acco ding o Gal ung (1969) posi i e peace would be he absence o , no only di ec , bu also cul u al and s uc u al iolence, unde s anding cul u al iolence as he ideological discou ses ha jus i y he physical and s uc u al iolence; and s uc u al iolence, as he ins i u ional and sys em a angemen s ha ( e)p oduced a s a e o domina ion, exclusion, and inequali y. He con ends ha 105 Imagining Peace(s) in Colombia. Be ween Nego ia ions, Policies, and Resis ing Na a i es A auca ia. Re is a Ibe oame icana de Filoso ía, Polí ica, Humanidades y Relaciones In e nacionales, año 22, nº 43. P ime semes e de 2020. Pp. 99-117. ISSN 1575-6823 e-ISSN 2340-2199 h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/a auca ia.2020.i43.05 saw iolence as an issue o public o de and, he e o e, equa ed peace wi h secu i y. Lozano Guillén (2006) con ends ha he dominan class ne e had he will o peace and his is e lec ed in he language hey ha e used in hei o icial plans o de ea he ‘sub e si es’: ‘sco ched ea h,’ ‘de ense o na ional secu i y,’ ‘s a egy o wa o win peace,’ ‘comp ehensi e wa ’ and ‘democ a ic secu i y,’ unde s ood as a ‘s a egy agains e o ism,’ and an ‘in e nal enemy’, among o he s (2006: 46). In ac , he secu i ized app oach o peace ha was implemen ed by P esiden Ál a o U ibe (2002-2010) emained one o he main discou ses ha e ol ed in he public deba e when he peace p ocess s a ed in 2012. The ‘No’ campaign o he 2016 Peace Ag eemen e e endum was p ecisely led by U ibe and his poli ical pa y which echoed he discou se o he p e ious decade o he need o de ea he gue illas. U ibe’s Democ a ic Secu i y Policy no only aimed a ensu ing secu i y, o a secu i ized peace, bu also economic de elopmen . The logic behind his discou se o nega i e peace has implied main aining he s a us quo o he poli ical and economic eli es by no ecognizing he poli ical and social oo s o he con lic . In line wi h his, a la ge pa o he es ablishmen has seen he need o paci y ce ain e i o ies o he coun y be o e p oceeding wi h hei mode niza ion acco ding o a neolibe al economic model ha is based on ex ac i e indus ies, mega-p ojec s, and ag ibusiness (G ajales 2013). U ibe’s mili a y app oach was designed o con ain wo phases: a i s phase aimed a eco e ing he con ol o he e i o ies by he S a e, and a second phase o ensu e he consolida ion o e i o ial con ol h ough he imp o emen o ci izen secu i y and he implemen a ion o an in eg al policy o human igh s (Padilla de León 2008). The a med o ces we e en husias ic abou he de e mina ion o P esiden U ibe o pu an end o he gue illas ia mili a y means by by mode nizing he a med o ces. An impo an sec o o he mili a y had opposed he p e ious peace nego ia ions ha ook place unde P esiden And és Pas ana and hey el con iden o his new app oach ha g an ed leade ship o he a my. Likewise, he economic eli e was pleased wi h he new secu i y app oach and a ibu ed he imp o emen o economic igu es o i . Fo example, Luis Ca los Villegas, he Di ec o o he Na ional Associa ion o Businessmen o Colombia, unde U ibe’s P esidency, said in 2008: Al hough he good pe o mance o he economy has been he esul o good economic policies, likewise he ad ances in secu i y and go e nabili y ha e ansla ed in o g ea e con idence o na ional and in e na ional economic agen s, as e lec ed in an inc ease o na ional and o eign in es men , g ea e consump ion and, in gene al, in a s imulus o economic ac i i y (2008: 36). in o de o achie e peace i is necessa y o ac in he h ee dimensions o iolence a he same ime because hey a e mu ually ein o cing. To illus a e his, he used he image o a iangle o which each ype o iolence occupies a co ne uni ed in a con inuum o iolence (1969: 302). 