Nineteenth Century Irish Emigration to, and Settlement in, Argentina

NINETEENTH CENTURY IRISH EMIGRATION TO, AND SETTLEMENT IN, ARGENTINA. BY P A T R I C K M c K E N N A. M. A. G E O G R A P H Y T H E S I S 1 9 9 4 C O N T E N T S Page. Chap e 1 Nine een h Cen u y I ish Emig a ion o, and se lemen in, A gen ina. 1 Chap e 2 Re iew o Sou ce Ma e ial used in his wo k. 18 Chap e 3 The E ec o Physical Geog aphy and Clima e on Ea ly Se lemen . 36 Chap e 4 The O igin o I ish Coloniza ion. 57 Chap e 5 The P ocess o Nine een h I ish Se lemen in A gen ina. 75 Chap e 6 The Role o he I ish Chu ch in he Fo ma ion o he Communi y. 96 Chap e 7 The Jou ney o A gen ina. 124 Chap e 8 The Sending A eas. 138 Chap e 9 The Numbe o I ish Immig an s. 158 Chap e 10 Gende Roles in I ish Emig a ion o A gen ina. 186 Chap e 11 P o ile o he Emig an . 207 Chap e 12 Pa e ns o I ish Se lemen in A gen ina. 223 Chap e 13 Li e o he I ish in he Camp. 245 Chap e 14 The consolida ion o hei posi ion by he I ish eli e. 274 Chap e 15 An O e iew o I ish Emig a ion and Se lemen in A gen ina. 289 APPENDIX 1 BIBLIOGRAPHY C H A P T E R 1. NINETEENTH CENTURY IRISH EMIGRATION TO AND SETTLEMENT IN ARGENTINA. A Global Pe spec i e. By he s a o he wen ie h cen u y abou 7.5 million I ish had c ossed he A lan ic o ese le in a new wo ld which was being opened up o ade and comme ce by Eu opean powe s. In he case o he Ame icas, his new wo ld s e ched, unb oken, om he ozen was es o no he n Canada and Alaska h ough he equa o un il i again eached he g ea glacie s o sou he n Pa agonia and Tie a del Fuego. Figu e 1:1 T ans-A lan ic emig a ion om I eland, 1720-1900 2 Beyond he Ame icas he New Wo ld spanned he A ican and Aus alian con inen s. The I ish, howe e , emig a ed in an o ganized way, mos ly, o e y speci ic egions o his new wo ld. The egions o he New Wo ld ha he g ea majo i y o he nine een h-cen u y I ish emig a ed o a e loca ed be ween he 30 h and 50 h pa allel, bo h no h and sou h o he equa o . In addi ion hei se lemen was always bounded on a leas one side by he ocean, o a la ge na igable i e which linked he in e io o he ocean. The eason why he I ish chose his ela i ely limi ed a ea, wi h easy access o he ocean, o se lemen du ing he nine een h cen u y is appa en o he geog aphe . I was because he g ea g assland egions o he wo ld a e ound wi hin hose pa allels and i was no un il he nine een h cen u y ha hose egions became he ocus o Eu opean immig a ion. Se lemen be ween he 30 h and 50 h pa allel allowed he I ish se le s con inue he ype o ag icul u al p oduc ion wi h which hey we e amilia , while access o he ocean allowed hem ade hei p oduc s o he Eu opean manu ac u ed goods hey we e also amilia wi h when in I eland. I was no un il he la e eigh een h cen u y, howe e , ha he g ea g assland on ie s became impo an o he g owing Eu opean me can ile and indus ial powe s, so ha he condi ions o mass I ish emig a ion did no occu un il hen. By he end o he eigh een h cen u y emig a ion om I eland o he g assland egions o Canada and New England had become well es ablished especially among he Sco ch-I ish a ound he po s o De y and Bel as . By he ea ly nine een h cen u y his ype o emig a ion was also beginning o occu among g owing numbe s o he Ca holic I ish popula ion, especially among hose o simila 3 class o he Sco ch-I ish, he ela i ely p ospe ous enan a me s. Ea ly In luences on I ish Emig a ion. By he second decade o he nine een h cen u y a se ies o e en s ook place which g ea ly a ec ed I ish emig a ion o he New Wo ld. England was in ol ed in a Eu opean wa agains Napoleon. One majo e ec o his wa was ha g owing emig a ion om I eland o he New Wo ld was almos comple ely hal ed. Those po en ial emig an s who we e o ced o emain in I eland no only c ea ed a no ional popula ion inc ease g ea e han i would o he wise ha e been, u he adding o an al eady apidly inc easing popula ion. The immedia e consequences o his popula ion inc ease and he lack o emig a ion we e alle ia ed o some ex en by he ac ha I eland was a majo supplie o g ain o he English oops. The whea ields had o be ploughed, sown and ha es ed by manual labou , hus abso bing much o he labou supply, on a seasonal basis a leas , o he du a ion o he wa . When he wa ended, howe e , a all in demand o whea led o an ag icul u al dep ession p omo ing a swi ch o ca le p oduc ion by he land owne s. This esul ed in a apid educ ion in employmen o labou e s and a consequen la ge inc ease in emig a ion om he coun y. Ano he impo an ac o which acili a ed he huge ise in I ish emig a ion when he wa wi h F ance ended was ha a abou he same ime he colonial ade in sla es was abolished by England. As a esul mos o he ships in ol ed in he sla e ade we e ied up in Li e pool while hei owne s despe a ely sea ched o al e na i e sou ces and cen es o 4 ade wi h new egions. The English looked especially o he g ea g assland on ie s o he sou he n hemisphe e o inc ease hei in luence and allow a new expansion in ade. This expansion o comme cial in luence by he English had a la ge mili a y as well as me chan na y con en . Many o he soldie s and sailo s in ol ed in his expansion, oge he wi h o dina y me chan seamen, we e I ish. No all o hose I ish soldie s and sailo s e u ned home wi h hei com ades. Many o hose who emained in hese new loca ions did howe e main ain con ac wi h hei amilies in I eland. And hus, links we e o med be ween small a eas in I eland and speci ic loca ions in he new wo ld. The link be ween Wa e o d and New oundland is one example whe e me chan seamen om he sou h eas o I eland se led on he o he side o he A lan ic and began a chain which de eloped in o signi ican emig a ion om he Wa e o d a ea speci ically o New oundland. Buenos Ai es is ano he example whe e soldie s, om Co. Wes mea h, emained behind o o m a nucleus which began emig a ion, om a ound S eams own ini ially, o he Pampa o A gen ina. Thus a combina ion o ac o s began he g ea nine een h cen u y I ish exodus o he New Wo ld. B ie ly hese we e, an expanding popula ion and economic ecession in I eland, combined wi h he English need o de elop new on ie s o ade oge he wi h an ample supply o shipping, capable o mo ing bo h he goods and he emig an s o he desi ed des ina ions. Consequen ly he nine een h-cen u y I ish emig an was pe ec ly placed, in 5 ime, loca ion and ci cums ance o se le he new on ie s. Fu he mo e a u al li es yle in I eland based on hea y manual labou mean ha he I ish emig an b ough o he New Wo ld he a ie y o skills necessa y o in eg a e he new on ie s in o he Eu opean me can ile sys em. A e y good ma ch he e o e exis ed be ween a sui able su plus popula ion in I eland and a g ea sho age o jus such a popula ion in he New Wo ld. In addi ion o being ideally sui ed o he needs o he de elope s o he New Wo ld, he I ish we e also he ideal ou wa d ca go. I ish emig an s became a sel -loading, a e paying ballas o he g owing numbe o ships ading wi h he New Wo ld. Fo hose easons B i ain, eluc an ly a i s , soon began o encou age in e e y way he ou mig a ion o he su plus, po en ially ebellious, I ish subjec s o he new on ie s in he dis an eaches o he empi e. A gen ina's Role in he B i ish Colonial Sys em. A gen ina, hough an independen Roman Ca holic and Spanish speaking na ion, was d awn in o his B i ish colonial ading sys em om e y ea ly in he nine een h cen u y and compe ed as an equal in he B i ish ma ke wi h he B i ish colonies o Canada, Sou h A ica, Aus alia and New Zealand as well as he US. This ading ela ionship be ween G ea B i ain and A gen ina con inued om abou 1815 un il abou 1960. I is he e o e alid in e ms o economic-geog aphy, e en i inco ec in s ic ly his o ical o poli ical e ms, o ea A gen ina as a e y impo an pa o he B i ish colonial ou each in he nine een h cen u y. 6 All he new g ea new g assland on ie s o he wo ld we e he e o e being inco po a ed in o he B i ish colonial me can ile sys em, in one o m o ano he , du ing he nine een h cen u y. All o hose egions needed Eu opean labou o ully de elop hei economic po en ial wi hin he hen exis ing me can ile wo ld. Consequen ly he egions we e in compe i ion wi h each o he , no only o a sha e o he Eu opean ma ke , bu also o a sha e o he emig an s lea ing Eu ope in sea ch o a new s a elsewhe e in he wo ld. I eland as a Sou ce o Immig an s. I eland was a e y impo an sou ce o immig an ec ui men o all o he B i ish colonies, pa icula ly as he I ish we e he only signi ican emig an g oup in he nine een h cen u y who spoke English and we e legally B i ish. This allowed he I ish g ea e choice han o he Eu opean emig an s, because, in addi ion o se lemen in he colonies, hey had he choice o emig a ion o he indus ial cen es in England as well as an in-buil ad an age, because o hei language, in seeking indus ial employmen in he Uni ed S a es. Fu he mo e, he I ish we e always among he e y ea lies Eu opeans o emig a e o he new on ie s and, once he I ish became es ablished, hey encou aged u he immig a ion om I eland. They made up abou 10% o he en i e Eu opean T ans-A lan ic emig a ion, despi e being abou 1% o he Eu opean popula ion1. This compe i ion o I ish immig an s a o ded he in ending I ish emig an a wide a ie y o loca ions o choose om. Each po en ial des ina ion had i s own ad an ages and disad an ages o he emig an . Some o e ed well paid indus ial employmen , o he s 7 o e ed he oppo uni y o he emig an o acqui e his own land. Some can e s o e ed a la ge exis ing I ish communi y while o he s o e ed isola ion. The I ish emig an in he nine een h cen u y was in a posi ion o weigh all hose ac o s and choose he op ion which he el o e ed him he bes chance o success and ul illmen . The Pu pose o This Thesis. A g ea deal o esea ch has been de o ed o he I ish who emig a ed o hose a eas which we e English speaking. The I ish who emig a ed o F ench-speaking Quebec, he only o he signi ican non-English speaking, non-P o es an nine een h-cen u y I ish emig an des ina ion, ha e been w i en abou o a lesse ex en . Quebec howe e , being pa o Canada was, by hen, a B i ish colony and he e o e subjec o B i ish ule, hough i main ained a F ench a he han a B i ish legal sys em. The I ish in A gen ina howe e ha e been la gely igno ed o da e, being con ined o oo no es o a ew sho essays by academic esea che s. This g oup o emig an s, while emig a ing o a quasi-B i ish colony, had o es ablish hemsel es in a coun y, mos o whose cus oms and laws in addi ion o i s language, we e alien o he I ish. The pu pose o his hesis is o examine speci ically his g oup o I ish emig an s in he belie ha his will ed ess he imbalance in esea ch o some deg ee. Because no o e all academic wo k exis s abou he I ish in A gen ina his wo k will examine how emig a ion om I eland 1 4 emig a ed di ec ly o he ci y o Rosa io in he p o ince o San a Fe a he no he n mos ip o he I ish egion in A gen ina, in he la e 1870's and ea ly 1880's, o wo k in whi e colla posi ions in he B i ish owned ailway companies. The es o he u ban I ish immig an s ei he ou mig a ed o o he I ish u ban cen es, usually in he Uni ed S a es, o disappea ed in o he wide , la gely I alian, immig an communi y o he ci y o Buenos Ai es. The se lemen pa e ns and li es yle o he I ish in he di e en se lemen a eas, u al and u ban, will be discussed in Chap e 12. The li es yle o he Immig an . While some I ish emained in he ci y he g ea majo i y we e u al se le s. Chap e 13 desc ibes he condi ions unde which he ea ly emig an s in pa icula wo ked. I explains how he I ish acqui ed i s hei sheep and la e hei land. I also desc ibes he isola ion and he dange s ha hey expe ienced while ca ing o hei locks and se ling he new lands. A desc ip ion o he homes hey buil , he clo hes hey wo e and how hey, as indi iduals, ela ed o each o he and o he, la gely alien, su oundings hey ound hemsel es in is also gi en. The Reo ganiza ion o he I ish Communi y pos 1875. By 1875 he egion o A gen ina which up un il hen had been se led by he I ish was apidly ans o ming om being a on ie coun y in o becoming a highly e icien 1 5 ag icul u al p oduce on he ou ski s o one o he mos apidly expanding ci ies in he wo ld. Thomas A ms ong and F . Fahy had ecen ly died and so a new leade ship, wi h di e en objec i es was in con ol, di ec ing he u u e o he I ish communi y. The di ec ion ha I ish se lemen ook unde hei leade ship is ou lined in chap e 14. Conclusion. An o e iew, in Chap e 15, d aws oge he all he s ands o he p e ious chap e s and shows ha nine een h-cen u y I ish emig a ion o, and se lemen in, A gen ina con o ms o he gene al I ish emig a ion o he pe iod, in ha hey we e among he ea lies a i als and, o a leas he i s h ee qua e s o he cen u y, he mos impo an g oup o Eu opean immig an labou e s in he coun y in economic e ms, and i alling he I alians o sup emacy in absolu e numbe s un il abou he middle o he cen u y. The emig an s we e a ac ed o A gen ina by he a ailabili y o e ile land and he oppo uni y o make a esh s a doing some hing a which hey we e skilled, bu we e unable o u n o comme cial ad an age a home. They we e able o a i e a hei des ina ion using es ablished, easonably con enien , ading links. They had p io knowledge o he condi ions in he coun y om o icial channels, as well as om close amily membe s o nea , us ed, neighbou s al eady esiden in A gen ina who we e willing o ecommend i as a place o oppo uni y. They we e, o he mos pa , e en om he beginning, going o an es ablished I ish communi y, wi h I ish alue sys ems, which was i mly linked in o he 1 6 B i ish colonial ading sys em. The majo i y we e able o se le close o ela i es o , a he e y leas , nea neighbou s and iends om I eland. They we e assu ed o s eady employmen which paid subs an ially mo e han simila employmen a home. Mos o he emig an s consis ed o single, non-inhe i ing, sons and daugh e s who we e aced wi h he choice o a conside able all in s a us a home o he chance o success ab oad. The ea lie in he cen u y he emig an a i ed in A gen ina, usually, he be e hey succeeded in economic e ms. When condi ions no longe a ou ed he in ending emig an o when hey judged condi ions be e elsewhe e hey abandoned A gen ina in he same way ha many abandoned Canada and u ned hei a en ions, usually, o he Uni ed S a es. Despi e many simila i ies, be ween he I ish se le s in A gen ina and hose I ish who se led elsewhe e h oughou he 'English' colonial wo ld he e we e dis inc di e ences. A gen ina was he only sel -go e ning coun y whe e he language and cus oms o he coun y we e o La in a he han English o igins. E en in Canada he e was a leas a choice o he I ish immig an , wi hin he coun y, whe he o se le in an a ea whe e English o F ench adi ions exis ed. No such choice exis ed in A gen ina. The cus oms and laws o he coun y we e undamen ally di e en o he sys em ound in all o he popula I ish a eas. Finally, a sub le i in o mal, con ol on he numbe and ype o immig an was exe cised by he o ganize s o he immig a ion, hough no , i would appea , by he go e nmen , o ensu e ha only hose who would ope a e wi hin a s ic ly u al en i onmen would se le pe manen ly in he coun y. 1 7 The I ish adop ed di e en economic and social s a egies in A gen ina o hose hey adop ed elsewhe e bu e en ha adap abili y o ms pa o he o e all I ish se lemen pa e n because he I ish de eloped a di e en s a egy in e e y des ina ion, in o de o ake bes ad an age o he local condi ions. Thus while I ish emig a ion o A gen ina du ing he nine een h cen u y has unique ea u es which me i s udy, i was, ne e heless, e y much pa o he gene al I ish nine een h-cen u y, ans-A lan ic ou each o a eas ied in o he Anglophone indus ial and me can ile sys em. 1 8 N O T E S 1. Cecil J. Hous on and William J. Smy h (1993), 'The I ish Diaspo a: Emig a ion o he New Wo ld, 1720-1920, 340, 2.An in e es ing ac abou he B i ish in asion o he i e Pla e in 1806/7 is ha he h ee ins iga o s and leade s o he in asion, Popham, Be es o d, and Beau o we e all I ishmen. 3. 'Es ancie o' li e aly means 'es a e owne '. In 1815 only a hand ul o men would ha e con olled all o he land in he e i o y a ound Buenos Ai es ci y unde he newly independen go e nmen o A gen ina. Following in ensi e Eu opean se lemen in no he n Buenos Ai es p o ince om he middle o he las cen u y, holdings in excess o abou 1,000 hec a es a e also called es ancias. Nine een h cen u y I ish es ancie os, wi h one o wo excep ions, all in o his la e ca ego y. P io o he mid nine een h cen u y and e en oday e e ywhe e ou side no he n Buenos Ai es an es ancie o is gene ally assumed o own ens, i no hund eds o housands o hec a es o land. 4. 'Po eno' which means 'a man om he seapo ' was a e m used o desc ibe old es ablished c eole me chan amilies ope a ing ou o he po o Buenos Ai es. 5. This ema k was con inually epea ed o me by he olde membe s o he I ish-A gen ine communi y du ing my ield ips o he coun y. E en a cu so y examina ion o Coghlan (1987) whould bea ou he u h o hei claim. 6. Da id Rock (1986) A gen ina 1516-1987, 115,153,165. 1 8 CHAPTER 2. REVIEW OF SOURCE MATERIAL USED IN THIS WORK. In oduc ion. The ma e ial used in esea ching his wo k comp ises bo h p ima y and seconda y sou ce wo ks. Some o he manusc ip ma e ial was ob ained in I eland. This was augmen ed by o he sou ces and p ima y ield esea ch conduc ed du ing he cou se o wo ield ips o A gen ina, he i s o en weeks in Sep embe /No embe 1990 and he second, a much sho e i e day isi o Buenos Ai es ci y, in Augus 1992 ollowing a con e ence a he Uni e si y o San Paulo, B azil. P ima y Sou ces The p ima y sou ces consis o le e s w i en a he ime by immig an s o hei amilies in I eland, oge he wi h le e s w i en by he leade s o he I ish communi y (mainly F . An hony Fahy I ish chaplin, o much o he pe iod), o he A chbishops o Dublin. O he p ima y sou ces consis o wo unpublished jou nals oge he wi h a icles, and ad e isemen s published in local I ish newspape s, such as THE WEXFORD PEOPLE and THE WESTMEATH EXAMINER du ing he nine een h cen u y. In addi ion specialis newspape s such as THE AGRICULTURAL GAZETTE we e also consul ed. 1 9 On he A gen ine side, THE SOUTHERN CROSS and THE HIBERNIAN we e consul ed o ind ou he conce ns o he I ish communi y li ing in A gen ina, du ing he las qua e o he nine een h cen u y and he i s qua e o he wen ie h. In addi ion du ing he ield ips he e we e in e iews conduc ed wi h elde ly A gen ine-I ish who could s ill emembe g owing up in he I ish communi y ea ly in his cen u y. The eco ds o he Pallo ine O de we e also consul ed o his wo k. A u he impo an p ima y sou ce is a pho ocopy o an o iginal hand w i en manusc ip ob ained om he I ish embassy in A gen ina du ing he i s ield ip o A gen ina in 1990. This jou nal was w i en by John B abazon, abou his ea ly li e as an immig an in A gen ina du ing he pe iod 1842/52. While his manusc ip was w i en in ch onological sequence i appea s o ha e been w i en la e han 1852 hough no da e is gi en. In addi ion o isi ing he I ish se lemen a eas o A gen ina he ou main egions, as desc ibed in he ollowing chap e , we e isi ed in Oc obe 1990. The obse a ions made and desc ip ions gi en in Chap e 3., wi h he excep ion o clima e and geological da a, a e he esul o pe sonal encoun e s and expe iences oge he wi h o al in o ma ion ob ained locally, on ha ield ip. Seconda y Sou ces. 2 0 Ve y li le has been w i en on nine een h cen u y I ish emig a ion o A gen ina and many o he wo ks ele an o he opic a e p esen ly ou o p in , some o o e a hund ed yea s. Many o hese publica ions a e known only o a ew specialis eade s. An o e all and pe sis ing p oblem encoun e ed in esea ching his hesis was he dea h o wo k on I ish- A gen ine se lemen and wi h he o al absence o eliable maps om Independence un il he 1880's when i became a majo des ina ion o u banizing sou he n I alian mig an s who we e o p o ide he manpowe du ing he coun y's indus ializing phase. Se en impo an seconda y sou ces a e employed in his s udy o I ish-A gen ine emig a ion. Two olumes by William McCann i s published in 1853 comp ise he ea lies published majo sou ce. Six olumes o he Handbook o he Ri e Pla e published by he Mulhall b o he s be ween 1868 and 1893 a e an impo an sou ce o gene al s a is ical in o ma ion on nine een h cen u y A gen ina and a e also a e y good ch onicle, when aken oge he , o he changing condi ions in he A gen ine coun yside a ound Buenos Ai es ci y o e hei publica ion pe iod. Mu ay1, looks a I ish immig a ion om a his o ical pe spec i e. This is he only e o o da e a a his o ical o e iew o I ish emig a ion o A gen ina. A no el by Ka hleen Ne in2 is he only wo k in exis ence which examines I ish emig a ion and se lemen in A gen ina om a emale pe spec i e and is he e o e he only sou ce a ailable which makes any a emp o ch onicle an I ish woman's expe ience in A gen ina. I 2 1 is o his eason ha Ne in's wo k is conside ed he e. Coghlan's wo ks published in 1982 and 1987 o m he basis o mos o he s a is ical analysis unde aken in he hesis. Coghlan's 1982 wo k comp ises passenge lis s o he po o Buenos Ai es o pa s o he nine een h cen u y along wi h abs ac s om he 1855, 1869 and 1895 census. He lis s he name, he age occupa ion and a ea o esidence o I ish immig an s. His 1987 wo k is a genealogy o he A gen ine-I ish communi y based on abou 3665 I ish immig an s. Finally a wo k by Ko ol and Saba o3 who we e he i s o s a is ically analyze he I ish communi ies con ibu ion o A gen ina is also used. Much o his wo k hough published p io o Coghlan was de i ed om Coghlan's ( hen unpublished) wo k. While i is in ended o discuss hese au ho s' wo k sepa a ely in g ea e de ail, i is wo h poin ing ou he e, ha he eason almos all he wo ks used o o m he basis o his esea ch a e by au ho s o I ish o igin is coinciden al. I a ose because hese a e he only impo an wo ks a ailable which look a I ish emig a ion, o A gen ina, du ing he nine een h cen u y. De ailed Discussion o he Sou ces Because he abo e wo ks a e known only o a ew highly specialized eade s i is p oposed o discuss hese sou ces he e in a much mo e de ailed ashion han would no mally be he case. Those al eady amilia wi h he wo ks will no ind his discussion necessa y in assessing hei impo ance o his hesis. 