Perturbation of the sierpinski antenna to allocate the operating bands

In he i s case, one inpu o he analyse is used o p ocess he il e ou pu node and he o he cons i u es he addi ional obse a- ion poin . Ob iously, his poin has o be judiciously chosen o be able o ob ain an inc ease in aul co e age. So, he wo analyse inpu s a e connec ed o (i) he ou pu node o he d e and (ii) he ou pu node o he op-amp di e en ial s age as shown in Fig. 2. The HSPICE aul simula ions show ha in his si ua ion, only one aul is no de ec ed. The co esponding aul co e age is equal o: FC,, (V,,, and V&) = 97.9%. 1 Salien -key il e I “0” TC A5 Fig. 3 Mixed ol uge/cu en es ing In he second case, one inpu o he analyse is used o p ocess he il e ou pu and he o he o obse e he supply cu en . Since he analyse is designed o ol age in eg a ion, an addi ional sub- ci cui is equi ed o p o ide a ol age V,,, which is an image o he supply cu en I, o he CUT. The wo analyse inpu s a e hen connec ed o (i) he ou pu node V,,, o he il e and (ii) he ou pu node V,, o he I-V con e e . as illus a ed in Fig. 3. The I-V con e e we use is based on wo k ela ed in [7] o he a ea o cu en senso de elopmen . Faul simula ion esul s show ha his s uc u e allows us o de ec 47 o he 48 aul s o he il e . The esul ing aul co e age is equal o: FC,, (E,, and I,> = So in bo h cases, we can obse e a signi ican inc ease in he aul co e age achie ed when compa ed o a classical ime-domain analysis: om 85.4% up o 97.9%. This imp o emen in ci cui es abili y is achie ed while main aining a easonable a ea o e - head since a single opamp is equi ed o build he analogue signa- u e. Fu he mo e, i has o be emphasised ha usually, when using signa u e analysis echniques, he p oblem is o minimise he numbe o e o masking phenomena in o de o ob ain a aul co e age as close as possible o he aul co e age achie ed by an ex e nal es . Wi h he mul iple-inpu analogue analyse , no only can we pa ially o e come aliasing p oblems by in oducing edun- dancy, bu also we gain an imp o emen in aul co e age. This solu ion consequen ly goes beyond he classical objec i es o sig- na u e analysis echniques. 97.9%. Conclusion: Based on he use o he in eg a ion unc ion as an analogue compac ion echnique, we ha e p oposed a sys em o de i ing a signa u e o analogue ci cui s. A signa u e analyse can he e o e be de ined and easily implemen ed using an on-chip op- amp-based in eg a o . This pe mi s us o eplace he ha d- o-man- age ex e nal moni o ing o a con inuous ime- a ying esponse by a simple single-sho analogue measu emen . Fu he mo e, he abil- i y o ou mul iple-inpu analyse o concu en ly moni o di e - en in e nal es poin s allows us o pa ly o e come he aliasing p oblem and o imp o e ci cui es abili y. I is shown ha by using mul iple-node ol age es ing, we can d as ically inc ease he aul co e age achie ed o a Sallen-key il e . Also, i is shown ha ou sys em allows he implemen a ion o concu en con ol o bo h ol age and cu en le els, hus allowing us o ully p o i om he complemen a i y be ween ol age and I,, es echniques. 