Changes of Soil Aggregate Stability as a Result of the Effect of Freeze-thaw Cycles

1211 ACTA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE ET SILVICULTURAE MENDELIANAE BRUNENSIS Volume 63 134 Numbe 4, 2015 h p://dx.doi.o g/10.11118/ac aun201563041211 CHANGES OF SOIL AGGREGATE STABILITY AS A RESULT OF THE EFFECT OF FREEZE-THAW CYCLES Ane a Žabenská1, Mi osla Dumb o ský1 1 Ins i u e o Landscape Wa e Managemen , Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Žižko a 17, 602 00 B no, Czech Republic Abs ac ŽABENSKÁ ANETA, DUMBROVSKÝ MIROSLAV. 2015. Changes o Soil Agg ega e S abili y as a Resul o he Eff ec o F eeze- haw Cycles. Ac a Uni e si a is Ag icul u ae e Sil icul u ae Mendelianae B unensis, 63(4): 1211–1218. The objec i e o he p esen esea ch was o assess he changes in soil e odibili y du ing he non- ege a ion pe iod as one o he ac o s aff ec ing he snowmel e osion. The empe a u e fl uc ua ion was simula ed wi h he use o a clima ic chambe ex si u. The soil su ace was o simplici y easons conside ed wi hou any plan o snow co e . The pape deals wi h he a e o soil e odibili y de e mina ion – he soil e odibili y should inc ease due o he dec ease o soil agg ega e s abili y depending on he numbe o eeze- haw cycles and ini ial soil mois u e. Soil samples ( aken om h ee si es) we e subjec ed o eeze- haw cycles unde labo a o y condi ions. Changes in soil ag egga e s abili y we e moni o ed as one o he main soil cha ac e is ics which de e mine he soil e odibili y. Two me hods we e used o de e mine he soil mac oagg ega e s abili y (soil agg ega e ac ion 1–2 mm): s anda d single-sie e me hod o we sie ing (Kempe and Rosenau, 1986), and d y agg ega e analysis using a se o fl a sie es wi h a diame e o 1 mm and 0.5 mm. The esul s o each me hod a e con o e sial. In ended hypo hesis has no been clea ly confi med. Keywo ds: c yopedology, snowmel e osion, e odibili y, soil agg ega e s abili y, eeze- haw cycle INTRODUCTION E osion is a complex p ocess in ol ing dis up ion o he soil su ace, and anspo and sedimen a ion o loose soil pa icles by wa e , wind, ice and o he ac o s (Janeček e al., 2012). Al hough wa e e osion is now mo e and mo e discussed, snowmel e osion is a ely men ioned in he Czech Republic (CZ). As a esul o he snowmel , a su ace unoff occu s wi h de as a ing consequences. E en a small amoun o he su ace unoff is dange ous due o he specifi c soil condi ions du ing cold pe iods and lack o ege a ion co e . Snowmel e osion plays a signifi can ole in some specifi c a eas. Loca ions wi h hea y snow co e wi h he isk o sudden mel ing a e he mos endange ed (Pokladníko á and Šťas ná, 2006). The igno ance o he issue unde Czech condi ions limi s, howe e , i s solu ion. Rep esen a i es o he No dic coun ies, whe e he p oblem occu s in he la ges ex en , ha e he deepes knowledge o his ype o e osion. Acco ding o Toman and Podh ázská (2002), he issue o snowmel de e mina ion is ela i ely unde de eloped in he Czech Republic due o he diffi cul y o de e mining he ac o s infl uencing he in ensi y o e osion. One o hese ac o s is he soil e odibili y, which is mainly de e mined by he soil shea s eng h and by he soil agg ega e s abili y. Repea ed eezing and hawing o he soil p ofi le in win e pe iod esul in an inc eased e odibili y. Bo h soil cha ac e is ics a e du ing win e ad e sely aff ec ed due o he c yopedological p ocesses. The opinions on he eff ec o eezing on he s abili y o soil agg ega es a e con adic o y. Øyga den (2000), Oz as and Faye o bay (2003), K