A data structures for purpose of the BIM-based Life Cycle Assessment: A review and theoretical background

Con en om his wo k may be used unde he e ms o heC ea i eCommonsA ibu ion 3.0 licence. Any u he dis ibu ion o his wo k mus main ain a ibu ion o he au ho (s) and he i le o he wo k, jou nal ci a ion and DOI. Published unde licence by IOP Publishing L d Young Scien is 2021 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 1209 (2021) 012001 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1209/1/012001 1 A da a s uc u es o pu pose o he BIM-based Li e Cycle Assessmen : A e iew and heo e ical backg ound M B and ne 1 and V Venk bec1 1 Facul y o Ci il Enginee ing, B no Uni e si y o Technology, Ve eří 331/95, 602 00 B no, Czech Republic E-mail: 159111@ u b .cz Abs ac . The a icle deals wi h he da a s uc u e o he pu pose o Li e Cycle Assessmen (LCA) o buildings using he Building In o ma ion Model (BIM). Cons uc ion indus y p oduces a signi ican amoun o was e and on he o he hand he capaci ies o land ills a e almos illed. I is necessa y o deal wi h he e ec i e use o ma e ials ha ha e al eady been used and ha e po en ial o be eused again. LCA is a me hod ha can be used o demons a e he sui abili y o p oposed ma e ials, s uc u es o buildings in e ms o hei whole li e cycle and i s en i onmen al impac . BIM includes, in addi ion o geome y, he in o ma ion pa . This da a can be used o li e cycle in en o y (LCI) and hen o he assessmen i sel . The aim o he a icle is o analyse p e ious app oaches and de ine which da a s uc u e is necessa y o be ob ained om he BIM model o he LCI pu pose o a speci ic ma e ial. The p oposed me hodology o he da a ecogni ion and selec ion is based on da a s uc u e o non-g aphical da abase called SNIM, which was de eloped o he Czech cons uc ion en i onmen . The a icle is also ocused on he heo e ical backg ound o he newly de eloped classi ica ion sys em Cons uc ion Classi ica ion In e na ional (CCI). 1. In oduc ion The Li e Cycle Assessmen (LCA) o cons uc ion p oduc s ep esen s a cu en issue ela ed o he equi emen o sus ainable cons uc ion p oduc ion, esul ing om Di ec i e No. 305/2011 o he Eu opean Pa liamen and he Eu opean Commission [1]. This new equi emen o bo h cons uc ion p oduc s and he en i e cons uc ion s uc u e consis s in he sus ainable use o na u al esou ces in o de o gua an ee ha he buildings a e en i onmen ally iendly. Sus ainable use o na u al esou ces is ela ed o he possibili y o eusing o ecycling al eady used cons uc ion ma e ials, howe e , also o ecycle en i e cons uc ions o o use en i onmen ally iendly ma e ials and aw ma e ials al eady du ing he cons uc ion p ocess. The LCA me hod [2] ep esen s one possibili y how o assess his new equi emen . LCA is an analy ical me hod based on he assessmen o en i onmen al impac s o p oduc s, se ices o echnologies. Kočí [2] desc ibes he app oach o he LCA me hod o he assessmen o en i onmen al impac s wi h ega d o he en i e li e cycle o p oduc s, i.e. om he s age o acquisi ion and manu ac u ing he p ima y aw ma e ials, h ough he s age o manu ac u ing p oduc s, hei use un il he ac ual disposal o euse o p oduc s ia ecycling. In he pas , he me hod used o ob aining da a o he li e cycle assessmen o a ious p oduc s was desc ibed. The au ho s desc ibed he da a en e ing he LCA. This a icle ocuses on a summa y o pas , p esen and also expec ed o hcoming me hods o ob aining da a o he LCA assessmen . Fu he mo e, he esea ch desc ibed in he a icle aims o de e mine how he in o ma ion om he SNIM da abase is so ed ou o i s applica ion in o he LCA s udy. Young Scien is 2021 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 1209 (2021) 012001 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1209/1/012001 2 2. Cu en s a e o he esea ched issue In 1990, o he i s ime, a comp ehensi e en i onmen al analysis o loads and models o ull- ledged li e cycle assessmen and li e cycle calcula ion appea ed. A he beginning o he 21s cen u y, he Li e Cycle Ini ia i e was c ea ed wi h he aim o in oduce li e cycle ideas in o eal li e [3]. Many au ho s ha e al eady deal wi h he in e connec ion o he LCA me hod