0 IEE 1996 4 Oc obe I996 Elec onics Le e s Online No: 19961511 M. Reno ell, F. Azals and Y. Be and (Labo a oi e d’ln o ma ique, Robo ique e Mic oClec onique de Mon pellie (LIRMM), UMR 55506, Uni e si C de Mon pellie IUCNRS, 161, Rue Ada, 34392 Mon pellie Cedex 5, F ance) Re e ences ABRAMOVICI, M., BRAUER, M.A., and FRIEDMAN, A.D.: ‘Digi al sys ems es ing and es able designs’ (Compu e Science P ess, New Yo k, 1995) RAJSKI, J., and TYSZER, J.: ‘The analysis o digi al in eg a o s o es esponse compac ion’, IEEE T ans. Ci cui s Sys . 11, 1992, pp. OHLETZ, M.J.: ‘Hyb id buil -in sel - es (HBIST) o mixed analogue/ digi al in eg a ed ci cui s’. P oc. Eu opean Tes Con ., 1991, pp. 307-3 16 NAGI, N., CHATTERJEE, A., and ABRAHAM, J.A.: ‘A signa u e analyze o analog and mixed-signal ci cui s’. P oc. In . Con . Co npu .- Aided-Des., 1994, pp. 286287 BELL, I.M., CAMPLIN, D.A., TAYLOR, G.E., and BANNISTER, B.R.: ‘Supply cu en es ing o mixed analogue and digi al ICs’, Elec on. Le ., 1991, 27, (17). pp. 1581-1583 MACHADO DA SILVA, J., MATOS, JS., BELL, I.M., and TAYLOR, G.E.: ‘C oss co ela ion be ween I,, and V,,, signals o es ing analog ci cui s’, Elec on. Le ., 1995, 31, (19), pp. 1617-1618 ROCA, M., and RUBIO, A.: ‘Sel es ing CMOS ope a ional ampli ie ’, Elec on. Le ., 1992, 28, (5), pp. 1452-1454 293-301 Pe u ba ion o he Sie pinski an enna o alloca e ope a ing bands C. Puen e, J. Romeu, R. Ba olemi: and R. Pous Indexing e ms: An ennas, F ac als, An enna a ays A scheme o modi ying he spacing be ween he bands o he Sie pinslu an enna is in oduced. Expe imen al esul s o wo no el designs o ac al an ennas sugges ha he ac al s uc u e can be pe u bed o enable he log-pe iod o be changed while s iU main aining he mul iband beha iou o he an enna. In oduc ion: The applica ion o ac al s uc u es o he design o an ennas has been ecen ly desc ibed [l - 31. In he Sie pinski an enna, p esen ed in [2, 41, bo h he inpu and he adia ion pa - e ns ha e a log-pe iodic beha iou . The log-pe iod (6) had a ac- o o 2 (6 = 2), he same scale ac o ha cha ac e ised he geome ical sel -simila i y p ope ies o he ac al objec . He e, we desc ibe some expe imen al esul s on wo no el s uc u es based on he Sie pinski gaske , which p esen di e en log-pe iods (6 = 1.66 and 6 = 1.5). The esul s sugges a me hod o pe u bing he Sie pinski s uc u e in such a way as o con ol he posi ion o mul iple bands whe e necessa y. P3/ 5SPK P2 /3SPK a b Fig. 1 Two no el designs and o iginal Sie pinski an enna a P3I5SPK an enna b P213SPK an enna c O iginal Sie pinski an enna Design: The beha iou o he Sie pinski an enna has been explained h ough he exis ence o a cu en densi y ac i e egion 2186 ELECTRONICS LETTERS 21s No embe 1996 Vol. 32 No. 24 o e a ac al su ace [4]. Such an ac i e egion sel -scales a each wa eleng h in an analogous way, which has been p e iously desc ibed o he log-pe iodic dipole a ay and o he spi al an enna [5]. Tha is, a sho wa eleng hs, he cu en ends o concen a e owa ds he eeding poin in a egion whe e a small copy o he o e all shape o he an enna is loca ed. This egion o he an enna has he mos signi ican con ibu ion o adia ion and he es o he an enna ou side i becomes e ec i ely disconnec ed. This Le e aims o show how, by pe u bing he cha ac e is ic scale ac o o he ac al shape, he adia ing bands can be shi ed. The wo no el designs a e plo ed in Fig. 1 oge he wi h he o iginal Sie pinski an enna [2]. Bo h ha e he o e all o m epli- ca ed a i e di e en scales a he base o he an enna, he