Utilization of by-products for vacuum insulation panels production

IOP Con e ence Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing PAPER • OPEN ACCESS U iliza ion o by-p oduc s o acuum insula ion panels p oduc ion To ci e his a icle: J Zach e al 2018 IOP Con . Se .: Ma e . Sci. Eng. 379 012020 View he a icle online o upda es and enhancemen s. Rela ed con en S udy on P ope ies o En i onmen - iendly Conc e e Con aining La ge Amoun o Indus ial by-p oduc s H Fujiwa a, M Ma uoka, C Sadayama e al. - Insula ion Tes e E e shed and Vignoles L d. - De elopmen o New Cemen i ious Ca e ials by Alkaline Ac i a ing Indus ial by-P oduc s A Fe nández-Jimenez, I Ga cía-Lodei o and A Palomo - This con en was downloaded om IP add ess 147.229.6.155 on 22/01/2019 a 05:57 1 Con en om his wo k may be used unde he e ms o heC ea i eCommonsA ibu ion 3.0 licence. Any u he dis ibu ion o his wo k mus main ain a ibu ion o he au ho (s) and he i le o he wo k, jou nal ci a ion and DOI. Published unde licence by IOP Publishing L d 1234567890‘’“” In e na ional Con e ence Building Ma e ials, P oduc and Technologies IOP Publishing IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 379 (2018) 012020 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/379/1/012020 U iliza ion o by-p oduc s o acuum insula ion panels p oduc ion J Zach1, J Pe e ko á1 and V No ák1 1 B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, Cen e AdMaS, Pu kyňo a 139, 612 00 B no, Czech Republic E-mail: zach.j@ ce. u b .cz Abs ac . The pape deals wi h he possibili ies o u iliza ion o al e na i e aw ma e ials om he ex ile indus y o he p oduc ion o acuum insula ion panels wi h ex emely low he mal conduc i i y alue. The pape p esen s cu en esea ch indings on he beha io o ib ous s uc u es on an o ganic basis a ex emely low p essu e. In addi ion, he pape p esen s he p ac ical indings and esul s o expe imen al wo k in he p oduc ion a ea and he beha io o acuum insula ion panels wi h an al e na i e co e insula o based on o ganic ibe s. 1. In oduc ion The de elopmen in he ield o he mally insula ing ma e ials in he ci il enginee ing is e y closely ela ed o he cu en si ua ion in he a ea o he mal p o ec ion o buildings and he demands on building s uc u es om he poin o he mal p o ec ion. Due o he ecen implemen a ion o he Eu opean Pa liamen and commi ee di ec i e om 2010/31/EU [1] on he de elopmen o p og essi e insula ing ma e ials, he e’s an e o o achie e be e he mal insula ion p ope ies in hei de elopmen . A he same ime, howe e , i is an a emp o use as many enewable ma e ials and by-p oduc s in he p oduc ion o building ma e ials as possible. F om he p og essi e echnologies o he mal p ope ies poin o iew, he acuum insula ion panels (VIP) a e a p esen he ep esen a i es o ma e ials wi h he lowes equi alen alue o he he mal conduc i i y coe icien . These p oduc s each ex emely low alues o he he mal conduc i i y coe icien , which in p ac ice is a he le el o 3 mW/(m.K) o he glass wool based co e insula o s and 5 mW/(m.K) o SiO2– based insula o s (in he o m o ae ogels o py ogenic SiO2). The cu en p oblem wi h he use o VIP is hei ela i ely high p ice and also hei limi ed li e, which is especially p oblema ic when using he ma e ials in ci il enginee ing [2]. In ecen yea s, al e na i e co e insula ion, o example on he basis o melamine- o maldehyde ibe s [3] a e being used in he ield o VIP as well as insulan s based on by-p oduc s. A he B no Uni e si y o Technology, Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing has been esea ching o se e al yea s he possibili y o using al e na i e (especially) o ganic aw ma e ials in he p oduc ion o VIP. The aim is p ima ily o design op imal insula o s using na u al ibe s and ibe s based on by-p oduc s. A p oblem wi h he design and manu ac u e o hese al e na i e insula o s is he selec ion o sui able ibe s wi h he desi ed hickness and high pu i y so ha he e is no ou gassing in he esul ing VIP a e acuum o he subsequen deg ada ion o i s he mal insula ion p ope ies. Also impo an is he p ope o ien a ion o he ibe s du ing he p oduc ion and design o he insula o a op imal bulk densi y, so as o a oid apid deg ada ion o he he mal insula ing p ope ies when he p essu e inside he panel is inc eased [4, 5]. 