Sensory evaluation and acceptance of food made of edible insects

Po a ina s o Slo ak Jou nal o Food Sciences Volume 14 921 2020 Po a ina s o Slo ak Jou nal o Food Sciences ol. 14, 2020, p. 921-928 h ps://doi.o g/10.5219/1430 Recei ed: 3 July 2020. Accep ed: 8 Sep embe 2020. A ailable online: 28 Oc obe 2020 a www.po a ina s o.com © 2020 Po a ina s o Slo ak Jou nal o Food Sciences, License: CC BY 3.0 ISSN 1337-0960 (online) Senso y e alua ion and accep ance O ood made o edible insec s Ma in Adámek, Anna Adámko á, Lenka Kouřimská, Jiří Mlček, Klá a Vojáčko á, Jana O sa o á, Ma ina Bučko á, Oldřich Famě a, Ma in Bú an ABSTRACT This pape discusses he senso y analysis o ood en iched wi h selec ed edible insec species which a e labelled as a no el ood – house c icke (Ache a domes icus) and mealwo m (Teneb io moli o ). Ene gy ba s o wo di e en composi ions wi h he addi ion o c icke lou and pu pas y ba s sp inkled wi h he whole oas ed mealwo m la ae we e e alua ed by consume es s pe o med ia a ques ionnai e su ey. Responden s ep esen ed bo h men and women in equal numbe s and included consume s wi h he expe ience o he senso y analysis and edible insec s o ensu e accu a e esul s. Senso y analyses e ealed ha esponden s associa ed hei as es wi h al eady known la o s (sal y, swee , bi e , ish, F ench ies, chicken, and mush ooms). The mos common answe om esponden s was a sal y as e, ollowed by a swee as e. The e we e also unusual compa isons such as pine seeds. Consume s’ posi i e a i ude o hese ene gy ba s has been egis e ed which shows ha he Czech consume accep s edible insec s in a sui able o m as a no el ood and possible pa o he ood baske . Keywo ds: edible insec ; Teneb io moli o ; Ache a domes icus; senso y analysis INTRODUCTION En omophagy is a p ac ice o edible insec consump ion (Ima hiu, 2020). The o igin o his wo d comes om G eece, whe e ἔντοµον én omon means “insec s” and φᾰγεῖν phagein is ansla ed as “ o ea ” (Kouřimská and Adámko á, 2016). Senso y p ope ies comp ise an impo an c i e ion o edible insec consump ion (Bo ko co á e al., 2009; Adámek e al., 2017). In wes e n coun ies, en omophagy is o en associa ed wi h di and po e y, hus being conside ed unaccep able (Looy, Dunkel and Wood, 2014). Many people dis ega d insec s and hey neglec i s high nu i i e alue (Siemianowska e al., 2013). Exis ing signi ican p ejudices closely connec wi h a disgus ac o ep esen ing a majo epulsi e o ce ha is o med in he child age be o e 6 o 7 yea s. In con as , an edible insec has been consumed in o he cul u es in A ica, La in Ame ica, Asia (Hanboonsong, 2010; Raheem e al., 2019) and Aus alia (Siemianowska e al., 2013). The e a e app oxima ely wo billion people in 113 coun ies consuming edible insec s (Lucas e al., 2020). Recen ly, a ound 2000 species o edible insec s ha e been egis e ed (Megido e al., 2018). Coun ies wi h a common en omophagy p ac ice include Zimbabwe, Japan (Raheem e al., 2019), Thailand wi h mo e han 150 edible insec species (Ima hiu, 2020), and Mexico wi h app oxima ely 550 species o edible insec consumed (Siemianowska e al., 2013). Consuming edible insec is also suppo ed by he ossils (Kouřimská and Adámko á, 2016). Technologies o insec mass ea ing ha e been accep ed in some coun ies, such as Holland, Denma k, Belgium, Kenya, and Vie nam (Ima hiu, 2020). In China, whe e en omophagy is p ac iced o mo e han 3,000 yea s (Lucas e al., 2020), edible insec also gains he ole o a ood ing edien and is seen as a sui able al e na i e o u he kinds o mea (K öncke e al., 2018). The insec may be consumed indi ec ly in a o m o ex ac s o p oduc