Analysis of the products of the Copernicus ground motion service

ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCTS OF THE COPERNICUS GROUND MOTION SERVICE M. C ose o 1, *, L. Sola i 1, A. Ba a 1, O. Monse a 1, M. Cue as-González, R. Palamà 1, Y. Wassie 1, S. Shahbazi 1, S.M. Mi mazloumi 1, B. C ippa 2, M. M óz 3 1 Cen e Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Ca alunya (CTTC/CERCA), Geoma ics Di ision, A . Gauss, 7, E-08860 Cas ellde els (Ba celona), Spain, mc ose o@c c.ca , lsola i@c c.ca , aba a@c c.ca , omonse a @c c.ca , mcue as@c c.ca , palama@c c.ca , ywassie@c c.ca , sshahbazi@c c.ca , sm.mi mazloumi@c c.ca 2 Dep . o Geophysics, Uni e si y o Milan, Via Cicogna a 7, I-20129 Milan, I aly - b uno.c [email protected] 9 Ins i u e o Geodesy and Ci il Enginee ing, Uni e si y o Wa mia and Mazu y in Olsz yn, 10-719 Olsz yn, Poland - ma ek.m [email protected] KEY WORDS: SAR, Pe sis en Sca e e In e e ome y, Cope nicus, Eu opean G ound Mo ion Se ice ABSTRACT: Rada in e e ome y has p og essed e y much in he las wo decades. I is now a powe ul emo e sensing echniques o moni o g ound mo ion. The echnique has unde gone an impo an de elopmen in e ms o p ocessing and da a analysis algo i hms. This has been accompanied by an impo an inc ease o he Syn he ic Ape u e Rada (SAR) da a acquisi ion capabili y by spacebo ne senso s. A s ep o wa d was he launch o he Cope nicus Sen inel-1 cons ella ion. This has made he de elopmen o A-DInSAR (Ad anced Di e en ial In e e ome ic SAR) g ound de o ma ion se ices echnically easible. The pape is ocused on he mos impo an g ound mo ion ini ia i e e e concei ed: he Eu opean G ound Mo ion Se ice (EGMS). This se ice is pa o he Cope nicus Land Moni o ing Se ice managed by he Eu opean En i onmen Agency. EGMS in ol es he g ound de o ma ion moni o ing a Eu opean scale. The se ice will deli e he i s p oduc in May 2022. In his pape we desc ibe some p elimina y examples o de o ma ion p oduc s coming om he EGMS. * Co esponding au ho 1. INTRODUCTION This pape is ocused on ada in e e ome y, a powe ul ac i e emo e sensing echnique o moni o g ound mo ion. In pa icula , i conside s Ad anced Di e en ial In e e ome ic Syn he ic Ape u e Rada (A-DInSAR), which includes a class o ad anced echniques based on s acks o in e e ome ic SAR images. A-DInSAR has unde gone an impo an de elopmen in e ms o p ocessing and da a analysis. This has been accompanied by an impo an inc ease o he SAR da a acquisi ion capabili y by spacebo ne senso s. This in pa icula conce ns he Sen inel-1 cons ella ion. No e ha a he ime o w i ing his pape , only one Sen inel-1 senso is a ailable: he o he one is cu en ly ou o se ice. Ano he impo an aspec is he inc ease in he compu a ional capabili ies, which is key o pe o m A-DInSAR analyses o e wide a eas. The e o e, he wide-a ea A-DInSAR de o ma ion moni o ing is echnically easible. Fo a gene al e iew o A-DInSAR, see C ose o e al. (2016). A desc ip ion o he i s A-DInSAR echnique is p o ided in Fe e i e al. (2000; 2001). In Eu ope, a na ional and egional le el, he wide-a ea A- DInSAR de o ma ion moni o ing has been al eady demons a ed in se e al cases. The i s G ound Mo ion Se ice (GMS) co e ed I aly using da a om he senso s ERS-1/2, En isa and CosmoSkyMed, see Cos an ini e al. (2017). This was ollowed by No way in 2018, wi h a GMS based on Sen inel-1 da a, see NGU (2022). Ge many launched i s GMS a he end o 2019, see Kalia e al. (2020). In I aly, h ee egions ha e al eady implemen ed a GMS ocused on he ea ly de ec ion o ab up mo ion changes, see Raspini e al. (2018); Sola i e al. (2019); and Del Solda o e al. (2019). O he I alian egions will ollow soon, see Come ci and Vi o i (2019). GMSs a e ope a ional in Denma k and The Ne he lands as well. O he coun ies a e discussing he need o such se ices. This pape is ocused on de o ma ion moni o ing a Eu opean scale, and in pa icula he de elopmen o a new se ice ha is pa o he Cope nicus Land Moni o ing Se ice: he Eu opean