and he possibili y o using he da a s uc u e o he BIM model. An ón and Díaz [4] p esen ed wo app oaches o in eg a ion be ween he LCA and he BIM a he end o he a icle. One o hem is he assessmen o he en i e li e cycle o he cons uc ion and he o he app oach is ma e ial o ien ed. In he a icle [5], he au ho s e alua ed he la es s udies ha ocus on he BIM-based LCA. A he same ime, hey ocus on how BIM could con ibu e o simpli ying da a en y, op imizing bo h he da a ou pu and he esul s du ing he LCA applica ion a speci ic s uc u es. Finn eden e al. [6] desc ibed he de elopmen o he LCA. This a icle p o ides an o e iew o ecen LCA de elopmen s. The au ho s discuss a eas whe e p og ess has been made. These a eas may include: he di e ence be ween a ibu i e and he subsequen LCA, he hyb id de elopmen o he LCA da abase and he ca ego ies o impac s (such as spa ial di e en ia ion, oxici y, indoo ai pollu ion and impac s esul ing om land, esou ce and wa e use). The au ho s highligh he g ea es successes. Nowadays we should be able o be e unde s and he di e ence be ween he a ibu e and he subsequen LCA, as well as me hods o hyb id Inpu –Ou pu Analysis (IOA). Howe e , he au ho s emphasize he ac ha he e a e many a eas o ocus on. These a eas include: he de elopmen o LCA ools and me hods o assessing he impac s on ecosys ems ha esul om land use and wa e use. Da abases should be he main a ea o de elopmen . Ano he a icle on he LCA [7] summa izes all li e cycle assessmen esea ch ha was applied in he cons uc ion indus y. The au ho s s a e ha mo e han e e be o e, he cons uc ion indus y is conce ned wi h imp o ing social, economic and na u al indica o s o sus ainabili y. I he LCA me hod was used mo e, i would be possible o achie e be e op imiza ion o hese aspec s and hus be e con ol o he building li e cycle ( om he ex ac ion o na u al esou ces o he inal liquida ion phase and disposal o building ma e ials). Thus, i can be concluded ha he au ho s y o analyse he p e ious esea ch o he LCA and compa e i wi h he cu en esea ch o he LCA and hus highligh he main challenges o he de elopmen o he LCA and he cons uc ion indus y. The s udy he e o e p o ides a basic desc ip ion o he LCA and i s me hodology. I also deals wi h he ways and di e ences he LCA uses Building Ma e ials and Componen Combina ions (BMCC) compa ed o he use o he LCA in he LCA o he Whole P ocess o he Cons uc ion (WPC). The s udy con i ms ha he LCA ep esen s a eally inno a i e me hod ha imp o es he sus ainabili y o he li e cycle o a building h ough all i s phases. In his s udy, Ma zouk [8] desc ibes connec ing he LCA wi h he BIM. This s udy p esen s he BIM app oach, which allows o es ima es o 6 ypes o emissions. These include he g eenhouse gases, sulphu dioxide, pa icula ma e , eu ophica ion pa icles, ozone deple ing pa icles and smog. Thanks o his ool, i is possible o calcula e he p oduc ion o di ec and indi ec emissions du ing he en i e cons uc ion p ocess, i.e. om he p oduc ion phase h ough he anspo , cons uc ion, ope a ion, and main enance phases o he demoli ion phase. The au ho s used A hena Impac Es ima o and Au odesk Re i applica ions o he calcula ions. The au ho s o he a icle [9] came up wi h a me hod o au oma ic LCA calcula ions a an ea ly s age, i.e. al eady a he i s le el o he BIM de ail – LOD100. This should lead o easie adjus men s o he calcula ions du ing he u he de elopmen o he BIM model. To achie e his goal, new laye s o da a and hei o ma s a e needed. This new da a laye should ill he in o ma ion gaps be ween he ex ac ed BIM da a and he al eady exis ing LCA da a p o ided by he common LCA da abases. The esul o he a icle was he e o e an app oxima ion o his me hod. The nex s ep is o demons a e he bene i s o his me hod h ough u he scien i ic esea ch. The a icle [10] conce ned he in eg a ion o en i onmen al impac s wi hin he BIM. The seconda y goal was o ind solu ions on how designe s could mi iga e hese en i onmen al impac s. The au ho s designed a BIM-in eg a ed assessmen as well as a isualiza ion o he en i onmen al impac s. The esul s show ha i would be possible o use his app oach o de e mine wha en i onmen al