s, such as honey, wax, pollen, and dyes (Lucas e al., 2020). The po en ial o edible insec s has been g owing due o posi i e en i onmen al impac s (Dossey, Mo ales-Ramos, and Rojas, 2016). The ea ing o edible insec s equi es less wa e and space i compa ed o o he li es ock. Wha is mo e, he amoun o p oduced g eenhouse gas is conside ably lowe (Lucas e al., 2020). Ano he ad an age o g owing an edible insec is i s high ep oduc ion a e (Ima hiu, 2020). Apa om hese signi ican bene i s, edible insec as a pa o a balanced die could be a po en ial sou ce o adequa e ood supplies due o i s high eed con e sion a e (Belluco e al., 2013; Van Huis e al., 2013). Fu he mo e, acco ding o s udies, edible insec species p o ide g ea nu i ional alues as hey a e an excellen sou ce o p o ein, a , i amins as well as mine als (MacE illy, 2000; Van Huis e al., 2013). Se e al Po a ina s o Slo ak Jou nal o Food Sciences Volume 14 922 2020 condi ions can change he nu i ional alue o edible insec s, such as he en i onmen al condi ions o di e en p ocesses o hea ea men (De Cas o e al., 2018). The edible insec could be ea en in a aw o m o could be p ocessed by oas ing, ying, o boiling (Ima hiu, 2020). In e es ingly, ying may e en imp o e he senso y quali y o insec s due o a oma ic compounds, a ac i e colo s, c us , and ex u e. I s hygienic quali y may be enhanced by a cooking p ocess hanks o he inac i a ion o possibly p esen pa hogenic mic oo ganisms (Megido e al., 2018). Un o una ely, hea ing p ocesses could a ec nu i ional alues as well (Mon owska e al., 2019) due o he p ocesses including p o eolysis, lipolysis, and lipid oxida ion. (Megido e al., 2018). A p edic ion o a signi ican inc ease in edible insec s on he global ma ke is expec ed o each 710 million dolla s (Roncolini e al., 2020). Mealwo m la ae (Teneb io moli o ) and c icke s (Ache a domes icus) a e he species mos commonly a med in Eu ope. Wha is mo e, hey a e conside ed o be he mos p omising in he ood and eed indus y (Ima hiu, 2020). C icke s (Ache a domes icus) con ain a subs an ial amoun o all-impo an cons i uen s – p o eins, a s, i amins, and mine als (Mon owska e al., 2019). Based on a ques ionnai e c ea ed by Bednářo á e al. (2013), he mealwo m was e alua ed as one o he mos accep able species o consump ion in he Czech Republic. The ield c icke was also assessed posi i ely; howe e , some esponden s dislike he eeling o bi ing in o he so insec body. Thei opinion was in luenced by he psychological aspec o conside ing c icke as he ood o he poo . Fu he mo e, Eu opean consume s can be di ided in o wo g oups – one g oup p e e s he possibili y o consuming ood wi h p ope isibili y o he la ae, while he la e p e e s o consume insec s in a hidden o m (Adámek e al., 2018). This way, he ex u e o he insec is no easily pe cep ible. Edible insec s, pa icula ly adul specimens, a e pa ly composed o he exoskele on causing he c unchiness du ing he consump ion in luencing he ac ile and audi o y e ec esul ing in, along wi h he chewing, a pleasan eeling simila o he consump ion o p e zels, cookies, o o he a ious du able pas y (Ramos-Elo duy, 1998). A bene icial high con en o chi in in he exoskele on should be emphasized (Aguila - Mi anda e al., 2002; Mlček e al., 2014). Howe e , he human body can diges so la ae a e mol ing because hei exoskele ons a e no ha dened ye (Bo ko co á e al., 2009). Fo his eason, he mealwo m la ae we e examined in his s udy. The as e o he insec could be e y di e se. I depends on many ac o s, such as he en i onmen and he eed including ui s, ege ables, pas ies, po a oes, ice, o g ass. Du ing he culina y ea