2 2 UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL John B abazon The majo unpublished sou ce used in his hesis is a jou nal w i en by an emig an om Wes mea h called John B abazon. B abazon w o e a o his expe iences as an emig an in Buenos Ai es p o ince be ween 1842 and 1852. B abazon was no a ypical I ish emig an in ha he came om a well known P o es an amily in Wes mea h. Indeed i is only in he 1990's ha he B abazon amily home and 300 ac e a m wen ou o he B abazon name o a nephew M . G eg. Po e on. Tha said, John B abazon was ypical o emig a ion om he a ea in ha he le I eland wi h his passage and e y li le money and was me by amily membe s on a i al. Possibly because o his weal hy backg ound, he was unp epa ed o li e as a labou e in A gen ina. An hones man, bu no businessman, he d i ed in and ou o almos e e y kind o wo k done by I ish emig an s du ing he 1840' and 1850'. He bough sheep when hey we e dea and sold ou when hey we e cheap. He desc ibes he eal dange s expe ienced by hose ea ly I ish emig an s om he lone gaucho, o enegade bands o 'soldie s' igh ing in he, almos cons an , ci il wa s o ha pe iod. He also desc ibes how many I ish le A gen ina o Cali o nia du ing he gold ush o 1849 and how o he s a ailed o ee passage o Aus alia, paid o by he B i ish go e nmen , in he 1850 when he ci il wa , agains he dic a o 2 9 I eland o Buenos Ai es a ound ha ime. While Ne in's cha ac e s a e no well d awn he pe spec i e on emig a ion and Hibe no- A gen ine socie y owa ds he end o he nine een h cen u y a e e y clea . While a no ime does his no el by Ne in make any claims o schola ship o li e a y p owess, he wo k shows he as a e y obse an and unblinke ed woman o he ime. As his is he only wo k which examines he alues and mo es o he hen es ablished I ish-A gen ine socie y a he end o he nine een h cen u y om a emale pe spec i e and is he only wo k ha makes any a emp o de ine he posi ion o women o hei ole wi hin ha socie y, i is employed in his hesis o y and gi e some insigh in o emale emig a ion. Susan Wilkinson. Ano he no el w i en in a simila gen e o Ne in's wo k is Sebas ian's P ide by Susan Wilkinson. Wilkinson, a Canadian o I ish-A gen ine ex ac ion uses he own amily his o y o w i e a oman ic no el se in he A gen ine camp du ing he nine een h cen u y. The cen al amily in he no el, a he publishe 's eques , a e supposed o be English. In ac hey came om nea Mullinga . They a e un ypical in ha he i s emig an was P o es an and wo king in Dublin be o e he emig a ed. Ne e heless he pic u e o camp li e as expe ienced by he I ish in he nine een h cen u y is e y well d awn. Like Ne in's wo k, Wilkinson ne e in ended he wo k as an academic sou ce and i makes no p e ensions o schola ship. I 3 0 was w i en as ligh omance o a Canadian audience. Despi e his limi a ion, d awn as i is om he own amily's expe ience, i does illus a e e y well how a man who emig a ed penniless o A gen ina and was de e mined o succeed, ega dless o mo al p inciple, was able ake ad an age o condi ions in he coun y o acqui e and keep a la ge land holding he e. Edua do Coghlan The mos impo an o all he publica ions o his hesis, is ha o Edua do Coghlan, e i ed judge, wi h a Ph.D in genealogy, who was able, because o his posi ion as head o he Census Bu eau in A gen ina, o collec a as amoun o aw da a on he nine een h cen u y I ish communi y. All o hese aw da a, which consis s o wo wo ks, published p i a ely in a limi ed edi ion in A gen ina, was ans o med in o compu e o ma by me. The analysis o hem o ms he basis o he s a is ical epo s in his hesis. The wo publica ions e e ed o a e El apo e de los I landeses a la Fo macion de la Nacion A gen ina, published in 1982 and his 1987 publica ion Los I landeses en la A gen ina. A copy o bo h a e in my possession. Coghlan's 1982 publica ion consis s o a lis o abou 4,000 passenge s who a i ed in Buenos Ai es be ween 1835 and 1875 oge he wi h abs ac s om egional (1855) and na ional (1869 and 1895) census which p o ide 10,894 en ies o 'I ish' and 'English' emig an s. His 1987 publica ion pu po s o be a comple e genealogy o I ish-A gen ine 3 1 emig an s. I was compiled om bap ismal and ma iage ce i ica es as well as p ope y eco ds and passenge lis s. These dependen eco ds we e augmen ed by census ma e ial. In he 1987 wo k Coghlan has published da a on o e 3,650 o iginal emig an s oge he wi h a eco d o hei descendan s and ma iage pa ne s, in mos cases, up o he p esen day. As such, i ep esen s a unique and use ul da abase o analysis o he I ish A gen ine se lemen and socie y. No compa able da a se has been published o any o he emig an I ish communi y. Coghlan (1987) does impose limi a ions on he geog aphe , howe e , in ha i eco ds only hose mig an s who le some eco d o hei p esence in hei new coun y. I is a eco d o esiduals. F om a Da winian pe spec i e, Coghlan eco ds only he i es who wen on o ep oduce. His eco ds and in o ma ion on indi iduals imp o e as hose indi iduals ise in impo ance wi hin he communi y. In sho , while Coghlan's eco ds co e abou 15-20% o he o al es ima ed I ish emig a ion, i is no a andom sample o he emig an s who o iginally le I eland o A gen ina in he nine een h cen u y, many o hem only se ling he e o a sho pe iod be o e mo ing elsewhe e in he Ame icas. Wha Coghlan's wo k canno do is accoun o hose conside able numbe s who mig a ed ei he back o I eland o o he Uni ed S a es, Sou h A ica, Aus alia, New Zealand and Canada. Nei he does i eco d hose mig an s who disappea ed o who, soon a e a i ing, died du ing he many chole a epidemics which occu ed in he hi d qua e o he nine een h cen u y. In only a 3 2 ew cases does he eco d ou -mig a ion o some who, by he ime hey le A gen ina, had al eady been eco ded in ma i al o p ope y ansac ions. Commenced in he 1960's, Coghlan's esea ch is based en i ely on su i ing e idence and consis s, in he main, o p ope y owne s and hose who ma ied wi hin he coun y. None heless i is an impo an , albei biased, sample o upwa ds o one i h o I ish emig an s o A gen ina. As a desc ip ion o he backg ound o he p esen -day I ish-A gen ine socie y i is less pa ially ep esen a i e. These limi a ions ha e o be bo ne in mind when in e p e ing his da a. Coghlan ne e heless emains a e y impo an sou ce o he geog aphe , as i is by a he mos comple e eco d o a su i ing I ish communi y anywhe e ou side I eland. I is possible o ob ain om his wo k in o ma ion ha can be used o measu e popula ion o igin, mo emen , in eg a ion and assimila ion in hei hos coun y. Much o ha in o ma ion con i ms b oad pa e ns ound in I ish mig an communi ies elsewhe e. I is he e o e legi ima e o use Coghlan as he co e wo k when s udying a homogeneous communi y wi hin a b oade se lemen amewo k. Coghlan's 1982 wo k consis s o lis s o 'I ish' names by dis ic , age, na ionali y, ma i al s a us and occupa ion as eco ded in he h ee census o he nine een h cen u y. Because e y many I ish we e eco ded as 'English' all 'English' emig an s wi h I ish amily names we e included. Thus his eco d has o be o some deg ee subjec i e and i s main weakness is ha 3 3 i canno di e en ia e be ween hose who emig a ed om I eland di ec ly and hose i s gene a ion English who emig a ed also. Much o his di icul y can be o e come by e y ca e ul analysis o he da a in he wo k, pa o he eason o he con usion in di e en ia ing be ween I ish and English lies wi h he census enume a o s, who in many dis ic s eco ded all emig an s as English when o he eco ds clea ly show, o en he da e, ownland and pa ish in I eland whe e hey we e bap ized. I would also appea , om looking a he eco ds, ha in some dis ic s he enume a o s may ha e been delibe a ely misled by he emig an s, possibly o easons o s a us. In some a eas all he es ancie os a e lis ed as English, while hei labou e s a e gi en as I ish, hough p oo o he I ish o igins o he es ancie os is absolu e. The con e se is also ound in o he a eas, whe e he p ope y owne s a e gi en as I ish and hei labou e s as English hough in his case p oo o he I ish o igin o hese 'English' labou e s is no so conclusi e. The e is no doub ha some I ish did e emig a e om England and ha English emig an s o ecen I ish o igin also en e ed A gen ina. Thei numbe s, on balance, appea o ha e been e y small as all we e able o disappea in o he a ious egional I ish communi ies. This would indica e ha hose ew who emig a ed om England and a e coun ed as I ish may 3 4 ha e been a ac ed o A gen ina om in o ma ion supplied di ec ly om close amily membe s in I eland, a he han om any adi ion o emig a ion o A gen ina om he English communi y in which hey we e li ing. Ko ol and Saba o The wo k by Ko ol and Saba o (1981) Como ue la inmig acion I landesa en A gen ina, was a b ie synopsis d awn om he wo ks discussed abo e. This wo k was published in 1981, a yea be o e Coghlan' census ma e ial. Ne e heless Ko ol and Saba o, iends o Coghlan, had access o Coghlan's da a p io o i s publica ion. Thei mos impo an con ibu ion was ha hey we e he i s o p o e ha only hose I ish emig an s who a i ed be o e 1865 had any eal chance o acqui ing land in he coun y. Li ing in A gen ina hey had access o eco ds no a ailable in I eland. They a e he sou ce o nume ical da a on he size o I ish es ancias a he end o he cen u y, when hey we e pu chased e c. I s pe spec i e is di e en o his hesis in ha i concen a ed on he impo ance o he I ish communi y o he de elopmen o he A gen ine economy by he middle o he nine een h cen u y. I was w i en o an A gen ine audience. Consequen ly much o he wo k deal wi h condi ions in I eland which obliged emig an s o lea e. I is impo an in ha i was he i s o a emp o quan i y he impo ance o he I ish emig an s o he eme ging pos (Spanish) colonial A gen ine economy. 3 5 Published a yea be o e Coghlan's census and six yea s p io o his genealogy and lacking he echnology o he mode n compu e , mos o he in o ma ion since es ablished by Coghlan and deal wi h in his hesis was una ailable o he au ho s, hough i is ob ious ha Coghlan was o g ea assis ance o hem in p epa ing hei wo k. One di icul y wi h he wo k is ha i assumes ha in he h ee census Coghlan cap u ed 100% o he I ish emig an s. On ha basis he au ho s es ima e he o al numbe o I ish emig an s including hose who e-emig a ed a only 10,672 which I eel is a conside able unde es ima e. O he sou ces, as hey a ise, will be discussed in chap e endno es. 3 6 N O T E S 1. Thomas Mu ay (1919) The His o y o he I ish in A gen ina. 2. Ka hleen Ne in (1949) You'll Ne e go Back. 3. Ko ol and Saba o (1981) Como ue la inmig acion I landesa en A gen ina. CHAPTER 3 THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE ON EARLY SETTLEMENT. In oduc ion. A gen ina is loca ed sou h o he equa o and is he second la ges s a e in Sou h Ame ica. I co e s an a ea o 2,791,810 km sq. and is si ua ed along wi h Chile, on he sou he n peninsula o he Sou h Ame ican con inen . A gen ina s e ches om app oxima ely he 22nd o he 55 h pa allel, measu ing abou 3,460 km in leng h. I s wid h, om eas o wes , a ies om be ween 1,580 km in he no h o abou 220 km a he S ai s o Magellan and e en less u he sou h in he e i o y o Tie a del Fuego. This gi es he Fi g u e 3.3 Mode n A g en in a 3 6 3 7 coun y i s long ape ing shape. We e i si ua ed in he No he n Hemisphe e, A gen ina would s e ch om Abe deen in Sco land o he own o Tummo on he bo de be ween Libya and Nige . On his map he ci y o Buenos Ai es would be loca ed in Mo occo, oughly whe e Raba now s ands. On he No h Ame ican Con inen A gen ina would s e ch om he Belche Islands in he Hudson Bay, o he Ci y o Guadalaja a in cen al Mexico. Buenos Ai es ci y would be loca ed abou whe e New O leans in he USA is now si ed. A gen ina he e o e con ains mos o he a ie y in geology and clima e ound in Eu ope and No h A ica and he no h Ame ican con inen . A gen ina, i s Geology and Clima e. A gen ina's only moun ain ange, he Andes, lies along i s wes e n side om Boli ia in he no h o he S ai s o Magellan in he sou h, o ming a na u al bo de wi h Chile. Mo ing eas om he Andes he coun y becomes a plain, de oid o any signi ican ea u es o elie un il i eaches he A lan ic. Consequen ly he eas -wes ai low is signi ican ly a ec ed by he coun y's moun ain zone, whe eas he no h-sou h ai s eams a el ac oss housands o kilome e s o e plains, unimpeded by any signi ican elie ea u es. The e o e he cold d y pola wind has a ma ked e ec in i s sub- opical zones, pa icula ly in win e , while wa m mois opical ai lows pene a e as a sou h as no he n Pa agonia, usually in summe , a ec ing ha clima e o a conside able deg ee. I s geology and clima e he e o e make A gen ina a coun y o many con as s, wi h almos 4 4 impo an cen e o I ish se lemen despi e I ish oops being exiled he e on a numbe o occasions be ween 1780 and 1807. Pa agonia. Pa agonia is he o he g ea e osion zone in A gen ina. I accoun s o he sou he n hal o he o al leng h o A gen ina and a qua e o i s o al a ea. I s e ches 1,600 km om he Colo ado Ri e in he no h o he Beagle Channel in he sou h. I was o med by sea bed upli ising in a se ies o e aces beginning abou 500 km. eas o he A lan ic coas ising wes wa d o he Andes. I s coas line, which is o med by one o hese e aces, consis s mainly o cli s anging in size om 60 m. in he no h and sou h o 550m. a he cen e jus no h o Comodo o Ri ada ia. In some a eas a na ow cos al plain occu s o he ange o cli s is cu by a i e alley. Pa agonia is, howe e , mos ly inaccessible, cu o on he eas by he A lan ic cli s and on he wes by he Andes moun ains. I is almos o ally dependan on he Pampa egion o he no h o access o ma ke s. This is a majo eason why, e en oday, Pa agonia emains one o he mos unde popula ed egions o he wo ld. The whole Pa agonian egion, which go i s name om he ac ha he na i e popula ion we e supposed o ha e e y la ge ee , is an e osion su ace being wo n away by bo h wa e and wind. Win e winds wi h g ound-speeds o 160 km pe hou a e commonplace in some o he mo e sou he ly a eas. Ri e s such as he Rio Colo ado and he Rio Neg o, ed by he snows high up in he Andes, ha e deeply incised he su ace. They a e now, o he mos 4 5 pa , mis i s eams lowing a he bo om o la ge canyons. Pa agonia lies wi hin a p e ailing wes e ly ai low om he Paci ic and is a ec ed by he Sou he n Andean ain-shadow, which gi es i a d y, cold clima e wi h a low annual ain all o e mos o i s a ea. Because o he e y low ain all he species o ege a ion g owing he e e lec a con inen al clima e a he han a ma i ime one, despi e he compa a i ely mild empe a u es due o he close p oximi y o bo h he A lan ic and Paci ic Oceans. Vege a ion also a ies acco ding o la i ude and soil condi ions, wi h he g assland in he no h gi ing way o ussock g ass and sc ub o he sou h. All o hese ac o s when combined wi h a e y poo de elopmen o la e al s eam alleys esul ed in he absence o a eliable supply o accessible su ace wa e o e as a eas. These ac o s oge he wi h i s inaccessibili y, delayed Eu opean se lemen o his egion while land in he much mo e hospi able Pampa egion was a ailable. An in e es in Pa agonia eally only began when sheep a ming could no longe compe e wi h ca le and g ain on he Pampa. In he las qua e o he nine een h cen u y i a ac ed some in es men om B i ain. Emig an s om he sheep a ming dis ic s o England Wales, Sco land and Spain, and a hand ul o I ish, who wen o wo k as labou e s on English company-owned es ancias, se led i s mo e shel e ed canyons. The Welsh colony in Chubu was an ea ly expe imen a se lemen . This colony, ne e g ew beyond a ew hund ed in size. The su i al o his g oup o immig an s, as a sepa a e communi y which was able o e ain i s language and cul u e unal e ed o e se e al gene a ions, was due mo e o i s isola ion han o i s size o economic Figu e 3:5. 'The Mee ing o he Wa e s', Ba iloche. success. I ne e a ac ed u he Welsh se le s o he egion in he way he Pampas con inued o a ac he I ish and Sco s who we e emig a ing a ha pe iod. The Welsh se le s we e ne e o amass he huge pe sonal o unes acqui ed du ing ha pe iod by some I ish and Sco ish who emig a ed o he Pampa. In ac he ea ly Welsh se le s we e o en so des i u e as o be dependan on he cha i y o he indigenous popula ion o p o ide hem wi h ood o escape s a a ion du ing he ha sh win e mon hs. Some o he 4 6 Welsh abandoned he colony in he ea ly eigh een se en ies and mo ed o one o he newe colonies in San a Fe. The la e colonies we e based on he highly success ul B i ish models which we e by hen ope a ing in Canada and he US o o e a cen u y. These colonies ne e gained wide accep ance in A gen ina la gely because o he Go e nmen 's unwillingness o inabili y o en o ce, on he unde ake s, he condi ions unde which hese huge ac s o land we e gi en ou . In he wen ie h cen u y Pa agonia's la ge, bu as ye , un-quan i ied mine al esou ces had begun o a ac some a en ion bu e y li le in es men . One egion o Pa agonia which has been success ully colonized, in he wen ie h cen u y, was he a ea a ound San Ca los de Ba iloche. Possibly because o i s simila i y o Swi ze land (and Killa ney), Ba iloche has a ac ed e y signi ican Ge man se lemen , pa icula ly since he Second Wo ld Wa . These se le s ha e in es ed hea ily in de eloping Ba iloche, along wi h i s la ge hin e land as a e y impo an ou is eso , making i he 4 7 Figu e 3:6 S ee Map o Ba iloche 4 8 p emie holiday loca ion h oughou Sou h Ame ica o win e spo s such as skiing. Ge man has almos he s a us o a second language he e and can be hea d egula ly in he shops and on he s ee s. The houses and buildings a e e y simila in cons uc ion o hose ound in Swi ze land, while he own i sel consis s la gely o ou is ho els and amily owned chocola e ac o ies, wi h shops a ached o sell hei p oduc o he ou is s. These small ac o ies combine o make Ba iloche he p emie chocola e p oducing egion in A gen ina and u he add o his egion's ema kable simila i y o Swi ze land. One o he p inciple s ee s oge he wi h one o he main a enues in Ba iloche a e called O'Conno . The O'Conno s we e an impo an local c eole amily who emig a ed o Ba iloche om Chile and a e c edi ed wi h o ganizing he esis ance o Spanish ule in ha a ea a he ime o independence. O'Conno was unde he command o Juan MacKenna, who in u n epo ed o Be na do O'Higgins, he g ea a chi ec o Chilean Independence. Thus e en he e he I ish we e an impo an in luence on he e en ual poli ical des iny o he a ea. The G an Chaco The Chaco and he no h-eas e n p o inces o Misiones and Co ien es combine o o m he no he n egion. I s e ches o he bounda y be ween A gen ina and Boli ia, Pa aguay and B azil. The ac ual bo de owes i s p esen shape o poli ical con lic in he nine een h cen u y and no o any di e ences in na u al ea u es, which i sha es in common wi h i s neighbou s no h o he bo de . Fou main i e s c oss he Chaco in a sou h-eas e ly di ec ion. They a e he Ri e s Pilcomayo, Be mejo and Salado, all o which low in o he Pa ana sys em and he 4 9 Rio Dulce which d ains in o Ma Chiqui a. The la ges o hese i e s is he Pilcomayo which joins he Rio Pa aguay a Asuncion. The Rio Pilcomayo di ides he egion in wo, o ming he no he n bo de o A gen ina in he p ocess. This cen al egion is sepa a ed om he Andes zone by he Rio Dulce. No h o his i e , in Tucuman and Sal a he wo egions me ge impe cep ibly. The Chaco is a g ea lowland deposi ion plain which has been buil up, as a consequence o wind and wa e ac ion wi h de i us om he Andes, making i an unconsolida ed zone and e y subjec o change. Mos o he egion is co e ed by sa annah g asses in e spe sed wi h a eas o sc ub o es along wi h o es s o some o he ha des imbe s known o exis . In local a eas, depending on soil condi ions and a ailabili y o wa e , semi-deciduous wood- lands con aining se e al species o palm occu . The soil gene ally is e y impe ious and subjec o lash looding in he summe mon hs, especially in he eas e n po ion whe e ain all is highe . This looding is pa icula ly se e e, e en in he wes , when, occasionally, he pola ai lows pene a e he egion in summe . The esul ing spec acula hunde -s o ms, and hea y ain all, which ensues when hese ai s eams mix wi h he p edomina ing sub opical ai - lows, cause sudden o e lowing o i e s and s eams h oughou la ge a eas. These loods o en combine wi h he uns able s uc u e o he g ound o cause majo shi s in i e beds, e en he cou ses o subs an ial i e s such as he Rio Be mejo ha e been adically changed in his way. This o en esul s in a eas which we e always e ile becoming a id o e nigh while dis ic s ha we e adi ionally d y can become ma shlands. The economic e ec s o hese local changes can be ca as ophic on an indi idual es ancia o in a local a ea. Much o he a ea is sui able o co on, lax and ice p oduc ion and has aluable ha dwood ese es. Howe e i s emo eness and gene al inaccessibili y om he Pampa egion has esul ed in almos no long e m Eu opean in es men o se lemen . The popula ion, in la ge pa immig an s om Boli ia and Pa aguay, is s ill mos ly e hnically Na i e Ame ican wi h e y li le Eu opean se lemen . This whole egion gene ally, bo h cul u ally and economically, gi es he imp ession o being an a ea o ansi ion be ween he Eu opean Pampa and La in Ame ica o he no h. In he eas o he egion, Misiones and Co ien es con ain sub- opical ain o es . Poli ically pa o A gen ina, isually and geologically hey appea mo e pa o sou he n B azil. This 5 0 Figu e 3:7 The Iguassu Falls on he bo de wi h B azil and Pa aguay. a ea expe ienced almos no immig a ion since he ime o Mendoza in 1537. Consequen ly Co ien es is a p o ince o as es ancias owned by old es ablished C eole amilies. Much o Misiones is a Na ional Pa k and i oo has a e y small popula ion. Because o i s emo e loca ion on he bo de o wo as coun ies, Missiones i is cu o om bo h by dis ance and he ac ha i s only na u al esou ce, empe a e ain o es in ecologically agile. The e o e ou ism cen e ed on he Falls has no been de eloped o any hing like he deg ee ha has aken place a ound he much smalle Niaga a Falls which sepa a e he US and Canada. Figu e 3:8 The sil laden head wa e s o he Pa ana Ri e lowing o e he Iguassu Falls The only se lemen o in e es is a small nine een h-cen u y Swedish colony which s ill speak Swedish wi h an accen simila o ha hea d nea he bo de wi h Finland. This colony is simila in some espec s o he Welsh colony o Chubu in ha isola ion ensu ed i s 5 1 5 2 su i al, hough i s exis ence appea s o be much less known, e en in Sweden. Misiones is bes known because o he Iguassu alls, on he Pa ana Ri e , loca ed on he bo de wi h B azil and Pa aguay. A ea u e o no e howe e is he quan i y o sil in he wa e , en e ing om B azil. The Pa ana d ains mos o ha coun y sou h o he Amazon Basin. The e o e much o he soil ha has been e oded om sou he n B azil en e s he Pa ana, o be deposi ed u he sou h when i joins he U uguay Ri e o become he Ri e Pla e. When he Pa ana akes in addi ional sil om he wa e s o he Pilcomayo and Be mejo Ri e s, jus sou h o whe e hese pho og aphs we e aken, one can ge some idea o he scale o deposi ion ha akes place in he lood plain o he Pampas. The Pampas. The Pampa egion o A gen ina is one o he wo ld's g ea g assland a eas. I is he majo deposi ion zone o he soil pa icles blown in om Pa agonia and he Andean egion as well as mos o he sil om sou he n B azil. I consis s o aelouis and along i s majo i e , he Pa ana, allu ium soil deposi s. This makes he egion a as highly e ile, i isually ea u eless, plain. The p e ailing winds om he wes and sou h ac as a sie e, il e ing he soil pa icles, deposi ing he la ge g ains in he wes and sou h o he egion. These pa icles ge p og essi ely smalle un il he e y ine dus pa icles a e washed ou o he a mosphe e when hey come in o con ac wi h he mois A lan ic winds blowing in om he eas . The ines soil is ound in he a ea be ween he Pa ana and Salado i e s. The Pa ana and he 5 3 Salado, in he pas , looded his a ea and in u n deposi ed ich allu ium which mixed wi h he aelouis o c ea e a highly e ile zone wi hin his al eady e ile egion. The whole egion is in e spe sed wi h small s eams which meande h ough he land un il hey mee o o m small i e s and e en ually ind hei way o he A lan ic. Inland om he banks o he Salado i e , o he wes and sou h, he soil g adually becomes sandie making he land less e ile as i p og esses owa ds Pa agonia, he Andean egion and he Chaco. I s e ili y is u he educed as he wa m, mois , A lan ic ai cu en s ha e an e e educing e ec on ain all le els. As he land becomes sandie i also becomes d ie . In addi ion he a ea o he sou h becomes p og essi ely coole wi h an e e inc easing incidence o hea y os and snow in win e . This p ocess o de e io a ing land quali y con inues e y g adually un il i mee s he o he h ee egions o he coun y. This en i e egion, o e all, has an excellen clima e and anks as one o he wo lds g ea e ile empe a e zones. I s only na u al ege a ion is g ass. Because o i s gene ally wa m and almos os - ee clima e, he locus and black an elimina e all o he ege a ion wi h he excep ion o he odd lone ombu ee. The imbe om his ee is o no use in cons uc ion o u ni u e making. I was allowed o su i e by mankind because o i s alue as a landma k in an o he wise ea u eless coun yside and because i s long ho izon al b anches wi h a hick 6 0 he G ea , a Ta e became Chancello o Aus ia and an O'Higgins ose o become ice oy o Pe u, while se e al o he s om his a ea held less impo an hough s ill e y senio posi ions h oughou he Ca holic Eu opean es ablishmen . Many o hose I ish, including all o he abo e men ioned, became na ional he oes in hei adop ed coun ies and we e ne e seen as a h ea o he es ablished powe s o Eu ope. While his is a ibu e o hei abili y o in eg a e in o he local communi y i may well be a majo eason why ela i ely li le esea ch, on ha highly impo an I ish emig a ion, has aken place o da e. The I ish in he new Eu opean Ou each. While some I ish ose o he highes ank in hei adop ed coun ies many I ish, o hei Eu opean bo n child en, e-emig a ed o he New Wo ld colonies, o en sen he e as mili a y o ci il adminis a o s. A i ing in Ame ica as pa o he Eu opean colonial sys em hey ha e, o da e, been igno ed as a sepa a e g oup by academic esea ch on bo h sides o he A lan ic. I is no possible in his chap e o epo ully on e en Spanish-sponso ed, I ish e- mig a ion o ha pe iod. Howe e , a b ie examina ion o I ish emig a ion o A gen ina du ing he pe iod o Spanish coloniza ion is necessa y o gi