The Value Chain as the Basis of Business Model Design

135 The Value Chain as he Basis o Business Model Design ▪Ja mila S ako a, I e a Simbe o a, Pe a Pa lo a, Jan Vachal, Robe Zich Abs ac The a icle p esen s a new app oach o he gene a ion o business models based on alue s eams. The o iginali y o he s udy lies in he assump ion ha in e e y business model he gene a o o added alue is he alue chain which, i o iginal enough, will maximize po en ial while minimizing cos s. This app oach will p o ide he espec i e en e p ise wi h a high le el compe i i eness in he long e m. The es ed g oup o en e p ises consis ed o 354 SMEs, one hund ed eigh y- se en o which we e om he manu ac u ing and indus y sec o , wi h 167 om he se ices sec o . The no el y o his app oach also consis s o he in eg a ed app oach o he business en i onmen in which he alue s eams we e analyzed. The esul s sugges ha he analysis o alue s eams is sui able o he p ojec ion o business models. In addi ion, he me hods o dimensional educ ion and logi eg ession ha e been iden i ied as app op ia e analy ical ools, wi h ep esen a i e esul s ound alid and u ilizable in business p ac ice. The au ho s o he a icle a e awa e ha his is only he i s s ep in add essing his issue, one which will play a c i ical ole in he g adual p ocess o he upcoming digi al ans o ma ion o all business models, no only hose o SMEs in he Czech Republic. Keywo ds: business model, alue chain, co po a e en i onmen , s a eg y, digi iza ion, compe i i eness JEL Classi ica ion: L1, O14 Recei ed: Sep embe , 2020 1s Re ision: Feb ua y, 2021 Accep ed: Ma ch, 2021 1. INTRODUCTION The e is no ag eemen among he academic communi y, and pa icula ly no in he co po a e sphe e, conce ning he de ini ion and unde s anding o e ms such as co po a e s a egy, business s a egy, and business model. The au ho s o his pape conside he beginnings o he eme gence o he business s a egy o lie in he pe iod a e Wo ld Wa II, when James Culli on (in his pape The Managemen o Ma ke ing Cos s, 1948) and la e Neil Bo den (The Concep o he Ma ke ing Mix, 1964) came up wi h he idea o s ipula ing a p oduc s a egy and p oduc po olio using a ma ke ing mix. Toge he wi h Ko le (wi h his book Ma ke ing Managemen , 2010), who was p ima ily esponsible o popula izing his issue, hese esea che laid he ounda ions o de ining he business s a egy o an en e p ise. A e his beginning, S ako a, J., Simbe o a, I., Pa lo a, P., Vachal, J., & Zich, R. (2021). The Value Chain as he Basis o Business Model Design. Jou nal o Compe i i eness, 13(2), 135–151. h ps://doi.o g/10.7441/joc.2021.02.08 joc2021-2- 3.indd 135 29.6.2021 14:27:45 Jou nal o Compe i i eness 136 a ious ypological s a egies came o be used in he li e a u e on s a egic managemen , wi h Po e ’s ma ke -o ien ed app oaches becoming he mos widely ci ed. The publica ions o Michael Po e (Po e , 2012; Po e , 2015) and o he au ho s (Rezapou e al., 2017; Yada e al., 2017) ep esen ed a signi ican u ning poin in he app oach o he s a egies and hei gene a ion. Po e de ines a s a egy as compe i i e in e ms o a co po a e s a egy. Meskendahl (2010), Wi z e al. (2016) desc ibe a business s a egy ha add esses how he en e p ises gain compe i i e ad an age, how hey decide o compe e in he ma ke , and wha business model p o ides hem wi h a compe i i e ad an age. Yuan e al. (2020) emphasize de eloping a business s a egy wi h a ocus on unde s anding and adap ing o he business and ma ke en i onmen o maximize business pe o mance. Ryu e al. (2015) p opose o use one o Po e ’s h ee gene ic compe i i e s a egies. Opinions on his issue con inue o di e , al hough mos a e based on Po e ’s wo k. Po e (2015) has con ibu ed o he way and equency o p ojec ion and implemen a ion o he business models, s a ing ha a good analysis is c ucial o he c ea ion o a compe i i e s a egy. S ill, i is no easonable o c ea e one in ad ance, as i may ake se e al yea s o ind an app op ia e app oach. He decla ed ha any business issue should be unde s ood as a p oduc o how he en e p ise c ea es alue o a cus ome . The esea ch p io i y o his opic consis s o heo e ical inaliza ion and p ac ical e i ica ion o a business model ha uses he p inciple o gene a ion o p ocess added alue o he cus ome o achie e a ma gin. This is based on a desc ip ion o business p ocesses, hei decomposi