men , insec abso bs di e en la o s o o he ing edien s which we e p o ed as ea ly as in 1971 by Smi h e al. (1971). Wha is mo e, i he insec is p ocessed wi h spices, i will ob ain a new la o and he o iginal as e will be weakened. I i is washed be o e he consump ion, which is no ecommended by Ramos-Elo duy (1998) due o he ood sa e y poin o iew (Bednářo á e al., 2010), i will p o ide ha dly any la o since he phe omones on he insec su ace a e insed away. Tha is why o ensu e ull and ich as e i is necessa y o se e insec ali e. Due o he heal h and sa e y conside a ions, i is ecommended o allow he insec o s a e o a leas 12 hou s. This p ecau ion is ecommended pa icula ly o g asshoppe s, ca e pilla s, and bee le la ae (Ramos- Elo duy e al., 1997). This wo k aimed o explo e he a i ude o he gene al public owa ds en omophagy in he Czech Republic employing a ques ionnai e and o e alua e he senso y p ope ies o selec ed ood en iched wi h he edible insec . Scien i ic hypo hesis Food en iched wi h edible insec s is accep able o consume s in he Czech Republic. MATERIAL AND METHODOLOGY Ma e ial o senso y analysis Two species o edible insec s we e selec ed o he senso y analysis – mealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) and house c icke (Ache a domes icus). Specimens o mealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) we e pu chased in a pe shop and le o s a e o 48 hou s, killed wi h boiling wa e (100 °C), and d ied a 105 °C. Subsequen ly, he insec was sp inkled on he pu pas y ba s which we e examined in he senso y analysis (Figu e 1). House c icke (Ache a domes icus) was senso y e alua ed in a o m o c icke lou . The sample o c icke lou was used in ene gy ba s. Responden s we e p o ided wi h wo kinds o ba s. Sample A con ained da es, c icke lou , pineapple, cashew, coconu , psyllium, and lemon peel. Sample B included da es, c icke lou , cocoa powde , cashew, psyllium, and o ange peel. Ba s we e cu in o dices, spiked wi h oo hpicks, and o e ed o he esponden s o e alua ion. Su ey me hodology Samples we e subjec ed o he senso y analysis and e alua ed using a ques ionnai e. In he i s pa o he esea ch, he samples o mealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) we e e alua ed ocusing on he as e. The sho o m o he ques ionnai e, designed especially o he wide public, con ained mainly ques ions abou he esponden (age, gende ) and he as e o insec s. Responden s we e asked o speci y he as e o he sample. Thi y- wo esponden s pa icipa ed in he i s su ey and 53% o hem ha e al eady expe ienced ood senso y analysis unde he labo a o y condi ions. 25 esponden s pa icipa ed in he second su ey wi h only 40% ha ing he expe ience o he ood senso y analysis. Ba s con aining c icke lou we e examined in he second pa o he expe imen using he hi d ques ionnai e. This su ey was a ended by 42 esponden s, o which 59% we e women and 40% we e men. Pa icipan s in he lec u e we e p o ided wi h wo samples o ba s (samples A and B) and o ms o e alua e he as e. The esponden s we e asked o e alua e he pleasan ness o bo h samples by using an o dinal sco e scale om 1 (excellen as e) o 5 (annoying as e). Po a ina s o Slo ak Jou nal o Food Sciences Volume 14 923 2020 S a is ical analysis The da a we e analyzed using Excel 2013 (Mic oso Co po a ion, USA) and STATISTICA CZ e sion 12 (S a So , Inc., USA), and he esul s we e exp essed by mean ± s anda d e o . Conside ing c icke lou ba s, he esul s we e e alua ed using a pai ed - es o analyze di e ences be ween he means o he e alua ion o samples A and B. The dependency o he e alua ion on he gende was e alua ed using he χ2 es which was applied o map di e ences o p e e ences be ween gende s. Fo his es , a modi ied able was used wi h he p e e ence ma ked as ollows: A = e alua o sco ed a be e a ing o he sample A, B = e alua o sco ed a be e a ing o he sample B, O = bo h samples gained he same sco e om he e alua o . Pu pas y ba s sp inkled wi h he mealwo m la ae we e e alua ed by he pe cen age o he as e exp essed by he esponden o he o al numbe o answe s. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Pu pas y ba s sp inkled wi h mealwo m Du ing he i s pa o he senso y analysis, a ques ionnai e su ey was used o e alua e samples o mealwo m on pu pas y ba s. In his i s su ey, he mos signi ican amoun o 31% o esponden s desc ibed he as e as sal y. O he esponden s desc ibed he as e as swee (almos nu y) (18.8%), which was he second mos selec ed answe . A simila numbe o esponden s as ed i as he whole g ain b ead (12.5%) and ish (12.5%). A sligh ly lowe numbe o esponden s op ed o he as e o he ied po a oes (9.4%). A small pe cen age o esponden s desc ibed he as e as simila o pine seeds, chicken, bi e o o he . None o he esponden s conside ed he as e like sou , a back wi h skin, mush ooms, apples, aw co n ca ia , o he ing. A pe cen age ep esen a ion o indi idual la o s is shown in Figu e 2. The esul s o he second pa o he su ey a e depic ed in Figu e 3. Mos esponden s ag eed on he op ion o he swee as e (24%) and whole g ain b ead as e (24%). Figu e 2 Pe cen age ep esen a ion o indi idual la ou s o mealwo m samples on pu pas y ba s in he su ey no.1. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 Swee Sal y Sou Bi e Wholemeal b ead Fa back wi h skin Fish Mush ooms Apples Pine seeds Raw co n F ench ies Ca ia He ing O he s Pe cen age ep esen a ion Fla ou s Figu e 1 Pu pas y ba s sp inkled wi h mealwo m (pho o Jan Gajdošík). Po a ina s o Slo ak Jou nal o Food Sciences Volume 14 924 2020 A sligh ly lowe numbe o esponden s (20%) selec ed sal y as e and 16% o esponden s desc ibed he as e as bi e ; he as e was poo ly ep esen ed in he p e ious su ey. The as e o he pine seeds was selec ed by 8% o esponden s, he op ion “o he ” was selec ed only by one esponden who desc ibed he as e as simila o chicken. These esul s a e ollowing he s udy by Ramos-Elo duy (1998) who s a es ha he as e o mealwo m (Teneb io moli o ) is simila o he as e o he whole g ain b ead. The e we e some simila i ies in he desc ip ions o he as es o bo h samples – in bo h cases, he pa icipan s selec ed swee and sal y la o and he as e o he wholemeal b ead and pine seeds. The second sample was cha ac e ized by he inc ease in he equency o he selec ion o he swee and bi e as e and he as e o he wholemeal b ead. The la o s o ish and F ench ies we e desc ibed only in he i s sample. The op ions o he sou as e and he as e o mush ooms, apples, aw co n, o ca ia we e no selec ed by any pa icipan du ing he analyses. The edible insec is a highly popula delicacy, especially o i s senso y p ope ies (Bo ko co á e al., 2009). The la o o insec s a ies om species o species, and i is a ec ed by phe omones, he en i onmen whe e insec s li e, and he eed hey ea . Ramos-Elo duy (1998) s a ed a ange o la o s om ishy o whea b ead in he case o majo classes o edible insec s, (adop ed om Mishyna, Chen and Benjamin, (2020)). Gene ally, mealwo ms a oma is s a ed as nu y o whole whea b ead (Ramos- Elo duy, 1998; Capponi, 2016; Elhassan e al., 2019). Roncolini e al. (2019) u he speci y ha la ae ed lou o ce eal b an ha e a cha ac e is ic swee , almos nu y la o , and a nu y, cocoa smell. In con as , la ae which we e as ed g ass c icke s