e some insigh in o why I ish immig an s we e so sough a e in A gen ina ollowing ha coun y's independence. I is also necessa y o gi e an unde s anding o he gene al milieu in o which he nine een h cen u y I ish mig an s se led on a i al in A gen ina. 6 1 The Fi s I ish in A gen ina. The e y i s I ish, eco ded as ha ing se oo on wha was o become A gen ina, we e om Galway. They we e pa o he c ew on Magellan's oyage o disco e a ou e o he Paci ic h ough he s ai s which s ill bea his name, in 1520. Th ee se ou on he oyage. One was named Guillen who was a 'g ume e' o galley boy on he 'La Concepcion'. He died on Janua y 25 h o ha yea and so ne e saw A gen ina. The o he wo we e b o he s, William and John, whose su name name is unknown. William was g ume e on 'La T inidad' John was 'paje' o ainee sailo on he same ship4. John and William a e eco ded as ha ing se ed a he i s Mass celeb a ed on A gen ine soil on Ap il 1, 1520, a he mou h o he i e San a C uz in Pa agonia5. While hey we e p obably he i s I ishmen o se oo on A gen ine soil hey did no se le he e. They we e o dina y seamen, ec ui ed in Galway by he Spanish Na y. The i s eco ded I ish o se le in A gen ina we e membe s o an expedi ion o conque and claim he Rio de la Pla a o Spain. Led by Ped o Mendoza, hey sailed om Cadiz in 1535 a i ing in he Ri e Pla e a he end o he sou he n summe Feb ua y 15366. Among hose i s emig an s we e wo b o he s called John and Thomas Fa el7, na i es o San Lucas de Ba ameda, Spain8. O he I ish names which appea ed in Magellan's expedi ion we e Colman9, Lucas10, Gal an11 (a e y common A gen ine name12) and Ma in13. The name 'Ma in' occu s equen ly h oughou Eu ope as well as I eland and Spain and i is he e o e impossible o be ce ain which, i any, Ma ins we e I ish. O he I ish names appea among 6 2 six een h cen u y conque o s, such as Juan Fays (p obably Hays) and also he i s woman, Isabel Fa el, (possibly a ela i e o John and Thomas Fa el) he wi e o a Cap ain He nando de Sosa, a colonis in Co ien es14. Mendoza's expedi ion numbe ed abou six een hund ed and i s membe s we e mos ly Ge man in o igin15. I was inanced by Ge man banks, as Cha les V o Spain was also Empe o o he Holy Roman Empi e, which included a la ge pa o Ge many. The expedi ion b ough wi h hem ca le, sheep, ho ses and pigs. These we e among he i s o hese species belie ed e e o each he Ame ican con inen . Mendoza buil a o on he sou he n bank o he Ri e Pla e. To honou he sailo s o Cadiz who b ough he expedi ion sa ely o hei des ina ion he inco po a ed hei pa on sain , 'Ou Lady o Good Ai s' in o he name o he new se lemen . Thus 'Pue o Nues a Seno a San a Ma ia del Buen Ai e'16 was ounded. Ea ly I ish se lemen in A gen ina. The expedi ion was bese by p oblems om he momen i a i ed a he Ri e Pla e. In addi ion o landing in Feb ua y a he end o he g owing season which le hem unable o sow c ops o se e al mon hs, hey we e ying o se le among he mos wa like ibes in A gen ina. Lacking su icien p o isions o sus ain he en i e g oup un il he nex ha es , hey ied o exac ibu e om he indigenous popula ion which ensu ed cons an con lic om he beginning. A small g oup (which included a leas one o he Fa els oge he wi h 6 3 Isabel Fa el and he husband) began explo ing he i e sys ems eeding he Ri e Pla e in sea ch o a mo e peace ul place o se le. In 1537 hey ounded he se lemen o Asuncion de Pa aguay on he eas bank o he Pa ana i e abou 2000 km no h o Buenos Ai es. By 1541 wo hi ds o he se le s o Buenos Ai es had pe ished. The su i o s abandoned he si e lea ing e e y hing behind and joined hei com ades in Asuncion. The animals abandoned om his se lemen (and o he se lemen s in he no h eas o he coun y) h i ed in he Pampas and became he ounda ion s ock o he 'na i e' A gen ine ho ses, ca le and sheep. These he ds sp ead apidly ac oss he Pampas as hey had ew na u al enemies o es ic hei g ow h in numbe s. Abou o y yea s la e Buenos Ai es was e-es ablished om Asuncion on i s p esen si e on a mo e de endable a ea a ew miles u he up he i e . The Fa els decided o s ay in Asuncion and exe cise hei igh as one o he o iginal se le s o acqui e lands nea he e. Mu ay17 s a es ha in 1588, Ra eal Fa el a son o one o he o iginal se le s, acqui ed lands and Indians nea Asuncion in Co ien es P o ince jus one yea a e i was ounded. Co ien es is bounded on i s wes side by he Pa ana Ri e which cu s i o om he main landmass o A gen ina. I was, he e o e, sa e om a ack om he plains ibes. In addi ion Co ien es was bounded on i s eas e n side by he U uguay Ri e which o med he u hes limi s o Po uguese expansion. I was he e o e impo an , om a s a egic s andpoin , o he Spanish o ha e he a ea pe manen ly se led wi h su icien numbe s o i s own ci izens o enable i wi hs and u he Po uguese expansion. The e was no such p essu e on Spain 6 4 howe e , o popula e he as Pampas lands wes o sou h o he Pa ana/Ri e Pla e sys em wi h he esul ha e y li le se lemen ook place he e un il he eigh een h cen u y. When wo d o he a e o Mendoza's expedi ion eached Spain, oge he wi h he ealiza ion ha he e we e no p ecious me als in ha egion, Spanish in e es quickly waned in he Ri e Pla e a ea. The esul was ha du ing he nex cen u y only a ew housand Eu opeans se led in wha was p obably he mos emo e and backwa d pa o he Spanish empi e a ha ime. Those who did se le he e du ing his pe iod we e om 'humble o igins'18, and would ha e been con ined o mule b eeding and collec ing ox hides o sale in Po osi. The as bulk o I ish emig a ion o sou h Ame ica ia Spain a ha ime appea s o ha e been om he eli e class19 and hey in u n made up only a e y small pe cen age o he o e all La in Ame ican immig a ion. I is assumed he e o e ha e y ew I ish emig a ed o A gen ina du ing his pe iod. Signi ican numbe s o I ish names do no begin o appea un il a e 1776 by which ime he Bou bon amily had ascended he Spanish Th one. Some Spanish colonial se lemen , howe e , did occu du ing he six een h, se en een h and he ea ly pa o he eigh een h cen u ies, he pe iod be ween he se lemen o Mendoza and he ascen o he Bou bons. The impo ance o ha o m o se lemen , which mos ly occu ed in he no h wes , was ha i es ablished he pa e n o land enu e h oughou A gen ina. The G ow h o Buenos Ai es Ci y. Wi h he ascen o he Spanish Th one o he Bou bon Kings he sys em o go e nmen in 6 5 A gen ina changed adically. In 1776 Cha les III di ided he Vice oyal y o Pe u in wo, c ea ing he Vice oyal y o he Rio de la Pla a o adminis e he sou he n po ion o he Empi e. Buenos Ai es became he capi al o his new Vice oyal y and, signi ican ly, he sil e ich Po osi egion, hough in decline by hen, chose o be go e ned om Buenos Ai es a he han Lima. This change in he poli ical s a us o Buenos Ai es mean ha o he i s ime ade wi h Cadiz was un es ic ed. Those changes c ea ed a elease o pen up demand o goods o Eu opean manu ac u e p e iously ei he o bidden o p ohibi i ely expensi e. To pay o he goods a sudden demand was c ea ed o sla es o p o ide a labou o ce o p oduce adable ag icul u al goods. Eigh een h Cen u y I ish Immig a ion. The changes b ough abou by he Bou bons necessi a ed a su ge o emig a ion, om Spain, o ci il and mili a y pe sonnel o go e n he new Vice oyal y. A numbe o hose o icials we e bo n in I eland. Many o he I ish we e o a ain impo an posi ions in he adminis a ion o he coun y. One such I ishman o igu e p ominen ly in he new Vice oyal y was Michael O'Go man. O'Go man was bo n in Ennis in 1749, he was educa ed in F ance and hen wen o Spain whe e he comple ed his s udies, g adua ing in medicine20. He le Spain o Buenos Ai es in 1777, a elling unde a Royal O de placing him in cha ge o he Sani a y Commission. In 1780 he ounded he acul y o medicine in he ci y and emained P o esso o medicine un il his dea h in 1819. Ano he I ishman o a i e in 6 6 A gen ina owa ds he end o he eigh een h cen u y was Thomand O'B ien om Wicklow. O'B ien held he ank o Cap ain unde Gene al San Ma in. He was highly ega ded by San Ma in and when San Ma in became p esiden la e , O'B ien ose o he ank o Gene al in he a my o he new epublic. The New Enligh enmen . A abou he ime he Bou bons ascended he Spanish h one he ideas known as he 'New Enligh enmen ' began o ake hold h oughou he colonies. Unde his sys em he F ench economic heo y o Physioc acy, which s essed comme cial ag icul u al p oduc ion as a measu e o a na ion's economic weal h, was an impo an plank in his heo y. This encou aged he es ancie os o pu a much g ea e e o in o imp o ing he b eeding and p ocessing o hei li es ock which g ea ly added o he alue o he he ds oaming he pampas. Slaugh e houses we e equi ed o p ocess ca le which up un il hen we e slaugh e ed on he plain whe e he skin was emo ed, wi h he es o he ca cass abandoned o o . An ex a labou o ce, bo h skilled and unskilled, was equi ed o ob ain his ex a alue as we e new echnologies. Be ween 1790 and he ea ly eigh een hund eds 22,500 sla es we e landed in Buenos Ai es21. This was o p o ide o he unskilled elemen in he labou o ce. Possibly because o he la ge I ish ade in bee and lea he be ween Galway and Spain, he new Vice oyal y looked o I eland o he echnology and skill o complemen he A ican and B azilian sla e labou . 6 7 One hund ed I ish bu che s and anne s we e b ough o Buenos Ai es in 1785 and mo e we e ec ui ed o e he nex wen y yea s22. The new skills in oduced by hese I ish immig an s laid he ounda ion o he A gen ine bee indus y23. Ve y li le is known, as ye , o hose I ish immig an s o hei o igins. They appea o ha e been unma ied and being Ca holic hey assimila ed in o he local communi y o co- eligionis s. No esea ch has been ca ied ou , o da e, on hose I ish emig an s o wha became o hem on landing in Buenos Ai es. None o hem, as a as I can ell, eappea la e as me chan s, es ancie os o ac o y owne s. No hing is known ei he o how hey we e ec ui ed in I eland o wha hei social posi ion was is-a- is he sla e popula ion and he owne s o he mea p ocessing ac o ies. This esea ch was unable o di ec ly connec his emig a ion wi h he nine een h cen u y emig a ion hough he suspicion emains ha he Cla e emig a ion may be connec ed o i in some way. I can be asse ed howe e ha hose men we e he i s o a new ype and class o I ish emig an who was emig a ing in sea ch o wo k in he New Wo ld, which was i sel de eloping o mee he g owing demands o he Eu opean indus ial e olu ion. In ha sense hey i in o he nine een h cen u y models o I ish emig a ion a he han he model o I ish Ca holic emig a ion o Eu ope and Spanish Ame ica which ook place du ing he six een h, se en een h and eigh een h cen u ies. I ish Me chan s in Buenos Ai es. Ano he majo consequence o he New Enligh enmen was a sudden upsu ge in ade om Buenos Ai es. This sudden g ow h in ade was hampe ed by he una ailabili y o sui able 6 8 shipping. To o e come his sho age, he local me chan s we e pe mi ed o pu chase sla e ships om hi d coun ies and, la e , neu al ships we e allowed o ade in he po . I ish me chan s we e pa icula ly well placed o ake ad an age o he changing condi ions. The Lynchs, among o he s, appea in Buenos Ai es a abou his ime. Ano he o he be e known I ish me chan s in Buenos Ai es a ha ime was Thomas O'Go man a cousin o D . Michael O'Go man he Spanish P o omedico. Thomas a i ed in Buenos Ai es om he F ench colony o Mau i ius in abou 1792. Mau i ius was hen a majo collec ing poin o sla es o he Buenos Ai es ade and a e y impo an cus ome o he ' u os del pais' as well as A gen ine sil e . O'Go man was a o me o ice in he F ench A my and had connec ions in London and possibly P o idence in he USA. Upon landing in Buenos Ai es he quickly es ablished himsel among he impo an Po eno me chan s by i ue o his cousin's p es igious posi ion among he eli e. He o en ac ed as a middleman, going o he Uni ed S a es o pu chase ships on behal o o he majo Po eno me chan s engaged in he sla e ade. O he I ish names such as Cullen24 appea o he i s ime in A gen ina a ound hen. F ee T ade s. By he mid-1790s Buenos Ai es had de eloped a conside able me chan lee . In he ci y, guilds we e o ming and a subs an ial a isan class was g owing up a ound he po . The si ua ion howe e de e io a ed as apidly as i had ad anced. 'F ee T ade s' gained access o 6 9 he po . The F ee T ade s we e me chan s ading om neu al po s who we e allowed o ade in he Po as Spain was o ced, o domes ic easons, o swi ch allegiance om England o F ance. Spain was no longe able o p o ec he own shipping and ealized ha by allowing F ee T ade s o ope a e in Buenos Ai es hey would quickly unde mine he g owing s eng h o he local me chan s and indus y. When condi ions imp o ed Spain hoped o es o e he old Spanish monopolies and a oid he compe i ion om a new and igo ous colony. I ish F ee T ade s in Buenos Ai es. The F ee T ade s came om all o e A lan ic Eu ope. They we e echnically con ined o ca ying he same goods as he me chan s bu hey we e luen in se e al languages and had be e access o low p iced manu ac u ed goods om England and Hambu g, in sho hey we e much mo e e icien smuggle s. They we e he e o e quickly able o unde mine and inally des oy he ledgling me chan in es men by he Po eno me chan s in Buenos Ai es, who we e beginning o de elop an indus ial base he e, in a manne ema kably simila o he way ee ade wi h England quickly ended he in an I ish indus ies. Those Po eno me chan s who could, quickly swi ched mos o hei asse s in o mode nizing hei es ancias a ound Buenos Ai es u ning hem in o comme cial en e p ises de o ed o p ima y p oduc ion only, hough many did con inue as me chan s, all-be-i in a much smalle way. The Consequence o The New Enligh enmen . 7 5 C H A P T E R 5. THE PROCESS OF NINETEENTH CENTURY IRISH SETTLEMENT IN ARGENTINA In oduc ion. Ha ing won he goodwill o he en i e A gen ine na ion, a a ime when ha coun y was despe a ely in need o he e y labou o ce ha I eland could supply, i was no un easonable ha I eland became an ob ious place o A gen ine go e nmen , he po enos and me chan s o look o as a sou ce o immig an s. Nine een h-cen u y emig a ion, om I eland o A gen ina, he e o e, was he esul o a calcula ed s a egy which was de ised in A gen ina by a numbe o g oups, all o whom con ained I ish membe s. All o he g oups in ol ed in encou aging I ish immig a ion had he common aim o p omo ing he economic wel a e o he Buenos Ai es egion. A ew had, in addi ion, he oman ic no ion o ec ea ing he pe ec Gaelic socie y he e. Those g oups o med a coali ion o p omo e I ish immig a ion and designed a e y speci ic se lemen model o he I ish immig an s. To ha ex en i was di e en om emig a ion om De y o Canada and New England, o Wa e o d and New oundland which began as a spon aneous ou wa d mo emen , om I eland, along es ablished ading ou es o he New Wo ld. The g oups wi hin he coali ion we e made up o he I ish eli e, he Po enos and he 'English' me chan s. Each pa y had 7 6 di e en easons o encou aging I ish immig a ion. Howe e hei indi idual mo i es and objec i es in p omo ing I ish immig a ion we e no mu ually exclusi e. As a g oup he e o e hey we e able ensu e ha he esou ces, in o ganiza ion and cash, we e pu in place o p omo e ec ui men in I eland. To be e unde s and he di e en agendas o he a ious g oups p omo ing I ish immig a ion a sho ou line o he mo i a ion o di e en g oups is necessa y. The O igins o he I ish Go e ning Eli e. By he end o he eigh een h cen u y he I ish go e ning eli e in A gen ina, while claiming noble I ish ances y1, came om ai ly humble backg ounds in I eland. A ha ime, i ually any I ish you h o abili y, wi h he esou ces o a el o and main ain himsel , could ecei e an educa ion in an I ish College in Eu ope. One such was a Salamanca in Spain. Some o he s uden s educa ed in Spain, who we e o excep ional abili y, became senio adminis a o s o a my o ice s in he Spanish Se ice2. The achie emen o Amb ose O'Higgins is an indica ion o how an emig an o humble backg ound emig a ing o Spain could achie e he highes ank o au ho i y as Vice oy o Pe u3 . Tha ype o emig an , who did so well unde he Spanish, was e y conscious ha simila oppo uni ies o ad ancemen we e denied o hem in hei own coun y because hey we e Ca holic. Thei iew o I eland he e o e, was o a coun y whose people we e delibe a ely held back om eaching hei ue po en ial, by a o eign powe , because o hei 7 7 s ead as ness o hei ai h. They belie ed, gi en he oppo uni y, I eland could become as p ospe ous as any na ion on ea h while a he same ime main aining i s Gaelic, Ca holic alues. The al e na i e o expelling he B i ish o eign powe om I eland, which had been ied and ailed many imes, was o allow I ish, wi h hose co e alues, a new beginning in a Ca holic coun y whe e su icien land was a ailable o allow hem acqui e and own hei a ms ee o en s and landlo ds. A gen ina i ed his equi emen pe ec ly. The eli e emig an s belie ed, gi en he p ope leade ship in A gen ina, new emig an s would build a ue Gaelic socie y which would become a shining example o he wo ld and p oo o he supe io i y o I ish cul u e and alues. A numbe o I ishmen who held such opinions we e in e y in luen ial go e nmen posi ions in A gen ina, a he beginning o he nine een h cen u y. They we e, among o he s, D . Michael O'Go man, Gene al Thomand O'B ien, and an in e na ionally espec ed su geon o he ime, D . John Oughagan, who appea s o ha e ac ed as he sec e a y o his g oup. The Po enos. Ano he impo an g oup in he coali ion we e he po enos, he o iginal me chan s in he po o Buenos Ai es who by hen had become es ancie os. Among he mos powe ul o he po enos we e he Lynchs, O'Go mans, Dogans, Cullens, O'Ryans and Bu le s4. This g oup oge he wi h he majo i y c eole es ancie os, needed labou e s and shephe ds o de elop hei es ancias and slaugh e houses o Eu opean s anda ds. While he es ancie os we e willing o imp o e hei ca le he ds hey we e unwilling o go in o wool p oduc ion. Sheep 7 8 a ming being a low s a us indus y adi ionally associa ed wi h he gaucho class. As he e was an unlimi ed supply o unused land beyond he es ancias which was s ill inhabi ed by hos ile na i e ibes, he es ancie os welcomed se lemen in hose a eas by immig an s. Sheep a me s, he e o e, could p o ide a bu e be ween he na i es and he es ancias as well as supplying hose goods which he es ancie os we e unwilling o become di ec ly in ol ed in hemsel es. In ac hey p omo ed such se lemen o he ex en ha hey we e willing o inance he s ock pu chase necessa y o g aze he new 'camps5' while allowing he se le ea n equi y in he s ock by con ibu ing his labou . In his way he es ancie os ensu ed ha he land beyond hei es a es was se led by Eu opean 'small holde s'6 a social class unlikely o h ea en hei in e es s in he u u e. In addi ion he es ancie os, who we e o en me chan s also, bene i ed om he p o i s de i ed as sha eholde s while no demeaning hei s a us by pe sonal in ol emen in he gaucho en e p ise o sheep a ming. Al eady amilia wi h he I ish ex-soldie s oge he wi h he bu che s and anne s bough ou a he end o he eigh een h cen u y, hey we e e y anxious o ec ui labou o simila calib e and we e he e o e eage o employ immig an s, especially Ca holics, om an al eady p o en sou ce. The ac ha hey we e helping hei ellow coun ymen was an added bonus. The Me chan s. The me chan s in he Po o Buenos Ai es om he ime o independence spanned he poli ical/ eligious spec um om P o ena me chan such as Pa ick Cullen and Pa icio Lynch, h ough o ee ade John Dillon, o Anglo-I ish 'A ms ong & Co'., o English 7 9 me chan s some o whom ounded a e y powe ul Lodge o F ee Masons in he ci y. Wi h such a wide spec um o eligious a ilia ion and poli ical pe spec i e, he me chan s spun a seamless ga men which a one ex eme was highly Ca holic and p o-A gen ine na ionalis (possibly e en in a ou o he es o a ion o he Spanish mona chy) while a he o he , was i ulen ly an i-Ca holic and de e mined on he c ea ion o a secula go e nmen based on B i ish law, no unlike ha o he Uni ed S a es7. The me chan s howe e ne e allowed hei poli ical di e ences in e e e wi h hei p ima y objec i e, ha o inc easing ade h ough he po o Buenos Ai es. On he con a y, hey used his wide spec um o poli ical and eligious belie , o show a P o es an ace o he B i ish Go e nmen and a Ca holic Na ionalis one o he A gen ines, in o de o p omo e hei own in e es s o he g ea es possible deg ee. Fo he me chan s, I ish emig an s p o ided a close-by and luc a i e ou wa d ca go om Li e pool. Fu he mo e when he I ish a i ed in Buenos Ai es hey immedia ely became consume s and p oduce s o he e y goods aded by he me chan s. The me chan s, o all poli ical and eligious hues, he e o e, had e e y incen i e o encou age I ish emig a ion o he Ri e Pla e. I ish Ex-Soldie s. The I ish ex-soldie s, he esidue o he B i ish a my le behind a e he ailed in asion o he Ri e Pla e in 1806/7, we e ne e pa o his eli e/me chan g oup. They we e howe e 8 0 seen by all sec ions in ol ed in p omo ing immig a ion as a sample o he ype o immig an a ailable in I eland, he e y ype o emig an so badly needed in A gen ina. I is he e o e alid o conside hem he e. The ex-soldie s ell in o wo g oups. Those who we e condemned o in e nal exile (p esumably he p isone s) and hose allowed emain in Buenos Ai es (p esumably he dese e s). The soldie s who we e exiled, we e sen o Co doba in cen al A gen ina and o he Andes Region a ound Mendoza and Sal a, whe e hey played no pa in encou aging u he I ish immig a ion. Those sen o Sal a and Mendoza we e appa en ly sa is ied wi h hei condi ion as hey aised hei own egimen o mili ia o igh o independence in g a i ude o he A gen ines o hei good ea men . Some o he ex- soldie s who emained in Buenos Ai es, acco ding o adi ion, se led in he ci y among he ee Neg oes in he a ea o San Telmo. This dis ic is among he oldes in he ci y and is loca ed along he i e bank8. Those soldie s a e belie ed o ha e wo ked deepening he po and using he s one which came in he ships as ballas o building along he docks. The emainde o he o me soldie s who emained in Buenos Ai es op ed o wo k on he C eole es ancias a ound he ci ies. I was hose la e emig an s who appea o ha e played a majo ole in s a ing emig a ion om I eland. The me chan s we e deligh ed wi h he u ban se le s and he po enos we e equally happy wi h he u al se le s. The O igin o The Wes mea h Connec ion. One soldie , u ned u al se le , was John Mu ay om S eams own, Co. Wes mea h who ob ained wo k on a c eole es ancia9, whe e he wo ked his way up o he posi ion o 8 1 mayo domo. By 1880 he Mu ays had mo ed o San a Fe p o ince whe e hey se led on a la ge es ancia, pu chased o hem by hei o me employe s in g a i ude o hei loyal se ice. The Mu ays s ill own ha es ancia and emain one o he p incipal I ish land owne s in sou he n San a Fe. While he e is no di ec e idence linking Mu ay wi h I ish emig a ion, he i s eco ded I ish emig an s who landed in A gen ina in he nine een h cen u y did come om S eams owm. They we e John Mooney and his son-in-law Pa ick Bookey10. Mooney and Bookey a i ed in Buenos Ai es in 182711. Wha is ce ain is ha Mooney and Mu ay, coming om he same pa ish and being abou he same age, e en i hey did no se e in he same egimen , would ha e known each o he om childhood and Mu ay's success could ha e been e y in luen ial in encou aging o he s om he same a ea o emig a e o Buenos Ai es. The e o e he ini ial link ha was es ablished be ween Wes mea h, he la ges sending a ea in I eland, and A gen ina was h ough B i ish mili a y con ac , hough he g ow h and expansion o emig a ion om ha a ea was due solely o he oppo uni ies c ea ed by ade and comme ce. The Fi s Links wi h Wex o d. Emig a ion, om Wex o d began a abou he same ime, howe e i did no ha e an ob ious, di ec , mili a y o igin. In 1826, he Li e pool bank o Dickson and Mon gome y sen Pa ick B owne o he Ri e Pla e o ake cha ge o hei in e es s, in place o his b o he 8 2 who was e u ning o Li e pool om ha posi ion12. Pa ick quickly ealized ha he would make his o une in he sal bee business a he han as a bank manage and began his own business soon a e his a i al. He sen back o Fo h and Ba gy o labou o wo k i s in his sal ing houses, o usually abou a yea , and hen o he d sheep on a sha es basis o him. Thus emig a ion om Wex o d began mainly om comme cial con ac be ween Wex o d, Li e pool and he Ri e Pla e13. The Need o I ish Immig an s. The necessi y o ec ui immig an s o A gen ina ollowing he coun y's independence in 1815 was due o a gene al sho age o skilled labou in he coun y which was heigh ened as Spain banned emig a ion o i s ci izens o A gen ina in e alia ion o he o me colony decla ing independence. By 1820 B i ish in es men in he coun y was being inhibi ed by he sho age o skilled labou . The p oblem o inding sui able labou had become so acu e ha he A gen ine go e nmen was o ced o in e ene di ec ly o encou age immig a ion. The P ocess o C ea ing I ish Immig a ion o A gen ina. Because A gen ina was jus one o a numbe o des ina ions compe ing o he g owing numbe o I ish emig an s lea ing o he New Wo ld, he go e nmen and he I ish- eli e/me chan coali ion had o ma ke he Ri e Pla e egion, in I eland, as an a ac i e des ina ion. In 1826 i was decided o send Thomand O'B ien back o I eland o ec ui I ish immig an s. Thomas A ms ong, he me chan also isi ed I eland a he same ime. His isi 8 3 was p i a e, hough when one conside s he ype o pe son who emig a ed om A ms ong's home a ea in I eland i is highly likely ha his decision o isi I eland a ha ime had much o do wi h ec ui ing labou mo e sui able o he me chan s' immedia e needs a he han he long e m pe cei ed needs o he A gen ine Go e nmen and he I ish eli es whom O'B ien was ep esen ing. The ac ha wo di e en classes o immig an s we e being ec ui ed om he e y beginning, o ul ill di e en oles in A gen ine socie y, was o ha e a signi ican bea ing on he way he I ish communi y was o e ol e du ing he cen u y. W i en Communica ion The isi s by O'B ien and A ms ong we e ollowed up by le e s om p ominen membe s o he I ish communi y o he A chbishop o Dublin wi h he objec o in luencing him o pu he I ish chu ch behind emig a ion o A gen ina a he han o he Uni ed S a es. The le e s assu ed he A chbishop o he sponso s' de e mina ion o main ain I ish Ca holic alues, in amilia u al se ings, in he I ish immig an communi y. Thei le e s con as ed hei p oposed model o u al se lemen wi h he eali y o he I ish in he u ban en i onmen o he Uni ed S a es, many o whom we e abandoning Ca holicism. D Oughagan14 w o e o he A chbishop on June 28 h 182815 ha ...'No h Ame ica is no a coun y p ope o I ish se le s--These, hei iden i y, hei ancien ai h, and he peculia cas o hei na ional cha ac e , in he mix u e o many na ions, is o ally con ounded and los o e e '. In p omo ing A gen ina he w o e, 'Thanks o P o idence a e y di e en des iny awai s hem he e. I would seem ha Hea en had a leng h in e posed o p o ec some ew o he ai h ul 8 4 ollowe s and c ea ed his new wo ld, as he land o p omise whe e ha assed I ishmen may "pause om oil" and Ch is iani y de as a ed o all i s sec e s and impu i ies may lowe again and become in allible....' D . Oughagan wen on o s a e ha ' his coun y, e ile and as beyond limi s, abounding wi h all ha na u e can u nish....will welcome ( he I ish) wi h special p e e ence and ins ead o being he d udges o he es o mankind, may se hemsel es down in socie ies in a ious pa s o hese boundless plains.....'