æ nø and Øyga den (2006) and o he s ag ee ha os eff ec s he soil agg ega es des uc i ely, and i hus weakens he soil s uc u e. As well as he shea s eng h, he soil agg ega e s abili y is in e sely ela ed o he wa e con en in soil (Øyga den, 2000). Soil wa e is squeezed ou o soil 1212 Ane a Žabenská, Mi osla Dumb o ský agg ega es and c ea es small ice c ys als a ound hem; hese des uc pa ially du ing hei c ea ion he soil agg ega es. Many high-quali y soil pa icles a e he e o e b oken wi h he a i al o mel ing (Maleno á and Toman, 2005). MATERIALS AND METHODS Soil samples o he examina ion in ex si u we e aken a h ee si es: Luká (al i ude 512 m.a.s.l.) (Fig. 1), Bys řice nad Pe nš ejnem (al i ude 564 m.a.s.l.) (Fig. 2) and Koclířo (al i ude 525 m.a.s.l.) (Fig. 3). The fi s sampling was ca ied ou a e he mel ing 1: Soil sampling in he cadas al a ea Luká 23 Ap il 2013 and 31 July 2013 2: Soil sampling in he cadas al a ea Bys řice upon Pe nš ejn 26 Ap il 2013 and 31 July 2013 Changes o Soil Agg ega e S abili y as a Resul o he Eff ec o F eeze- haw Cycles 1213 o snowpack a he end o Ap il 2013, and summe sampling a he end o July 2013, be o e ha es ing. The win e oilseed ape, which is he only spa se co e age o he soil su ace du ing he win e pe iod, was sown a all si es. The sp ing sampling was a he la e due o he long du a ion o snow co e . Sampling dep h was chosen as small as possible. Only he opsoil wi hou ege a ion co e o a dep h o 2.5 cm was aken. Soil P ope ies (Tex u e) All h ee si es had medium-weigh loamy soils. Luká Main soil uni (MSU) 26: Modal cambisol, eubasic and mesobasic on he shale, mos ly medium soils, medium skele al, wi h a o able mois u e condi ions. Bys řice nad Pe nš ejnem MSU 29: Modal cambisol, eubasic o mesobasic, gleyed soils including weakly gleyed a ie ies, on he gneisses, mica schis s, phylli es o g ani es, medium soils o ligh e medium, wi hou skele on o medium skele al, wi h p e ailing good mois u e condi ions. Koclířo HPJ 25: Modal leached cambisol, eubasic o mesobasic, excep ionally also pelic cambisol on ma l and ha d ma li e, medium fl ysh, Pe mian Ca boni e ous, medium o medium skele al, soils wi h good wa e capaci y. 3: Soil sampling in he cadas al a ea Koclířo 26 Ap il 2013 and 31 July 2013 L uká Bys Ǝice KoclíƎo 2 100 2 100 2 100 1.4 98.85081 1.4 98.51777 1.4 99.9 1 96.57258 1 94.82234 1 99 0.71 94.35484 0.71 88.62944 0.71 98 0.09 73.10484 0.0577 66.33294 0.09 96 0.0653 72.05671 0.0405 65.04579 0.0499 81.18873 0.0478 65.56576 0.0302 61.18436 0.0367 76.57086 0.0348 59.7239 0.0206 54.10507 0.0279 68.6466 0.0177 51.93476 0.0129 52.81793 0.0148 56.11238 0.014 37.65466 0.0078 33.51078 0.0119 42.25878 0.0084 28.56733 0.0049 28.96781 0.0072 33.02304 0.0053 20.77819 0.0032 26.70959 0.0045 25.76639 0.0034 14.28723 0.0023 23.17566 0.0029 20.48882 0 0016 8 808222 0 0015 18 06506 0 0023 17 85004 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0.0010.010.1110 Con en o pa icle size ac ion [%] Pa icle size [mm] Luká Bys Ĝice KoclíĜo 4: Topsoil ex u e 1214 Ane a Žabenská, Mi osla Dumb o ský De e mina ion o Soil Agg ega e S abili y by We Sie ing Ini ial soil mois u e con en and agg ega e s abili y we e de e mined immedia ely a e sampling. F ac ion o 1–2 mm has been sepa a ed wi h he use o a se o classic fl a sc eens a e ai - d ying o he sample ( o 24 hou s). D ying o agg ega es be o e analysis should be done a oom- empe a u e o he empe a u e ep esen a i e o fi eld condi ions. O en-d ying inc eases s abili y in o he wise uns able agg