impac s he building ma e ial shall ha e in he ini ial s ages o designing. Visualiza ion o a geome ic model Young Scien is 2021 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 1209 (2021) 012001 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1209/1/012001 3 o a building can be used as a ep esen a ion o a design ha can lead o a be e decision-making p ocess on ma e ial choices o indi idual building elemen s. The e iciency o he LCA was add essed by he a icle [11]. The au ho s o his a icle deal wi h he connec ion be ween a ool based on he BIM and he LCA ool Gabi 6. The esea ch in he a icle demons a ed ha he BIM plug-in can p o ide necessa y da a o each design phase. This means ha he designe can pe o m a ull li e cycle analysis mo e e icien ly. Based on he abo e-s a ed e e ences, i can be concluded ha he au ho s in he pas deal wi h he possibili y o linking he LCA s udies wi h he in o ma ion con ained in he 3D model in he BIM en i onmen . In hei publica ions, he au ho s used he di ision o p oduc li e cycle s ages using impac ca ego ies as well as e i ied he chosen me hodology o calcula ing he LCA s udies using a ious so wa e ools such as Au odesk Re i , Gabi 6, e c. 3. Theo e ical backg ound P oduc and i s en i onmen al impac . In his publica ion, Kočí desc ibes he li e cycle o p oduc s, which ha e a ious impac s on he en i onmen , in ou main s ages. The i s s age comp ises ob aining aw ma e ials o p oduce he necessa y ma e ials o he manu ac u ing o he p oduc , which in ol es he ex ac ion o c ude oil, i on o e o wood and hei anspo om he place whe e hey a e ob ained o he place o hei u he p ocessing. The second s age desc ibes he manu ac u ing o he p oduc om al eady ob ained ma e ials and aw ma e ials in he i s s age. The s age in ol es he ans o ma ion o he ob ained aw ma e ials in o ma e ials ha a e usable in u he indus ial p oduc ion. Howe e , he ans o ma ion o aw ma e ials includes, o example, he consump ion o elec ici y o a ious uels. The hi d s age o using a p oduc in ol es consuming he p oduc o using i o he unc ion o which i was manu ac u ed. An in eg al pa o his s age is ene gy and aw ma e ial equi emen s, which se e o he ope a ion o he p oduc i sel , i ’s possible epai s, s o age o main enance. The ou h, las s age, desc ibes he inal disposal o he p oduc , including ene gy and ma e ial equi emen s o he emo al o he p oduc o i s ecycling [2]. Li e cycle impac assessmen using en i onmen al impac ca ego ies. The li e cycle o he p oduc s and e alua ion o hei impac on he en i onmen using he so-called impac ca ego ies is u he di ided by he au ho in o six speci ic a eas. These include global wa ming and clima e change, s a osphe ic ozone deple ion, acidi ica ion, eu ophica ion, pho ooxidan o ma ion and deple ion o aw ma e ials. Each impac ca ego y includes bo h he p ocesses and consequences ha ad e sely a ec he en i onmen . Global wa ming in ol es an inc ease in he a e age empe a u e o he a mosphe e due o cap u ing mo e ene gy in he a mosphe e, which leads o clima e change a he global le el o o he so-called g eenhouse e ec . The loss o s a osphe ic ozone leads o UV adia ion eaching he su ace o he Ea h, which leads o an ad e se e ec on human heal h o he quali y o he en i onmen . Acidi ica ion is he p ocess o acidi ying he soil o wa e en i onmen caused by he elease o acid- o ming subs ances in o he a mosphe e, wa e and soil. Acidi ied p ecipi a ions condense on solid su aces o dissol e in wa e , which leads o soil, wa e and building ma e ials acidi ica ion. Such subs ances a e also ha m ul o plan s and ees. Eu ophica ion is associa ed wi h nu ien en ichmen o he en i onmen , which leads o o e g ow h o su ace wa e , lack o oxygen in wa e o de e io a ion o he d inking wa e sou ces quali y. Fo ma ion o pho ooxidan s in ol es he ad e se e ec s o ozone o o he subs ances in he g ound laye o he a mosphe e, which leads o a nega i e impac on he en i onmen esul ing in a ious diseases and he in luence on he heal h o li ing o ganisms. The dec ease in he amoun o aw ma e ials is associa ed wi h he excessi e ex ac ion o non- enewable esou ces by humans, which leads