. This le e clea ly shows ha he I ish eli es we e de e mined ha he immig an I ish would ne e become an u ban communi y as hey had done in he Uni ed S a es. F om he beginning hey saw he I ish as o ming isola ed u al e hno-cen ic socie ies well away om he ci y, whe e he ancien I eland o 'sain s and schola s' which had been supp essed in I eland, would, gi en he di ec ion o an I ish cle gy, e-c ea e i sel and lou ish once again in he New Wo ld. A no ime was he e any a emp by he I ish eli e o ec ui I ish labou o mee he equally acu e need o an u ban wo k o ce. F om he beginning he I alian immig an s we e almos alone in supplying ha demand. P e-selec ion o I ish Immig an s. The I ish eli es in A gen ina, when ag eeing o p omo e A gen ina as a des ina ion o I ish emig an s sen back one o hei own o selec only he ype o emig an ha would sui hei pu poses. Pa o O'B ien's emi was o ec ui only 'mo al and indus ious' emig an s16. They came ini ially, om he mo e comme cial a eas in I eland, e.g. Fo h and Ba gy and he ma gins o comme cial a eas in Leins e , mainly om a ound S eams own in Co. 9 1 could expec o encoun e in a po en ial des ina ion and would go some way in explaining he apidi y wi h which he I ish we e able o adjus hei emig a ing in en ions in he ligh o changing condi ions housands o miles away. 9 2 1. In o de o be admi ed o he p ies hood o he a my o ice co ps, o an equi alen ci il se ice posi ion, he applican had o be (a) a ci izen o Cas ile and (b) be o noble amily. Fo his o ical easons all I ish noblemen we e au oma ically gi en ci izenship o Cas ile. P oo o nobili y equi ed a ce i ica e, om he B i ish adminis a ion in I eland, ha he applican was o a noble amily. By he eigh een h cen u y such a ce i ica e was a ailable i ually on eques . 2.These posi ions in Spain we e ese ed o he sons o noblemen om he p o ince o Cas ile. Howe e all I ish noblemen we e au oma ically g an ed Cas ellan ci izenship. 3. O'Higgins g ew up on a 20 ac e a m in Co. Mea h a he beginning o he cen u y. Th ough his uncle, who was Pa ish P ies in Summe hill, he was sen o Spain o an educa ion. His excep ional ma hema ical abili y, in igonome y especially, gained him a commission in he Spanish a ille y co ps. He was pos ed o he Rio de la Pla a whe e he was gi en he ask o su eying a ou e h ough he Andes o connec Mendoza wi h San iago. P io o his all communica ion be ween Buenos Ai es and San iago was by sea, which en ailed sailing sou h om Buenos Ai es, a ound he Cape and hen no h as a as Valpa aiso, a long and haza dous unde aking, o he equally haza dous o e land ou , h ough Ba iloche in Pa agonia. O'Higgins' ise in he Vice oyal y was swi , wi hin a ew yea s he was go e no Chile and la e became Vice oy o Pe u, a pos ese ed o ci izens o Cas ile by law. Much o his ou s anding con ibu ion o he sou he n pa o Sou h Ame ica is o e shadowed by ha o his English educa ed son Be na do, bo n o an Chilean woman, who as libe a o o much o Sou h Ame ica all ou side he scope o his wo k. 4. Mu ay, (1919) The S o y o he I ish in A gen ina, 37 5. 'Camp' is an I ish-A gen ine e m de i ed om he Spanish wo d 'Campo' meaning 'Coun yside'. I is exac ly he same e m in A gen ina as he wo d 'P ai ie' in No h Ame ica and 'Ou back' in Aus alia. 6. The e m 'small holde ' is ela i e. In A gen ina a small holde would own less han abou 1,750 hec a es o land. La e on du ing he cen u y he e m 'es ancie o' came o co e anyone wi h a holding in excess o 1,000 hec a es in he I ish dis ic s. The as majo i y o I ish 'es ancie os' we e o all in o his g oup owning be ween 1,000 and 1,750 hec a es o land. As will be shown la e his was he minimum size o holding necessa y o ensu e he 9 3 se lemen o a land owning amily. 7. They we e success ul o he poin ha all o eign eligious o de s we e expelled om he coun y in 1822 and hei p ope y con isca ed. This law was en o ced un il 1828 and was a majo eason o he all o Ri ida ia in ha yea . I was no un il he 1850's when F . Fahy ound, and was allowed exploi , a loophole in he law ha he o de s we e able o e u n in numbe s. Fo a ulle accoun o his episode see Usshe 1952 F . Fahy. 8. The only w i en sou ce ha I could ind o his s a emen was in he gene al ou is li e a u e o he dis ic . The Tou is Boa d's sou ce was no e e enced and despi e conside able e o on my pa could no be aced. I is howe e widely accep ed among he ci izens o Buenos Ai es and ings ue o he ex en ha penniless dese e s unable o speak he language and wi hou skills would in all p obabili y begin hei new li e in he poo es a ea o he ci y. 9. I was gi en his in o ma ion by his g ea g anddaugh e S a. Elana Mu ay o San a Fe, in Dublin in July 1993. 10. Thomas Mu ay, (1919) The S o y o he I ish in A gen ina,78 11. I is possible, hough by no means p o en, ha Mooney was also a soldie who e u ned o I eland as pa o he ec ui men d i e o emig an s o A gen ina which ook place in 1827 and on e u ning b ough ou his daugh e and he husband o con inue his business. Mooney and Bookey we e he mos impo an employe s o I ish labou in hei salade os in he ea ly yea s o I ish emig a ion. I is unlikely ha o dina y emig an s would su pass, in weal h, in a e y sho ime he many me chan s who we e in es ing and wo king in he coun y o he p e ious hi y yea s. 12. The B ownes, a e y p ominen Ca holic gen y amily in Fo h and Ba gy, would ce ainly ha e known he Be es o d amily, he p edominan P o es an amily in ha whole egion who also li e in he same a ea despi e holding he i le Ma quis o Wa e o d. William Be es o d he illegi ima e son o Lo d Wa e o d, ha ing been esponsible o he in asion o he Ri e Pla e and ha ing been held he e o a sho pe iod a e he in asion was well awa e o he comme cial po en ial o he egion. The B ownes, being Ca holic, bu o he class ha mo ed e y much in Anglo- I ish Ci cles (Cas le Ca holics) would ha e been an ideal choice o a B i ish bank se ing up o ices in he Ri e Pla e. While I ha e been unable o make a posi i e connec ion be ween Be es o d's 9 4 e u n om he Ri e Pla e and he B ownes' a i al, sho ly a e wa ds, i does highligh he poin , when conside ed along wi h he o igins o he Wes mea h emig a ion, ha ini ial B i ish mili a y and comme cial con ac in he Ri e Pla e, as in o he egions o he wo ld we e eally he wo a ms o a single p ocess. 13.The s a emen ha he Wes mea h connec ion o igina ed om mili a y con ac and he Wex o d connec ion was due o comme ce is made he e in he con ex o he i s pe sonal con ac be ween nine een h cen u y emig an s wi h po en ial emig an s in hei espec i e sending a eas. O e all he mili a y and comme cial o igins o nine een h-cen u y I ish emig a ion o A gen ina o e lap and in e wine o a la ge deg ee. The A ms ong Co., one o he o emos me chan houses in Buenos Ai es in he 1820's, and he company which did mo e han anyone else o os e immig a ion om I eland, had e y s ong connec ions wi h Wes mea h/O aly whe e he emig a ion began. Howe e he A ms ongs we e an old mili a y amily. Thomas A ms ong's a he , also Thomas A ms ong, was a Colonel and he R.M. o he S eams own a ea a ha pe iod. In addi ion e y many o Be es o d's oops would ha e been s a ioned in A hlone which is A ms ong's local own. I is i ually ce ain ha Gen. Be es o d knew Col. A ms ong, a he and b o he o he owne s o A ms ong & Co. because pa o he Be es o d amily we e un il, e y ecen ly, also a e y p ominen amily a ound Mullinga . A ms ong & Co., was ounded sho ly a e Be es o d escaped cap i i y in A gen ina and e u ned home. The B ownes being Ca holic did no ha e a B i ish mili a y adi ion bu a b anch o he B owne amily is P o es an and hold he i le Ma quis o Sligo, hei amily sea is in Wes po . They we e a Na al amily. Inciden ally Wes po is qui e close o Fox o d whe e William B own (wi hou he 'e') came om. Resea ch cu en ly being ca ied ou by John de Cou cy I eland on William B own indica es ha William is e y p obably also ela ed o he Sligos by blood a leas i no 'o icially'. The Wa e o ds and Sligos would ce ainly ha e known each o he and i is no impossible ha he Wa e o ds and/o he Sligos had some in luence in he B ownes' appoin men by Dickson and Mon gome y o Buenos Ai es whe e a Ca holic would ha e been a much mo e accep able ambassado o English capi al han would a P o es an . 14. Mu ay and Usshe spell Oughagan's name 'Oughan' I am using he spelling Oughagan himsel used when w i ing o he A chbishop o Dublin. I may well be ha Oughagan used di e en spellings o his names a di e en imes jus as F . Fahy spelled his name 'Fahey' on occasion. 15. The o iginal le e is in he a chi e o he A chbishop o 9 5 Dublin. A pho o copy is in my possession. 16. Mu ay The S o y o he I ish..., 53 Mu ay places he e m 'mo al and indus ious' in quo a ion ma ks which indica es ha he is quo ing di ec ly om an un-named sou ce e y p obably he o iginal documen . 17. I came o his conclusion om se e al ield ips o Wes mea h/Long o d and Wex o d whe e I isi ed nume ous ela i es o I ish-A gen ines ha I me in A gen ina. They in u n b ough me a ound hei locali ies poin ing ou a ms which o he s had emig a ed om. The g ea majo i y o he emig an s we e eco ded in Coghlan. Wi h he excep ion o Ballymo e in Wes mea h almos all o he a ms we e s ill medium sized p ospe ous holdings usually s ill in he hands o ela i es o he o iginal emig an . 18. All le e s o he A chbishop o Dublin quo ed in his chap e can be seen in he a chi e o he A chbishop o Dublin. Pho ocopies o all quo ed co espondence a e in my possession. 19.The e m 'Yankee I ish' was used o desc ibe he I ish immig an s who en e ed he coun y om he Uni ed S a es ollowing a pe iod o se lemen he e. The Yankee I ish immig an s we e gene ally ag eed o ha e a i ed du ing he 1820's. While Mu ay ag ees ha he majo i y o I ish u al se le s we e om Wes mea h and Wex o d his esea ch would indica e ha he a isans who emained in he ci y came om a ious pa s o he coun y. 20. A low class d inking house 21. I was able o es ablish by ield wo k in he Ballymahon a ea ha ela i es o Thomas A ms ong ha e li ed nea Keena, a small illage jus ou side Ballymahon, since abou 1780. I would ha e been mos unusual o a P o es an gen y amily such as he A ms ongs no o ha e been on he boa d o go e no s o he local wo khouse. Fu he mo e a amily membe was he wo khouse doc o he e a he beginning o his cen u y, so in mo e ecen imes, a leas , he A ms ong amily we e demons ably connec ed wi h he wo khouse. Ci cums an ial e idence he e o e poin s o a e y high p obabili y ha Thomas A ms ong had access h ough his ela i es o go e no s o he Ballymahon wo khouse and h ough his connec ion he was able o ec ui labou e s willing o wo k on a pe manen basis in he slaugh e houses and on he es ancias o he me chan s. This would also explain why John B abazon, in his jou nal, eco ded a lowe class o emig an coming om ha a ea and no om any o he . Wha canno be shown howe e is i 9 6 Thomas A ms ong and his associa es, o he wo khouse, o bo h, paid he a es o hose emig an s. The A ms ong amily was unawa e o hei connec ion wi h A gen ina, when isi ed by me in Augus 1993. P o es an emig an s om he Wes mea h a ea, in almos e e y case, appea o ha e become Ca holic wi hin a gene a ion (o a he mos wo) o se ling in A gen ina. Thei becoming Ca holic appea s o ha e led o an immedia e se e ing o all con ac wi h hei I ish oo s. 22. This 'small sum' ose subs an ially as he cen u y p og essed. he ep esen a i e o he B i ish Consul in Rosa io, San a Fe w i ing in he Wex o d People, June 18, 1864 sugges s 'a small sum' o £400-£800. I should be poin ed ou howe e ha immig an s we e some imes able o bo ow some o his capi al locally, as will be shown in mo e de ail in a la e chap e . 23. The amily a e unsu e as o he exac amoun bu hey belie e i o be in he egion o £100. This in o ma ion was gi en o me along wi h a pho o copy o he o iginal ag eemen by he g andson o John Cunningham, in Mullinga in No embe 1991. 24. Coghlan, (1987) Los I alndeses............,208 25. Coghlan (1982) El Apo e de los I landeses....,344. 96 C H A P T E R 6. THE ROLE OF THE IRISH CHURCH IN THE FORMATION OF THE COMMUNITY In oduc ion. The a ious g oups in e es ed in p omo ing immig a ion in o A gen ina, as was shown in he p e ious chap e , we e de e mined ha he I ish would ul ill a speci ic unc ion wi hin he coun y. Tha o se ling on and de eloping he g ea , almos uninhabi ed, g assland a ea, he size o F ance, which lay beyond he ci y o Buenos Ai es. The I ish eli es in pa icula we e de e mined o c ea e a p ospe ous I ish a ming communi y which would emain e hnically sepa a e while ully pa icipa ing in, and bene i ing om, he economic de elopmen o he coun y. They saw his I ish communi y, while obedien in e e y way o he laws o A gen ina, as a sepa a e, sel -go e ning en i y ope a ing wi hin a model designed by hem and un by he I ish Chu ch. The I ish A gen ine Se lemen Model. The se lemen model c ea ed by he I ish eli e in A gen ina was undamen ally di e en o he se lemen model in he o he g ea g assland colonies which we e unde di ec B i ish ule. The B i ish model e lec ed he B i ish, P o es an , e hic o he sel - eliance o he indi idual. I was up o he indi idual communi ies o c ea e hei own in as uc u e om he bo om up. Fi s came he se le wi h his deeds o his qua e sec ion. This he and his 97 amily amed by hei own e o s alone. As hey p og essed he se le combined wi h his neighbou s o b ing o ganized law and o de , eligion and local go e nmen o hei egion. They combined wi h o he egions o b ing a s a e s uc u e and he a ious s a es combined o o m a ede al go e nmen which encompassed he whole e i o y, whe he his was Canada, he US, Aus alia o New Zealand. The se lemen model which he nine een h cen u y I ish ound on en e ing A gen ina was by con as one which ope a ed om he op down and while indi idual e o b ough success o ailu e o he indi idual immig an , a e e y le el he immig an ope a ed wi hin an es ablished s uc u e based on coope a ion and he pooling o he g oup's esou ces so ha he weal hy, o a g ea ex en , subsidized he poo and he expe ienced immig an esou ced he new a i al. The ole o implemen ing his plan and ul ima ely egula ing he communi y was o be en us ed o he I ish Ca holic Chu ch o wo easons. Fi s ly he I ish immig an would only accep I ish P ies s because o language and he ac ha he p ac ice o Ca holicism in A gen ina was comple ely di e en o he es ablished p ac ice in I eland. Consequen ly A gen ine p ies s ul illed a di e en ole in he communi y o I ish p ies s. Secondly he eli es belie ed ha i was I ish Ca holicism ha had p ese ed he ue I ish cul u e agains cen u ies o a ack in I eland, and he e o e I ish p ies s we e bes placed o ensu e i s su i al in ha pa o he New Wo ld which he I ish eli es had al eady ensu ed was la gely sympa he ic o i s con inuance. The A chbishop o Dublin held simila iews on he ole o he Chu ch in o ming I ish socie y, and a e Ca holic Emancipa ion in 1829 se abou ying 98 o c ea e a simila socie y in I eland. I is no su p ising he e o e ha i was o he Dublin A chbishop ha he eli es u ned when hey wen in sea ch o an ally in I eland o implemen hei plans in A gen ina. The eli es and he Chu ch, howe e we e no alone in he desi e o o m a success ul immig an communi y. The business communi y in A gen ina saw he I ish Chu ch as a highly e icien ehicle which could ope a e a no cos o he me chan s bu would ensu e ha he immig an s emained an economically iable g oup able o p oduce su icien goods o he me chan s o ade. The me chan s we e indi e en o he way in which he I ish communi y was o ganized as long as i ul illed i s economic ole. The Chu ch, o i s pa , ealized ha an economically s ong communi y was c ucial i hei plan was o succeed and saw he me chan s as essen ial in p o iding he ma ke s o he goods p oduced by he emig an s. Finally he go e nmen was sa is ied ha a Ca holic communi y wi h a long his o y o esis ing P o es an ism was se ling in hei coun y, as his g ea ly lessened he chances o con lic be ween he new immig an s and he exis ing communi y. The e we e many ad an ages o he immig an s hemsel es in placing he I ish Chu ch a he cen e o hei communi y. The p oblems o isola ion o indi iduals sp ead ou o e such a la ge a ea a e ob ious. The p o ision o some me hod o communica ion o main ain con ac and a sense o communi y be ween he iny and dispa a e I ish g oups was essen ial o economic and social easons. The I ish, a e all, we e a ac ed o A gen ina o p o ide 99 he aw ma e ial o he me chan s o p ocess and expo . Communica ion and a sense o communi y among he I ish was he e o e necessa y o allow comme ce expand and o a ac mo e emig an s. I would also gi e he I ish al eady he e he con idence o build and expand hei en e p ises in he knowledge ha hey had ma ke s and a secu e u u e in he coun y. A chu ch wi h I ish p ies s who spen hei ime a elling h ough he coun yside seeking ou and b inging hei ellow coun ymen oge he a egula in e als was he ideal ehicle o such a communica ion ne wo k. One can eadily unde s and why a chu ch which p o ided such a se ice o a sca e ed communi y li ing in an alien wo ld, would quickly es ablish i sel as he cen al uni ying o ce in ha communi y. The 'I ish Chu ch' was he link be ween he indi idual and his neighbou s, his comme cial ou le s in he ci y and abo e all a di ec link wi h home in I eland. Wi hou he I ish p ies s wo king wi h he I ish communi y i is ques ionable whe he I ish se lemen in A gen ina would ha e succeeded o e e eached he le els i did. All g oups he e o e, no leas he emig an s hemsel es, had a common in e es in coope a ing closely o ensu e he wel a e o he I ish communi y and each g oup, om i s own pe spec i e, saw he an I ish Chu ch in A gen ina as he ideal medium h ough which he I ish communi y could su i e and p ospe . The Implemen a ion o I ish Se lemen . F om he beginning he eli es we e de e mined ha his I ish communi y would ha e hei 106 he e en o his dea h, was passed on o his hei s quickly, un- axed and wi hou , o en huge, legal ees. In addi ion because F . Fahy 'owned' he immig an 's p ope y he immig an could no be easily chea ed ou o i by unsc upulous conmen o by gambling e c., o which he e was plen y in he camp a ha ime. Unde all o hose condi ions i was pe ec ly logical o an immig an , who was himsel unsu e o he cus oms in a s ange coun y, o en us all his inancial and legal a ai s o he one man bes equipped o deal wi h ha side o his business especially, as he e is no eco d o F . Fahy e e cha ging o his se ice. Tha le he immig an ee o concen a e on he side o he business he knew bes , inding good pas u es and aising his sheep while a he same ime a oiding all he cos s, in ime and agg a a ion as well as cash, no mally incu ed when ansac ing business a ha ime in A gen ina. The Bene i s o Common Owne ship o he Indi idual. The p ac ice o , he g ea majo i y, o he immig an s holding all o hei asse s ( hei sheep and hei cash and la e hei land) in common, in F . Fahy's name, had ad an ages o he whole I ish communi y, which we e unseen by he emig an a one le el, ye aken o g an ed by him a ano he . Because all he I ish p ope y was, in law, owned by F . Fahy he was conside ed o be he weal hies man, by a , in A gen ina. The emig an s soon came o belie e his also. The e o e when land o sheep came o be bough and sold among he I ish, he p ice was ixed be ween he emig an s hemsel es, and as hey all banked wi h F . Fahy, he was in o med o he posi ion du ing his nex isi o ha pa o he coun y. Cash a ely 107 changed hands. I an emig an did no ha e he cash o close he ansac ion he 'bo owed' he di e ence om F . Fahy and ag eed he epaymen s wi h him. The selle le he cash wi h F . Fahy ce ain ha i was secu e wi h a man a ich as he. All o his capi al (plus he cash om he sale o sheep and wool o he me chan s, by he I ish) was held in he Banco P o incia, Thomas A ms ong's bank. A ms ong he e o e had a huge su plus a ailable o in es men in expanding he indus ies which we e equi ed o p ocess he apidly expanding I ish p oduc ion. The e ec o his ax ee and ee ee s a us was ha he I ish had a conside able economic ad an age o e all o he communi ies in he coun y when i came o acqui ing and holding p ope y. As his was an unin ended bene i om he poin o iew o he A gen ine go e nmen i was a ema kable achie emen o F . Fahy ha he was able o ca y i o o almos hi y yea s, ending i only when o ced o by he (by hen) es ablished I ish amilies. The Bene i o Common Owne ship o he G oup. Ano he equally impo an e ec o his policy o holding he en i e capi al base o he I ish communi y in common was ha he su plus cash o he es ablished emig an s was a ailable, h ough F . Fahy, o inance he expansion o new emig an s. Cash which was su plus o he immig an s' needs was ein es ed h ough he Banco P o incia in building up he in as uc u e necessa y o anspo and p ocess he e e g owing p oduc ion o he egion. 