smalle copy being a single iangle. The an ennas a e designed by means o an i e a i e algo i hm ha basically consis s in sub ac ing a scaled iangle om he o iginal iangula o m [6]. A each i e a- ion, a educ ion ac o o 315 is ound on he lowe iangula clus e o he i s an enna (he ea e P315SPK) and a educ ion ac o o 213 is ound on he second one (he ea e P213SPK). We no e ha he wo uppe iangula clus e s ha emain a e each sub ac ion a e no p opo ional copies o he o e all shape bu a e a he dis o ed. An a ine ans o ma ion a he han a simi- la i y ans o ma ion should be applied o go om he o e all s uc u e o hese skewed gaske s, and hence he o m is said o be sel -a ine [6] ins ead o sel -simila . Ne e heless, a simila i y ela- ion holds o he lowe clus e whe e he ac i e egion is expec ed o be concen a ed, and hence a sel -simila elec omagne ic beha iou can be expec ed o bo h s uc u es. P315SPK "6 LJ"6-l - 0.45 161 3.51 2.76 1.71 4.54 1.65 7.52 1.66 300 4 - 200 0 2 100 0 P2/3SPK Sie pinski "6 "6/"6-l "6 L/ -l 0.44 ~ 0.46 1.54 3.46 1.75 3.77 2.43 1.57 3.51 2.00 3.69 1.51 7.01 2.00 5.43 1.47 13.89 1.98 - 200 100 -0 --200 N m ,.-IO0 200, , , , , , , , , , , , , 100 -0 --200 N m ,.-IO0 2 L 6 8 10 12 , GHz Fig. 2 Inpu e ec ion coe icien ela i e o 1500 ( zn'50"), inpu esis - ance and eac ance o h ee an ennas P315SPK P213SPK . . . . . . . . . . . Sie pinski ~-~~ Expe imen al esul s: The an ennas we e p in ed o e a Cuclad 250 dielec ic subs a e (E, = 2.5 and h = 1.58Smm) using s anda d p in ed ci cui echniques, and moun ed on a monopole con igu a- ion o e a 80 x 80cm squa e conduc o g ound plane. The an en- nas' inpu e lec ion coe icien ela i e o 50Q we e measu ed om 200MHz o 12GHz using an HP8510B. Such coe icien s we e eno malised wi h espec o 1500 which is he impedance ha be e i s he an enna inpu impedance a each band (an i- esonan equencies). Such e lec ion coe icien s nlson) oge he wi h he eal and imagina y pa s o he inpu impedance (ZJ a e plo ed in Fig. 2; he co esponding pa ame e s o he p e iously epo ed Sie pinski an enna [4] a e shown o compa ison as well. To show he log-pe iodic beha iou o he h ee an ennas, he es- onan equencies oge he wi h he spacing ac o among hem a e lis ed in Table 1. The da a display an almos log-pe iodic dis- ibu ion o he uppe bands wi h log-pe iods 6 = 1.66 (513) o he P3/5SPK an enna and 6 = 1.5 (3/2) o he P2/3SPK an enna, which a e he scale ac o s ha cha ac e ise hei ac al body. The lowe bands a e shi ed owa ds he o igin due o he unca ion e ec and a e close o ha o a bow- ie an enna as desc ibed in The pa e ns o he wo no el designs we e measu ed in an ane- choic chambe a he cen e o he ou uppe bands (Figs. 3 and 4). [41. 15 30 0 180 06 60 6 D 90 90 90 90 21 30 240 270 3w I20 90 KO 1 30 KO -6 0 18 0 90-90 30 210 300 120 90 60 1 30 0 30 0 0 180 (3 -6 E: 90 90-90 90 21 d 240 270 300 8 = q=O" (p=QO" e=w m Fig. 3 Main cu s (cp = Oo, cp = 904 8 = 909 o adia ion pa e ns o P3/5SPK an enna P2l3 SPK 0 0 120 90 60 30 0 8 60 60 6 90 90 90 30 120 60 8 30 30 1 30 8 -6 60 6 0 0 180 p 90 90.90 90 21 30 77" _. 