o he dis up ion o ecosys ems and a ec s he amoun o aw ma e ials a ailable in he u u e [2]. S anda diza ion o Non-G aphical 3D Model in o ma ion (SNIM) is a se o in o ma ion and s anda ds ha we e de eloped especially o designing using he BIM model in he condi ions o he Czech Republic. Pa ame e s (non-g aphic in o ma ion) we e assigned o indi idual elemen s o he 3D model, which we e u he di ided acco ding o he equi emen s o indi idual s ages o p ojec documen a ion in connec ion wi h he gi en cons uc ion phase. SNIM con ains a lis o pa ame e s ha a e assigned o speci ic s uc u es and a classi ica ion ool o ca ego ies o building s uc u es, which di ides indi idual ypes o s uc u es acco ding o he echnical and pa ame ic in o ma ion. Young Scien is 2021 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 1209 (2021) 012001 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1209/1/012001 4 The classi ica ion ool o building s uc u es was c ea ed in o de o s i e o be e o ien a ion in he p ojec using a da abase sea ch. Cons uc ion Classi ica ion In e na ional (CCI) is an in e na ional classi ica ion sys em, which ep esen s a p omising solu ion o he ca ego iza ion and desc ip ion o buildings [12]. This classi ica ion sys em is pa icula ly sui able o digi al p ocessing. The cons uc ion indus y in ol es an inexhaus ible amoun o in o ma ion exchange be ween a la ge numbe o en i ies, each wi h di e en in o ma ion equi emen s a di e en s ages o he cons uc ion li e cycle. The success o he whole p ojec depends on he possibili y o passing on comple e and ele an in o ma ion a he igh ime. The Czech cons uc ion indus y does no ha e a espec ed uni o m classi ica ion sys em, no a common "language" be ween he indi idual pa icipan s o he cons uc ion p ocess. The CCI classi ica ion sys em o e s a gene al common "language" o sui all phases and oles o he pa icipan s h oughou he en i e cons uc ion li e cycle. CCI o e s solu ions o he classi ica ion o bo h he en i e cons uc ions and mo e de ailed pa s o he in o ma ion model o cons uc ions. In o de o adop a new classi ica ion, i is necessa y o unambiguously iden i y in o ma ion o machine da a p ocessing wi h he highes possible deg ee o au oma ion using a ace classi ica ion sys em. The solu ion consis s o he classi ica ion in he o m o pa ial ace s o buil spaces, echnical sys ems, cons uc ion sys ems and indi idual de ailed cons uc ion elemen s. This in o ma ion o ms an in e connec ed sys em enabling cla i y and unambiguous classi ica ion o in o ma ion abou he cons uc ion o subsequen use by a ious so wa e ools. The subjec o in o ma ion cons uc ion modelling is he exchange o all kinds o in o ma ion du ing he p ojec be ween i s pa icipan s and he applica ions used. Fo he success ul exchange o da a du ing he p ojec , i is necessa y o equi e a comp ehensi e and consis en me hod o he classi ica ion o buildings in he indi idual p ojec s. Types o in o ma ion exchanged include geome ic da a, unc ionali y da a, echnical da a and cos and main enance da a wi h a ocus on he p ojec imeline unning om he p ojec plan o he ac ual disposal o he cons uc ion. The basic idea o so ing in o ma ion in he CCI is speci ied by he use , who classi ies he indi idual elemen s acco ding o hei pu pose o use o acco ding o hei way o use. P ojec in o ma ion can also be classi ied acco ding o he CCI classi ica ion sys em, which shall lead o easie de e mina ion o he pa ame e s and speci ic speci ica ions necessa y o he calcula ion o LCA s udies. The ad an age o in o ma ion classi ied in such way can be i s easy iden i ica ion o machine da a p ocessing and i s easy use o he c ea ion o a ious ypes o au oma ed so wa e. Thanks o he newly in oduced common "language" o all pa icipan s o he en i e li e cycle o he cons uc ion, i shall be possible o use he esul s o he calcula ed LCA s udies in all phases o he p ojec , including he phase o use o he newly buil objec . 