G ound Mo ion Se ice (EGMS). In o ma ion on he EGMS can be ound in C ose o e al. (2020) and EGMS (2022). The EGMS is pa o Cope nicus, he Eu opean Union's Ea h obse a ion p og amme (h ps://www.cope nicus.eu/en), and is implemen ed by he Eu opean En i onmen Agency (EEA). The key cha ac e is ics o he se ice we e de ined by he EGMS Task Fo ce and a e desc ibed in he EGMS Whi e Pape (EGMS Task Fo ce, 2017). In 2019, a speci ic wo king g oup was commissioned by EEA o de ail he EGMS echnical speci ica ions (La sen e al., 2020). The EGMS p oduc ion is ongoing, and i is ca ied ou by he conso ium “ORIGINAL - OpeRa Ional G ound mo ion INsa Alliance” composed o ou Eu opean companies, e-GEOS, TRE-Al ami a, NORCE, GAF, and i e subcon ac o s. The p ocessing is spli be ween he di e en companies ha ope a e hei own p ocessing chains. The o e laps be ween adjacen scenes will be used o ensu e seamless ha moniza ion be ween p oduc ion chains. The EGMS aims o p o ide consis en , upda ed, s anda dized, ha monized ac oss na ional bo de s and eliable in o ma ion ega ding g ound mo ion phenomena o na u al and an h opogenic o igins, o e Eu ope. The g ound mo ion will be es ima ed using A-DInSAR echniques and ull esolu ion Sen inel-1 SAR da a. The se ice will use all he a ailable acquisi ions, om bo h ascending and descending passes. 3 The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLIII-B3-2022 XXIV ISPRS Cong ess (2022 edi ion), 6–11 June 2022, Nice, F ance This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed. h ps://doi.o g/10.5194/isp s-a chi es-XLIII-B3-2022-257-2022 | © Au ho (s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License. 257 The Se ice will co e he 30 Cope nicus Pa icipa ing S a es, see Figu e 1. The EGMS p oduc ion will include a baseline p oduc , which will be based on a chi e da a, co e ing he pe iod om 2015 up o he end o 2020. This will be ollowed by upda es, deli e ed e e y 12 mon hs. The p ocessing will in ol e abou 750 Sen inel-1 SAR scenes. The baseline p oduc will make use o abou 260 SAR scenes o each p ocessed s ack. The numbe o SAR scenes will be educed o he egions sys ema ically a ec ed by seasonal snow co e . In ac , he p ocessing will be limi ed o he snow- ee scenes. The Se ice will include h ee ypes o p oduc s. The ela ion be ween hese p oduc s is illus a ed in Figu e 1. The simples p oduc is he so-called Basic P oduc . I is de i ed by p ocessing independen ly he SAR ames, whe e each ame has an independen e e ence o he de o ma ion measu emen s. The e o e, i will be deli e ed by ames o he o iginal 750 scenes. This p oduc will be gene a ed using he Sen inel-1 image y p ocessed a ull esolu ion. The Basic P oduc will include he de o ma ion eloci y and de o ma ion ime se ies measu ed in he Line-O -Sigh (LOS) di ec ion. This p oduc is simila o he A-DInSAR p oduc s ha a e usually gene a ed by he di e en A-DInSAR echniques. I will be sui able o s udy local de o ma ion phenomena. The second p oduc is he so-called Calib a ed P oduc . Wi h espec o he p e ious one, i ep esen s a mo e elabo a ed p oduc . In ac , in EGMS Calib a ed, he A-DInSAR esul s o EGMS Basic a e mosaicked and used wi h da a coming om an ex ensi e ne wo k o global na iga ion sa elli e sys em (GNSS) s a ions. In his p oduc he de o ma ion measu emen s will s ill be in he LOS di ec ion. This p oduc is mo e complex because i elies on wo ypes o in o ma ion: A-DInSAR and GNSS. In pa icula , he p oduc ion will ha e o manage an inhomogeneous densi y o a ailable GNSS s a ions o e Eu ope. A 50-km GNSS eloci y model is used o calib a ion pu pose. The hi d p oduc is he so-called O ho P oduc . This p oduc is u he elabo a ed s a ing om he p e ious Calib a ed P oduc . In his p oduc he wo LOS (mono-dimensional) de o ma ion p oduc s coming om ascending and descending passes a e used o de i e a 2D in o ma ion. This includes he ho izon al Eas -Wes componen and he Up-Down e ical componen . The main disad an age o his p oduc is ha he