Issues of using Longer Heavier Vehicles on Roads

IOP Con e ence Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing PAPER • OPEN ACCESS Issues o using Longe Hea ie Vehicles on Roads To ci e his a icle: R Ma uszko a e al 2018 IOP Con . Se .: Ma e . Sci. Eng. 317 012040 View he a icle online o upda es and enhancemen s. This con en was downloaded om IP add ess 147.229.6.155 on 06/12/2018 a 12:07 1 Con en om his wo k may be used unde he e ms o heC ea i eCommonsA ibu ion 3.0 licence. Any u he dis ibu ion o his wo k mus main ain a ibu ion o he au ho (s) and he i le o he wo k, jou nal ci a ion and DOI. Published unde licence by IOP Publishing L d 1234567890‘’“” 4 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ad anced Enginee ing and Technology (4 h ICAET) IOP Publishing IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 317 (2018) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/317/1/012040 Issues o using Longe Hea ie Vehicles on Roads R Ma uszko a1, M Heczko1, J Cepil1and M Radimsky1 1B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Ve e i 331/95, 602 00 B no, Czech Republic Abs ac . Many logis ics companies aim o sa e on eigh cos s. Recen ly, no only on Czech oads and on mo o ways, longe and hea ie ehicles ha exceed dimensions’ limi s appea ed. Fo hese ehicles, i is necessa y o apply o a special pe mi , which is, howe e , much mo e libe al han he pe mi o o e sized and o e weigh load anspo . This pape in o ms abou checking ou es o hese ehicles by swep pa h analysis and inding loca ions on oads ha can gene a e bo h sa e y isks and a ic luency p oblems. 1. In oduc ion Companies a e ying o sa e hei cos s when anspo ing eigh , which is he eason why we ha e mo e and mo e equen encoun e s wi h ehicles exceeding weigh and dimension maximum allowed limi s on he mo o way and oad ne wo k. Thanks o hese ehicles, oad and mo o way pa emen s a e being damaged as e and he necessa y epai s o he oads a e equi ed mo e equen ly. “The c ossing o one axle o 10 has app oxima ely he same e ec as 125 axle c ossings o 3 ons” [1]. The damages done by o e loaded ucks a e mainly u s o longi udinal dep essions. Acco ding o he Ac 13/1997 Coll. on Roads as amended is a ine o exceeding he pe mi ed alues du ing he weighing con ol om CZK 15,000 o CZK 500,000 [2]. The possibili y o inc ease he s a u o y limi s is an o e sized and o e weigh load anspo ehicle in acco dance wi h Ac No. 341/2002. Howe e , ob aining a one-o pe mi is a ela i ely demanding p ocess and has a numbe o condi ions (such as anspo esco s) ha ha e o be me o pass h ough. Tha is why companies ha e ecen ly begun o use an in e media e le el be ween s anda d eigh anspo and o e sized load anspo . Using ehicles exceeding he pe mi ed dimensions, bu all o he pa ame e s a e in acco dance wi h he legal condi ions. The e is no uni o m name o hea y long ca go ehicles; hey a e called Road T ain, LCV, LHV (Longe Hea ie Vehicle), Gigaline , Eu oCombi o Mega uck, bu he e a e many o he s. In he Czech Republic he maximum allowed leng h o he oad ehicle is 22 m, LHV usually has 25.25 m [3] Fo hese ehicles, he weigh o he load is dis ibu ed be ween mo e axles, and he e o e he axle p essu e on he oad is much smalle . Using LHV will due o ha sa e no only he cos s o he numbe o used ehicles and d i e s o anspo , bu also he cos s o epai ing damaged oads. Wi h he LHV, e e y hi d ide is sa ed compa ing o a s anda d hea y uck, bu i is wo h men ioning ha i will inc ease he in es men in he aile and suspension equipmen and will inc ease he uel consump ion by 15 o 20%, bu he anspo cos s a e s ill lowe han using o dina y hea y uck [3]. When using LHVs, howe e , he e is a p oblem wi h hei dimensions, as mos junc ions on he mo o way and oad ne wo k a e no designed o enable passing such long ehicles. This pape deals wi h he issue o passing LHVs h ough selec ed junc ions using swep pa h analysis. 2 1234567890‘’“” 4 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ad anced Enginee ing and Technology (4 h ICAET) IOP Publishing IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 317 (2018) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/317/1/012040 2. Fo ma ing he i le, au ho s and a ilia ions The use o LHVs is common in he US, Canada, o Aus alia, whe e leng hs o such LHVs a e up o 50 m and weigh up o 100 ons. In mos Eu opean coun ies, howe e , hey a e o bidden o allowed only as excep ion wi h necessa y pe mi . LHVs a e pe mi ed in Scandina ia and he Ne he lands, hei pe mi ing is conside ed in Belgium [3]. The Minis y o T anspo g an s pe missions o such ehicles longe han allows he Dec ee on Technical App o al and on Road Vehicle Technical Condi ions No. 341/2014 Coll. Ope a o s o hese