108 This sys em as i e ol ed unde F . Fahy is a e y good example how he was able o adap gi en local s uc u es o achie e he o e all goal. I he exis ing ules had been igidly applied in hei o iginal unmodi ied o m, he I ish would ha e ca ied he cos s o ax, legal ees and bu eauc a ic delays on all ansac ions. The ex a cos s in ol ed would ha e led o lowe p oduc ion by immig an s and would ha e g ea ly impeded he e y apid u al de elopmen o he I ish communi y. Fu he mo e he I ish Chu ch, F . Fahy's i s p io i y, would no ha e been able o oo i sel so deeply wi hin he I ish communi y. By ully unde s anding he cul u al mo es o bo h he I ish and A gen ine popula ion F . Fahy was able o e ol e his own s uc u e which ully me he equi emen s o he eli es and immig an s wi hou aliena ing he hos communi y. Thomas A ms ong and he we e, he e o e, able o achie e he goals se hem wi h he ull coope a ion o all sides, albei by a e y libe al in e p e a ion o he ules and he us placed in hem. The I ish Communica ion Ne wo k. F . Fahy's immense local knowledge o he I ish communi y also ensu ed ha he Chu ch was he medium o all communica ion e ec ing he I ish h oughou he p o ince. Wi h his cons an a elling h ough he coun yside he became awa e almos immedia ely o he quali y and po en ial o new a eas o land as hey we e opened up. He was hus able o di ec his cong ega ion o sui able new a eas whe e hey could quickly expand hei business, mo e o en han no p o iding he 'loans' o inance his expansion. He knew who was looking o labou e s, so when he nex boa o emig an s a i ed he was able o di ec hem immedia ely 109 o jobs in he coun y. By doing his he was emo ing he emp a ions o ci y li e om he new immig an 's expe ience as well as ea ning hei g a i ude o inding hem wo k and he g a i ude o he employe s o inding hem labou . This had he double e ec o s eng hening he u al communi ies and p e en ing he g ow h o a iable I ish communi y in he ci y. By such e o s on hei behal F . Fahy soon gained he comple e con idence o he I ish communi y h oughou he p o ince in all ma e s a ec ing hei li es and won hem o e in he same way ha he had all he o he g oups wi h whom he deal . The Expansion o The I ish Chu ch. As he I ish communi y g ew and sp ead o e an e e g ea e a ea, mo e p ies s we e equi ed o minis e o hem. The educa ion o wel e p ies s was paid o by he I ish communi y, o he A chbishop o Dublin, who o e saw hei educa ion in All Hallows in Dublin. F . Fahy was insis en ha hey we e especially well-educa ed and paid ex a o All Hallows o his. He e en supplied Spanish ex books o All Hallows so ha he new p ies s could speak some Spanish be o e hey a i ed in he coun y. By speaking Spanish when he o dina y immig an could no , mean ha he 'Pad e Ingles' was also he in e ace be ween he I ish and he local es ablishmen . I also mean ha he I ish p ies s we e able o socialize wi h he local communi y hough he local cle gy speaking only Spanish could ne e o m he same ela ionship wi h he I ish. F . Fahy kep he new p ies s unde his pe sonal con ol by making hem his assis an chaplains. As chaplains hey 110 would ha e been equal in ank o him and he e o e would ha e been esponsible di ec ly o he A chbishop in Dublin. As well as dilu ing F . Fahy's con ol, his would ha e c ea ed di icul ies wi h he See o Buenos Ai es, whom i mus be said coope a ed in e e y way possible wi h F . Fahy. When he new p ies s a i ed hey spen some ime in Buenos Ai es wi h F . Fahy. Those he wished o keep he appoin ed as his assis an chaplains in hea ily popula ed a eas o he camp, ini ially a ound Chascomus and Dolo es in he sou h and la e no h wes o he ci y in Me cedes, San An onio de A eco, Chi ilcoy and o he newly se led a eas o he no h wes a ound he old mili a y o s. When a new p ies was gi en an a ea he bounda y on he ci y side o his pa ish was ixed. The es o his pa ish s e ched as a as he u hes I ish se le li ed. As he I ish popula ion g ew in he assis an chaplain's a ea ano he assis an would be appoin ed u he ou , and hen he i s p ies would ha e de ined bounda ies o all o his a ea. This me hod o c ea ing new I ish assis an -chaplaincies con inued un il la ge scale I ish se lemen ceased. The i s ask o each new assis an chaplain was o aise unds om he communi y o build a local chu ch. The exis ing A gen ine chu ches we e ne e used by he I ish communi y excep on e y a e occasions such as weddings o une als. They con inued o hea he 'I ish Mass' on a cen ally loca ed I ish es ancia un il hey had he unds o build hei own chu ch. The chu ch building also con ained a lib a y s ocked wi h books in English. Local I ish 111 newspape s such as he Wex o d People and The Wes mea h Examine we e also subsc ibed o by he lib a ies. The lib a y was p obably one o he ew places in he camp whe e an immig an was su e o ind a comple e pack o ca ds whe e he could play a game o o y i e2. The ca d game allowed he immig an o socialize eely wi h iends and neighbou s o bo h sexes all and ages. Each li le I ish chu ch he e o e became he local 'social cen e' o emig an s o hi y o o y miles adius, whe e hey would mee o hea Mass, ead he local pape s om I eland, play ca ds, pass a ound le e s om home and om hei b o he s and sis e s in he Uni ed S a es and Aus alia o Canada and discuss cu en happenings wi h hei neighbou s. The lib a ies closed he ci cle wi hin he o e all model o he ex en ha he I ish communi y in u al a eas o Buenos Ai es p o ince we e insula ed as much as possible om he eal wo ld o A gen ina. They we e able o con inue o speak English, socialize exclusi ely among hemsel es, and wi h he lib a ies supplying I ish pape s emain in ellec ually back in I eland. The I ish communi y in A gen ina was he e o e o en be e in o med abou condi ions in I eland, he US, Canada and Aus alia han hey we e abou condi ions in much o hei adop ed land. The e o e, p o ided he e was a easonable sex balance and he communi y emained ai ly concen a ed in pa icula dis ic s he e was no incen i e wha e e o assimila e in o he wide communi y. Pa o his in as uc u e was a comple e heal h and wel a e sys em un by he I ish Chu ch o ake ca e o membe s unable o look a e hemsel es, such as widows and o phans, oge he wi h an educa ion sys em which was he model o o he emig an communi ies. 112 Because F . Fahy was banke o he I ish communi y he knew exac ly how much each membe o he communi y could a o d o con ibu e o hose cha i ies. And he emig an was in a e y weak posi ion o e use, conside ing his espec o , and his pe sonal obliga ions o, F . Fahy. Thomas A ms ong's Role. The ac ha Thomas A ms ong was banke o F . Fahy and had huge asse s a his disposal o e-in es men in he Buenos Ai es economy enabled him o become one o he leading business igu es in Buenos Ai es. He was a ounde o he Buenos Ai es S ock Exchange, a di ec o o he Banco P o incia which he made, in e ec , he cen al bank o A gen ina3. He was also he di ec o and subs an ial in es o in he majo ailway company and se ed on he boa ds o mos o he majo s ock companies in he ci y. His connec ions wi h he c eole communi y we e also beyond ep oach. He was ma ied o Jus a Villanue a he daugh e o he Alcalde (chie o ice unde Spanish ule) o Buenos Ai es o 1807. Being such a powe ul business igu e and because o his wi e's connec ions Thomas A ms ong was also a e y in luen ial i unseen o ce in he poli ical li e o he coun y. He was he business counsello and close iend o 'almos e e y A gen ine go e nmen al adminis a ion om he Di ec o ship o Rod iguez o he P esidency o A ellaneda'4 ac ing as 'hones b oke ' (amigable componedo ) be ween he B i ish and A gen ine Go e nmen s in hei comme cial a ai s o o e 40 yea s5. 113 Thomas A ms ong and F . Fahy o ged be ween hem a link which made hem p obably he wo mos in luen ial people in he coun y ou side o poli ical li e and, such was hei mu ual us and close iendship ha no dema ca ion line exis ed be ween hem in ob aining hei objec i es. Thei in luence o e lapped o he poin whe e F . Fahy was conside ed o be he weal hies man in A gen ina, while Thomas A ms ong's wo k on behal o he I ish was legenda y. To quo e Mu ay6, whose dislike o he English was su passed only by his con emp o he Anglo-I ish, 'He li ed and died a P o es an , bu no man e e did mo e o help and ad ance his Ca holic ellow-coun ymen han he'. Nei he , Thomas A ms ong o F . Fahy, wi hou he o he 's help and commi men , could e e ha e es ablished and main ained he I ish as he highly o ganized communi y ha hey became. Wi hou hei combined e o s i is e y unlikely ha he I ish would ha e become such a p ospe ous u al communi y in ha coun y. The 'I ish' Chu ch soon became ecognised gene ally, as a sepa a e en i y by bo h he A gen ine popula ion and he 'Fo eign Residen s' including he I ish in A gen ina. In guides and di ec o ies, which we e commissioned by bo h independen sou ces and he A gen ine Go e nmen du ing he nine een h cen u y, comple e eligious eedom was s essed, and i mus be said p ac iced, by bo h he au ho i ies and he popula ion gene ally. To unde line his ac and o gene al in o ma ion he guides published p incipal cle gymens' names and add ess o he a ious denomina ions in he coun y. F . Fahy was always lis ed as I ish chaplin as was he ac ha he I ish had hei own sepa a e 'English' Chu ch o ganiza ion. 114 F . Fahy, happy in he belie ha he Go e nmen and he business communi y, h ough Thomas A ms ong's in luen ial posi ion, was sa ely in his pocke , was able o concen a e on di ec ing and leading he I ish communi y o a p ospe ous u u e based on he alues and p inciples o he I ish Ca holic Chu ch. The Go e nmen and business communi y we e willing o a o d F . Fahy e e y coope a ion in his ques , secu e in hei belie ha h ough Thomas A ms ong's moni o ing his e e y mo e, 'The Re . M . Fahy' and by ex ension e e y I ish immig an in he coun y was sa ely in hei pocke . All sides, he e o e, wo ked closely o bene i he I ish, happy ha ul ima e con ol es ed wi h hem. Such was he closeness o he unde s anding be ween A ms ong and Fahy and hei join commi men o he I ish immig an communi y ha he conund um o who eally was in cha ge was ne e pu o he es . Despi e all his e o s F . Fahy's ne wo king would come o nough unless he succeeded, in wha was his p ima y unc ion, o o ging he I ish immig an s in o a dis inc I ish Ca holic communi y. His pa ish, when he a i ed in he coun y ex ended abou 250km in leng h and was abou 100km wide. The I ish e en by 1842 we e sca e ed all ac oss i , hough he g ea majo i y o hose in he coun yside, we e loca ed o he sou h o he ci y. Mos o hose a ha ime we e 150km o he sou h a ound Chascomus. To isi all o he I ish communi y equi ed a g ea deal o a elling and ough li ing. F . Fahy, in he ea ly days he e o e, had o di ide his ime abou equally be ween he coun y and he ci y. He would send wo d on 115 ahead o each dis ic s a ing when he would be in a con enien place, usually an I ish es ancia. The e he would say Mass o all he I ish ha we e in ha dis ic . Those ha did no u n up o Mass on he es ancia he would sea ch ou and isi . In ha way he no only came o know his pa ishione s he also lea ned a g ea deal abou li e and how o succeed in he coun yside. The knowledge he gained on a isi o one immig an he was able o pass on o ano he so ha he soon es ablished himsel among he I ish communi y as a e y sh ewd ad iso in empo al as well as spi i ual ma e s. The I ish model o se lemen he e o e depended comple ely on he abili y o F . Fahy, wi h he ull coope a ion and assis ance o Thomas A ms ong, o de o e his en i e ene gies o ca ing o he I ish immig an communi y. Because o he models unique ea u es i demanded a i s cen e a pe son who, i s ly unde s ood, and was in sympa hy wi h, how i ope a ed. Secondly he pe son a i s cen e had o ha e no ou side commi men s such as a amily, ha pe son had o be willing o de o e a li e ime's wo k wi hou any pe sonal gain while seeing o he s p ospe ing g ea ly om hei e o s. Tha indi idual had o ha e su icien educa ion o deal wi h he complex issues o an immig an communi y in an alien en i onmen and ha e he pe sonali y o deal as an equal wi h e e y le el o socie y, bo h immig an and na i e. I was logical he e o e, gi en he I ish and A gen ine cul u e, o place an ene ge ic p ies a he cen e o such a communi y. Gi en ha A gen ina was dependan on B i ish capi al, much o which was an ipa he ic o Ca holic p ies s in gene al and I ish Ca holic p ies s in pa icula , i was a mas e s oke o F . Fahy and he good o une o he 122 1871 he had handed o e clea i le o he asse s he had held in us o he owne s. Thomas A ms ong made up he undisclosed sho all ou o his own unds. Thomas A ms ong died wi hin ou yea s o F . Fahy. The dea hs o hose wo men ended an e a o I ish emig a ion o A gen ina. The g and coali ion ha hey pu oge he , hough ne e o mally ended, no longe wo ked o he bene i o he majo i y I ish communi y. Sec ional in e es s began o eplace he common goal. The capi al p e iously held in common was now held indi idually. Each es ancie o made his own a angemen s wi h indi idual me chan s. A new emig an had no F . Fahy o u n o, o bo ow he unds o pu chase land. I he had he money he had o cope wi h he local bu eauc acy and pay his axes, like e e yone else. He no longe had he ad ice, based on he knowledge o he en i e communi y, on whe e o se le o pu chase land. In sho he old se lemen model which was so hugely success ul was being quie ly abandoned, and was being eplaced by a e sion o he English model, in ha indi idual e o alone om ha poin on was he a bi e o success. Howe e he new immig an was no gi en he means o es ablish himsel as he had been in he ue B i ish colonies. The I ish communi y changed adically a e he dea hs o hose wo men. Though F . Fahy is s ill e e ed almos as a sain by he I ish in A gen ina oday Thomas A ms ong is comple ely o go en. The expansion o he I ish communi y ceased wi h hei dea hs. Ra he han building on hei success and con inuing hei wo k o se ling he A gen ine Pampas 123 wi h p ospe ous I ish a ms, hose who ollowed and who claimed o be wo king in hei name, h ough a combina ion o lack o ision among some and shee sel in e es among o he s, se hemsel es a comple ely di e en agenda. Thei s was one o consolida ing he exis ing posi ion a he han con inuing wi h he wo k o expanding he I ish communi y. Jus as all, including A gen ina, had bene i ed om he wo k o F . Fahy and Thomas A ms ong, all, wi h he excep ion o a ew e y ich I ish amilies, we e o loose ou hea ily, in he long e m, by his change o di ec ion in communi y se lemen . 124 N O T E S 1. Mu ay 1919, The S o y o he I ish........, 266 2. The sho e e sions o his game ' wen y i e' and ' i een' a e s ill played in u al I eland. 3. The Banco P o incia ailed in he la e 1870's abou i e yea s a e A ms ong's dea h. By ha ime mos o he I ish communi y appea o ha e wi hd awn hei asse s om i and we e he e o e la gely una ec ed by i s ailu e. As i alls ou side his wo k I don' know o wha ex en he I ish con ibu ed o i s ailu e by wi hd awing hei asse s. The cu en Banco P o incia in A gen ina has e y li le connec ion o A ms ong's bank o he han he name. The Banco Nacional would be i s eal successo as i was o med ou o he ashes o A ms ong's Banco P o incia. I am g a e ul o he A gen ine Ambassado o I eland S . Juan M. Figu e o o supplying me wi h much o he in o ma ion o his no e. 4.Mu ay 1919 The S o y o he I ish...., 394 5.Coghlan 1987 Los I landeses......,12 6. Mu ay, 1919. The s o y o he I ish....., 394. 1 24 C H A P T E R 7 T H E J O U R N E Y T O A R G E N T I N A. In oduc ion. 'Dec. 12 1845. I a i ed he e in he big Filomena 300 ons egis e ed, Cap ain Robe Bell, a good ellow, we a i ed he e a e 3 mon hs oige om Kings own I eland o Buenos Ai es; we anki d in he ou e oads; and come he nex day o he beach in a boa . Then we we e me by a one cha e ca when we go on he dis alci o coach we wen up o a boa ding house ha was kep by Michael (su name un eadable) whe e we we e me by my b o he and o he iends om he old coun y.' Ex ac F om he Dia y o John B abazon. Those we e he opening ema ks o John B abazon when beginning his accoun o his li e in A gen ina. They a e ypical o I ish emig an s desc ip ions in ha hey lis he name, weigh , cap ain, and da e o a i al o he ship. Whe e hey boa ded he ship and he accoun o he jou ney ou a e ne e men ioned. B abazon was also e y ypical o I ish emig an s in ha he emig a ed o a des ina ion whe e his close amily membe s and iends had al eady emig a ed o; he was me on he quay side and b ough o eliable lodgings. He speaks in he 1 25 plu al 'we we e me ..., 'we wen up o....' implying ha he had emig a ed as pa o a g oup. The only de ailed accoun by an I ish emig an , in my possession, ook place in 1892 when Thomas Mu ay1 emig a ed o A gen ina. Mu ay's accoun is e y simila o accoun s w i en by English a elle s be ween 1880 and 1900 and hose o he Mulhalls which appea in a ious edi ions o he Handbook se ies. The mos popula ime o begin he jou ney appea s o ha e been in Augus o Sep embe . The emig an le Eu ope du ing he au umn mon hs and a i ed in A gen ina a he beginning o hei summe . E e y accoun excep Mu ay's eco d he wea he as being ex emely ough a he ou se wi h he passenge s su e ing e ibly om sea sickness. Once pas he Bay o Biscay howe e he wea he becomes calm and p esumably by hen he passenge s had acqui ed hei sea legs so ha he es o he jou ney was ema kably une en ul. Bo edom and i i a ion by ellow passenge s being in e up ed occasionally by sigh o land o he occasional s opping o a a po on he way. Rou e Taken. The shipping ou e appea s o ha e emained la gely unchanged h oughou he cen u y despi e he in oduc ion o s eame s. The ships con inued o sail as close o land as possible o he du a ion o he oyage. The majo e ec ha s eam powe appea s o ha e had was ha i educed he leng h o he jou ney om a ound h ee mon hs o abou hi y days. The simples me hod o eco ding he ou e aken by he emig an s is o ollow closely Mu ay's eco d o his oyage Mu ays Accoun o he Voyage. Mu ay's accoun commences on he 1s . o Sep embe 1892 when his ship (un-named) le he po o Li e pool. ' 4 O'clock pm passing Land's End ough sea and a cold e ening. The nex mo ning, a 9, he F ench coas is in sigh . By 7.P.M. ha e ening hey a e in he mou h o he 'Ga one' (Gi onde) and 'cas ancho a a place p onounced by he sailo s as "Poliack"' 1 26 Figu e 7:1 The ou e aken by Thomas Mu ay in 1892. 1 27 (Pauilla ) a 10.PM. and es he e o he nigh . Mu ay hen desc ibes he passenge s on boa d wi hou numbe ing hem. A Sco sman whom he desc ibes as being 'long lean and ga ish and dange ously cunning' Englishmen whom he ' hinks will u n ou nice ellows' and hen goes on o epo 'Na u ally my own coun ymen a e o me mos enjoyable'. The ship sails a 3p.m., on he 3 d., wi h addi ional passenge s 'men women and child en chie ly om F ance and Spain wi h a ew A abs, e y s angely d essed, Shabby looking hings hey a e all ea oge he on deck'. On Sunday he 4 h., Mu ay eco ds s ong gale and hea y sea, 4pm. in sigh o Spanish coas '. A 'nigh all' he ship ancho s in Co unna. They lea e Co unna on he 5 h., a 10 a.m. on a 'beau i ul mo ning' wi h 35 new passenge s. Sailing 'close o he coas ' he docked in Vigo a 8 pm., ha e ening. They le Vigo a 10 he nex mo ning wi h no new passenge s. The ship a i ed in Lisbon on he 6 h., a 3 p.m., and depa ed on he 7 h., a 11pm., wi h a u he '30 o 40 passenge s'. Mu ay a no ime sugges s ha passenge s disemba k in hese po s hough he e is no eason why some should no . Why A abs and Spania ds would a el o Bo deaux (Paullia ) o make a longe and mo e expensi e jou ney o Buenos Ai es is no explained. One canno ule ou he e o e he possibili y ha some a leas o hose passenge s we e a elling om F ance o he Ibe ian Peninsula so ha he o e all numbe o passenge s on he ship may e y well ha e emained he abou same h oughou he oyage. The 8 h o Sep embe Mu ay eco ds as ' he i s whole day wi hou seeing land'. On he 10 h he ship passes in 1 28 sigh o Tene i e bu does no dock he e. The 11 h. is Mu ay's 'Second Sunday on se' - eeling mo e homesick oday han any ( ime) since I le I eland'. Jus a e midnigh on he 13 h hey docked in S . Vincen on he Cape Ve de islands o ake on esh wa e and hey lea e again a 'hal pas ou '. On he 16 h hey a e 'supposed o be c ossing he line (equa o ) -wea he al oge he di e en om wha we expec ed, no hea a all o en el i much ho e in I eland'. They a i e o he coas o B azil on he 18 h., sigh ing S . Fe dinand Island (Fe nando deNo onha). On he 22nd he ship ounds Cape F io which Mu ay eco ds is 'Some hing like How h Head'. On he 23 d hey a e in qua an ine on he Rio G ande so p esumably some passenge s a e en e ing B azil. On he 24 h Mu ay 'wen h ough umiga ion' He s a ed ha i was a ' igh ul o deal... i eminds me o hell, al hough I ha e no seen ha place, unless i be ha pa o ....(wo d unclea ) a ound he docks. Bu accoun s I ha e ead and hea d o hell say ha i is a place o e ible o u e and ha i has a sickening bad smell, also ha he conce n in un by black ellows. Ou umiga ion a Rio G ande was in e e y way simila o his. We lea e onigh and I won be so y'. The 25 h was Mu ay's ou h Sunday on boa d, i was spen ancho ed o Rio de Janei o. Mu ay w i es 'Rio is as Pa e son says o Kilo glin " a beau i ul place o iew"'. The ship sailed om Rio on he 26 h and a i ed in La Pla a a nigh all on he 29 h. On he 30 h., all passenge s we e landed on Flo es Island whe e hey we e qua an ined o eigh days. 1 29 The 'qua an ine pa (o he island, was) abou hal a squa e mile in ex en . The o he pa is kep as a hospi al and a bu ying g ound. The public ha e no access o his pa '. Mu ay complains, as do o he w i e s o he pe iod o he d ead ul condi ions expe ienced in he qua an ine s a ion. ' he ea men gi en o people is an ou age o humani y'. The hi d class passenge s in pa icula appea o ha e been deplo ably ea ed. The ood 'was he di ies slop e e o e ed o a human being'. The pla es and spoons we e ne e washed. Two blanke s, again unwashed and ' ull o e min' we e issued o each passenge . The hi d class passenge s numbe ed 'o e a hund ed' and we e om 'almos e e y coun y in Eu ope and many pa s o Ame ica'. Some we e 'well and ende ly ea ed and o he s we e he lowes o he low'. E e y nigh hey we e all he ded in o one long shed 'wi hou ega d o age o sex and wi hou he ligh o e en one candle'. Mu ay w i es ha i was 'pi iable nay killing, o see he condi ion o some o hose poo people, delica e women young gi ls and li le child en. He s a ed ha he e was no sickness o any so on boa d hei ship and he e o e he e was no need o hose p ecau ions in hei case. He goes on o blame he au ho i ies on he island oge he wi h he go e nmen o U uguay and abo e all he English shipping companies o allowing hei passenge s o be so 'ou aged and pe secu ed' du ing hei qua an ine. The passenge s se sail again on he 8 h., a noon, a i ing in Mon e ideo a 6.30 pm., and le immedia ely o Buenos Ai es whe e he landed on he 9 h., The jou ney ook hi y nine days in o al. 1 30 On he 10 h., Mu ay a ended he I ish Mass a he g ea I ish chu ch o Holy C oss in he ci y. The e he me a numbe o I ish people. On he 11 h., he ob ained a 'p o ec ion' (his o eign s a us pape s) om he B i ish consula e. On he 12 h., he depa ed Buenos Ai es by he 7am., ain and a i ed a his des ina ion 'C ee y's house' a 5pm. ha e ening. His jou ney appea s o ha e been ypical o he I ish emig an s' expe ience h oughou he cen u y in all bu he qua an ine. He sailed om Li e pool, s opped o a se e al des ina ions along he Eu opean A lan ic coas and a leas one o he A lan ic islands be o e sailing o he nea es poin on he B azilian coas . Mu ay's ship hen sailed down along he coas o B azil, s opping only a Rio de Janei o and con inuing on un il i eached Mon e ideo be o e en e ing Buenos Ai es po . On landing Mu ay immedia ely headed o he I ish Chu ch whe e he con ac ed o he I ish immig an s and wi hin a ew days le he ci y o a u al des ina ion in an I ish dis ic . Qua an ine does no appea o ha e been en o ced un il he 1880's by which ime he I ish emig an s had ceased a i ing in signi ican numbe s. The condi ions expe ienced by hose immig an s would ce ainly ha e g ea ly impac ed on emale emig a ion om I eland especially as by hen emales had be e al e na i es o employmen in he Uni ed S a es. Howe e he I ish we e su icien ly well o ganized and weal hy in A gen ina o change hose condi ions i hey wished o con inue I ish emig a ion o A gen ina. Those condi ions he e o e may ha e added o he g owing eluc ance o he I ish o emig a e o A gen ina in 1 3 7 N O T E S 1. Thomas Mu ay may ha e been a ela i e o he au ho o The S o y o he I ish in A gen ina bu he was a di e en Thomas Mu ay. 2. Some I ish disemba ked in Mon e ideo and hen c ossed he i e o Buenos Ai es. A ew appea o ha e landed in Quilmes, now a subu b o Buenos Ai es, bu hen a small po abou 5 miles sou h o he ci y. 3.John B abazon w i ing in a dia y, which he kep , abou his li e in he Pampas be ween 1845 and 1855 a copy o which is in my possession. 