120 60 240 270 300 (p'0" (p=90" 0=90" ma Fig. 4 Main cu s (cp = O", @ = 90°, 8 = 909 o adia ion pa e ns o P2/3SPK an enna ELECTRONICS LETTERS 21s No embe 1996 Vol. 32 No. 24 2187 Conclusions: Two no el designs o ac al mul iband an ennas ha e been in oduced. The an ennas we e designed by pe u bing he shape o he Sie pinski an enna. The spacing be ween bands is again ela ed o he cha ac e is ic scale ac o o he ac al s uc- u e, which sugges s a p ocedu e o uning he an enna o a equi ed se o bands. The mul iband beha iou is consis en bo h om he inpu impedance and adia ion pa e n poin s o iew. Acknowledgmen s: The au ho s would like o hank P.Mayes om he Uni e si y o Illinois o encou aging his wo k. They also hank A.Hijazo and M.Na a o €o con ibu ions on he an enna design and measu emen s. This wo k has been mancially sup- po ed by he ‘Spanish Commission o Science and Technology’ unde g an TIC-96-0724-‘206-04, 0 IEE 1996 Elec onics Le e s Online No: 19961476 C. Puen e, J. Romeu, R. Ba olem and R. Pous (D3-Elec omagne ics and Pho onics Enginee ing G oup, Signal Theo y and Communica ions Depa men , Uni e si a Pol dcnica de Ca alunya, G an Capi d s/n, MddulD3, 08034 Ba celona, Spain) 7 Oc obe 1996 Re e ences 1 PUENTE, c., and POUS, R.: ‘F ac al design o mul iband and low side- lobe a ays’, IEEE T ans. An ennas P opag., 1996, 44, (5), pp. 730- 739 2 PUENTE, c., ROMEU, J., POUS, R, GARCIA, x, and BEN~TEZ, F.: ‘F ac al mul iband an enna based on he Sie pinslci gaske ’, Elec on. Le ., 1996, 32, (l), pp. 1-2 3 COHEN, N., and HOHLFELD, R.G.: ‘F ac al loops and he small loop app oxima ion’, Commun. Qua e ly, 1996, pp. 77-8 1 4 PUENTE, c., ROMEU, J., POUS, R., and CARDAMA, A.: ‘On he beha iou o he Sie pinski mul iband ac al an enna’, IEEE T ans. An ennas P opag., 1996, (Submi ed) 5 RUMSEY, V.H.: ‘F equency independen an ennas’ (Academic P ess, New Yo k, 1966) 6 PEITGEN, H.o., JURGENS, H., and SAUPE, D.: ‘Chaos and ac als, new on ie s o science’ (Sp inge -Ve lag, New Yo k, 1992) 40Gbi /s OTDM soli on ansmission o e ansoceanic dis ances G. Aubin, T. Mon alan , J. Moulu, F. Pi io, J.-B. Thomine and F. De aux Indexing e ms: Soli on ansmission, Time di ision mul iglexing 40GbiVs soli on ansmission is achie ed in a eci cula ing loop o e 100001m, o he i s ime o he au ho s’ knowledge, wi h a single ca ie wa eleng h. P opaga ion has been es ed wi h and wi hou pola isa ion mul iplexing hanks o low pola isa ion dependency elec oabso p ion modula o s o in-line con ol and o he ime demul iplexing ecei e . In oduc ion: Soli on ansmission is an a ac i e candida e on which o base op ical ansoceanic sys ems al hough i equi es in- line passi e o ac i e con ol o achie e high capaci y o e long dis ances [2]. Thanks o i s nonlinea cha ac e is ic, i allows noise ejec ion ou o he signal bandwid h. In pa icula , op ical egen- e a ion can be achie ed by inco po a ing equency il e ing and in-line synch onous in ensi y modula ion. This echnique limi s he inc ease in ampli ude noise and iming ji e , allows ansmission o e unlimi ed dis ance [2] and a la ge epea e span [3]. I was shown o be possible by he simula ion esul s in [4] and i is dem- ons a ed he e expe imen ally o he i s ime o ou knowledge ha 40Gbi is ansoceanic ansmission can be ache ed on a sin- gle ca ie wa eleng h when he longes haul epo ed wi h pe i- odic dispe sion compensa ion is 500Okm [5]. This me hod does no p eclude he use o WDM ansmission, as i has been demons a ed wi h a bina y e o a e (BER) o < 1@* a l0000km [6] and could be compe i i e wi h he sliding echnique [7]. 