usion o ascending and descending da a equi es o wo k a a lowe spa ial esolu ion. Fo his eason, he O ho P oduc will be gene a ed o e a 100 by 100 m g id. Pa icula a en ion will be de o ed o quali y con ol. Se e al in e nal e i ica ion p ocedu es will be implemen ed du ing he p oduc ion. Mos o hem in ol e au oma ic p ocedu es. An ex e nal eam, which is independen o he p oduc ion eam, will pe o m a comp ehensi e alida ion o he Se ice p oduc s. Conce ning he dissemina ion, ollowing he Cope nicus da a policy, he EGMS p oduc s will be ee and open. I will be dissemina ed using a dedica ed webGIS, which will p o ide isualiza ion ools, and allow an in e ac i e da a explo a ion and a p elimina y analysis o he p oduc s o be pe o med. A download will allow use s o access he de o ma ion maps in CSV o ma . The use up ake will be based on he publica ion o guidelines, and he o ganiza ion o wo kshops and aining sessions. The Se ice will p esumably ha e a wide ange o use s, including esea ch cen es and uni e si ies; geological, geophysical, geode ic and opog aphic su eys; ci il p o ec ion au ho i ies; public au ho i ies; oad and ailway adminis a ions; wa e managemen au ho i ies; cul u al he i age ins i u ions; mining indus y; oil and gas indus y; enginee ing companies; insu ance indus y; and he ci izens. Figu e 1: Le – EGMS co e age; he Azo es and Madei a a chipelagos, he Cana y and Balea es islands, he F ench O e seas Depa men s and Regions a e included. Righ – Simpli ied lowcha o he EGMS p oduc ion. The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLIII-B3-2022 XXIV ISPRS Cong ess (2022 edi ion), 6–11 June 2022, Nice, F ance This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed. h ps://doi.o g/10.5194/isp s-a chi es-XLIII-B3-2022-257-2022 | © Au ho (s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License. 258 2. EGMS RESULTS: LANDSLIDES This sec ion desc ibes some p elimina y esul s o he EGMS. The i s one conce n landslides, which a e, oge he wi h subsidence, a common a ge o EGMS. The i s esul conce n a landslide in No way. Figu e 2 shows an example o slope de o ma ion om he Hye jo den in he Ves land Coun y in No way. This jo d is loca ed app oxima ely 230 km no h o Be gen, he second main ci y o No way. The jo d is cha ac e ised by s eep slopes, which a e commonly a ec ed by landslides o a ious ypes and by snow a alanches (He manns e al., 2021). The EGMS Basic P oduc , which was de i ed using he descending SAR passes, cap u es well he de o ma ion occu ing in he eas e n lank o he jo d. The same canno be said o he opposi e lank, whe e o esho ening and layo e occu (Hanssen, 2001). The de o ma ion map was de i ed using 178 Sen inel-1. I is wo h obse ing ha he a ailable da a s ack includes much mo e images: he images acqui ed du ing he win e pe iod (app oxima ely om end o Oc obe o ea ly Ma ch) we e disca ded because he snow co e impedes o de i e use ul de o ma ion measu emen s. In Figu e 2, he EGMS da a iden i y he uppe po ion o a la ge slope de o ma ion on he eas e n lank o he jo d, a an ele a ion be ween 800-1000 m abo e sea le el. The po en ial c own a ea o he landslide has an ex ension o abou 2.5 km. The LOS eloci ies each -30 mm/y in he sou he n po ion o he mo ing a ea; he a e age eloci y alue is -9 mm/y . LOS eloci ies a e nega i e indica ing mo ion away om he senso in he downslope di ec ion. Fu he in es iga ions will include he use o he EGMS O ho p oduc o es ima e he magni ude o he ho izon al and e ical componen s o mo ion. 3. EGMS RESULTS: SUBSIDENCE This sec ion conce n examples o subsidence. Figu e 3 illus a es an example o EGMS Basic p oduc , which co e s he sou he n pa o he G oningen gas ield ( he Ne he lands). This is he la ges gas ield in Eu ope. Due o i s high en i onmen al impac , i is expec ed ha he p oduc ion will comple ely shu down be ween 2025 and 2028. La ge-scale subsidence due o he compac ion o he ese oi and inc eased seismici y a e consequences o he gas ex ac ion. Figu e 2 – G