2 1234567890‘’“” In e na ional Con e ence Building Ma e ials, P oduc and Technologies IOP Publishing IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 379 (2018) 012020 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/379/1/012020 2. Design and p oduc ion o VIP A selec ion o sui able eeds ock was ca ied ou in he amewo k o he esea ch. The ollowing aw ma e ials we e chosen: hemp ibe s, lax ibe s, co on ibe s, sheep wool ibe s, polyes e ibe s (p ima y and seconda y). These samples we e s udied by hei p ope ies and mic os uc u e (see Figu es 1 and 2). The hickness and leng h o he ibe s we e de e mined and hei mic oscopic analysis was pe o med. Bas ibe (hemp and lax) samples ha e been ound o exhibi ela i ely inapp op ia e p ope ies o hep oduc ion o acuum insula ions. Classical ea men o plan s by mechanical de ibe ing does no cause de ibe ing on p ima y ibe s, bu on echnical ibe s, hei hickness is on a e age mo e han 90 mic ons (in e ms o ibe hickness, he di e ence be ween hemp and lax ibe s is no essen ial). Figu e 1. Pho o o c o on ibe (le ) and PES ibe ( igh ) a 40 x magni ica ion . Figu e 2. REM pic u e – de ail o s uc u e o insula ion based on ex ile/co on ibe s (le ), sheep wool (in he middle) and lax ( igh ). Fu he on, i has been disco e ed ha he hickness o he bas /na u al ibe s can be u he adjus ed by in ensi e mechanical sepa a ion, whe eby i can hus each up o 10 mic ons o ibe hickness. In hese cases, howe e , he ibe leng h is educed apidly. The dependence be ween he leng h and hickness o he ibe s was no ed, as seen in Figu e 3. 3 1234567890‘’“” In e na ional Con e ence Building Ma e ials, P oduc and Technologies IOP Publishing IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 379 (2018) 012020 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/379/1/012020 Figu e 3. Dependence o leng h o lax ibe s on hickness o lax ibe s . Reducing he hickness o lax ibe o 5.4 mic ons esul ed in a ibe leng h o 469 mic ons (0.47 mm), whe eby he ibe is inapp op ia e o making he co e insula ion using he bicomponen echnology o binding by he ai -lay me hod. High o ganic con amina ion was disco e ed du ing a mic oscopic analysis o sheep wool, which makes hese ibe s unsui able o acuum. Table 1. O e iew o hicknesses and leng hs o ibe s. Type o Fibe Thickness [ μ m] Leng h [mm] ecycled PES 12.41 49.9 p ima y PES 12.26 35.5 co on 10.80 26.1 hemp 90.51 41.2 lax 91.24 38.5 sheep wool 24.12 28.3 The p ima y and seconda y polyes e ibe s, co on ibe s and lax ibe s we e selec ed o p oduce acuum insula ion (acco ding o esul s – see in able 1 and a ailabili y o ibe s). Co e insula o s we e c ea ed by he mal bonding me hod wi h he addi ion o 15% connec i e bi-componen PES ibe s. 3. Resul s and discussion Tes samples (size: 200 x 200 mm) we e c ea ed om he manu ac u ed insula ions o labo a o y expe imen al measu emen s. De e mina ion o he ollowing key p ope ies was ca ied ou : bulk densi y, hickness, linea dimensions, s ess a 10% de o ma ion [6–10]. The bulk densi y o samples anged be ween 81–150 kg/m3. The lowes alue was ound o co on samples and he highes alue o hemp samples. The samples showed a highe comp essibili y o o e 10%, which is he s anda d o de e mining he mechanical p ope ies acco ding o EN 826. The e o e, comp ession a e acuuming o panels in all cases exceeds he 10% s anda d o comp ession. Samples o insula o s we e p oduced o a nominal hickness o 10 mm. On he es samples, de e mina ion o he mal conduc i i y (acco ding o ISO 8301 [11]) was also ca ied ou in dependence on p essu e and unde acuum in dependence on empe a u e oo. Vacuum p essu e was de e mined a 5 Pa/0.05 mBa (99.9% acuum), which is he ypical ini ial p essu e a VIP p oduc ion. The mal conduc i i ies o p essu es o 1, 10 and 100 mBa we e also de e mined. Subsequen ly, he mal conduc i i y was de e mined a no mal a mosphe ic p essu e. The esul s a e shown in he ollowing cha (Figu e 4). y = -2.0586x2+ 109.43x - 89.178 R² = 0.8808 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 0 5 10 15 20 25 Leng h o ibe s [mm] Thickness o ibe s [mm] 4 1234567890‘’“” In e na ional Con e ence Building Ma e ials, P oduc and Technologies IOP Publishing IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 379 (2018) 012020 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/379/1/012020 Figu e 4. Pho o o he es appa a us FOX 200 Vacuum . Figu e 5. Dependence o he mal conduc i i y o co e ma e ials on p essu e . The esul s show ha o all es specimens he inc ease in p essu e led o a apid deg ada ion o he he mal insula ion p ope ies. The bes esul s we e achie ed in PES samples, whe e, o bo h co e insula o s, a he mal