4.I ha e discussed his heo y wi h D . John deCou cy I eland who, as pa o his wo k on Adml. William B own, esea ched ade om Buenos Ai es, o bo h Li e pool and he Uni ed S a ed and he ully ag ees ha he likelihood is ha much o he ea ly I ish emig a ion o A gen ina would ha e been ia he US because o he ading links hen exis ing. 5.Wes mea h Gua dian Newspape ad e isemen Augus 10 h. 1865. 6.FREEMAN T.W. (1957) P e-Famine I eland , 40. F eeman also makes an un e e enced s a emen on p.40. ha a es o he US ell o 15/= a e he Famine. 1 38 C H A P T E R 8. T H E S E N D I N G A R E A S. In oduc ion. In his chap e he sending a eas in I eland a e de ined om he da a p o ided by Coghlan. In addi ion he sex a io o hose emig a ing wi hin he sending a eas is also analyzed. As he da abase was cons uc ed om he esidual, se led I ish popula ion which appea s in Coghlan's 1987 genealogy, he indings mus be seen as e e ing o ha sec ion o he I ish emig an communi y. Ne e heless, as he g ea majo i y o I ish who emig a ed o A gen ina du ing he nine een h cen u y ne e e u ned o I eland, i can be easonably assumed ha when lea ing I eland, all he emig an s in ended o emain in A gen ina and only e-emig a ed om he e when he coun y ailed o li e up o hei expec a ions. This assump ion is a plausible one when i is emembe ed ha he a e o A gen ina was conside ably mo e expensi e han ha o he Uni ed S a es and Canada and u he mo e in e nal con inen al mig a ion o he US was much mo e di icul and expensi e han mig a ion om Canada o he US. The e o e while he da abase eco ds only he I ish who se led in A gen ina pe manen ly and o med a communi y he e, he same push and pull ac o s can easonably be assumed o ha e applied 1 39 o bo h sho - and long- e m I ish emig a ion o A gen ina. When conside ing emig a ion om I eland o A gen ina i is impo an o emembe ha I eland was he i s g assland egion inco po a ed by B i ain in o he colonial me can ile sys em. The p o ince o Leins e is I eland's p emie g assland a ea and Wes mea h and Wex o d, a e loca ed a opposi e ends o he p o ince. The Wes mea h a ea is bounded by he Ri e Shannon on i s wes e n side, which cu s i o om he p o ince o Connaugh while o he no h i o ms pa o he bounda y wi h he p o ince o Uls e and i is bounded on i s sou he n side by he bog o Allen. Thus he main sending a ea is loca ed in he no h wes e n edge o he p o ince. App oxima ely 100 miles o he sou h eas , on he opposi e co ne o Leins e , lies he second majo sending a ea, Fo h and Ba gy in Wex o d. This a ea is loca ed in he e y sou h- eas e n oe o he I eland, oughly, sou h o he oad connec ing Wex o d own on he eas coas o Welling onb idge on he sou h coas and consequen ly is bounded on h ee sides by he sea. As he wo popula ions we e loca ed on he ma gins o he p emie g assland egion, expansion in o su ounding a eas o good land was he e o e impossible. Imp o ing a me s om hose egions, consequen ly, had o look beyond I eland o addi ional land i hey wished o con inue o pu sue a u al a ming li es yle. Bo h a eas we e awa e o he oppo uni ies o acqui ing land which exis ed in he g assland egion o A gen ina, because he main sponso s o he emig a ion on he A gen ine side (Thomas A ms ong and Pa ick B owne) came om hose a eas. 1 40 Fi g u e 8:1. Dis ibu ion o Nine een h Cen u y I ish Emi g a ion o A g en ina. 1 41 I would appea also ha , in he beginning a leas , A ms ong and B owne we e e y p obably he only sponso s o emig a ion om hose wo a eas o a g assland egion wi hin he B i ish colonial sys em. Consequen ly, du ing mos o he ea ly pa o he nine een h cen u y A gen ina was he only op ion open o in ending emig an s, i hey wished o con inue hei cu en u al, a ming li es yle. Be ween hose wo cen es o I ish-A gen ine emig a ion a e se e al coun ies wi h well es ablished adi ions o emig a ion o all o he o he g assland a eas o he B i ish colonial wo ld, while a he same ime jus a hand ul, possibly only he membe s o one ex ended amily emig a ed om hose in e media e coun ies o A gen ina. This is u he e idence ha nine een h cen u y mass emig a ion om I eland was a mosaic o small pe sonal, amily and neighbou hood con ac wi h speci ic egions o he New Wo ld a he han a gene al unplanned ou mo emen o popula ion o andom des ina ions wi hin he B i ish Empi e. Findings om he Da abase. The da abase eco ds people emig a ing o A gen ina om hi y one o he hi y wo coun ies o I eland, Donegal being he only excep ion. (see able in Appendix 1) The neighbou ing coun ies o Ty one, Lei im and Monaghan only p oduced one emig an each while Fe managh, loca ed in he cen e o his g oup o coun ies p oduced jus h ee emig an s. This egion, in con as o Leins e con ained much o he poo es land in I eland oge he wi h a much highe popula ion concen a ion. Wha he da a base does highligh 1 42 howe e is ha by a he hea ies concen a ions o emig an s o A gen ina we e om he egions in I eland whe e he popula ion was skilled in he use o e ile land while, due o hei loca ion, hey we e unable o expand wi hin hei su ounding a ea. Consequen ly he popula ion om which he emig an s came p o ed o be e y acquisi i e o land when hey had he oppo uni y in A gen ina and u he mo e hey had he skills necessa y o gain he maximum economic e u ns om such a ich esou ce. An excellen ma ch he e o e exis ed be ween needs o he main sending communi ies and hei des ina ion The numbe s, oge he wi h he a io o males o emales, emig a ing o A gen ina a ied eno mously h oughou I eland. By a he hea ies concen a ion (61.05%) o pe manen se le s came om he Wes mea h a ea. The emig an s om his 'Wex o d' egion accoun ed o 15.59% o he o al who emig a ed om I eland and se led in A gen ina. As he wo a eas, when combined, accoun o 76.64% o he o al, se led, emig a ion hey we e he only egions whe e A gen ina was seen as a majo coun e a ac ion o o he compe ing des ina ions in he B i ish colonial me can ile sys em. In ac up o abou 1880 'Buenos Ai es' a he han 'Ame ica' was e y p obably he des ina ion o i s conside a ion o he co e egion be ween Ballymahon and Ballymo e in he Wes mea h a ea1. The Wes mea h A ea The Wes mea h a ea comp ises he egion no h o he B osna Ri e , eas o he Shannon and 1 43 sou h o he own o Edgewo hs owm (Mos im). This a ea inco po a es no h-wes O aly, he wes e n hal o Wes mea h and sou he n Long o d. The eason no h O aly and sou h Long o d a e included is because, oge he , hey o m pa o he na u al hin e land o he owns o Mullinga and A hlone. This hin e land o med he emig a ion a ea o he 'Wes mea h' emig an s, wi h he g ea es numbe o emig an s, abou 6% o he o al om I eland, coming om Ballymo e, which is loca ed oughly in he cen e o his hin e land. The a ea whe e he hea ies emig a ion o A gen ina occu ed was he poin whe e he cen al g assland egion ouches he Bog o Allen o he sou h, Connach o he wes and he d umlin coun ies o Uls e o he no h. This ac can be seen in he opog aphy o he coun yside. I is a land o li le lakes and eske s, pa ches o bogland in e spe sed wi h eins o i s class land. This a ea is bounded on i s eas side by Mullinga , a ma ke own connec ed o Dublin by canal, ail and oad, and hus in eg a ed in o he comme cial li e in I eland om he middle o he eigh een h cen u y. Mullinga , wi h i s easy communica ions wi h Dublin o he eas and i s s a egic midland loca ion was hough su icien ly impo an o B i ain o ha e a la ge mili a y ba acks main ained he e. On he wes e n side, A hlone, loca ed on he Shannon, was a majo wa e ou e connec ing he cen e o I eland o he ich Golden Vale o Muns e and o he A lan ic, o ha eason A hlone also had a la ge B i ish mili a y p esence. The esul was ha because o i s good communica ion ne wo k and s a egic impo ance, his egion was e y much in con ac wi h 1 44 he ou side wo ld, no wi hs anding he ac ha his pa o I eland was geog aphically u hes away om any sea po and po en ial ou side in luence. Fo he local inhabi an s, B i ish mili a y se ice was a ealis ic, i no always olun a y, al e na i e o li e on a iny pa ch o land. Se ice in B i ish egimen s, opened up o he gene al popula ion o his a ea, a knowledge and an in e es in pa s o he wo ld ha would o he wise ha e been denied o i . In addi ion, because o i s good communica ion ne wo k, and he high quali y o he land a ound Mullinga , i became a majo collec ing poin o ca le, sheep, wool and ho ses o B i ish mili a y campaigns o e seas. Thus he la ge land holde s we e inco po a ed in o he B i ish colonial me can ile ne wo k, in di ec compe i ion wi h he g ea g assland egions o he New Wo ld, and we e he e o e acu ely awa e o i s po en ial. All le els o socie y he e o e we e becoming e e mo e awa e o he oppo uni ies and condi ions in he B i ish colonies and quasi-colonies like A gen ina. P o ided hey we e gi en a ealis ic chance o a ail o he economic oppo uni ies in o he pa s o he wo ld, and had he esou ces o ge he e, many o he inhabi an s we e mo e han willing o emig a e. Wex o d. Wex o d is a ma i ime coun y loca ed in he sou h eas co ne o I eland, and like Wes mea h, i s majo economic ac i i y was, and s ill is, ag icul u e. Emig an s le o 'Buenos Ai es' om all o e coun y Wex o d. The co e a ea was howe e , much smalle . I 1 45 was con ined o he Fo h and Ba gy egion. Figu e 8:2. The Two Main Sending A eas. 1 46 2 45 N O T E S 1. The A gen ine embassies in Dublin and London we e con ac ed by me as well as he mili a y a chi e in Belg ano, Buenos Ai es ci y, oge he wi h se e al p i a e con ac s wi h indi idual senio mili a y and go e nmen o icials in an e o o acqui e maps o 1855 and 1869. In addi ion he A gen ine ambassado in Dublin 1991/3, S . J.M. Figu e o, a o me A my o ice and o eign minis e made e e y e o on my behal also, o which I wish o hank him. 2. I ha e been unable o examine he eco ds o e i y his claim. I is howe e uni e sally belie ed by he I ish communi y. E en i no li e ally ue, o such a claim o be so widely belie ed shows ha he I ish came o own a as a ea o land in no he n Buenos Ai es wi hin se en y o eigh y yea s o mass immig a ion. 3. This is a di ec quo a ion om a p i a e b ie ing, which I ha e had sigh o , by a e i ing I ish ambassado in Buenos Ai es o his successo . I was w i en in he 1950's. The Ambassado 's sou ces we e he sons o he amilies di ec ly in ol ed in b inging ou he immig an s. 4. This in o ma ion was gi en o me by his g anddaugh e Seno a Luisa Duggan de San Ma in y He as, du ing my isi o Buenos Ai es in Oc obe 1990. 5. The alua ion o Duggan's es a e, which is widely accep ed in A gen ina, was gi en o me in con e sa ion wi h his g and nephew M . Law ence Feeney in Mullinga in Janua y 1993. 2 45 C H A P T E R 1 3. LIFE FOR THE IRISH IN THE CAMP. In oduc ion. No wo k on he I ish who emig a ed o A gen ina du ing he nine een h cen u y would be comple e wi hou some desc ip ion o he li e hey led and he condi ions he emig an s expe ienced when hey a i ed in A gen ina and how hey adap ed o hose condi ions. While hei expe ience me i s a much deepe s udy han is p oposed he e, ne e heless o unde s and he emig a ion mo e ully a b ie ou line o he immig an s' li es is essen ial o show hei expe iences and he ype o cha ac e an indi idual equi ed o enable him o su i e and p ospe in A gen ina, especially du ing he pionee ing days. All o he illus a ions used in his chap e , unless o he wise s a ed, a e aken om Ti o Saubide (1958) Vocabula io y Re ane o C iollo Li es yle o an Immig an in Zone 3. Un il 1833 he a ea unde he con ol o he Buenos Ai es' Go e nmen was comp ised o he coun yside no h o a line which an along he bank o he Rio Salado om he A lan ic inland h ough Lake Chascomus un il i eached San Miguel del Mon e (Mon e). I hen u ned no h-wes o Junin and on o San An onio de A eco. F om his poin he line an oughly no h-eas un il i came o wi hin a ew kilome e s o he Pa ana Ri e whe e i again u ned no h-wes ollowing he i e a his dis ance un il i eached San Nicholas de A oyos. The owns o Ca men de A eco ( hen known as Fo in), Rojas we e a ha ime jus mili a y o s, deep in Indian coun y, p o ec ing he oad om Co doba (1). Figu e 13:1 I ish Se lemen A ea in A gen ina. Sou ce: Mu a y, 1919 he S o y o he I ish...... Ea ly Ru al Se lemen . In 1833 all o he e i o y be ween he Salado and Pa ana Ri e s, which un il hen was conside ed Indian e i o y, was annexed by Rosas who was by hen Dic a o o A gen ina. The e ili y o he soil imp o es as one p og esses no h o he ci y. The mos e ile land is 2 46 2 47 loca ed in no he n Buenos Ai es and sou he n San a Fe P o inces wi hin he lood-plain o he Pa ana Ri e (See chap 3.) The I ish, he e o e, had e e y incen i e o mig a e no hwa ds as he land was clea ed. No only was he quali y o he land imp o ing, he dis ance om Buenos Ai es was educing as i s hin e land was being clea ed o Na i e Ame icans. Thus hey had he double bene i o be e land and close access o ma ke s. The I ish ollowed immedia ely behind he soldie s en ing he land om he go e nmen o om soldie s who we e gi en i as g an s and did no wish o a m i . The i s o he new lands o be se led we e loca ed a ound he mili a y o s which se ed as he cen e s o communica ion o he su ounding coun yside. These cen e s we e o become impo an owns in he p o ince o Buenos Ai es. La e emig an s se led he land in be ween hese owns so ha a ce ain amoun o 'leap ogging' ook place in he se ling o hese egions, hough he p og ession was s eadily no hwes . These owns oday a e s ill se led by amilies bea ing I ish names. San An onio de A eco se le s ha e mos ly Wex o d names such as Casey and De e eaux whe eas nea by in Suipacha, Wes mea h names Lawlo , Kelly, Ga ahan, and Geoghegan s ill p edomina e. The I ish had an ad an age o e he na i e A gen inean when i came o se ling he new g assland a eas. A na i e bo n A gen ine was subjec o mili a y se ice be ween he ages o se en een and o y i e, hough in p ac ice boys as young as 12 o 13 we e consc ip ed in o mili a y se ice. Ye a condi ion o he land g an was ha i had o be wo ked by he owne . 2 48 The e o e e en when he C eole owne wished o e ain his land he was in p ac ice obliged o use I ish immig an s as shephe ds. A poin o no e he e is ha he A gen ine bo n child en o I ish emig an s, who we e legally A gen ine ci izens, egula ly a oided mili a y se ice because e y many could only speak English o a bes e y poo Spanish and we e able o con ince he au ho i ies ha hey oo we e immig an s. By emaining as 'immig an s' he se le s we e ba ed om o ing and hus we e excluded om in luencing poli ical di ec ion in A gen ina. This non-comba an s a us sa ed he immig an communi y om he bloodle ing which was almos con inuously aging a ound hem. I had a nega i e e ec also in ha i p e en ed assimila ion and in eg a ion o he a ious immig an communi ies in o a single g oup which had common aims and aspi a ions as was he case in he Uni ed S a es. The esul was ha he immig an s, oge he wi h hei A gen ine bo n child en and g and-child en, con inued o see hemsel es as I ish, he e o exploi he coun y. This a i ude was uni e sal among he Eu opean se le s. I mean ha each g oup compe ed (o conspi ed) wi h each o he o ex ac as much as hey could om he coun y while pu ing as li le as possible back in he o m o e-in es men o he u u e. This a i ude among A gen ines, which is only now beginning o change, was a he oo o many o hei economic and poli ical di icul ies. Land Owne ship. Wi h he es ancia/hacienda sys em o ag icul u e al eady es ablished, se lemen on he No h 2 49 Ame ican model p o ed impossible o implemen , excep o a ew, li le mo e han oken, se lemen s du ing he la e hal o he cen u y, despi e an almos unlimi ed supply o sui able land. Some a emp s we e made o se le a eas o land especially in he e y no h o he p o ince and jus o e he bo de in he s a e o San a Fe in he 1870's and 1880's - some by I ish owne s. A majo eason o he poo success o his ype o se lemen was poo communica ion and accessibili y o ma ke s due la gely o go e nmen neglec due o cons an poli ical uphea al along wi h a lack o suppo o hose colonis s in ol ed du ing hei s a -up yea s. In addi ion he I ish, in pa icula , p e e ed o play o he much highe s akes ha we e on o e in he p o ince o Buenos Ai es. The es ancias, because o hei size, we e mo e able o inancially wi hs and he poli ical uphea als. They also had su icien land o enable hem o wi hs and na u al ca as ophes such as d ough , looding and locus in es a ion. Also, as he se lemen s we e go e ned om he op he se le s did no ha e he eedom o es ablish hei own communica ion and comme cial sys ems as hey did in B i ish colonies o he in Uni ed S a es. Ea ly Sheep Fa ming Once he ea ly I ish immig an s had mas e ed he language and cus oms o he coun y, hey mo ed ou o he ci y and began he ding sheep in he Chascomus dis ic abou se en y i e miles sou h o Buenos Ai es ci y. The eason o choosing his egion was he g ea e he dis ance om Buenos Ai es he cheape and mo e eely a ailable he sui able land became and p io o 1833 Chascomus was he mos dis an a ea unde he con ol o he Go e nmen 2 50 o Buenos Ai es, close o a cons an wa e supply. The sheep we e he ded on a "sha es" basis o en o he same me chan o whom hey had wo ked in Buenos Ai es. Some emig an s wo ked o na i e C eole es ancie os. This sys em, which was unknown in Sou h Ame ica ou side he p o ince o Buenos Ai es, was e y simila o bo h he Me ai ie sys em o F ance and o he sys em o enu e in I eland unde he na i e B ehon Laws. I is no known how he sys em o igina ed a ound he po o Buenos Ai es. Being beside he only po wi h Eu opean con ac i is p obable ha he sys em came om Eu ope, whe he ha was F ance o I eland I ha e been unable o es ablish. The sys em ope a ed as ollows. Flock owne s wi h abou wo housand sheep would go in o pa ne ship wi h he immig an . Unde he con ac he owne would ag ee o supply he lock o a speci ied numbe o yea s (usually ou ). In he e y ea ly days he shephe d ob ained his sha e in e u n o his labou and he inancial cos o main aining he lock, en ing pas u e e c. When he ag eed numbe o yea s had expi ed he shephe d and he owne would di ide he lock, he owne ge ing back his 2,000 sheep plus an ag eed pe cen age o he inc ease (usually 50%) as well as his sha e o he p ice ob ained o he wool clip du ing he con ac pe iod. By his ime he lock, unde good managemen , would ha e g own o 10,000 in numbe . The shephe d would hen ha ing e u ned he 2,000 o iginal sheep o he owne and di iding he emaining 8,000 equally wi h him, become he 2 51 sole owne o up o 4,000 sheep. He would hen di ide his lock in o, say, wo locks o 2,000 and hi e shephe ds on a simila ype o con ac o one he had wo ked. In his way one emig an b ough ou his b o he s and la e his cousins and neighbou s and so a highly egional speci ic chain mig a ion began. The e is e idence in olk memo y ha he es ablished I ish d o e much ha de ba gains wi h he new immig an s han did he C iollo es ancie o. The I ish lock-owne expec ed he emig an o pu chase his hal sha e in he lock while keeping he o he condi ions men ioned. As he sheep became mo e aluable he I ish owne s in pa icula modi ied he a angemen so ha i he new emig an did no ha e he cash o pu chase his sha e he became a "Te ce o" (a one hi d man) a he han a "Mediane o" (a hal es man). The e ce o howe e was p o ided wi h g azing, s ock pens, e c. ee o cha ge by he lock owne a he beginning. Those condi ions we e d opped in he mid 1850's as sheep and wool con inued o ise in alue. A he end o he con ac pe iod he new immig an could become a mediane o by using he sha e he was hen due, o buy his hal sha e in a new lock. This had he e ec o doubling he pe iod o yea s ha he shephe d had o wo k o he owne o achie e he same e u n as he ea lie immig an . Many o he immig an s who a i ed a e abou 1855, we e o mo e di ec ly in o he coun yside o ind employmen as shephe ds. By he la e 1850's when sheep became e y aluable and shephe ds mo e plen i ul, many o he es ablished he d owne s began o employ shephe ds on a wage basis. 2 52 The shephe ds e ained on he old sys em saw hei pe cen age sha e become s eadily smalle and he numbe o yea s o he con ac inc ease. I in addi ion o he ding he was also esponsible o p o ec ing a po ion o he es ancia he was hen a 'pues e o' o (sen y) 'pos ' man. Thus by 1860 I ish immig an s began o ake o e he ole o he gaucho on I ish owned es ancias, being esponsible o he li es ock on a po ion o he es ancia in e u n o a small po ion o land whe e he was able o aise some sheep. La e immig an s we e also in g ea demand o dig di ches and wells on al eady se led land. They ea ned on a e age £30 pe yea o his wo k (2). Li e on he Pampa. Li e was no easy o he immig an , I wasn' jus a ma e o iding o in o he sunse wi h wo housand o someone else's sheep and e u ning ou yea s la e a man o wo h. Many ne e e u ned, o e u ned b oken in body and spi i , some imes insane om yea s o almos comple e soli ude. A b oken leg o a all om a ho se equen ly mean a linge ing dea h om hi s o s a a ion. Li e was cheap among he Gauchos and Indians. Usually hey we e no in e es ed in killing he shephe d o his sheep, bu o his p o isions and clo hes - a dead ic im was less likely o seek o eco e his possessions han a li e one. John B abazon ecalls how his i s wi e Hono ia and he sis e we e s abbed o dea h in B abazon's home by a passing gaucho who was looking o ood and money, while he was nea by ending his 2 53 sheep. The land oo had o be amed. O e as a eas he ege a ion consis ed o all coa se g ass which he sheep could no ea and his les which we e alle han a man on ho se-back. The his le- ho ns go en angled in hei wool and le i wo hless o shea ing, as he main alue o he sheep was i s wool: wo hless wool mean wo hless sheep and was ed e o . The emig an had o sea ch o a la ge a ea o land wi h su icien sui able g ass o his lock o g aze. The land, pa icula ly Chascomus, was gene ally mo e low lying and g ew a ine g ass han o he a eas bu was subjec o lash looding in he sp ing mon hs. Sui able land was also a ailable u he in o he in e io . Howe e i was subjec o p olonged d ough in he summe . These we e no annual occu ences bu would ake place usually once o wice in a decade. In a d ough , i e s and s eams d ied up al oge he and he sea o lush pas u e which had s e ched o he ho izon and beyond sh i elled and died, lea ing he shephe d o wi ness his lock, which was he culmina ion o his li e's wo k, choke on he dus and blind hemsel es on he long ho ns as hey ied o ea he las o he su i ing his les. An emig an could loose he esul o en o i een yea s ha d wo k in a single nigh 's hunde s o m and lood, o in he sou h a blizza d, o wa ch hem die o hi s o e se e al weeks while he s uggled ainly agains he ine i able end. I he lock an o , due o 2 60 and a ladde a ached o he gable end o allow him a ail o he oo as a an age poin o keep in isual con ac wi h his sheep. The e is some dispu e in he olk memo y abou he claim ha he immig an s had chimneys in hei anchos. Some, including Bul in, a gue ha chimneys we e no buil . They desc ibe a hole in he cen e o he oo . This i is a gued, was because he oo , made o ushes, soon became a ha en o e e y insec in he egion, he smoke ising up unhinde ed in o he oo ing ma e ial ac ed as an insec epellan and allowed he ancho o emain habi able. Such an a gumen is howe e la gely academic as he adi ion in A gen ina, as in mos ai ly low la i ude coun ies, was o build he cooking i e ou side. Tempe a u es we e usually such ha shade was a mo e impo an han hea ing. Despi e he ac ha he I ish immig an s would ha e known well how o cons uc a wea he p oo dwelling om I eland, William Bul in once ema ked, ha he I ishman's oo kep he ain ou in ine wea he 4. In we , s o my wea he he lambs we e penned in he ancho o p o ec ion and o de e he ewes om unning o lea ing hei lambs behind. The shephe d emained ou side wi h he ewes du ing he s o m, calming hem, un il i aba ed, so he only occupied he ancho on a ine nigh o du ing he ex eme mid-day hea o sies a i his lock had su icien wa e no o necessi a e his wo king h ough he mid-day sun. The Cons uc ion o a Rancho. The ancho i sel was buil wi h sods o ea h placed on op o each o he suppo ed by a ame o e ical pos s ein o ced by la e al yings o wa le, and la e wi e, co e ing an a ea o abou 4m x 2.5m (12'x 8')5. The sod walls we e plas e ed by a mo a which was 2 61 adi ionally made o a combina ion o ho se manu e and g ass. Howe e he I ish subs i u ed he ho se dung wi h a mo e con enien and simple me hod o hem. They cu he long pampas g asses wi h hei wool shea s, chopped i in o smalle pieces and shook i o a dep h o a ew inches o e he loo o a specially dug pi . Then hey co alled hei sheep as igh ly as possible in o he pi . The combina ion o u ine, d oppings and he chopped g ass being ampled in o he so clay unde nea h, by he sha p hoo es o he sheep, p oduced a sludge-like mo a which was hen used o plas e bo h he inside and ou side o he dwelling. The mo a would soon d y ha d unde he s ong A gen ine sun lea ing a ock ha d wea he p oo su ace. S onge g asses we e used o co e he oo , which was ha ched in a simila ashion o he me hod in I eland excep ha he ha ch was sewn on wi h he long ail-hai om he ho se. O en he oo was ex ended beyond he walls o he house on he no he n side o o m a e anda as a p o ec ion om he s ong summe sun. The heigh o he walls we e di ec ly ela ed o he heigh o he occupan . All ha was necessa y was ha he could s and up igh suddenly wi hou inad e en ly d i ing his head h ough he oo . I , when he s uc u e was comple e, he loo ose oo much in one co ne o he oo sagged in he cen e, i was jus a ma e o aking ou he spade and lowe ing he loo in he o ending place un il he desi ed Fi g u e 13:3. Buildin g a Rancho. 