ound mo ion along he eas e n lank o he Hye jo den (No way). EGMS Basic P oduc . Figu e 3 – G ound mo ion ela ed o gas ex ac ion in he G oningen gas ield ( he Ne he lands). EGMS Basic P oduc . The a ea was p e iously s udied using A-DInSAR. F om hese s udies, a e age subsidence a es we e es ima ed o be app oxima ely be ween -7 and -4 mm/y in he pe iod 1992- 2007 (co e ed by SAR da a om he ERS and En isa senso s), and -5 mm/y o he pe iod 2015-2017 (using Sen inel-1 da a) (Gee e al., 2019). The de o ma ion map p esen ed in Figu e 3 esul s om he analysis o 295 Sen inel-1 images ha span he pe iod om Feb ua y 2015 o Decembe 2020. The images we e acqui ed in descending geome y. The subsidence a es each a maximum o 25 mm/y in he cen e o he subsidence bowl loca ed in he sou hwes e n co ne o Figu e 3. Howe e , excluding high local de o ma ion a es, subsidence is es ima ed a an a e age alue o 4 mm/y . This is in line wi h he es ima ions published by Gee e al. (2019). We desc ibe a second impo an example o subsidence, which is ela ed o he exploi a ion o geo he mal ese oi s. The explo a ion and exploi a ion o geo he mal ese oi s o powe p oduc ion ha e an impo an en i onmen al impac , which includes ai and wa e pollu ion, induced seismici y, and g ound subsidence. The la e can be o en de ec ed by using A- DInSAR. Figu e 4 shows he EGMS Basic P oduc o e he La de ello geo he mal ield (Tuscany, I aly). La de ello is he oldes geo he mal powe plan in he wo ld; he ac i i y s a ed in ea ly 1900s. Nowadays, 34 powe p oduc ion plan s p oduce app oxima ely 30% o he elec ici y demand o he Tuscany egion. The geo he mal ese oi eaches empe a u es be ween 200ºC and 350ºC a a dep h be ween 400 and 3500 m and i is hos ed by ca bona e and me amo phic o ma ions (Be ini e al., 2005). The e a e p e ious in es iga ions, which we e based on ERS 1/2 and En isa da a, ha e ealed he p esence o a la ge subsidence bowl wi h maximum subsidence a es o ~-30 mm/y (Sola i e al., 2018). This is con i med by he EGMS da a in Figu e 4. The esul s we e de i ed using 295 images acqui ed in ascending geome y. The esul s allow us o d aw he con ou o a subsidence a ea, which ex ends o oughly 12 km in he NE-SW di ec ion (La de ello-Lagoni Rossi axis) and o 10 km in he SE-NW di ec ion (Sasso Pisano-Se azzano axis). Subsidence a es a e on a e age equal o 8 mm/y wi h a maximum o 25 mm/y in he cen e o he alley. The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLIII-B3-2022 XXIV ISPRS Cong ess (2022 edi ion), 6–11 June 2022, Nice, F ance This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed. h ps://doi.o g/10.5194/isp s-a chi es-XLIII-B3-2022-257-2022 | © Au ho (s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License. 259 Figu e 4. G ound mo ion in he La de ello geo he mal ield (Tuscany, I aly). EGMS Basic P oduc . We discuss below a hi d example o subsidence. I belongs o an impo an class o de o ma ion phenomena, whe e he g ound mo ion is induced by unde g ound o su ace mining. This is a ype o applica ion whe e he mul i- empo al sa elli e in e e ome y o A-DInSAR o e s a use ul de o ma ion measu emen and moni o ing ool. Figu e 5 p esen s he EMGS Basic P oduc in he su oundings o he Hambach open pi mine (No h Rhine-Wes phalia, Ge many). In his si e, he ligni e ex ac ion begun in 1978 and c ea ed a dep ession o abou 50 km2, and almos 500-m deep. The mine has an impo an en i onmen al impac , which is especially ela ed o de o es a ion and des uc ion o biodi e si y. In addi ion, he mine al e ed he g oundwa e ci cula ion. In ac , he wa e le el mus be main ained low enough o gua an ee he exca a ion and ex ac ion ope a ions. Due o changes in he g oundwa e , subsidence is igge ed in he su oundings o he mine. The EGMS esul s shown in Figu e 5 allow us delimi a ing he ex ension o he subsidence a ea, which has a su ace o app oxima ely 600 km2. This is clea ly a e y impo an su ace, which includes u ban and pe i-u ban a eas, and impo an in as uc u es. Two ci