ega es (Nimmo and Pe kins, 2002). Scaling weigh 4 g o hus p epa ed samples was subjec ed o a s anda d single-sie e me hod o we sie ing (Kempe and Rosenau, 1986). The samples we e sie ed in dis illed wa e o 3 minu es wi h a equency o 35 cycles/min and he e ical ampli ude 1.3 cm, h ough a sie e wi h he mesh diame e 0.25 mm. The esidue on he sie e was d ied a 105 °C ( o 6 hou s), weighed and hen dispe sed and sie ed 5 minu es in a solu ion o sodium polyphospha e, so ha all he clay pa icles we e washed ou and only sand pa icles emained on he sie es. When he agg ega es did no b eak apa e en a e 5 minu es o sie ing in solu ion, hey we e helped mechanically. The esidue on he sie e (pa icle size o only abou 0.25 mm) was d ied and weighed. Eff o o p o e he agg ega e s abili y dependence on soil wa e con en du ing he eezing led o he es ing o wo se s o samples – ai -d ied samples (24 h) and samples wi h ini ial wa e con en . Se s o samples om each si e we e placed in closed plas ic boxes and subjec ed o a se e al eeze- haw cycles. Each sample was p epa ed in a iplica e. The e was an eff o o ep oduce na u al condi ions when choosing he cha ac e is ics o a eeze- haw cycle. Du a ion o one cycle was se a 24 hou s. Samples we e subjec ed o he empe a u e o −5 °C o 12 hou s and o he empe a u e o +5 °C o ano he 12 hou s. Changes in agg ega e s abili y we e de e mined a e 4, 5, 6, 7 and 24-hou cycles. Samples we e d ied, he 1–2 mm ac ion was sepa a ed and he agg ega e analysis using he we sie ing was ca ied ou a e se e al cycles. The esul was he pe cen age o wa e s able soil agg ega es (Kandele e al., 1996): M 2 − M3 SAS = 100 ×  W − (M3 − M1) (1) SAS .....soil agg ega e s abili y [%], M1 .......weigh o dish [g], M2 .......weigh o dish, wa e s able agg ega es and sand [g], M3 .......weigh o dish and sand [g], W ........sample weigh [g]. Agg ega e Analysis by D y Mul i-sie e Me hod Due o unsa is ac o y esul s a ising om he fi s me hod chosen, he esea ch was supplemen ed by an agg ega e analysis using a se o s anda d fl a sie es. The mos consis en me hod (Chepil, 1962 in Kempe and Rosenau, 1986) using o a y sie es has been eplaced by he use o fl a sie es wi h a suffi cien ly small weighed po ion. Soil agg ega es, ac ion 1–2 mm, we e sepa a ed om he ai -d ied samples. 50 g weighed po ions we e subjec ed o he same numbe o os cycles as in he case o we sie ing (0, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 24-hou cycles). Subsequen ly, he agg ega es we e sie ed h ough a sie e wi h mesh diame e 1 and 0.5 mm o 5 minu es wi h ho izon al ampli ude 0.1 mm (López e al., 2007 in Kozlo sky Du ko á, 2010). Th pe cen age loss o s able mac o-agg ega es was de e mined by weighing esidues on sie es. The esidue on a 1 mm-sie e was e-exposed o o he eeze- haw cycles. The agg ega e analysis by d y sie ing is, unlike he we sie ing, a non- des uc i e me hod. The Soil sample o an ini ial weigh 50 g is hus epea edly sie ed a e a ce ain amoun o eeze- haw cycles. Du ing he we sie ing analysis, he soil sample is des oyed, and a duplica e is he e o e necessa y o each analysis. The esul was he pe cen age o d y-s able soil agg ega es SAS *: SA SAS* = 100 ×  SA + NA (2) SAS* ...soil agg ega e s abili y [%], SA .......weigh o s able agg ega es [g], NA ......weigh o uns able agg ega es [g]. RESULTS The sampling a eas we e si ua ed on medium- weigh loamy cambisols. The esul ing alues o p opo ional con en o wa e -s able mac o- agg ega es (de e mined by we sie ing) a e p esen ed in he