ha e a s ong c us acean-like, cooked legume-like, and ea hy a oma. The swee la o is in acco dance wi h he esul s o his s udy because he p oduce ed he la ae wi h ce eal b an. I has been assumed ha he high alue o he sal y la o is due o he dough on which he la ae we e sp inkled. Ene gy ba s en iched wi h c icke lou In he senso y e alua ion o ene gy ba s wi h he addi ion o c icke lou , wo samples we e examined. Sample A con aining da es, c icke lou , pineapple, cashew, coconu , psyllium, and lemon peel, and sample B con aining da es, c icke lou , cocoa powde , cashew, psyllium, and o ange peel. The e was no s a is ical di e ence be ween he esul s o each sample (p> 0.05). Fu he mo e, he esul s ha e shown a posi i e e alua ion o bo h samples which app oaches he o e all a e age sco e 2 as can be seen in Figu e 4. Elhassan e al. (2019) desc ibed he la o o c icke s as umami, popco n, chicken, mild, o c eamy. On he o he hand, Capponi (2016) cha ac e ized he la o o c icke as ishy. Acco ding o he esul s, he in luence o gende on he sample e alua ion has no been s a is ically signi ican (p> 0.05) o any o he samples. Table 1 shows a small bu s a is ically no signi ican di e ence (p> 0.05) as women p e e ed sample A om B, while men p e e ed B. The eason may be he con en o cocoa powde in sample B which women like mo e han men, e.g. in he o m o chocola e candies (Kozelo á e al., 2014). In Hunga y people who plan o ea less mea o who a e looking o new ood choice expec o ea edible insec s as a subs i u e. In he s udy was also no iced ha women ha e bigge neophobia han men (Ge e e al., 2017). Figu e 3 Pe cen age ep esen a ion o indi idual la ou s o o mealwo m samples on pu pas y ba s in he su ey no. 2. 0 5 10 15 20 25 Swee Sal y Sou Bi e Wholemeal b ead Fa back wi h skin Fish Mush ooms Apples Pine seeds Raw co n F ench ies Ca ia He ing O he s No answe Pe cen age ep esen a ion Fla ou s Po a ina s o Slo ak Jou nal o Food Sciences Volume 14 925 2020 The s udy Megido e al. (2013), which was ocused on Belgian consume s, ound ou he people seemed o be willing o ea and cook insec s in he u u e when i is connec ed wi h amilia la o s. The posi i e esul abou he consump ion o ea ing insec - con aining p oduc s in he u u e is posi i ely accep ed by people in I aly and a sligh ly highe numbe o males we e open o he idea o a p oduc as an al e na i e sou ce o p o ein (Soga i, Menozzi and Mo a, 2017). In he USA o India a e people conside ing ying o ea some o m o insec ood and a he same ime, men a e mo e inclined o his idea (Ruby, Rozin and Chan, 2015). On he o he hand, in Ge many is s ill a p e alence o skep icism owa ds he consump ion o edible insec s. The accep ance is simila be ween bo h gende s i he insec is in an in isible o m (O si e al., 2019). In he s udy, Ha mann e al. (2015) we e examined he accep ance o edible insec in a compa ison be ween Ge many and China wi hou no iceable di e ences be ween males and emales. A simila s udy ocused on he accep ance o edible insec was he compa ison o people om Ko ea and E hiopia, whe e was he accep ance o men highe han women in bo h s udied na ions (Ghosh e al., 2020). Ano he esea ch was done in a Danish college whe e he esponden s we e emales. E en hough in o he s udies males a e mo e open o ea ing edible insec s han emales, in his esea ch 81% o esponden s (only emales) as ed he mealwo ms (Jensen and Liebe o h, 2018). In he s udy by Tuccillo e al. (2020) and Lau ea i e al. (2016) was ound ha men a e mo e open o en omophagy han women. The same esul was men ioned in Wool e al. (2019) whe e was in es iga ed he opinion o consump ion