Socio spatial characterization of Large Housing Estates in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona

IOP Con e ence Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing PAPER • OPEN ACCESS Socio spa ial cha ac e iza ion o La ge Housing Es a es in he Me opoli an A ea o Ba celona To ci e his a icle: Còssima Co nadó e al 2019 IOP Con . Se .: Ma e . Sci. Eng. 471 072031 View he a icle online o upda es and enhancemen s. This con en was downloaded om IP add ess 93.176.145.138 on 25/02/2019 a 09:05 Con en om his wo k may be used unde he e ms o heC ea i eCommonsA ibu ion 3.0 licence. Any u he dis ibu ion o his wo k mus main ain a ibu ion o he au ho (s) and he i le o he wo k, jou nal ci a ion and DOI. Published unde licence by IOP Publishing L d WMCAUS 2018 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing471 (2019) 072031 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/471/7/072031 1 Socio spa ial cha ac e iza ion o La ge Housing Es a es in he Me opoli an A ea o Ba celona Còssima Co nadó 1, Sa a Vima 1, Cèsa Díaz 1, Pe e Joan Ra e lla 2, Pila Ga cia-Almi all 1 1 Technology Depa men . ETSAB-UPC. A . Diagonal 649. 08028 Ba celona, Spain 2 Design Depa men . ETSAB-UPC. A . Diagonal 649. 08028 Ba celona, Spain [email p o ec ed] Abs ac . Fi y yea s a e he cons uc ion o La ge Housing Es a es in he pe iphe y o he Ba celona u ban con inuum, public adminis a ions ace he need o edesign polices and ools aimed a imp o ing li ing condi ions in each o hese speci ic a eas. The need o imp o e he cu en li ing condi ions o he housing s ock acco ding o habi abili y exigencies, main enance and epai o building pa hology, he imp o emen o ene gy e iciency and he esea ch o a be e social in eg a ion o hei popula ion, a e some o he issues ha call o being add essed when aiming o imp o e La ge Housing Es a es. The cu en esea ch p o ides a socio spa ial cha ac e iza ion o 20 s udy cases acco ding o he e alua ion o bo h socio demog aphic, socio economic and spa ial indica o s and hei e olu ion along 5 ime pe iods since hei cons uc ion. E en i all s udy cases o iginally had many common cha ac e is ics, hei e y di e en e olu ion in ime calls o a speci ic analysis o he cu en s a e o each a ea. Mo eo e , he cha ac e iza ion o he di e en e olu ion o he s udied indica o s on each speci ic case is a e y use ul ool o iden i y and desc ibe pas and ongoing complex social and u ban p ocesses. The applied me hodology p o ides a de ec ion o isk pa ame e s, allowing o iden i y he mos ulne able cases in compa ison wi h he analysed cases as well as he ci y a e age indica o s. The ans e sal capaci y o conside ing simul aneously social aspec s as well as u ban, a chi ec onic and echnological aspec s, p o ides an in eg al iew on he cu en s a e o La ge Housing Es a es in he Me opoli an A ea o Ba celona. A esul consis ing o ele an in o ma ion in o de o design e ec i e in eg al ools ha e e o he pa icula social and physical con empo a y condi ions and ongoing p ocesses on each si e. 1. In oduc ion In e en ions o a chi ec u al, u ban, echnical imp o emen o La ge Housing Es a es in he Me opoli an A ea o Ba celona has been objec o deba e o e he pas yea s [1], [2]. Nowadays, his pa icula si es p o ide bo h challenge and oppo uni y o de elop sus ainable p ocesses in social and echnical e ms [3]. The cu en esea ch is based on he hypo hesis ha sociological aspec s need o be analysed simul aneously wi h u ban, a chi ec onic and echnological aspec s in o de o ob ain signi ican esul s ha can p o ide ools in o de o ad ance on he design o solu ions and mechanisms o imp o e he pas and ongoing deg ada ion o La ge Housing Es a es. WMCAUS 2018 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing471 (2019) 072031 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/471/7/072031 2 2. Objec i es The ans e sal capaci y o a esea ch ha ocuses bo h in he social and echnological ields and ha conside s he mul i scala condi ion o he objec s udy, is based on he accomplishmen o he ollowing objec i es: • P oduc ion o a knowledge basis ha can p o ide objec i e c i e ia o he decision making p ocesses and he design o in e en ion polices on exis ing La ge Housing Es a es. • Elabo a ion o an analy ic me hodology ha can be applied o all La ge Housing Es a es in he Me opoli an A ea o Ba celona and possible also in he es o he Ca alan e i o y ha coun s wi h simila geog aphic and clima ic condi ions (coas a eas). • Ac ualisa ion and e alua ion o a sample o 20 La ge Housing Es a es acco ding o bo h social and echnical issues and in con as wi h hei