2188 ELECTRON1 Expe imen : The se up includes a 180km long eci cula ing loop ope a ing as in ou p e iously published expe imen s [3, 41 and is shown in Fig. 1. T ansmission has been es ed wi h wo di e en 40Gbi ls pulses ansmi e s. Adjacen pulse pola isa ion is o hogonal in one and pa allel in he o he . pa e n 20GHz aene a o UU . I” op ical clack ecei e eco e y ib e EDFA ib e - 4 imes Fig. 1 Expe imen al se up The i s ansmi e gene a es 2OGbi /s 27-1 pseudo andom pa e n pulses om a 1.5572~ DFB lase and h ough wo InGaAsP-InGaAsP mul iquan um well (MQW) elec oabso p ion idge modula o s and an ampli ie in eg a ed on he same chip using a common ac i e laye [XI. The sho pa e n leng h is lim- i ed by he elec onic d i e made in ou labo a o y. A second s age eshapes hese pulses using a Mach-Zehnde li hium nioba e op ical in ensi y modula o d i en a 2OGHz. Op ical ime mul i- plexing is ealised a e spli ing a 20Gbi /s s eam. The pulse ain is in e lea ed wi h i sel a e an adequa e delay ob ained using p ecise ib e leng h. A pola isa ion combine p o ides o hogonal s a es be ween consecu i e pulses wi h an ex inc ion a io > han 25dB.The ou pu a e age pulsewid h measu emen gi es 17ps wi h a s eak came a. The second 1.5572~ sou ce uses he same 20GbiUs modula- ion bu 20GHz pulses come by a mode-locked ib e ing lase ins ead o an elec oabso p ion modula o (EAM) and a DFB lase . An iden ical passi e echnique achie es 2040 Gbi is op ical mul iplexing o p o ide 27-1 pseudo andom pa e n. Howe e , ela i e pola isa ion s a es a e managed he e in each b anch o a con en ional couple in o de o op imise he ou pu alignmen h ough he main axis o a pola ise ha main ains he same pa - allel pola isa ion o e e y launched pulses. The 7ps a e age pulsewid h is sho e han he p e ious one and be e ex inc ion allows us o ansmi hem wi hou any esidual in e e ence bea - ing. The p opaga ion pa h con ains a modula ion con ol sec ion ollowed by ou 45km long ib e spans. Loss compensa ion is ealised by 980nm pumped ampli ying and il e ing by an in e e - en ial de ice in each sec ion. The loop expe imen needs ano he ampli ie o balance swi ch and couple a enua ion and o each sui able powe s. The a e age ib e inpu powe measu ed h ough 99:l couple s placed jus in on o he 12.5dB loss ib e spools is hen -5dBm. The combina ion o in-line op ical bandpass d e s leads o a 0.77nm FWHM Gaussian shaped il e ing pe 180km. A sho piece o 17psld km s ep-index ib e has been spliced o dispe sion-shi ed ib es (DSF) in o de o se he ch oma ic dis- pe sion a 0.2ps/nm/km in each ampli ying span. The esynch o- nising sec ion comp ises a hgh bandwid h op ical ecei e o eco e he 40GHz clock s aigh om 40Gbi is pulses and an EAM [9] d i en by esul ing 40GHz, 20dBm sinusoid o eshape in-line pulses wi h a o al pola isa ion dependency loss (PDL) o < 1 dB. S aigh 40 o lOGbi is demul iplexing is ealised wi h ano he MQW EAM [9] d i en sinusoidally a l0GHz wi h c ea ed sub- ha monics coming om a second 40GHz clock eco e y de ice. The BER is measu ed a e his op ical ime demul iplexing by using a 10Gbi is comme cial BER coun e igge ed wi h a delayed ga e co espondmg o he p opaga ion dis ance. A he ‘CS LETTERS 21s No embe 7996 Vol. 32 No. 24