o insec -con aining ood. Posi i e willing o ying o insec s as ood among Du ch consume s we e young males, who ied i be o e (Tan, an den Be g, and S iege , 2016). Ve beke (2015) calcula ed ha he p edic ed accep a ion o edible insec s as a subs i u e o mea is 12.8 % o men and 6.3 % o women. Megido e al. (2016) examined he accep ance o hyb id insec -based bu ge s whe e men we e mo e open o ea ing bu ge s ha con ain edible insec s. The in e es o consump ion o edible insec s in p oduc s is being in es iga ed by Gmue e al. (2016), Le Go and Dela ue (2017), o Ha mann and Sieg is (2016) whe e he esul s we e sligh ly posi i e. The highe accep ance o edible insec s by males when emales a e men ioned in he s udy by Ve neau e al. (2016) whe e he expe imen was held in Denma k and I aly. Edible insec s and consume s in he Czech Republic Du ing he p ocess o p epa a ion, such as applying he boiling wa e and cooking edible insec s, he o iginal a oma is o en emo ed and he insec acqui es he smell and as e o o he p esen ing edien s (Ramos-Elo duy, 1998). This could be he eason why he esponden s also epo ed he sal y as e o he s icks sp inkled wi h la ae o mealwo ms and he hazelnu as e was supp essed. Conce ning ene gy ba s en iched wi h he c icke lou , he la o o he c icke lou was signi ican ly supp essed by he ui ing edien s. Al hough he cus ome in he Czech Republic is cu en ly su icien ly in o med abou edible insec s om es i als, TV shows, o magazine a icles, he di e ence be ween he pe cei ed as es o edible insec s in he isible and hidden o m was ob ious. The in isible o m (ene gy ba s) was accep ed wi hou any p oblems by bo h men and women e en hough he esponden s had been in o med in ad ance abou he lou o edible insec s in he ba s. When e alua ing he isible o m (pu pas y ba s sp inkled wi h mealwo m), he ini ial hesi a ion was appa en and he male esponden s o e came ha as e . A e he i s as ing, he esponden s showed no mo e hesi a ion o es ano he sample. This could s em om he abo e-men ioned supp ession o insec la o . The e o e, i is possible o conque he ini ial ea o consume edible insec s and o conside hem as an in e es ing and accep able no el cons i uen o he die . Figu e 4 Senso y e alua ion o he pleasan ness o as e o ene gy ba s en iched wi h c icke lou in he ques ionnai e su ey no. 3. No e: Sample A – da es, c icke lou , pineapple, cashew, coconu , psyllium and lemon peel; Sample B – da es, c icke lou , cocoa powde , cashew, psyllium and o ange peel. Table 1 Di e ences o gende p e e ences o wo samples o ene gy ba s en iched wi h c icke lou in he ques ionnai e su ey no. 3. Gende P e e ences Sample A (%) Sample B (%) Bo h samples (%) To al (%) Woman 40 48 12 100 Man 47 41 12 100 χ2 es 0.21 0.16 0.00 0.38 No e: 1) P e e ences: A = be e a ing o he sample A, B = be e a ing o he sample B; 2) C i ical alue o es ed c i e ium χ2 o signi icance le el 0.05 and 2 deg ees o eedom was 5.991. Mean Mean ± S anda d e o Mean ± 1.96*S anda d e o Sample A Sample B 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Po a ina s o Slo ak Jou nal o Food Sciences Volume 14 926 2020 CONCLUSION This s udy has con i med a posi i e e alua ion o selec ed ood wi h he addi ion o edible insec employing a ques ionnai e su ey o he gene al public in he Czech Republic. I has been p o ed ha people welcome he oppo uni y o as e he samples o edible insec s and do no exclude he possibili y o conscious ea ing o he edible insec in he u u e. Rega ding he conscious consump ion o isible mealwo m la ae on he pu pas y ba s, he esponden s associa ed hei as e wi h known la o s o sal y, swee , and