conduc i i y o unde 3.0 mW/(m.K) was achie ed wi h a p essu e o 5 Pa, speci ically o he Vi gin PES sample i was 2.5 mW/(m.K) and o he ecycled PES sample i was 2.8 mW/(m.K). Those esul a e compa able wi h he bes esul wi h VIP based on e y ine glass ibe s [2]. In he case o co on, he alue was 3.3 mW/(m.K) wi h a lowe hickness o ibe s. This is due o wo se de ibe ing and especially he cu a u e o he co on ibe s, which leads o poo o ien a ion o ibe s in he p oduc ion o ma s and o he c ea ion o mo e con ac su aces in he di ec ion o he hea low. The lax-based sample showed he wo s hea -insula ing p ope ies due o he high ibe hickness in bo h he acuum (a alue o 6.8 mW/(m.K) was eached), and he subsequen p essu e inc ease, when e en he p essu e o 1 mBa caused inc ease in he mal conduc i i y o 22 mW/(m.K). In case o lax 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 The mal conduc i i y [mW/(mK)] P essu e [mba ] Vi gin PES Recycled PES COTTON Flax 5 1234567890‘’“” In e na ional Con e ence Building Ma e ials, P oduc and Technologies IOP Publishing IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 379 (2018) 012020 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/379/1/012020 ibe s is possible o see nega i e aspec o highe hickness o ibe s – in acco dance wi h esul s o o he scien i ic wo k [12]. 4. Conclusion As can be seen om he ob ained esul s, p ima y and ecycled PES samples can be used o p oduce VIP wi h e y good he mal insula ion p ope ies, especially as an al e na i e o a glass wool based co e VIP. An ad an age o he ecycled PES is he use o he by-p oduc in he p oduc ion o ad anced he mal insula ion, as well as a lowe p ice compa ed o e y ine ibe s based on glass wool. As is ob ious om he dependence o he mal conduc i i y on p essu e, all insula o s ha e a apid deg ada ion o he mal insula ion p ope ies in he a ea o highe p essu e. The deg ee o deg ada ion o he he mal insula ion p ope ies in dependence on p essu e is p ac ically iden ical o he p ima y PES, ecycled PES, and co on based insula ions oo. VIPs made om hese insula o s, he e o e ha e a lowe du abili y and a e pa icula ly sui able o use in e ige a ion and o example in packaging echnology (he e he ad an age is, in pa icula , he consequen ecyclabili y o hese insula o s and possible euse o nex VIP p oduc ion). In addi ion, e en be e esul s can be achie ed by op imizing he inne s uc u e o he insula o s ( a ge ed ibe o ien a ion) and by op imizing he bulk densi y o he insula o s. This is nex di ec ion o esea ch cu en ly unde way, and i is highly p obable ha he alue o he he mal conduc i i y o ibe -based insula o s on an o ganic basis will be e ec i ely educed o a leas abou 2.0 mW/(m.K). Acknowledgemen s This pape was elabo a ed wi h he inancial suppo o he p ojec GA 17-00243S “S udy o he beha io o insula ing ma e ials unde ex emely low p essu e”. Re e ences [1] Di ec i e o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council 2010/31/EU on ene gy e iciency o buildings Ano he e e ence [2] B unne S, GhaziWakili K, S ahl T and Binde B 2014 Vacuuminsula ion panels o building applica ions — Con inuous challenges and de elopmen s Ene gy and Buildings 85 pp 592– 596 [3] Nemanič V and Žume M 2015 New o ganic ibe -based co e ma e ial o acuum he mal insula ion Ene gy end Buildings 90 p 137–141 [4] Caps R, Bey ichen H, K aus D and Weismann S 2008 Quali y con ol o acuum insula ion panels: Me hods o measu ing gas p essu e Vacuum 82 pp 691–699 [5] Boa o F E, Zhao eng Ch, Chengdong L and Tengzhou X 2014 S uc u e o acuum insula ion panel in building sys em Ene gy and Buildings 85 [6] EN 822 The mal insula ing p oduc s o building applica ions. De e mina ion o leng h and wid h [7] EN 12085 The mal insula ing p oduc s o building applica ions. De e mina ion o linea dimensions o es specimens [8] EN 823 The mal insula ing p oduc s o building applica ions. De e mina ion o hickness [9] EN 1602 The mal insula ing p oduc s o building applica ions. De e mina ion o he appa en densi y [10] EN 826 The mal insula ing p oduc s o building applica ions. De e mina ion o comp ession beha iou [11] ISO 8301 The mal insula ion - De e mina ion o s eady-s a e he mal esis ance and ela ed p ope ies -- Hea low me e appa a us [12] Reichenaue G, Heinemann U and Ebe H-P 2007 Rela ionship be ween po e size and he gas p essu e dependence o he gaseous he mal conduc i i y Colloids and Su aces A: Physicochemical and Enginee ing Aspec s 300 pp 204–210