e olu ion since he ime o cons uc ion. 3. Me hodology The p esen esea ch es ablishes a e i o ial and ch onological delimi a ion o he objec o s udy, in o de o p eselec a i s sample o s udy cases. The analysed cases a e loca ed wi hin he adminis a i e limi s o he Me opoli an A ea o Ba celona and a e desc ibed on census uni le el. Besides, he selec ed cases whe e buil be ween he yea o app o al o a mass housing cons uc ion plan in 1954 and he yea o app o al o he i s Spanish obliga o y no m ega ding he mal insula ion (NTE CT-79) in 1979. Acco ding o he p e ious knowledge and expe ise [4], 20 s udy cases we e selec ed wi h he aim o include di e en municipali ies and o co e a wide e i o ial dis ibu ion (Figu e 1), as well as o include dis inc ele an cons uc ion pe iods. Con ex ual and u ban indica o s exp essed in Table 1 a e he base o he geog aphic and social delimi a ion o he cases and o hei u he cha ac e isa ion. Figu e 1. Sample o 20 s udy cases in he Me opoli an A ea o Ba celona WMCAUS 2018 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing471 (2019) 072031 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/471/7/072031 3 Table 1. Con ex ual u ban indica o s. The applied me hodology on he 20 s udy cases is based on he ollowing phases: • Elabo a ion o a da abase o indica o s based on h ee esea ch axes: socio demog aphic, socio economic and socio spa ial. • Compila ion o da a o i e analysed ime pe iods based on he Census and Municipal Regis e s: • Desc ip ion o he di e en e olu ion o he s udied indica o s and adiog aphy o he cu en s a e o each s udy case. • Compa a i e s udy o he 20 s udy cases in con as wi h he a e age alues o he s udied indica o s in each municipali y. • De ec ion o limi alues acco ding o he compa a i e s udy, in o de o ema k ex eme si ua ions and de ec he mos singula cases. • Elabo a ion o a socio spa ial ulne abili y index acco ding o he analysed indica o s ha p o ide e idence o social o echnical de e io a ion isk and hus, highe need o imp o emen . The da abase p o ided in he p esen esea ch is elabo a ed h ough an ex ensi e wo k wi h bibliog aphic [5-8] and digi al da a sou ces [9-11]. 4. Resul s and discussion In o de o cha ac e ize and e alua e he s udy cases acco ding o hei e olu ion, cu en s a e and ulne abili y i is undamen al o conside simul aneously he socio demog aphic, socio economic, and socio spa ial dimensions ha a ec housing es a es’ social and echnical imp o emen o eg ession p ocesses. The esul s de i ed om he applica ion o he p e iously exposed me hodology o analysed sample a e p esen ed in his sec ion acco ding o his o de . 4.1. Socio demog aphic and socio economic cha ac e iza ion Socio demog aphic and socio economic cha ac e iza ion desc ibe he e olu ion and cu en s a e o se e al indica o s ha e e o esiden popula ion as well as he managemen o exis ing esiden ial s ock. The analysed indica o s a e lis ed in Table 2. WMCAUS 2018 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing471 (2019) 072031 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/471/7/072031 4 Table 2. Socio demog aphic and socio economic indica o s The obse a ion o he e olu ion o indica o s esul s in di e en neighbou hood. In he speci ic case o he Immig a ion and o igin indica o s (Figu e 2), he p esen s udy es ablishes wo p o iles. In he i s one, neighbou hoods like San Roc ha e welcomed a g ea e lux o immig a ion in con as wi h he municipali y and inc easingly o e he s udied pe iods. In opposi ion, o he cases such as Mon bau ha e ba ely expe ienced he a i al o immig an popula ion, a p opo ion below municipal a e ages. Figu e 2. Two neighbou hood p o iles acco ding o immig a ion p ocesses WMCAUS 2018 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing471 (2019) 072031 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/471/7/072031 5 Rega ding socio economic indica o s, h ough obse a ion, o example, o Dwelling enu e be ween 1991 and 2011 (Figu e 3) we dis inguish wo p o iles. In cases like Canyelles he p opo ion o Owned and paid dwelling inc eases o e ime. In con as , in cases like Les Oli e es his p opo ion dec eases e y signi ican ly in u n o an inc ease in owned and paying dwelling (mo gages). Housing es a es ha belong o he second g oup ha e expe ienced esiden popula ion subs i u ion p ocesses, and in some cases he high p opo ion o owned and paying dwellings is an indica o o high economic isk aking in o accoun he d as ic e ec s on neighbou hoods a e he economic c isis in 2007. Figu e 3. Two neighbou hood p o iles acco ding o he e olu ion o dwelling enu e 