106 Ana Isabel Rod íguez Iglesias A auca ia. Re is a Ibe oame icana de Filoso ía, Polí ica, Humanidades y Relaciones In e nacionales, año 22, nº 43. P ime semes e de 2020. Pp. 99-117. ISSN 1575-6823 e-ISSN 2340-2199 h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/a auca ia.2020.i43.05 Villegas was hen selec ed by San os o ac as he ep esen a i e o businessmen in he peace p ocess, and a e a ime in Washing on D.C. as an ambassado , he came back o Colombia in 2015 o assume he cha ge o Minis e o De ense. Bo h Villegas and Gene al Mo a shi ed hei suppo om a nega i e peace o a poli ical solu ion h ough a peace p ocess. The con idence hey had in P esiden San os, who was he Minis e o De ense in he second e m o U ibe, and he inco po a ion o Villegas o he go e nmen , we e key elemen s ha we e needed o mobilize he suppo o he mili a y and business sec o s du ing he la es nego ia ions. The discou se o a secu i ized and neolibe al peace e ol ed in o he na a i e ‘Peace, yes; bu no his way’ in he ‘No’ campaign agains he Peace Ag eemen in he 2016 e e endum. U ibe and his pa y - he Democ a ic Cen e - opposed he whole idea o poli ical nego ia ions wi h he FARC, bu gi en he massi e in e na ional suppo o he poli ical solu ion, hei discou se was adjus ed and hey p oposed a di e en kind o ag eemen ha ollowed he logic o he nega i e peace. The No campaign leade s ejec ed he e o mis app oach o he ag eemen ha c ea ed a ansi ional jus ice sys em wi h educed and al e na i e sen ences o he FARC membe s as well as he a med o ces; c ied-ou agains he possibili y ha he FARC go empo a y assigned sea s in he Sena e and Cong ess; and o ally opposed he ac ha na co a icking be conside ed a poli ical c ime when used o inance he poli ical igh . In o he wo ds, hey p oposed a Peace Ag eemen ha secu ed gua an ees o business and poli ical eli es, ha ein o ced p i a e in es men s and p i a e p ope y in he u al a eas; and ha peeled he FARC o o any poli ical g ound. Ins ead hey we e o e ing hem a simple Demobiliza ion, Disa mamen and Rein eg a ion p og am, along wi h he p o ision o jus ice h ough he o dina y jus ice sys em (León 2016; Má quez e al. 2016). U ibe also eso ed o p esen himsel as he de ende o he ‘good’ peace, c i icizing he Ag eemen as a ‘coup d’é a agains democ acy’ (26 Sep embe 2015), a ‘wounded peace’ (23 June 2016), an ‘illegi ima e peace’ (3 Augus 2016), and a ‘claudica ion o e o ism’ (1 Oc obe 2016). His discou se made an imp ession on he public and he ‘No’ campaign won he e e endum by a small ma gin, con a y o wha was expec ed by he go e nmen , he FARC, many sec o s o ci il socie y, as well as he in e na ional communi y. As a esul , he go e nmen and he FARC had o si down again o modi y some poin s o he Ag eemen and hey in oduced se e al changes, al hough none o hese a ec ed he co e pilla s o he poli ical and ag a ian e o ms.6 6 Among o he changes, he new e sion o he Ag eemen ein o ced he p inciple o p i a e p ope y; i kep he Cons i u ional Cou as he las ins ance o esol e he appeals o he ansi ional jus ice sen ences and es ablished ha he Special Ju isdic ion o Peace would no longe ha e o eign judges. Wi h he new e sion, he poli ical connec i i y o d ug a icking would ha e o be in e p e ed in acco dance o he ju isp udence and in e p e a ion o he Cons i u ional Cou . And he 107 Imagining Peace(s) in Colombia. Be ween Nego ia ions, Policies, and Resis ing Na a i es A auca ia. Re is a Ibe oame icana de Filoso ía, Polí ica, Humanidades y Relaciones In e nacionales, año 22, nº 43. P ime semes e de 2020. Pp. 99-117. ISSN 1575-6823 e-ISSN 2340-2199 h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/a