chicken, which may lead o u he imp o emen in he a i ude owa ds his commodi y. Conside ing he examina ion o ene gy ba s en iched wi h he c icke lou , bo h samples we e posi i ely e alua ed. No s a is ically signi ican di e ence has been ound be ween hese wo samples. The e o e, he esul s ha e shown ha consume s in he Czech Republic a e inclined o consume edible insec p oduc s, pa icula ly i hey can selec he p e e able o m o he p oduc and he included species. REFERENCES Adámek, M., Adámko á, A., Bo ko co á, M., Mlček, J., Bednářo á, M., Kouřimská, L., Skácel, J., Řezníček, M. 2017. Elec onic nose in edible insec s a ea. Po a ina s o Slo ak Jou nal o Food Sciences, ol. 11, no. 1, p. 446-451. h ps://doi.o g/10.5219/785 Adámek, M., Adámko á, A., Mlček, J., Bo ko co á, M., Bednářo á, M. 2018. 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Con ac add ess: *Ma in Adámek, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Elec ical Enginee ing and Communica ion, Depa men o Mic oelec onics, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 B no, Czech Republic, Tel.: +420541146136, E-mail: adamek@ eec. u b .cz ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-8668-863X Anna Adámko á, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Facul y o Technology, Depa men o Food Analysis and Chemis y, Va ecko a 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic, Tel.: +420576031592, E-mail: aadamko [email p o ec ed].cz ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-2692-9670 Lenka Kouřimská, Czech Uni e si y o Li e Sciences P ague, Facul y o Ag obiology, Food and Na u al Resou ces, Depa men o Mic obiology, Nu i ion and Die e ics, Kamycka 129, 165 21 P ague 6, Czech Republic, Tel.: +420224383507, E-mail: kou imska@a .czu.cz ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-1102-7239 Jiří Mlček, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Facul y o Technology, Depa men o Food Analysis and Chemis y, Va ecko a 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic, Tel.: +420576033030, E-mail: mlcek@ .u b.cz ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-5753-8560 Klá a Vojáčko á, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Facul y o Technology, Depa men o Food Analysis and Chemis y, Va ecko a 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic, Tel.: +420724251048, E-mail: k_ ojacko a@u b.cz ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-4394-8235 Jana O sa o á, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Facul y o Humani ies, Language Cen e, Š e ániko a 5670, 760 01 Zlín, Czech Republic, Tel.: +420576038158, E-mail: o sa o a@u b.cz ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0001-9766-6033 Ma ina Bučko á, Tomas Ba a Uni e si y in Zlin, Facul y o Technology, Depa men o Food Analysis and Chemis y, Va ecko a 275, 760 01 Zlin, Czech Republic, Tel.: +420734796959, E-mail: bucko a@u b.cz ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-7703-4829 Oldřich Famě a, Czech Uni e si y o Li e Sciences P ague, Facul y o Ag obiology, Food and Na u al Resou ces, Depa men o Food Science, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 P aha 6 – Suchdol, Czech Republic, Tel.: +420224383508, E-mail: ame a@a .czu.cz ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0002-2693-8449 Ma in Bú an, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Elec ical Enginee ing and Communica ion, Depa men o Mic oelec onics, Technická 3058/10, 616 00 B no, Czech Republic, Tel.: +420541146106, E-mail: xbu an02@s ud. eec. u b .cz ORCID: h ps://o cid.o g/0000-0003-2644-7698 Co esponding au ho : *