ehicles mus submi applica ion. Pe mi ing condi ions include he s a ic es , i.e. he inspec ion o indi idual ehicle pa s wi h a ocus on he coupling. The maximum weigh mus no exceed 48 onnes. The LHV may only use di ec ionally di ided oads and he a i al a he poin o loading o unloading mus be wi hin 10 km o he mo o way and he ou e mus no in e sec wi h he ail oad a -g ade. A e ul ilmen o all equi emen and paymen o adminis a i e ee o 6,000 CZK, he license o ope a e LHV is g an ed o a maximum o 3 mon hs. [4] By Sep embe 2017, he 46 LHVs we e allowed o ope a e. Many ini ia i es a e agains he inclusion o ex a-long ucks in o no mal a ic, including ailway o ganiza ions. The mos common eason is ha he LHVs a e non-ecological because hei pe mission would b ing an e en g ea e eigh anspo om ains and boa s o oads. T a ic sa e y may also be a p oblem, o example o e aking LH s may be a p oblem o d i ing in u ban a eas. The ques ion is also he unsa is ac o y in as uc u e and he high cos o i s ebuilding, like he cons uc ion o pa king lo s wi h di e en pa ame e s o he ein o cemen o he b idges [3]. 3. Analysis o c i ical loca ion Du ing he ask, c i ical loca ions we e iden i ied on he ou es o hese ehicles. Swep pa h analysis was done by using he Au oTURN so wa e c ea ed by T anso Solu ion. Swep pa hs a e en eloped by cu es ha esul om he ehicle's ex e nal con ou s and axles’ posi ion. Thei pa icula shape, depends on he posi ion and layou o he axles, on he posi ion o he coupling poin s, on he ype o aile and, o a g ea ex en , on he assump ion o beha iou o he d i e s. 3.1. Vehicle used o simula ion One o he companies p oducing such ehicles is K one. Company Hes i, he impo e o K one ehicles o he Czech Republic, p o ided de ailed d awings o hei LHV o his pape . The ehicle assembly consis s o a 10.17 me e uck wi h a 13.65 me e long aile coupled by a d awba , a clea gap be ween ca go spaces is 1.10 me e s. The wid h o he ehicle wi hou mi o s is 2.55 me e s wi h a o al heigh o 4 me e s. The ehicle is 24.92 me e s long when connec ed. The in e nal adius o o a ion is 5.3 m and he ou e adius o o a ion is 12.5 m. Figu e 1. KRONE LHV dimensions. 3.2. C i ical loca ions App oxima ely 40 c i ical loca ions we e selec ed, loca ed on ou well-known LHVs’ ou es, and loca ed also on he impo an nodes o he Czech Republic's oad ne wo k, such as a i als o p oduc ion halls o ai po s. 3 1234567890‘’“” 4 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ad anced Enginee ing and Technology (4 h ICAET) IOP Publishing IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 317 (2018) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/317/1/012040 Figu e 2. Selec ed in e changes and in e sec ions. 3.3. Inpu s o simula ion A junc ions, he emphasis was on he equi emen s o he Police o he Czech Republic, which in mos cases do no allow he o e hanging o he swep pa hs o he opposi e a ic lane o he con ou o he body ou side he pa emen . O e laps a e only allowed in he case o o e sized o excessi e loads unde a special pe mi . Howe e , hese ypes o ehicles a e no conside ed. In addi ion, he ounding o he pa emen a in e sec ions, he wid hs o a ic lanes in he cu es, he wid h o he pa emen a he poin o di ec ional islands we e examined. Wid h o he lanes, ing’s wid h, amps’ wid h and oundabou junc ions. Vehicle cha ac e is ics in he so wa e we e se acco ding o he p oduc ion d awings p o ided by he ehicle manu ac u e , and a speed o 15 kmh-1 was se as he d i ing speed o he LHV, wi hou he possibili y o u ning he wheels a ze o speed. 20 di e en simula ions we e pe o med a each junc ion o each mo emen , and he indi idual di e ences in he p oblem spo s we e hen a e aged. 3.4. Analysis e alua ion O all he examined junc ions, he ollowing examples appea ed o be in e es ing, demons a ing p oblema ic loca ions a junc ions. The i s example is he in e sec ion o he S edske aly s ee and Vlas imila Pecha s ee in B no ci y, which is loca ed in a echnology pa k ha g ows e e y yea wi h new companies. I he LHV’s e o is o s ay in i s a ic lane and no o in e e e wi h o he a ic lanes, he e is a p oblem wi h he igh u ning, whe e he ehicle in e e es he pedes ian lane, exac ly on he pedes ian c ossing. The o e hang o he pa emen is up o 1.5 m. I he LHV ies o a oid walkways, which is mo e likely solu ion, i will ha e o use he space o o he a ic lanes, which will inc ease he isk o a ic acciden s. A simila example is ano he oundabou junc ion a he in e sec ion o oad II/183 and B. Nemco a s ee in Rokycany ci y, which is loca ed nea he indus ial a ea and ans e he a ic om he D5 mo o way o he a ea. The e is a simila p oblem as in he p e ious case, he LHV is o ced o d i e o e he sidewalk o miss he di iding island a he pedes ian c ossing. 