2 6 2 heigh was ob ained. 2 63 The e was gene ally one opening in o he ancho ac oss which a ho se hide was hung o se e as a doo . The in e io was spa sely u nished. The shephe d slep on wool, o a ho sehide which was s e ched ac oss a imbe ame i he could a o d he imbe . His blanke was a sheepskin. In he cen e o he oom, suspended by a ope was a bag which con ained camp biscui , unde nea h his, on he loo , an up u ned ches was placed which con ained ea, suga and some ye ba lea which was made in o a d ink, in he same way as ea, called ma e (6). This ches was always su ounded by a shallow channel o osse which was kep illed wi h wa e du ing he summe mon hs, o he wise black an s would ca y o i s con en s in a ma e o hou s. This ches also se ed as a able. Figu e 13:4 The Roo o he Rancho. A chai consis ed o an ox skull whose la ge cu ed ho ns se ed as he back es . On one gable wall abou 2m abo e he g ound an i on ba was d i en in, which ex ended abou 1m in o he oom. F om his was hung his mea a ions, usually a ca cass o mu on. O he sho e pegs held his ke le, ying pan, cooking po , candle make , sheep b and, wool shea s and a ew odds and ends o iding gea . Agains he opposi e gable es ed his ladde . The 2 64 loo consis ed o ampled g ass which, acco ding o Bul in, was sha ed wi h he odd lea oge he wi h he occasional passing og o snake. The building was li by a home-made allow candle. The candle-s ick was gene ally an emp y gin bo le. I he occupan was an es ancie o he would build a second, mo e modes , s uc u e ha was much mo e spa sely u nished, which se ed as he sleeping accommoda ion o his wo kmen. This s uc u e consis ed solely o a oo and ou walls, he occupan s' bedding was hei iding ack. The es ancie o, being a weal hy man, would ha e a ho se-hide bed. This was, in all p obabili y he only such luxu y o a leas wen y miles. Ano he di e ence in he es ancie o's dwelling was ha being a ich man he e y p obably had a s ong wooden doo which could be locked and ba ed om he inside. A ew yea 's p ospe i y b ough he plan ing o some ees, o shade, i ing and pen cons uc ion, oge he wi h some imp o emen s in he ancho. I was he ollowing gene a ion usually who buil he ine es ancia houses which s ill exis on he I ish es ancias oday. The o iginal immig an gene ally conside ed i a be e business o in es his cash in mo e land and sheep. As he immig an began o p ospe and could a o d o ma y, he had o imp o e his home. The i s sign o his imp o ing weal h was a wooden doo . The imbe had o be impo ed in o his as eeless plain and was he e o e e y expensi e. I was essen ial howe e o p o ec his wi e om being a acked while she was alone in he house. Windows we e he nex addi ion ollowed by he ex ension, which was usually a li le g ande han he o iginal building. I usually aced in he same gene al di ec ion as he o iginal house, hough some imes i was buil a oughly igh angles o i . Figu e 13:5 The sou h side o he Clancy es ancia house showing he o iginal Rancho. Pho o g a p h o Fi g u e 13:5 and 13:6 aken b y kind p e mission o S . Oli e Clanc y . The I ish shephe d was no always an expe builde no was he, unlike his Sco ish coun e pa , who usually a i ed wi h mo e esou ces, no ed o being house p oud. As he amily p ospe ed u he buildings we e added un il he es ancia house o med a squa e enclosing a pa io. The buildings on all ou sides we e one oom wide. Windows we e placed in he ou e walls and a la ge doo was buil in he wall acing he pa io. The e was no connec ing co ido be ween he ooms. One walked ac oss he pa io o ge om he li ing 2 65 a ea o he sleeping a ea. An excellen example is he es ancia house o S . Oli e Clancy, in San An onio de A eco. The Clancys, unlike mos I ish immig an s, e ained a g ea p ide in he ac ha hey succeeded om e y humble o igins in A gen ina. They ha e p ese ed each sec ion o hei house h ough he gene a ions exac ly as he o iginal builde designed i , wi h he one comp omise ha he o iginal g ass oo on he ancho has been eplaced by co uga ed i on. Simply walking a ound hei es ancia house one can clea ly see he p og ession om ancho o ine es ancia house. One ine enough o he p esiden o A gen ina o b eak his jou ney when a elling be ween his own es ancia and Buenos Ai es Figu e 13:6 The on o he Clancy es ancia house. Buil a ound 1885. Abou 15 yea s la e han he ancho. 2 66 2 67 in he 1890's. In he Clancy house he o iginal ancho has wo ooms wi h an inside doo connec ing he wo. Only one oom has a doo in o he pa io. This was because he 'inne oom' was he womens' bed oom and he 'ou e oom' was he mens'. The eason was ha when a house was a acked by enegade soldie s o gauchos, ape as well as obbe y was gene ally he mo i e. In he anchos buil o amilies du ing he 1860's-1880's he po en ial apis s had i s o igh hei way h ough he mens' qua e s be o e gaining access o he womens' qua e s. As he house g ew la ge each wing had a sepa a e unc ion. The imposing on o he house con ained he ecep ion a ea wi h one o he wo wings buil a igh angles o he on comp ising he sleeping qua e s and he o he he li ing qua e s. The ea buildings which enclosed he squa e con ained he ki chen and laund y. The pa io i sel was usually a lowe ga den whe e he owne s and hei gues s could elax and ea du ing he wa m wea he . On he la ge es ancias he ki chens opened ou on o a second pa io. This was he ege able ga den wi h he s a qua e s anged a ound i . A he end o his pa o he house, opposi e he ki chen, was he dai y, he coach house he hen house e c. This some imes opened on o a hi d pa io which could be desc ibed as he a mya d wi h he adi ional a m buildings a anged a ound i . The D ess o he Immig an s. The I ish immig an s also adap ed hei mode o d ess o sui hei new li ing and clima ic condi ions. They quickly copied he gaucho o m o d ess in almos e e y espec . The olde men usually wo e long bea ds which hey occasionally clipped wi h hei sheep shea s, while mos young I ish immig an s g ew long Spanish s yle mous aches. They co e ed hei heads wi h a wide b immed ha and a ound hei necks he wo e a b igh sca . They also o began wea he 'poncho'. This ec angula woolen ga men which was wo n loosely abou he Figu e 13:7 The Chi ipa and Bombachas. Pho o g a p h o bombachas aken wi h he kind p e mission o S . Edua do Ga y no . 2 68 uppe body o e ed p o ec ion agains he s ong sun in he day ime and se ed as a blanke a nigh , while in a igh , i w apped a ound he le a m i could de end i s owne agains s ab wounds lea ing he igh hand and a m ee o a ack. The 'chi ip a' o lowe ga men was o simila design and se ed a simila pu pose o he lowe body, one end was ied a ound he wais , mee ing a he on and he ga men was hen b ough up be ween he legs o he on and secu ed by means o a s ong wide bel . Thus he legs we e no es ic ed in any way by igh i ing clo hes. This ga men was no widely wo n by he I ish. They p e e ed 'bombachas' which we e ligh weigh ouse s wi h e y loose plea ed legs. The bombachas ha e become he accep ed o m o d ess o Camp dwelle s especially he es ancie o class in mode n imes. Figu e 13:8. The 'Bo a de Po o' o 'Boo om he Col ' 2 69 The boo s we e made om he skin om he legs o a young col . As soon as he col was 2 75 I ish cen es and he abandoning o he new immig an s' wel a e. F . Fahy's and Thomas A ms ong's successo s ne e ully unde s ood he b oad agenda which had o be ollowed o ensu e he success o he communi y in he i s place and had nei he he ision no he in ellec o be able o ca y on hei wo k. The o iginal ision o c ea ing a new Gaelic socie y wi h he spi i and alues o he old p e-B i ish I eland based on he pooling o esou ces had long gone bu so oo had he ideal o c ea ing in A gen ina a eal al e na i e o he housands o I ish lea ing I eland e e y yea o wo k in he indus ial cen es o he English speaking wo ld. The successo s o F . Fahy and Thomas A ms ong, like he much o he es o socie y in A gen ina lacked ha pionee ing ision ha had been so much pa o li e a gene a ion ea lie . B i ain was eaching he zeni h as a colonial powe and was by a he g ea es in es o in he A gen ine economy. By de ini ion almos he B i ish sys em o doing hings was accep ed as supe io o all o he sys ems. I ne e appea ed o occu o hose in con ol o I ish socie y ha he I ish Ca holics, as a communi y mani es ly ailed o o m success ul u al se lemen s anywhe e he B i ish model o se lemen ope a ed whe eas hey had been hugely success ul in A gen ina ope a ing hei own model. F om he ea ly 1870's in A gen ina, Capi alism and he c ea ion o quick pape weal h a he han indi idual e o yielding long e m p ospe i y became he economic goal o almos all, including he I ish, hen in he coun y. Wi h his shi in emphasis an o e all decline in he gene al alues o he communi y apidly ollowed. This soon came o he poin whe e he A gen ine Chu ch became e y conce ned 2 76 abou bo h he gene al and spi i ual wel a e o he I ish communi y in he coun y. Because o he independence o he I ish Chu ch, and he o al allegiance o he I ish communi y o i , coupled wi h an acu e sho age o p ies s in he A gen ine communi y i sel , mean ha he A gen ine Chu ch was powe less o in e ene di ec ly. I did y indi ec ly, howe e , by w i ing o he A chbishop o Dublin, ( h ee imes wi hou appa en ly any eply he h ee le e s we e almos iden ical) da ed, Oc .5 h 1877, Ma ch 27 h and Aug 6 h 18781. Bu by hen A chbishop Mu ay was also dead and his successo Ca dinal Cullen did no sha e he ision o he c ea ion o a new Gaelic Age ei he . In he h ee le e s signed by he A chbishop o Buenos Ai es, he w i es 'I is a pain ul ac ha he I ish people a e changed om wha hey we e once;'.. .......'igno ance is on he inc ease as, hey ( he you h) seldom o e e ecei e any eligious ins uc ion, added o he wan o Ca holic schools whe e he English language is spoken'.........'The posi ion o membe s o I ish amilies, om he la ge o unes hey ha e amassed, calls o special a en ion. I hey a e le wi hou eligious ins uc ion, i will no be di icul o o esee he u u e ha awai s hem. Vani y in some, insubo dina ion in o he s, joined o hei peculia habi s and cus oms, gi e oom o ice among he mo e igno an , especially hose who ha e no eligious p inciple, which I ea a e no a ew'.... He hen eques s p ies s and nuns, bo h o ound schools and o augmen he exis ing 10 I ish p ies s in hei pas o al wo k, o go a ound he I ish communi y gi ing 'missions'. The A chbishop concludes his le e by w i ing 'Should you answe be a ou able, as I expec i , on he i s no ice I ecei e, I shall see abou u nishing he necessa y expenses o he oyage ou and also he ins alla ion o he missiona ies in his 2 77 A chdiocese. In he same manne he equisi e means would be p o ided o he Religious Ladies who would be willing o de o e hemsel es o educa ion'. I is o be no ed ha i was he A chbishop and no F . Fahy's successo , Canon Dillon, who w o e hose commen s o Dublin and looked o addi ional cle gy and mo eo e o e ed o mee hei expenses. Times had adically changed in he six yea s since he dea h o F . Fahy. In ac I ha e seen no eques om he I ish chaplaincy o addi ional membe s, much less an o e o pay hei expenses and p o ide li ing accommoda ion a e F . Fahy's ime. Tha is no o deny ha some o he leade s o he I ish communi y we e mos anxious o con inue in he adi ional pa e n. They hemsel es made an ag eemen wi h he Passionis s, whe eby he I ish communi y would inance and main ain Passionis p ies s o minis e , especially e ea s, among he I ish communi y. The Passionis o de accep ed he unding bu sen ou I alian and English p ies s claiming ha he Ca holic Chu ch was a uni e sal Chu ch. This u he spli he I ish communi y and emb oiled i in such deep di isions ha e en ually he dispu e was sen o he Va ican in he ea ly 1900's o esolu ion. The u al I ish in he main claimed ha hey had paid o I ish p ies s and we e chea ed while he u ban I ish, mos ly emale domes ic se an s, in Buenos Ai es backed hei new English p ies . The eal damage o his spli was ha i cu o he, la ge male u al communi y om he la gely emale u ban communi y. The men ceased o go in o he ci y and he women we e abandoned by he u al I ish. 2 78 The consequence o all o his was ha he u al communi y was i s cu o om he ci y communi y and secondly he u al a eas we e cu o om each o he . Successo s wi h he ision o Fahy and A ms ong would su ely ha e con inued wi h immig a ion and used he esou ces o he I ish communi y o acqui e he la ge ac s o land being o e ed o sale by he go e nmen , a he ou in he D y Pampa, subdi iding i up among he immig an s a he han allowing i all in o he hands o he eme ging oliga chy o which no a ew we e I ish who owed hei p ospe i y o he e y sys em c ea ed by F . Fahy and Thomas A ms ong. The ac was ha he ea ly emig an s had by hen become es ablished and ealized ha i was in hei long e m in e es o assimila e in o he eli e o he wide communi y. A he same ime hey needed an I ish labou o ce, whom hey could depend on o wo k hei es ancias. I was no in hei in e es o ha e hei labou e s lea ing a e a yea o wo o pene a e u he in o he Camp o compe e wi h hem in he ma ke place o land and a sha e o he ma ke s o he p oduce o his new land, no was i in hei in e es o ha e new immig an s wo king o hem who we e imbued wi h he heo ies o Da i and he Land League in I eland. By discou aging u he immig a ion and agmen ing he I ish communi y hey we e able o con ol i and ensu e ha hei own in e es s we e p o ec ed. By he 1870's he weal hy I ish ealized ha i was in hei in e es o main ain he s a us quo, eezing he de elopmen o he I ish emig an communi y in he p ocess. The weal hy I ish had no opposi ion o his change as he old I ish eli es had ceased a i ing in he coun y ollowing independence six y yea s ea lie and he I ish Chu ch had no one o s a u e 2 79 capable o aking hem on, while he me chan s we e qui e sa is ied o do business wi h he exis ing weal hy land owne s. The only one no con en wi h he new si ua ion was he A gen ine go e nmen who we e mos anxious o con inue I ish immig a ion along he old model. To his end hey cha e ed a ship The D esden o go o I eland and ec ui u he emig an s. The D esden a i ed in Co k in 1883. By hen wo d had long il e ed back o I eland ha A gen ina was no longe he land o oppo uni y o he I ish. They a ac ed only a ew passenge s. To a oid sailing back wi h an almos emp y ship he o ganize s ec ui ed o he s ee s in Lime ick and Co k. They a ac ed unemployed ownspeople and no a ew pe y c iminals and p os i u es who ag eed o emig a e on condi ion ha cha ges agains hem, in I eland, we e d opped. When he ship a i ed back in Buenos Ai es a Ch is mas he I ish would ha e no hing o do wi h i . The passenge s we e disemba ked on o he quay side in he blazing summe hea and le wi hou ood o wa e o e he holiday pe iod. Some o he weake ones, including child en, died o hi s and sun s oke be o e hey we e allowed land. Thei su e ing was no o e e en hen howe e as he I ish communi y s ill e used o accep hem. They we e hen shipped o Bahia Blanca, a po on he bo de s o Buenos Ai es p o ince and Pa agonia, o an ins i u ion un by P esen a ion nuns. This was he u hes possible poin away om whe e he I ish we e se led in he p o ince o Buenos Ai es. The e hey we e le o end o hemsel es as bes hey could mel ing in o he local communi y. The ea men o hose emig an s led o such an ou c y in bo h I eland and Buenos Ai es ha no u he a emp was made o ec ui I ish emig an s by he A gen ine go e nmen . This episode b ough o a inal end all emig a ion om I eland o A gen ina 2 80 excep o a ew close ela i es o exis ing emig an s who we e able o secu e hei u u e. F om ha poin on he exis ing s a us quo was consolida ed. The new se lemen model was no longe se iously challenged. I was a ma e o o ganizing he communi y in a way ha his posi ion was main ained. The e we e now wo I ish communi ies li ing side by side in A gen ina o en closely ela ed by blood bu di ided by weal h. The weal hy I ish wished o e ain a labou o ce wi h adi ional I ish mo al alues while many o he labou e s s ill p e e ed o emain in secu e employmen in an I ish en i onmen , o lacked he unds o e- emig a e. The me chan s had no u he in e es in I ish labou e s as I alians we e willing o se le in he ci y and wo k o less wages, so i was le o he Chu ch as de eloped by F . Fahy o main ain he balance in he communi y. To his end F . Fahy's successo Canon Dillon b ough in u he inno a ions. The bes known was he ounding o he I ish emig an newspape he Sou he n C oss, which s ill emains he newspape o he I ish communi y in A gen ina ( hough since he 1960's i is published mainly in Spanish). The newspape eplaced he local I ish newspape s in he camp lib a ies. In a eal sense his newspape was a e lec ion o he change in he I ish communi y since he ime o F . Fahy. The S anda d newspape which was also ounded by I ishmen, was un by he Mulhalls and inanced by he Duggans, p obably he weal hies I ish amily anywhe e in he wo ld a ha ime. P io o he launching o The Sou he n C oss i had been he newspape o all he English speaking communi y. Howe e by he mid 2 81 1870's i was seen as he newspape o he weal hy I ish immig an s only. The upcoming A gen ine-bo n gene a ion did no ha e he same in e es in local I ish e en s as hei pa en s. The e o e he Sou he n C oss was needed o e lec as well as o o m he ou look o he i s gene a ion I ish-A gen ines, while keeping he con inuance o he pe cep ion o he I ish being a sepa a e communi y. The Sou he n C oss was o ally con olled by Canon Dillon and inanced un il i became iable, by he weal hy I ish communi y and e lec ed hei iews. Issues o land a ailabili y we e ne e discussed o example, whe eas Canon Dillon's Sunday se mon was egula ly epo ed in ull, o en on he on page. Wi h he loss o he old mee ing places in Buenos Ai es some means o con ac had o be pu in hei place o p ese e a common I ish iden i y among he dispa a e communi ies. While I ish land may ha e s e ched unb oken om ou side Buenos Ai es o San a Fe. The I ish labou e s who wo ked on hose lands we e li ing in illages o en i een o hi y miles apa . To main ain a social con ac which was exclusi ely I ish a g ea emphasis was placed on Gaelic adi ions among he I ish popula ion. Hu ling was os e ed wi h each I ish communi y ha ing i s own hu ling eam and he 'Hu ling Club' was ounded in Buenos Ai es and a ilia ed o he GAA in Dublin. Figu e 14:1 The emblem o he hu ling Club which is si ed in he main en ance hall o he Building. Only he labou ing I ish ook pa in such communi y ac i i ies. The weal hy I ish, who saw hei u u e in assimila ion in o he weal hy B i ish me chan and C eole class, p e e ed polo and joined he Jockey Club. So s a i ied had he I ish communi y become ha no weal hy I ish would c oss he doo o he Hu ling Club unless by special in i a ion and as an honou ed gues . E en oday his si ua ion s ill pe ains. Though he weal hy I ish con inued o inancially suppo he Chu ch un schools, hey sen hei child en o he P o es an S . And ew's and S . Geo ge's o hei educa ion. Those who desi ed a Ca holic educa ion o hei child en sen hem o he mo e expensi e Colleges in I eland such as Cas leknock and Black ock. 2 82 2 83 I onically he ul ima e lose s in his sys em we e he g ea majo i y o I ish es ancie os, hose wi h less han abou 5,000 hec a es o land. They could no a o d o ha e hei la ge amilies educa ed a S . And ew's o S . Geo ge's, no indeed would hei child en ha e been accep ed. Consequen ly hei child en ecei ed li le o no o mal educa ion. Being unable o speak Spanish hey we e cu o om he eal changes aking place a ound hem. Ne e heless hey had he money o a o d a la ish li es yle. Being locked in an I ish mind se whe e hei a he s and g and a he s came om wen y o i y ac es o land in I eland hey we e con en wi h hei di ided inhe i ance 200 o 500 hec a es o land, which was a e all 500 o 1,000 ac es. La ge as his may seem in a Eu opean con ex i could no suppo a li es yle ha a simila size holding in I eland would ensu e, and could ce ainly no suppo u he subdi ision by i e o six in he nex gene a ion. The owne s we e no su icien ly educa ed o well in o med o e alua e hose changes. Consequen ly hei child en we e, o he mos pa , no su icien ly educa ed o en e he p o essions whe e hey could ea n su icien ou side a ming o main ain hei new s a us and sus ain he li es yle hey had been b ough up in. As a esul much o he land so ha d won by he immig an s was sold o by he nex gene a ion o main ain a li es yle hey could no in eali y a o d. Wi h he dea h o Thomas A ms ong he I ish did ha e no ha e he ision o he adi ion o con inue o in es hei as esou ces in he g owing indus ial base a ound he ci y. Thus hei coun y was s a ed o he esou ces necessa y o o m a home g own indus ial base. 2 84 Ins ead many o he I ish li ed o a gene a ion like p inces. Conspicuous consump ion was he o de o he day, hey bough he mos expensi e Eu opean consume goods, while he weal hies owned apa men s in he swankies a eas o Buenos Ai es, London and Pa is, selling land whene e necessa y o mee he bills. Thei households and child en we e ca ed o by 'I ish', ie. i s gene a ion A gen ine, domes ic s a while hei es ancias we e un by 'I ish ' labou . The good imes las ed un il he g ea dep ession and by he 1940's when Pe on i s came o powe he e a inally ended. A ew o he sh ewde and he e y weal hies amilies a oided hose pi alls by being be e educa ed and o de ing hei a ai s in such a way as o ensu e ha hei a ms we e no spli up on hei dea hs. They did his by in es ing hei su plus cash in ci y p ope y and ensu ing ha hei younge child en en e ed he p o essions. The O'Fa ells a e one o he leading law i ms in Buenos Ai es oday. The Ka anagh Building domina es he skyline o down own Buenos Ai es and was buil by he Ka anagh amily as an in es men one o hei daugh e s. Mo gan Seeds, he in e na ional seed company, is ano he example o an I ish amily di e si ying and in es ing hei asse s and, in ha case, c ea ing a u he asse and e y well paid employmen o hei 2 91 had o wo k as wage ea ne s o he owne s o capi al. Phase One Ru al Se lemen . Because A gen ina was di e en o he o he I ish des ina ions in he New Wo ld, in ha i was no unde B i ish adminis a ion, he o m o I ish u al se lemen was also di e en . In A gen ina he e we e almos no o malized coloniza ion schemes un by he A gen ine go e nmen , in con as o he posi ion aken by he B i ish adminis a ion, o gi ing e e yone a simila sized a m in a gi en a ea. This mean ha an emig an had o pu chase his land, ei he om he go e nmen o a hi d pa y independen ly. Thus when an immig an wished o se le pe manen