4. Discussion and p oposal o he esea ch di ec ion A da abase o s anda ds and pa ame e s se ing o ci il enginee ing ac i i ies in connec ion wi h he use o in o ma ion om he BIM en i onmen , especially o he en i onmen o he Czech Republic, was c ea ed in he BIM en i onmen . The abo e-men ioned pa ame e s, i.e. non-g aphical in o ma ion, we e classi ied by he au ho s acco ding o he newly c ea ed classi ica ion ool o building s uc u es and assigned o indi idual elemen s o he 3D model in he BIM en i onmen . The classi ica ion ool also includes he ecommended o ma and o m o en e ing indi idual in o ma ion. This is he so-called s anda diza ion o non-g aphical in o ma ion in he model [13]. I is possible o use ca ego ized in o ma ion om his en i onmen o simpli y he calcula ions o he LCA s udies in connec ion wi h he new in oduc ion o he BIM en i onmen o he cons uc ion indus y in he Czech Republic. This new me hod uses knowledge o he li e cycle s ages o p oduc s in ela ion o possible en i onmen al impac s. Fu he mo e, he di ision o impac ca ego ies in o six speci ic a eas was conside ed. Da a so ed acco ding o he pa ame e s assigned o indi idual elemen s o he 3D model in he BIM en i onmen o he SNIM da abase a e conside ed o be u he selec ed o selec ing o he LCA calcula ions and handled acco ding o p ecisely de ined c i e ia. To assess he li e cycle o p oduc s wi h he possibili y o e alua ing hei impac on he en i onmen using he LCA me hod, i is necessa y o de e mine he alues o indi idual indica o s o impac ca ego ies wi h ega d o he indi idual s ages o he p oduc li e cycle. These alues, which Young Scien is 2021 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 1209 (2021) 012001 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1209/1/012001 5 o m a se o esul s, mus ha e, in addi ion o speci ic alues, also clea ly de ined uni s. The indi idual se s o esul s a e hen assigned o speci ic ypes o impac ca ego ies ha ha e di e en en i onmen al impac s. The pa ame e s ha can be used o LCA e alua ion a e clea ly de ined in he g aphic and in o ma ion pa o he BIM model o he cons uc ion wo k. In connec ion wi h he s anda diza ion o non-g aphical in o ma ion o he model and he eme gence o he abo e-men ioned s anda ds and pa ame e s, i is possible o supplemen he BIM model wi h speci ic in o ma ion om SNIM o a comp ehensi e assessmen o he cons uc ion wo k in e ms o i s en i e li e cycle. Me hodology o da a selec ion om he SNIM en i onmen o he LCI pu poses. When selec ing da a om he SNIM en i onmen , da a a he le el o s udy de ail a e used. The eason is a su icien amoun o in o ma ion in his phase o cons uc ion o he basic pu poses o he LCI and also an e o o deal wi h he eal si ua ion as much as possible. In he cons uc ion p ac ice, only some in o ma ion is a ailable in he s udy phase, howe e , e en in his cons uc ion phase, he e is an inc easing e o o p e-calcula e he LCI s udies based on he LCA in o de o educe he en i onmen al impac o he planned cons uc ion. The conside ed me hodology is based on he p esump ion ha he olumes o indi idual cons uc ions as well as da a ha con ain s uc u al ma kings a e aken o e om he SNIM da abase. Toge he , his is da a ha con ains he name o he elemen , i s olume, ma king acco ding o he SNIM, speci ica ion o o he speci ic desc ip ion. This da a is used o he pu poses o he basic s uc u e o he LCI (LCA s udy). An example o he da a s uc u e scheme o one ma e ial ca ego y is gi en in Table 1. Table 1. Example o da a s uc u e scheme o one ma e ial ca ego y. Ma king acco ding o SNIM Sub-ca ego y Desc ip ion MIN MAX Type o cons uc ion XX000 Cons uc ion speci ica ion …. 000 000 Un o una ely, he da a aken om he SNIM da abase does no con ain indica o s o impac ca ego ies (emissions). The e o e, his da a mus be assigned o he calcula ion om ex e nal sou ces, such as exis ing da abases o speci ic da a ob ained di ec ly om he manu ac u e s o he ma e ial. I is possible o assign a speci ic LCI alue o each speci ic ma e ial based on he speci ica ion. The LCI alue assigned o a speci ic ma e ial is always only o one basic uni o he amoun o he gi en ma e ial (i.e. m3, m2, m, , e c.). The e o e, he LCI alue is hen mul iplied by he olume alue o he elemen . A speci ic LCI alue o all ma e ials o each elemen in a speci ic s uc u e is gene a ed using he MATLAB ma ix