The identification of biological species in the genus Heterorhabditis (Nematoda : Heterorhabditidae) by cross-breeding second-generation amphimictic adults
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis are morphologically conservative, consequently the majority of isolates remain unassigned at the species level. When a Heterorhabditis infective juvenile infects an insect host, it develops into a protandrous hermaphrodite female. These first-generation females give rise to a second generation which contains both males and females. Because of this complex life-cycle and also because of uncertainty as to whether second-generation females are amphimictic, cross-breeding studies to facilitate species determination have not been carried out previously. We demonstrate here that second-generation Heterorhabditis females are amphimictic. Because of this finding, we have been able to develop a successful cross-breeding technique for the purposes of species determination in Heterorhabditis. Interstrain crosses using second-generation males and females from the appropriate strains have been successfully set up in Xenorhabdus luminescens-treated G. mellonella cadavers and also on agar plates. Using the techniques described here we confirm that H . bacteriophora (Brecon strain), H . megidis and H . zealandica are distinct biological species, we note that the H. bacteriophora group contains at least 2 species and we provide evidence for the existence of a new Irish species of Heterorhabditis.
Full text
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background: no-repeat url(data:image/png;base64,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);
}
}
/* Fancy CSS END */
.ff0_c00001{font-family:sans-serif;visibility:hidden;}
.sc__c00001{text-shadow:none;}
@media screen and (-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:0){
.sc__c00001{-webkit-text-stroke:0px transparent;}
}
.y0_c00001{bottom:0.000000px;}
.h0_c00001{height:1263.599985px;}
.h1_c00001{height:1263.750000px;}
.w0_c00001{width:918.000000px;}
.x0_c00001{left:0.000000px;}
@media print{
.y0_c00001{bottom:0.000000pt;}
.h0_c00001{height:1123.199987pt;}
.h1_c00001{height:1123.333333pt;}
.w0_c00001{width:816.000000pt;}
.x0_c00001{left:0.000000pt;}
}