ly he was, ypically, in he coun y o a numbe o yea s and was in di ec compe i ion wi h o he s wishing o occupy he same p ope y. E en in a eas whe e coloniza ion along simila lines o hose which we e so success ul in Canada we e ope a ed and whe e hose land g an s was unde aken by I ish A gen ines such as Edua do Casey, he Swiss, Aus ians and F ench we e a mo e success ul colonis s han he I ish immig an s. The I ish in A gen ina we e mos success ul as pas o alis s e en ually owning la ge ac s o land, de o ed o li es ock p oduc ion, a he han adi ional small uni s gi en ou in he colonies whe e mixed a ming was necessa y o su i al. The phase one se le in A gen ina, howe e , did eplica e he Canadian 'colonial' se lemen pa e n o he deg ee ha , by and la ge, he immig an op ed whene e possible o se le in an a ea whe e his neighbou s and iends om I eland se led. Thus in San An onio de A eco he e is a g ea e p eponde ance o Wex o d names while in he neighbou ing a ea o Suipacha, Wes mea h 2 92 names p edomina e. Ano he majo di e ence be ween emig a ion o A gen ina and elsewhe e in he New Wo ld was ha , he e was a double il e on I ish emig a ion in A gen ina. A po en ial immig an had o be ela i ely well o be o e he could a o d he a e o emig a e o A gen ina and secondly he only emained he e i he was success ul in acqui ing land. In he es o he New Wo ld, wi h he excep ion o Canada once an I ish emig an a i ed he gene ally emained ega dless o wha success he achie ed. The e o e he pe manen se le in A gen ina ends o consis o only hose I ish immig an s who we e pa icula ly success ul he e. O he Fac o s P ede e mining I ish Success in A gen ina. In addi ion o he double il e , local ci cums ances in A gen ina a ou ed he I ish immig an o e all o he g oups, especially be ween 1825 and 1870. The exis ing I ish eli e in he coun y up un il abou 1827, we e de e mined ha be o e he I ish immig an s a i ed he e would be a sys em in ope a ion whe eby hey would ha e a head s a on o he immig an g oups when i came o acqui ing land. In addi ion he p ac ice in A gen ina o consc ip ing hei own ci izens while exemp ing o eigne s ensu ed ha he I ish had an ad an age o e na i e A gen ines when i came o acqui ing and holding on o hei p ope y. The way in which he I ish Chu ch, unde F . Fahy, implemen ed his sys em o land acquisi ion, u he enhanced he chances o I ish immig an s ou -compe ing o he 2 93 immig an s in se ling he land. Unde his sys em he I ish we e exemp om all axes associa ed wi h he no mal cou se o business in he coun y. All o hei esou ces we e held in common which no only ensu ed ha i was a ailable o he whole communi y as i was needed. In addi ion i enabled he communi y o ganize an in as uc u e which equipped hem o ake bes ad an age o oppo uni ies as hey a ose. Su plus cash was in es ed, h ough Thomas A ms ong's bank, in inc easing he p ocessing capaci y o he expanding I ish p oduc ion. I is no su p ising ha he I ish in A gen ina we e so success ul when i is emembe ed ha , by and la ge, only hose emig an s who al eady knew how o accumula e capi al a i ed. O he a i als, only hose who we e success ul emained and hey had in place when hey a i ed he mos e icien s uc u e o all he immig an g oups o enable hem o succeed. Such was he success o he model c ea ed by he eli es and implemen ed by he Chu ch ha e en oday he e is no sec ion o he I ish communi y which could be e med wo king class. P e Nine een h-Cen u y I ish Emig a ion. P io o A gen ina being a B i ish colony i was unde Spanish colonial ule o almos h ee hund ed yea s. Because he I ish always iden i ied much mo e closely han B i ain wi h mainland Eu ope, hey ne e saw hemsel es as an island communi y cu o om he Con inen , o ced o compe e agains he es o Eu ope o su i al. Consequen ly when he B i ish o e h ew he I ish eli es du ing he se en een h cen u y, hese I ish easily se led in o 2 94 Ca holic Eu ope and became pa o he Eu opean uling classes. The mo e junio membe s o he amily le behind in I eland e y o en accep ed B i ish ule, con e ed o he New Religion and e ained he amily lands. By accep ing English i les and aking o e amily lands which we e un il hen held in us o all he clan, hey we e ega ded as usu pe s by he es o he communi y. They we e accep ed in o he English eli es and became in u n jus as impo an o English colonial ou each as hei cousins we e o he Spanish ou each. Bea ing all his in mind, he e o e, i should no be su p ising ha colonial eli es wi h I ish names we e ound in he se ice o he F ench in Canada, he B i ish in New England and he Spanish om he Sie as in no h Ame ica o Tie a del Fuego in he sou h. In ac anywhe e a majo colonial powe aised i s lag on a new e i o y you can be su e ha he I ish we e no oo a behind. When esea ching I ish emig a ion o A gen ina he e o e he i s ask was o go back h ough Spanish eco ds o ind he ea lies I ish con ac . Those eco ds show ha he I ish we e among he e y i s Eu opeans o se oo on A gen ine soil. Magellan's explo a ions b ough he i s I ish in o con ac wi h A gen ina, while he i s I ish se le s a i ed wi h he i s Eu opean se lemen expedi ion o he Ri e Pla e, led by Ped o Mendoza. Because o he ype o se lemen a ou ed by he Spanish, he e ne e was he oppo uni y o mass I ish emig a ion o Spanish Ame ica. Eu opean se lemen , including he I ish, 2 95 consis ed solely o he go e ning eli e. Those ha did se le we e e y much pa o he Spanish colonial ou each. Despi e hei being ela i ely ew in numbe , hey comp ised he eli e and exe cised a e y la ge in luence o e he Eu opean human geog aphical impac on he a eas in which hey se led. This I ish in luence was u he inc eased wi h he ascen o he Bou bon kings o he Spanish h one. By hen, howe e , i was no jus he eli es ha we e emig a ing, om I eland, o Ca holic Eu ope. Any Ca holic who could claim kin o hose eli es, a ela i ely easy condi ion o ul ill in a clan-based socie y, and who had he esou ces, could emig a e and become highly educa ed in specially un I ish colleges. On comple ing hei educa ion hey we e, by i ue o being conside ed ci izens o Cas ile, eligible o all go e nmen and mili a y posi ions in he Spanish Cou on an equal basis wi h Cas illian ci izens. Wi h he g ea e in e es being shown by he Spanish C own, a he end o he eigh een h cen u y, in hei colonies and he consequen ial inc ease in demand o Spanish adminis a o s o ep esen hem, a numbe o hose highly educa ed I ish emig an s, om ela i ely humble backg ounds, a i ed in Buenos Ai es in he Spanish se ice. Thus when he B i ish eplaced Spain as he dominan in luence in A gen ina ollowing independence ea ly in he nine een h cen u y and inco po a ed A gen ina in o hei colonial sys em, exis ing I ish emig an s we e con enien ly conside ed 'B i ish'. 2 96 They we e in a posi ion o use hei in luence o ensu e ha he immig a ion o labou e s, who we e needed unde he B i ish s uc u e o u he hei indus ial e olu ion, would include a la ge numbe o I ish among hem. The I ish eli es wen u he and se up a s uc u e designed o ensu e ha he I ish elemen o he new labou o ce we e in he bes posi ion o gain con ol o e he as e ile land a ound he ci y o Buenos Ai es. They did his by ensu ing ha he ype o emig an a ac ed ou , he 'mo al and indus ious', we e ec ui ed om comme cial a ming a eas in I eland and by b inging ou he I ish Chu ch and delega ing o i he ask o o ganizing he I ish immig an s in such a way as o ake ull ad an age o hose oppo uni ies on a i al. In ha way he I ish go e ning eli e hen in A gen ina in ended o use he land based inancial success o hose emig an s o ec ea e hei ision o he ue, i English speaking, Gaelic I eland in A gen ina. The I ish eli es we e aided in hei e o s o ec ui I ish labou by he comme cial in e es s in A gen ina, namely he me chan s and po enos, because hey needed a labou o ce capable o exploi ing he Pampas wi hou o e h owing he exis ing poli ical s uc u e. The desi e o I ish labou was u he enhanced by he ac ha I ish bu che s and he anne s who had been b ough o A gen ina owa ds he end o he eigh een h cen u y had been e ec i e in c ea ing he exis ing bee and lea he indus y in he coun y and he I ish soldie s who emained behind a e he B i ish in asions o 1806/07 had also p o ed o be an ideal and 2 97 popula wo k o ce. Allied o his was he ac ha he Spanish banned Basque emig a ion ollowing independence and I eland was one o he e y ew al e na i es ha he A gen ines had o ec ui Eu opean labou on a la ge scale a ha ime. Because o he mili a y and comme cial con ac ha exis ed be ween Buenos Ai es, Wes mea h and Wex o d, he i s I ish emig an s o he nine een h cen u y we e ec ui ed om hose a eas. While he I ish emig a ed o A gen ina om all o e I eland du ing he nine een h cen u y, he Wes mea h and Wex o d a eas emained he co e a eas supplying abou 70% o all he emig an s du ing ha pe iod. Those wo a eas in I eland we e al eady in eg a ed in o he B i ish colonial ag icul u al sys em and we e al eady p oducing he ype o aw ma e ial equi ed as inpu s o he indus ial e olu ion. Much o he su plus popula ion in hose a eas he e o e had he all skills he A gen ine g oups deemed necessa y o de elop he Pampas egion o A gen ina. Fu he mo e he e was an ample supply o ships, nea by in Li e pool, o anspo he emig an s o hei des ina ion. Fo he shipping companies ca ying emig an s o he colonies was a p o i able ou wa d ca go. The incen i e o he B i ish o encou age I ish emig a ion was ha he e was a apidly inc easing popula ion in I eland a ha ime wi h no p ospec s o employmen . The coun y was in dep ession ollowing he end o he Napoleonic Wa s, and i s ising idle popula ion was seen as a h ea o he s abili y o he Uni ed Kingdom. When ese led in he colonies howe e he I ish we e p o ing o be highly e icien p oduce s o he goods he B i ish 2 98 needed and high consume s o he goods hey p oduced. I was in e e ybody's in e es , he e o e, o encou age a skilled su plus popula ion in I eland o emig a e o an a ea whe e hose skills we e badly needed and whe e he emig an would also ha e he oppo uni y no only o con ibu e o he weal h o he a ea in which hey we e a i ing bu in he p ocess achie e genuine and las ing economic p ospe i y hemsel es and cease o be a h ea due o unemploymen a home. Tha he I ish we e anxious o pa icipa e in his o e all plan he e is no doub , hey emig a ed o he New Wo ld a en imes he a e age Eu opean a e. Howe e , despi e hei adop ion o emig a ion o he New Wo ld as almos a i e o passage o adul hood du ing he nine een h cen u y, emig a ion o hem was no a andom choice. The eco d shows ha he in ending emig an ga e a g ea deal o hough o he ype o li e hey wished o ollow be o e hey chose, om a menu o a ailable op ions, he des ina ion hey el ga e hem he bes oppo uni y o achie e he li es yle ha hey desi ed. The op ions ha he emig an had o choose om a ied h oughou I eland and we e based on p io knowledge buil up by ea lie emig an s om hei a ea. Thus pa icula a eas ha we e apidly indus ializing and could immedia ely abso b immedia ely e y la ge numbe s o emig an s such as Bos on, Chicago, New Yo k and Philadelphia soon es ablished con ac wi h e y la ge a eas h oughou he coun y, whe eas a eas ha we e de eloping an ag icul u al economy which g ew much mo e slowly, such as Canada, New England, Aus alia, New Zealand, and A gen ina a ac ed a much g ea e p opo ion o hei emig an s om smalle speci ic a eas 2 99 in I eland. This was because emig an s in he main chose hose a eas whe e hey hemsel es had amily o nea neighbou con ac s. So ha while he I ish as a na ion emig a ed o all he g ea g assland egions o he colonial wo ld, emig an s ended o chose only hose a eas whe e hey el su e ha hey, as indi iduals, could con inue o use he local ne wo ks hei amilies had buil up in I eland o e gene a ions. Fo A gen ina hose ans-a lan ic amily ne wo ks began in Wes mea h and Wex o d. I was o ha eason ha I ish emig an s o A gen ina o igina ed mainly in hose wo small a eas. I would appea om he eco ds ha abou 40,000 o 45,000 ac ually le I eland o A gen ina du ing he nine een h cen u y, o ha numbe 25,000 o 30,000 appea o ha e e- emig a ed, be ween 5,000 o 10,000 appea o ha e died in A gen ina wi hou ma ying o disappea ed in o he wide communi y and he emainde , abou 4,000, we e o o m wha we know oday as he I ish A gen ine communi y. Those igu es a e e y gene al because in he absence o accu a e documen a ion in A gen ina o mos o he nine een h cen u y. They should he e o e, wi h he excep ion o he 4,000 co e popula ion, be conside ed subjec o majo e ision in he e en o mo e in o ma ion coming o ligh in he u u e. This wo k shows ha he emig an maximized hei oppo uni ies o inc ease hei po en ial o success. The da a base in his wo k illus a es ha hey emig a ed, usually, in hei ea ly wen ies, when hei economic po en ial was highes . Single emig an s, became mo e p ospe ous han ma ied emig an s his is why he g ea majo i y o I ish we e single when 3 00 hey emig a ed. They we e also well in o med when deciding which des ina ion o emig a e o and used his in o ma ion objec i ely o choose which one o e ed hem he bes oppo uni y. As soon as condi ions changed in a egion hey we e able o eac o ha change by immedia ely e-o de ing hei p e e ences in choosing he des ina ion mos ad an ageous o hem. Thus when he oppo uni y o acqui e land in A gen ina was g ea es , he g ea es numbe o I ish emig a ed o he e. Fu he mo e, when in a egion, he e idence is ha hey con inued o keep hemsel es in o med on condi ions in he o he egions on hei menu and i oppo uni y became g ea e in ano he des ina ion, o en in ano he coun y, hen hey immedia ely e-emig a ed o he e. This would indica e a delibe a e policy by la ge amilies o maximize hei o e all po en ial by he s a egy o encou aging indi idual membe s o emig a e o di e en des ina ions, in he expec a ion ha he siblings would keep in con ac wi h each o he , as well as wi h home, and by i s hand expe ience in se e al des ina ions he amily could hen collec i ely choose he mos sui able inal des ina ion o all, o mos o he amily, and hus maximize he amily's chance o success in he New Wo ld. This would explain o some deg ee a leas , why some emig an s en e ed A gen ina om G ea B i ain, Canada and he Uni ed S a es while o he s le A gen ina o hose des ina ions. 3 07 a numbe o easons why he e was subs an ial e-emig a ion by I ish men du ing he nine een h cen u y. The li es yle o emig an s o A gen ina was o a g ea numbe ne e he oman ic exis ence po ayed in much o he eco ds o he ime. Li e o he mos pa was ha d, c uel and dange ous o he immig an . Many o e came hose di icul ies and p ospe ed bu many did no . Loneliness was p obably he g ea es obs acle he immig an had o ace and o e come. I should be emembe ed ha he li e a u e o he ime, which uni e sally p esen s he pic u e o ha d wo k and sc upulous hones y among he I ish, leading inexo ably o p ospe i y and a happy home, may well be an accu a e eco d o many emig an s du ing ha pe iod. I was a om being he whole s o y howe e , mo ali y, unde he condi ions expe ienced by he I ish emig an s, was o en e y di e en om he mo ali y which ends o be asc ibed o hem in e ospec . The loneliness om isola ion e en ually b oke some immig an s' spi i , causing insani y, o en agg a a ed by excessi e consump ion o alcohol, some hen declined o he poin whe e hey we e no be e han he animals hey looked a e . O he s we e obbed and some imes mu de ed o hei p ope y o hei hei s chea ed ou o hei inhe i ance by hei mo e apacious and unp incipled coun ymen. Those a e ex eme cases o ailu e howe e and i would appea we e he excep ion. Equally excep ional was he success o such amilies as he Duggans, The Hopes, he Hams he Gayno s e c. The e was a wide spec um on he scale o success and I ish emig an s we e ound on e e y poin . 3 08 O e all howe e , he popula concep ion o an I ish emig an a i ing be o e 1865, and emaining in he coun y, acqui ing a iable land holding and hose who en e ed a e 1870 wo king o hose land owne s is a easonably accu a e one. Each emig an en e ing he coun y had a di e en expe ience and he main pu pose o his wo k is o epo on a wide a ie y o hose expe iences and o explain hei backg ound, in he hope ha a be e unde s anding can be achie ed o why he I ish emig a ed o A gen ina and how hey shaped and eac ed o he condi ions hey ound in he coun y. The e y impo an I ish con ibu ion o bo h B i ish and Spanish colonial expansion, as dis inc om nine een h cen u y-s yle I ish se lemen in he B i ish colonial wo ld, ha e o da e ne e been p ope ly esea ched om an I ish pe spec i e. I comes as a su p ise he e o e o many when hey ind I ish names a all social le els, in bo h B i ish and Spanish eco ds, playing a e y impo an pa in Eu opean colonial expansion om he e y beginning o he Eu opean colonial ou each. Fu he mo e due o his lack o basic esea ch e en such dis inguished schola s as Ke by Milla wo ked on he assump ion, ha because he nine een h cen u y pa e ns o emig a ion om I eland o he New Wo ld did no exis p io o he Uls e emig a ion o Colonial Ame ica in he eigh een h cen u y, ha he I ish we e no emig a ing, when he I ish ha e in ac been emig a ing and e-se ling wi hin he Eu opean wo ld, old and new, since he beginning o he six een h cen u y and p obably, in he case o Eu ope, well be o e hen. Whe e Milla is co ec is ha mass emig a ion on a sus ained scale, did no begin un il he Sco ch-I ish began emig a ing o No h Ame ica. 3 09 Whe he such mass emig a ion was possible be o e hen, as he a gues, is p oblema ic and u he esea ch will ha e o be published on I ish emig a ion p e-1780 be o e ha poin can be esol ed. Pe manen emig a ion be o e 1870 howe e , as Chap e 4 shows, was ce ainly well accep ed i no he no m, among non-inhe i ing membe s o he weal hie Ca holic classes in I eland. In ai ness o Milla , an Ame ican schola , e en he exis ence o a la ge weal hy Ca holic class in I eland du ing he penal imes has ba ely been acknowledged much less been esea ched o eco ded. Milla is a om being alone in his assump ion. Meinig oo, due o he lack o he same basic esea ch, igno es I ish Ca holic emig a ion o Eu ope and i s consequen hugely impo an e ec on he e en ual o m and shape o he Ame icas, while showing he P o es an Hugueno mo emen s wi hin Eu ope and hei equally impo an con ibu ion o he human se lemen o he Ame icas. I is no he unc ion o his wo k o epo on he o e all I ish con ibu ion o he gene al Eu opean ou each, o he possibly pionee ing con ibu ion o he I ish eli es o ha pe iod o ans-A lan ic ade which was b ie ly men ioned in Chap e 4. Nei he is i he unc ion o his wo k o epo on he ole he I ish played in he unique achie emen o b inging A gen ina in o he B i ish colonial sys em while managing o deny B i ish ambi ions o ule in he colony. Those a e subjec s which u gen ly need se ious s udy in hei own igh elsewhe e. Mo e esea ch also needs o be ca ied ou o measu e mo e ully he e ec I ish leade ship's policy had on he ailu e o he I ish o u banize in Buenos Ai es. One majo eason why he I ish in A gen ina ha e no been s udied un il now is ha hey ailed o o m 3 10 a la ge u ban communi y in A gen ina and a deepe analysis o his ailu e o u banize is equi ed be o e nine een h cen u y emig a ion o he e is ully unde s ood. Compa a i e s udies be ween he la ge I ish land owne s in A gen ina and I eland would also be wo hwhile. In his w i e s opinion a majo ac o why he I ish eli es ailed o capi alise on hei oppo uni ies pos -1870 was because in ellec ually hey we e s ill back in I eland. In I eland i was no uncommon o he la ge land owne s o Mea h a leas , o li e in Dublin, ha e hei child en educa ed p i a ely, o en in England o send hem o Black ock College, Clongowse Wood E c. They also ailed o in es hei capi al in indus ializing hei coun y. Ye hey had subs an ial capi al ese es. I was he no m in small owns in he weal hy a ming a eas o Leins e and Muns e wi h a popula ion o less han 1,000 o ha e h ee, ou , o e en i e English banks, wi h I ish names, compe ing o a ming deposi s. Bo h he Chu ch in I eland and A gen ina was o a la ge ex en con olled by he weal hy land owne s. Cannon Dillon's classma es who we e minis e ing in I eland we e also engaged in building monumen al Ca holic edi ices which hey equa ed wi h p og ess. I is e y possible he e o e ha he I ish es ancie os in A gen ina we e eac ing o e en s as i hey we e in I eland a he han in A gen ina. Fu he e idence o his is he ac ha hey assumed ha hey had p o ided well o hei child en by passing on 400-500 ac es o each o hem. In I eland a a m o ha size would ensu e a p ospe ous u u e o a child and g andchild en o many gene a ions o come, whe eas in A gen ina a a m o ha size o e ed li le be e han subsis ence. I is possible he e o e ha he I ish communi y's 3 11 s uc u e as cons uc ed by F . Fahy and Thomas A ms ong, so insula ed hem om he eali ies o li e in A gen ina ha hey we e aking hei decisions as i hey we e la ge-scale a me s in I eland. Wi hou a compa a i e s udy howe e such conclusions canno be sus ained, bu un il such wo k is ca ied ou one canno judge o ha shly he ac ions o he I ish landed eli e in A gen ina o ul ima ely ailing hemsel es, hei ellow coun ymen and hei coun y -A gen ina-. Despi e all o hose limi a ions howe e , i has o be acknowledged ha o hose who knew abou i in he nine een h cen u y, A gen ina o e ed he bes oppo uni y o an I ish pe son wi h li le o no esou ces o hei own o become p ospe ous land owne s. Those who we e able o o e come he di icul ies hey encoun e ed, which we e e y simila o hose encoun e ed in all pionee ing communi ies in he New Wo ld, he ewa ds mo e han jus i ied hei e o s. Thei communi y spi i a he han he P o es an model o indi idual e o was la gely esponsible o hei success. Tha ac alone makes his communi y unique among he I ish in he New wo ld which e e ywhe e else was uled by B i ain and ollowing he P o es an model o de elopmen . The ac ha hey we e so success ul shows ha an al e na i e model o se lemen o he B i ish one was a ailable and i s neglec by schola s who s udy I ish emig a ion is he e o e all he mo e eg e able. As a communi y hey became and ha e emained mo e p ospe ous han any o he g oup in A gen ina. I is hoped ha he b oad ou line o why and how an I ish communi y was es ablished in A gen ina, which was epo ed on he e, will s imula e his much needed esea ch, no only 3 12 on he I ish in A gen ina, bu , on he wide issues aised he e in o de ha I ish emig a ion in gene al, oge he wi h he I eland we li e in oday, can be be e unde s ood by succeeding gene a ions. A P P E N D I X 1 STATED ORIGIN FOR EMIGRANTS ORIGIN TOTAL % MALES % FEMALES % _________________________________________________________ IRELAND ONLY 1679 920 759 Co. o O igin 1984 1214 770 TOTAL 3663 2134 1529 _________________________________________________________ BREAKDOWN BY COUNTY FOR EMIGRANTS CO. OF ORIGIN TOTAL % * MALES % * FEMALES % * _________________________________________________________ Ca low 7 0.35 3 0.15 4 0.2 Ca an 10 0.5 9 0.45 1 0.5 Cla e............71...3.58.......41...2.07......30....1.51 Co k 90 4.54 58 2.93 32 1.61 Donegal 0 0 0 0.0 0 0.0 Dublin...........49...2.47.......29...1.46......20....1.01 Galway 20 1.01 19 0.96 1 0.05 Ke y 36 1.82 24 1.21 12 0.61 Kilda e..........10...0.5.........9...0.45.......1....0.05 Kilkenny 19 0.96 11 0.55 8 0.04 Laois 14 0.71 8 0.4 6 0.3 Lei im...........1...0.05........1...0.05.......0....0.0 Lime ick 17 0.86 12 0.61 5 0.2 Long o d 290 14.63 189 9.54 101 5.1 5 Lou h.............6...0.3.........5...0.25.......1....0.05 Mayo 10 0.5 8 0.4 2 0.1 Mea h 10 0.5 8 0.4 2 0.1 Monaghan..........1...0.05........0...0.0........1 0.05 O aly 57 2.88 31 1.56 26 1.31 Roscommon 18 0.91 12 0.6 6 0.3 Sligo.............7...0.35........7...0.35.......0....0.0 Tippe a y 14 0.71 10 0.5 4 0.2 Wa e o d 12 0.61 11 0.55 1 0.05 Wes mea h.......863..43.54......487..24.57.....376 18.97 Wex o d 309 15.59 190 9.59 119 6.0 Wicklow 12 0.61 10 0.5 2 0.1 An im...........18...0.91.......11...0.55.......7 0.35 A magh 2 0.1 1 0.05 1 0.05 De y 3 0.15 3 0.15 0 0.0 Down..............4...0.2.........4...0.2........0....0.0 Fe managh 3 0.15 2 0.1 1 0.05 Ty one 1 0.05 1 0.0 0 0.0 * Pe cen age igu es a e ounded o 2nd decimal place, he Sou ce. 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