ollowing g aphs. Simple linea eg ession analysis did no gi e signifi can co ela ions. The e is a clea diff e ence be ween alues o SAS in sp ing and summe soil samples. The inc ease o agg ega e s abili y du ing he ege a ion pe iod is well-known ac . Ne e heless, he co ela ion coeffi cien o SAS and numbe o FT cycles a ied only om −0.14 o −0.47 in case o Luká sampling si e. The end in he case o samples om Bys řice locali y is a he opposi e. SAS inc eased wi h ew FT cycles and hen s a ed o dec ease, as Mos aghimi (1988) desc ibes i . The co ela ion coeffi cien o SAS and numbe o FT cycles a ied om – 0.08 o 0.77. The mos signifi can co ela ions we e gi en by he expe imen wi h samples om Koclířo . Bu on he o he side, SAS o mois sample we e unexpec edly highe han SAS o ai -d ied sample (simila o Luká – summe samples). Fo samples wi h low wa e con en (Koclířo -sp ing sampling: w = 10%, Luká – summe sampling: w = 2%), his could be caused by a big fl uc ua ion o SAS alues and inaccu acies ha lead o his phenomenon. Changes o Soil Agg ega e S abili y as a Resul o he Eff ec o F eeze- haw Cycles 1215 0 32.7586207 85.0232198 32.7586207 85.0232198 4 15.6839444 69.2175377 23.1632627 53.6799924 5 12.9418159 58.6242391 22.0689373 57.5969423 6 21.8361708 71.0596796 24.1971659 60.2881894 7 18.7649195 67.8823432 30.0624757 62.7297851 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 01234567 SAS [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles L / w = 20% / 1. sampling L / ai -d ied / 1. sampling L / w = 2% / 2. sampling L / ai -d ied / 2. sampling 5: The mean con en o wa e -s able mac o-agg ega es (Luká) 03 5. 1 7 24 0 3 5. 1 7 24 0 83 .77 19 0 83 .77 19 4 16.835 4 22.7758 4 60.8889 4 54.8936 5 12.5 5 21.831 5 92.3077 5 58.8679 6 19.4539 6 24.055 6 68.0934 6 77.1863 7 20 7 27.972 7 69.3878 7 58.3658 0 30.3448 0 30.3448 0 86.2745 0 86.2745 4 14.5329 4 23.5507 4 71.0438 4 60.8365 5 12.9693 5 21.3793 5 57.7689 5 58.3673 y = -1.96x + 72.46 R² = 0.22 y = -1.31x + 75.39 R² = 0.10 0 20 40 60 80 100 01234567 SAS [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles Summe sampling ai -d ied w = 2 % y = -0.28x + 27.78 R² = 0.02 y = -1.37x + 24.70 R² = 0.19 0 10 20 30 40 01234567 SAS [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles Sp ing sampling ai -d ied w = 20 % 6: Plo o soil agg ega e s abili y and numbe o eeze- haw (FT) cycles (Luká) 0 12.447446 40.5725511 12.447446 40.5725511 4 11.6340208 41.1710418 34.7846564 40.5713914 5 13.6706976 30.7240588 46.056962 51.4307039 6 30.0485437 37.4979302 44.8476908 47.6724127 7 28.0099971 44.298017 37.6385211 46.9079569 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 01234567 SAS [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles B / w = 30% / 1. sampling B / ai -d ied / 1. sampling B / w = 18% / 2. sampling B / ai -d ied / 2. sampling 7: The mean con en o wa e -s able mac o-agg ega es (Bys řice) 0 10.4418 0 10.4418 0 50.8621 0 50.8621 4 18.2186 4 29.4416 4 7.79221 4 42.5641 5 13.6364 5 46.087 5 32.5688 5 52.9954 6 20.7254 6 57.2816 6 34.0426 6 46.9565 7 22.9167 7 37.619 7 42.9864 7 47.2973 0 29.3436 0 29.3436 0 43.5345 0 43.5345 4 12.3894 4 35.0515 4 41.0377 4 54.3269 5 12 2363 5 47 6395 5 28 8793 5 52 1739 y = 0.60x + 44.41 R² = 0.09 y = -0.33x + 39.57 R² = 0.01 0 20 40 60 01234567 SAS [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles Summe sampling ai -d ied w = 18 % y = 3.81x + 20.01 R² = 0.59 y = 1.19x + 14.55 R² = 0.15 0 20 40 60 80 01234567 SAS [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles Sp ing sampling ai -d ied w = 30 % 8: Plo o soil agg ega e s abili y and numbe o eeze- haw (FT) cycles (Bys řice) 1216 Ane a Žabenská, Mi osla Dumb o ský Pe cen age o wa e -s able mac o-agg ega es ac ion 1–2 mm de e mined by d y sie ing is p esen ed in he ollowing g aphs. 0 61.0834851 55.3191767 61.0834851 55.3191767 4 50.5717837 50.1084209 46.6089455 59.603343 5 52.8255529 56.0568087 40.7243532 57.6819089 6 57.6210447 43.5820896 38.4538394 53.0514242 7 44.4387766 43.7201205 40.5921102 51.2963472 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 01234567 SAS [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles K / w = 10% / 1. sampling K / ai -d ied / 1. sampling K / w = 12% / 2. sampling K / ai -d ied / 2. sampling 9: The mean con en o wa e -s able mac o-agg ega es (Koclířo ) 0 49.1573 0 49.1573 0 64.6552 0 64.6552 4 54.3662 4 59.7734 4 47.5758 4 59.824 5 52.6912 5 43.8547 5 57.1429 5 57.8788 6 57.9387 6 37.6812 6 61.5854 6 48.2249 7 44.2577 7 30.7479 7 52.5641 7 48.8166 0 60.7345 0 60.7345 0 54.519 0 54.519 4 47.2067 4 46.1756 4 52.2936 4 58.631 5 48.5632 5 38.4831 5 47.1976 5 57.485 y = -1.17x + 60.20 R² = 0.29 y = -1.53x + 58.30 R² = 0.32 0 20 40 60 80 01234567 SAS [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles Summe sampling ai - d ied w = 12 % y = -2.88x + 58.16 R² = 0.62 y = -1.19x + 57.41 R² = 0.26 0 20 40 60 80 01234567 SAS [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles Sp ing sampling ai -d ied w = 10 % 10: Plo o soil agg ega e s abili y and numbe o FT cycles (Koclířo ) 0 100 4 96.46 5 94.64 6 93.43333333 7 92.25333333 0 100 4 96.56 5 94.22 6 92.84 7 91.78 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 01234567 SAS* [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles sp ing sampling summe sampling 11: Pe cen age o s able mac o-agg ega es (Luká) 0100 4 96.46 5 94.64 6 93.43333333 7 92.25333333 0 100 y = -1.11x + 100.25 R² = 0.98 y = -1.20x + 100.34 R² = 0.97 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 01234567 SAS* [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles sp ing sampling summe sampling 12: Plo o d y soil agg ega e s abili y and numbe o FT cycles (Luká) 0 100 4 94.9 5 92.87 6 91.75 7 90.76 0 100 4 95.05333333 5 93.42666667 6 92.1 7 91.16 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 01234567 SAS* [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles sp ing sampling summe sampling 13: Pe cen age o s able mac o-agg ega es (Bys řice) 0 100 4 94.9 5 92.87 6 91.75 7 90.76 0 100 y = -1.35x + 100.00 R² = 0.99 y = -1.29x + 100.01 R² = 1.00 90 95 100 105 01234567 SAS* [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles sp ing sampling summe sampling 14: Plo o d y soil agg ega e s abili y and numbe o FT cycles (Bys řice) Changes o Soil Agg ega e S abili y as a Resul o he Eff ec o F eeze- haw Cycles 1217 DISCUSSION Al hough he hypo hesis o dec easing he agg ega e s abili y du ing an inc eased numbe o eeze- haw cycles was no confi med by he we sie ing me hod, he e is an e iden dependence o agg ega e s abili y on soil mois u e (Fig. 5) and on he sampling ime (Fig. 6). The amoun o wa e -s able agg ega es a iably dec eased o unexpec edly inc eased wi h he inc easing numbe o eeze- haw cycles (Fig. 5, Fig. 7, Fig. 9). Acco ding o Leh sch (1997), he agg ega e s abili y inc eased wi h a ew eeze- haw cycles, bu addi ional FT cycles ha e li le eff ec . F eeze – d ying also epo ed o an inc eased agg ega e s abili y (Oyga den, 2000). Mos aghimi (1988) ound