auca ia.2020.i43.05 Te i o ial Peace: Be ween a Re o mis and a Locally-g ounded P oposal Wi hou de ining wha peace means, a p io i y o he Peace Ag eemen is ha peace mus be buil wi h a e i o ial ocus, as well as wi h di e en ial, gende , and human igh s ocuses. Te i o ial peace is no a new concep and i has been a de ac o app oach ha has been u ilised by many communi ies in di e en egions whe e e e yday peace p ac ices a e buil and implemen ed locally (Cou heyn 2018; Gago 2018; He nández Delgado 2016; Lede ach 2018, 2019; Oslende 2010, 2026; McGee 2017; Masullo 2015). I as well has been he bo om line o many p e ious peace policies (López 2016). The Final Peace Ag eemen o mally in oduced his concep and since hen i has become a common concep in he poli ical deba e. Ye , he in e p e a ion o ‘ e i o ial’ emained uzzy in he Ag eemen (Cai o e al 2018: 2) and in he implemen a ion o he ag eemen (Es upiñán 2018). Many in e p e a ions o i ha e been ci cula ing in he public deba e (Cai o and Ríos 2019). The Peace Ag eemen de ines i as: The e i o ial-based app oach o he Ag eemen equi es ecogni ion and conside a ion o he needs (economic, cul u al and social), cha ac e is ics and peculia i ies o Colombia’s e i o ies and communi ies, he eby gua an eeing socio-en i onmen al sus ainabili y. Fu he mo e, i in ol es implemen ing he a ious measu es comp ehensi ely and in a coo dina ed way, wi h he ac i e pa icipa ion o all ci izens. All o Colombia’s egions and e i o ies will con ibu e o he implemen a ion o he Ag eemen , wi h he pa icipa ion o e i o ial-based au ho i ies and he a ious sec o s o socie y (Final Ag eemen 2016: 6-7). Ye , bo h he go e nmen and he FARC unde s ood he concep unde di e en logics, as did o he sec o s o he poli ical sphe e (Ríos and Cai o 2018). Fo example, o he s a e, e i o ial peace has been p esen in he peace policies w i en since he 1960s, unde s anding ha he cons uc ion o peace equi es no only he secu i y o ci izens bu also he p esence o he s a e a he e i o ial le el.7 Du ing he peace nego ia ions The High Commissione o Peace - Se gio Ja amillo - de ined e i o ial peace as: I is abou : building a model ha combines he implemen a ion o na ional econs uc ion p og ams in he e i o ies wi h ci izen mobiliza ion in spaces gende pe spec i e was u he cla i ied in he ex , making e e ence o he ac ha women and men ha e di e en needs and had being di e en ly a ec ed by he con lic . 7 I ge s inspi ed om o he p e ious e i o ial policies such as he Peace Labo a o ies in he Middle Magdalena Region, Ba co’s Na ional Plan o Rehabili a ion and he Consolida ion Plans. Pe sonal in e iews wi h ci il se an s o he O ice o he High Commissione o Peace as well as wi h he High Commissione o Peace Se gio Ja amillo, 2018. 114 Ana Isabel Rod íguez Iglesias A auca ia. Re is a Ibe oame icana de Filoso ía, Polí ica, Humanidades y Relaciones In e nacionales, año 22, nº 43. P ime semes e de 2020. Pp. 99-117. ISSN 1575-6823 e-ISSN 2340-2199 h ps://dx.doi.o g/10.12795/a auca ia.2020.i43.05 This plu ali y o unde s andings o peace also ela es o he plu ali y o unde s andings o he con lic , as well as o how o lead he peacebuilding phase. This discu si e analysis a ound he mul iple in e p e a ions o peace and peacebuilding e lec ed in his pape has poin ed ou he di icul ies ahead o Colombian socie y o econcile, o ein eg a e o me comba an s, and o o e come he s uc u al iolence ha led o he a med con lic in he i s place. Re e ences: CINEP (2016). Mo ilización po la Paz en Colombia: una in aes uc u a social cla e pa a el posacue do. Cen o de In es igación y Educación Popula . 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