sol e based on his in o ma ion. The inal esul is he pe cen age dis ibu ion o indi idual emission ac o s ac oss he o e all ma e ial cha ac e is ics in he cons uc ion. 5. Conclusion This a icle p esen s scien i ic esea ch and an elemen a y concep o he me hodology o using da a om he s uc u e in o ma ion model o he pu poses o calcula ing LCA s udies, wi h he emphasis on he app op ia ely selec ed classi ica ion sys em used in he cons uc ion sec o . Only one o he wo possible a ian s o he en i onmen o he Czech Republic a e p esen ed, using he SNIM s anda d; on he con a y, he use o he CCI sys em is no possible o p ecisely de ine a he ime o his a icle’s publica ion due o he ongoing de elopmen o his sys em. I is essen ial o poin ou ha he p esen ed me hodology, whe he i wo ks on he basis o SNIM o CCI, mus be e i ied by a su icien numbe o case s udies o speci ic building s uc u es. This e i ica ion will be he subjec o u he esea ch in o his issue. The aim o his a icle was o summa ize he heo y, he cu en s a e o he issue esea ch and also o ou line he amewo k p ocedu e by which he calcula ion o en i onmen al impac s can be app oached in he u u e. In he nex phase o he esea ch, i will be possible o choose a speci ic case s udy, he esul s o which will be compa ed wi h he al eady p esen ed esul s o o he au ho s, using a ious ypes o so wa e and pa ame e s. In he u u e, i Young Scien is 2021 IOP Con . Se ies: Ma e ials Science and Enginee ing 1209 (2021) 012001 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1757-899X/1209/1/012001 6 would also be app op ia e o c ea e specialized so wa e dealing wi h he LCA and he LCI calcula ions o he de elopmen o a plug-in o he Czech en i onmen , which will be easily usable in cons uc ion p ac ice. 6. Re e ences [1] Eu opean Council 2011 Regula ion (EU) No 305/2011 o he Eu opean Pa liamen and o he Council: laying down ha monized condi ions o he ma ke ing o cons uc ion p oduc s and epealing Council Di ec i e 89/106/EEC (S asbou g: Eu opean Council) [2] Kočí V 2012 LCA a EPD s a ebních ý obků: posuzo ání ži o ního cyklu a en i onmen ální p ohlášení o p oduk u jako ces a k ud ži elnému s a ebnic í (P ague: Czech Council o G een Buildings) [3] Guinée J B e al. 2011 Li e Cycle Assessmen : Pas , P esen , and Fu u e En i on. Sci. Technol 45 90–96 [4] An ón L A and Díaz J 2014 In eg a ion o Li e Cycle Assessmen in a BIM En i onmen P ocedia Enginee ing 85 26–32 [5] Sous -Ve dague B, Lla as C and Ga cía-Ma ínez 2017 A C i ical e iew o bim-based LCA me hod o buildings Ene gy and Buildings 136 110–120 [6] Finn eden G, Hauschild M Z, Ek all T, e al. 2009 Recen de elopmen s in Li e Cycle Assessmen Jou nal o En i onmen al Managemen 91 1 1–21 [7] O iz O, Cas ells F and Sonnemann G 2009 Sus ainabili y in he cons uc ion indus y: A e iew o ecen de elopmen s based on LCA Cons uc ion and Building Ma e ials 23 1 28–39 [8] Ma zouk M, Abdelkade E M and Al-Gah ani K 2017 Building in o ma ion modeling-based model o calcula ing di ec and indi ec emissions in cons uc ion p ojec s Jou nal o Cleane P oduc ion 152 351–363 [9] Dupuis M, Ap il A, Lesage P and Fo gues D 2017 Me hod o Enable LCA Analysis h ough Each Le el o De elopmen o a BIM Model P ocedia Enginee ing 196 857–863 [10] Röck M, Hollbe g A, Habe G and Passe A 2018 LCA and BIM: Visualiza ion o en i onmen al po en ials in building cons uc ion a ea ly design s ages Building and En i onmen 140 153–161 [11] Bueno C and Fab icio M M 2018 Compa a i e analysis be ween a comple e LCA s udy and esul s om a BIM-LCA plug-in Au oma ion in Cons uc ion 90 188–200 [12] BIM Koncepce Klasi ikační sys ém CCI [Accessed 2020-09-25] A ailable online h ps://www.koncepcebim.cz/634-klasi ikacni-sys emcci? bclid=IwAR0S P407GaKz7P cFAbKceG 43pdj M3M -aAZ16_IR8A3HOoD8kdFNagdI [13] BIM cz S anda dizace neg a ických in o mací 3D modelu [Accessed 2020-06-05] A ailable online h p://www.czbim.o g/nodes/nodes/ iew/ ype:s anka/slug:s anda dizace- neg a ickych in o maci-3d-modelu Acknowledgmen s The a icle was published wi h suppo om a In e nal esea ch g an o he B no Uni e si y o Technology wi h he egis a ion numbe FAST-J-21-7288.