ha he a e o eezing had no eff ec on agg ega e s abili y. Small fl uc ua ion o alues may indica e inaccu acies in measu emen s and e y small changes o SAS due o he eeze- haw cycles. The dependence o SAS on he ime o sampling can be seen especially a he samples om he locali ies Luká and Bys řice (Fig. 13, Fig. 15). Soil samples aken in summe show a signifi can ly highe SAS, unlike he samples aken du ing he sp ing haw. I is ob ious ha SAS dec eases du ing he win e and hen inc eases du ing he ege a ion pe iod. Based on he measu ed esul s i can be assumed ha he simula ed condi ions we e no app op ia ely chosen. Al hough he esul s o he d y sie ing me hod a e ep esen ed by he same pa ame e (SAS) as in he case o he we sie ing me hod, me hods canno be compa ed. The d y sie ing was chosen only as a supplemen a y me hod and p o es he con inuous end o he dec easing amoun o s able mac o-agg ega es SAS* due o he inc easing numbe o eeze- haw cycles. 0 100 4 95.24 5 91.20666667 6 88.7 7 86.92 0 100 4 96.63 5 91.54 6 89.32 7 85.85 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100 102 01234567 SAS* [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles sp ing sampling summe sampling 15: Pe cen age o s able mac o-agg ega es (Koclířo ) 0 100 4 95.24 5 91.20666667 6 88.7 7 86.92 0 100 y = -1.90x + 100.77 R² = 0.95 y = -1.97x + 101.35 R² = 0.88 85 90 95 100 105 01234567 SAS* [%] numbe o eeze- haw cycles sp ing sampling summe sampling 16: Plo o d y soil agg ega e s abili y and numbe o FT cycles (Koclířo ) CONCLUSION The pape deals wi h he assessmen o he impac o c yopedological eff ec s on soil e odibili y as one o he causa i e ac o s o snowmel e osion. The soil agg ega e s abili y is one o he main soil cha ac e is ics which de e mine he a e o e odibili y. SAS changes depending on he empe a u e and humidi y changes we e moni o ed ex si u. 24-hou eeze- haw cycles (−5 °C o 12 hou s and 5 °C o nex 12 hou s) we e simula ed in a clima ic chambe . The pe cen age o s able soil agg ega es was de e mined a e he sampling, and subsequen ly a e unning 4, 5, 6 and 7 eeze- haw cycles. The dependence o SAS (Soil Agg ega e S abili y) on c yopedological phenomena is a con o e sial opic in o eign li e a u e. Al hough many au ho s ag ee ha agg ega e s abili y dec eases due o he epea ed eezing and hawing o he soil, his hypo hesis has no been p o en. The esul s indica e a clea inc ease in SAS du ing he g owing season. Howe e , SAS did no change signifi can ly as a esul o c yopedological phenomena simula ed in labo a o y condi ions. The esul s o mul i- sie e agg ega e analysis poin o a s eady dec easing end o SAS (wa e -s able agg ega es) due o he inc easing numbe o eeze- haw cycles. No he SAS* (ai -s able agg ega es) has dec eases signifi can ly. Wi h ega d o ime-consuming changes o soil cha ac e is ics, i can be assumed ha he du a ion o eeze- haw cycles has no been app op ia ely chosen. The e is a possibili y o a u he esea ch in he c yopedological phenomena, bu i is p obably desi able o conside some changes in me hodology (in o accoun comes change o cycle du a ion, numbe o cycles o he empe a u es). Acknowledgemen The pape was elabo a ed hanks o he p ojec suppo MŠMT – FAST-J-13-2004 C yopedological p ocesses in ela ion o he snowmel e osion, and NAZV Mze – QJ1320157 E osion p ocesses and hei impac on he p oduc ion abili y o soils and e osion con ol measu es in designing p ocess o land consolida ion. G ea hanks go o Ing. 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