ies, Dü en and Ke pen, ew kilome es sou h o he mine, a e loca ed in he mo ing a ea. The de o ma ion map was de i ed using a s ack o 286 Sen inel-1 images co e ing he pe iod 2015-2020. The esul s shown in Figu e 5 we e de i ed using he descending geome y. The subsidence a es each 60 o 70 mm/y in he p oximi y o he mine. The i s 10 km a ound he mine eco d an a e age subsidence a e o app oxima ely 20 mm/y . Time se ies o he a ea show a linea de o ma ion wi hou big seasonal a ia ions. Such impo an de o ma ion a es a e o en associa ed wi h ho izon al displacemen s. This aspec can be s udied using he O ho P oduc . Looking a he Figu e 5, one may no ice ha he measu emen poin densi y in he mining a ea is s ongly educed. This can be due o deco ela ion due o he equen su ace changes induced by he exca a ion o new coal le els. In addi ion, his can be due o a loss o measu emen poin s due o as and non-linea de o ma ion. Fo his aspec , e e o C ose o e al. (2020). Figu e 5. Subsidence in he su oundings o he Hambach mine (No h Rhine-Wes phalia, Ge many). EGMS Basic P oduc . 4. EGMS RESULTS: INFRASTRUCTURES The de o ma ion moni o ing o in as uc u es ep esen s an impo an componen o he EGMS. This Se ice will allow use s o moni o c i ical in as uc u es like ailways, highways, e c. The Figu e 5 p esen s he EGMS Basic P oduc along a po ion o a majo highway loca ed in sou he n Spain. The A-48 highway (Au o ía de la Cos a de la Luz) connec s Cadiz o Algeci as in he Andalucía Region. The ocus o Figu e 6 is a po ion o A-48, which links he own o Chiclana de la F on e a o he eas wi h San Fe nando o he wes . This a ea is pa o he Bahía de Cádiz Na u al Pa k, no a om he mou h o he Guadale e i e . This is a ma sh en i onmen cha ac e ised by shallow channels and ag icul u al pa cels. The highway ack is cha ac e ised by high subsidence a es up o 20 mm/y ; on a e age, he highway ack egis e subsidence a es in he o de o 12 mm/y . The geological cha ac e is ics o he a ea play a c i ical ole in con olling he g ound mo ion; in ac , high LOS eloci ies a e eco ded in he ma sh a ea, whe eas he ci y o Chiclana de la F on e a, loca ed on sandy soils, is s able (see he eas e n pa o Figu e 6). Figu e 6. G ound mo ion along he A-48 highway (Spain). EGMS Basic P oduc . The In e na ional A chi es o he Pho og amme y, Remo e Sensing and Spa ial In o ma ion Sciences, Volume XLIII-B3-2022 XXIV ISPRS Cong ess (2022 edi ion), 6–11 June 2022, Nice, F ance This con ibu ion has been pee - e iewed. h ps://doi.o g/10.5194/isp s-a chi es-XLIII-B3-2022-257-2022 | © Au ho (s) 2022. CC BY 4.0 License. 260 Figu e 7. De o ma ion eloci y map ha conce ns he g ound mo ion along o e he ai po and po o Ba celona (Spain). EGMS Basic P oduc . The las example conce ns wo impo an ypes o in as uc u es: he ai po and po o Ba celona (Spain). The de o ma ion o bo h in as uc u es is well sampled. O e he ai po he e a e a lo o measu emen poin s bo h in he unways and he e minals. The ai po includes se e al de o ma ion a eas. Some o hem a e caused by wa e pumping, while o he s a e due o cons uc ion wo ks. The po a ea includes he mos impo an de o ma ions. They conce n eclaimed land and key in as uc u es like he dikes ha p o ec he po . In he dykes de o ma ion well below -20 mm/y occu . These esul s a e simila o hose published in p e ious wo ks, e.g. se De an hé y e al. (2014) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This wo k is pa o he Spanish G an SARAI, PID2020- 116540RB-C21, which has been unded by he MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033. The A-DInSAR esul s shown in his pape belong o he EGMS. REFERENCES Be ini, G., Cappelle i, G., Fio delisi, A. (2005). Cha ac e is ics o geo he mal ields in I aly. G. Geologia Appl., 1, 247-254. Come ci, V., Vi o i, E., 2019. The Need o a S anda dized Me hodology o Quan i a i e Assessmen o Na u al and An h opogenic Land Subsidence: The Agos a (I aly) Gas Field Case. 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