4.2. Socio spa ial cha ac e iza ion Socio spa ial cha ac e iza ion desc ibes he e olu ion and cu en s a e o se e al indica o s ha e e o he spa ial condi ions o he building s ock in con as wi h i s occupa ion and popula ion densi y. Analysed indica o s a e lis ed in Table 3. Table 3. Socio spa ial indica o s. WMCAUS 2018 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing471 (2019) 072031 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/471/7/072031 6 Socio spa ial indica o s p o ide a measu e o he adequacy o li ing condi ions acco ding o he nowadays e y di e en ypes o occupancy. While he in e io dwelling su aces a e in gene al e y homogeneous among each housing es a e and e en among he whole, he amily pa e ns and he numbe o people pe dwelling di e s signi ican ly om he ime o concep ion o housing es a es. The analysis o exis ing dwelling ypologies (Figu e 4) and s udy o he mos ep esen a i e in each es a e (Figu e 5) p o ides da a ha can be c ossed wi h densi y, numbe o occupan s and amily pa e ns. Figu e 4. Spa ial cha ac e iza ion acco ding o he mos ep esen a i e building ypes Figu e 5. Dwelling su aces and ypologies o he mos ep esen a i e building ypes WMCAUS 2018 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing471 (2019) 072031 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/471/7/072031 7 Figu e 6. P o iles o occupa ion acco ding o su ace and numbe o occupan s As exp essed in Figu e 6, also di e en neighbou hood p o iles a e p o ided by he socio spa ial cha ac e iza ion. In P o ile 1, he numbe o occupan s inc eases cohe en ly wi h he dwelling su aces, while in P o ile 2, mo e occupan s li e in dwellings o smalle su ace. In cases included in P o ile 2 popula ion wi h less esou ces li e in small dwellings whe e he exis ence o si ua ions o o e occupancy o dwellings is common. 4.3. Compa a i e s udy Resul s om he compa a i e s udy be ween he cu en s a e o 20 s udy cases in con as wi h municipal a e age alues p o ide aluable in o ma ion ega ding he exis ence o ex eme alues and qui e signi ican di e ences among he p o iles o each s udy case. Figu e 7 and Figu e 8 exempli y he exis ence o ex eme cases in wo o he analysed pa ame e s nowadays, as well as he e y signi ican di e ences among he wen y s udy cases. The a ia ion o alues in compa ison o he a e age o he wen y housing es a es and he municipal a e age is impo an . Figu e 7. Compa a i e s udy ega ding he pe cen age o immig an esiden s Figu e 8. Compa a i e s udy ega ding he pe cen age o emp y dwellings WMCAUS 2018 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing471 (2019) 072031 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/471/7/072031 8 4.4. E alua ion o ulne abili y Resul s ob ained om he cha ac e iza ion o cases acco ding o he h ee esea ch axes as well as he compa a i e s udy p o ide ools in o de o e alua e objec i ely he cu en index o socio spa ial ulne abili y o he 20 s udy cases. The inal esul o he s udy is shaped in a mul i a iable ma ix ha is s uc u ed acco ding o he sum o de e minan indica o s ponde ed acco ding o he in ensi y in which alues di e om municipal and la ge housing es a e’s a e ages. A sys ema iza ion o he analysis o each indica o ha p o ides a measu e o ulne abili y o each o he s udy cases (Figu e 9). Figu e 9. Mul i a iable ma ix and measu e o ulne abili y The a e age alue is es ablished in 6,70, being 18 he maximum alue de ining an ex eme ulne abili y in he loca ion o Ciu a Me idiana. In con as , el Go nal housing es a e ob ains he minimum alue o 2. The a iabili y be ween hose wo ex eme cases is signi ican . Lis ed in a descending o de ega ding ulne abili y alues, he s udied ha o e pass he ulne abili y a e age o 6,70 a e: Ciu a Me idiana (18), San Roc (16), La Mina (12), Sud-oes del Besòs (11), Esp onceda (10), San Ilde ons (8) and Can F anquesa (8). The high punc ua ion o he i s wo, almos h ee imes he a e age, con as s wi h he ollowing wo cases ha closely duplica e i and he inal h ee ha a e sligh ly punc ua ed abo e. While only se en cases a e punc ua ed o e he a e age, almos he double o cases ob ain a punc ua ion unde he a e age, some o hem being signi ican ly lowe . I is he case o El Go nal (2), Canyelles (3), Ciu a Badia (3), Llo eda (3), Camps Blancs (4), Bell i ge (4), Can Se a (4), La Guineue a (4), and Mon bau (4). The las ou cases a e also punc ua ed abo e a e age bu less signi ican ly: T ini a (5), La Pau (5), Les Oli e es (5), and La Salu (5). The esul s om he p esen app oach o he measu e o ulne abili y a e mapped and highligh ed wi h a colou code in Figu e 10.