4 1234567890‘’“” 4 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ad anced Enginee ing and Technology (4 h ICAET) IOP Publishing IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 317 (2018) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/317/1/012040 Figu e 3. In e sec ion o S edske aly s ee and Vlas imila Pechy s ee in B no ci y. Figu e 4. Roundabou junc ion o oad II/183 and B. Nemco a s ee in Rokycany ci y. Ano he example is a se o in e sec ions nea he Skoda Au o complex in Mlada Bolesla ci y. The e is a oundabou junc ion and a u bo oundabou junc ion. A an in e change junc ion, designed acco ding o CSN s anda ds, he e was no p oblem wi h he passing o LHV. A he oundabou junc ion, which has wo a ic lanes, he e was a signi ican in e e ing o LHV om one a ic lane o ano he , up o 3 me e s. Howe e , his ype o oundabou junc ion wi h wo a ic lanes is no 5 1234567890‘’“” 4 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ad anced Enginee ing and Technology (4 h ICAET) IOP Publishing IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 317 (2018) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/317/1/012040 sugges ed o use in he Czech Republic, as d i e s do no use he po en ial o he second lane. The e o e, in e e ence wi h he minimally used second lane does no mean a e y high sa e y isk due o he minimal a ic in ensi y on he second a ic lane. Figu e 5. Roundabou junc ion o oad I/38 and Škoda Au o’s g ounds oad in Mlada Bolesla ci y. Howe e , he u bo oundabou in e sec ions can be a majo sa e y isk, whe e he inne lane is used o a by much highe pe cen age o ehicles. Such a junc ion is in Figu e 6, whe e he LHV o e laps o he adjacen a ic lane by wid h o up o 3 m. 6 1234567890‘’“” 4 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ad anced Enginee ing and Technology (4 h ICAET) IOP Publishing IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 317 (2018) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/317/1/012040 Figu e 6 . Roundabou junc ion o oad II/430 and oad I/50 en y amp. 4. Conclusion In he case o in e change junc ion, i is possible o LHV o pass h ough bo h di ec ional and non- di ec ional amps wi hou any p oblems, bu he p oblems a ise a in e sec ions. A hese places, when u ning igh he ea pa o he LHV ge s o e he edge o he pa emen , e en when com o able adius o co ne ounding is used and ehicle is no en e ing opposi e a ic lane. O e lap o he ehicle a selec ed in e sec ions was up o 1 me e . A sligh imp o emen occu ed whe e compound cu e is used o ound he edge o pa emen , bu e en in ha cases he ou line o he ehicle some imes exceeded he pa emen . The possibili y is o allow LHVs o en e he opposi e a ic lane, which, howe e , gene a es sa e y isk and wo sen he a ic low o he junc ion du ing no - es ic ed a ic. The LHVs passing is also no being easy due o di iding and di ec ional islands. Which, o no mal a ic, egula e a ic and imp o e he junc ion cla i y. Islands also p e en o e sized ehicles o adjus he ajec o y, so ha he ea pa o he ehicle can s ay on he pa emen o in case o le u n do no hi he a ic island i sel . Ano he p oblem occu ed a oundabou s especially on he spi al ( u bo) oundabou a angemen whe e he LHV o e lap o he nex a ic lane, which again causes a sa e y isk and slows he a ic low o he junc ion. The solu ion o hese p oblems is o change he design elemen s o he junc ions, like changing he app oach o di ec ional islands design, oundabou in e sec ions and lane wid hs. Howe e , his change would subsequen ly a ec he d i ing habi s o o he d i e s, who could hen pass he junc ions a g ea e speeds while ising a ic sa e y isks. Re e ences [1] Zajicek J 2014 Road Cons uc ion Technology (P ague: CKAIT) ISBN 978-80-87438-59-6. [2] Law n. 13/1997 Sb., The Road Ac . In: Collec ion o Laws Czech Republic. B ecla : Mo a iap ess. ISSN 1211-1244 7 1234567890‘’“” 4 h In e na ional Con e ence on Ad anced Enginee ing and Technology (4 h ICAET) IOP Publishing IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 317 (2018) 012040 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/317/1/012040 [3] Ad an ages and isks o ki s Road T ain (P ague: Logis ics) 2013. h ps://logis ika.ihned.cz/c1- 61410210- yhody-i- izika-soup a - oad- ain. [4] Law n. 634/2004 Sb., Law on Adminis a i e Fees. In: Collec ion o Laws Czech Republic. B ecla : Mo a iap ess. ISSN 1211-1244. Acknowledgemen s This pape has been wo ked ou unde he p ojec No. FAST-J-17-4767 Examina ion o he possibili ies o mo ing o e sized ehicles on Czech ou es and p ojec No. LO1408 AdMaS UP - Ad anced Ma e ials, S uc u es and Technologies, suppo ed by Minis y o Educa ion, You h and Spo s unde he Na ional Sus ainabili y P og amme I.