ion in he co po a e en i onmen , and subsequen alue analysis o iden i y hei con ibu ions o he o e all ma gin. A ecen aspec is he analysis o he co po a e en i onmen ’s in eg i y, which espec s a sys em app oach o he en e p ise, i.e. he au ho s p opose an inno a i e me hod o he de elopmen o a business s a egy o business model based on an analysis o alue s eams in a company wi h ega d o he in eg al and unique sys em o he co po a e en i onmen . The s uc u e o his a icle espec s he esea ch goal. A heo e ical desc ip ion o business models and associa ed ma hema ical and s a is ical me hods (dimensional educ ion and logi eg ession) is ollowed by he esul s o he esea ch. The esul s sec ion uses op imized logi models o iden i y no only ac i i ies in he alue chain ha signi ican ly in luence he p o i abili y o small and medium en e p ises, bu also he e ec s o in e nal esou ces as well as he meso and mac o en i onmen , including he signi icance o hese componen s in hei in eg a ed o m. Finally, he esea ch ques ions a e answe ed and discussed based on he esea ch ou pu s. The au ho s also sugges di ec ions o u u e esea ch ac i i ies in his ield. 2. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Small and medium en e p ises ep esen an impo an pa o a na ional economic sys em. The quali y o he business en i onmen is c i ical o hese i ms, as i can c ea e a o able condi ions o hei de elopmen (Dobes e al., 2017). Kozubiko a & Ko asko a (2019) s a e ha business isks s ongly a ec he quali y o he business en i onmen in which small and medium en e p ises ope a e. These esea che s conclude ha he p ima y ma ke isk is he mos impo an isk o all. Les a i e al. (2020) s a e ha o small en e p ises, i is essen ial o se a goal and o sha e he sou ces and knowledge ha a e indispensable o he inno a i eness joc2021-2- 3.indd 136 29.6.2021 14:27:45 137 o hei p ojec s and compe i i e ad an age. Belas e al. (2014) ha e de e mined ha small and medium en e p ises a e p one o highe business isks because hey a e sensi i e o changes in he business en i onmen . They explain ha SME p oduc i i y is a ec ed by obs acles, despi e he ac ha hei con ibu ion o economic g ow h, employmen , and compe i i eness is high wi hin he coun y in which hey ope a e. In he Czech business en i onmen , he e ms business and co po a e s a egy and business model a e o en con used, and hey do in ac o e lap. Ap e & Da is (2019) de ine a business model as a comp ehensi e desc ip ion o he p inciples o he c ea ion, deli e y, and ep esen a ion o alues in an en e p ise. The impo ance o a business model and i s connec ions wi h a business s a egy, inno a ion managemen , and economics is also emphasized by Teece (2010). Massa e al. (2017) s a e ha a business model which c ea es alue o he cus ome and income o he en e p ise mi o s he sou ces o he en e p ise ha a e g ouped and a anged in a p ocess p oducing he alue. The ela ion be ween he co po a e s a egy implemen ed and he business model is discussed by he au ho s Casadesus-Masanell & Rica (2010). Ano he g oup o au ho s indica es ha business models can be unde s ood as s uc u ed managemen ools ha a e conside ed decisi e o co po a e p o i abili y and compe i i eness (Kha ub & Sha ma, 2017; Wi z e al., 2016). Po e de ines he alue chain as a powe ul ool which makes i possible o ganize an en e p ise in o s a egically impo an ac i i ies, esul ing in he possibili y o highe p ices and lowe cos s (Kha ub & Sha ma, 2017). The concep o he alue chain has also been discussed by a numbe o o he au ho s, such as Kalmyko a e al. (2018), Felle e al. (2006), Missime e al. (2017), and Kim & Chai, (2017). Unde s anding whe he a business en i y has he po en ial o c ea e added alue and whe he i can ake ad an age o his in he u u e is an essen ial s ep in diagnosing i s po en ial (McNeish & Kelley, 2019). The esea ch desc ibed abo e ha e laid he ounda ion o he s udy o business model design. Academic wo ks and examples om co po a e p ac ice ha e appea ed showing he o ganiza ion o all ca ego ies o co po a e s a egies and models in o a hie a chical and in e connec ed model. S udy esul s by Ma x (2015) p o ide s ong empi ical e idence ha he P oduc S a egy (di e en ia ion e sus low cos s), he Bes Value S a egy, and he Blue Ocean S a egy all ha e a signi ican in luence on co po a e managemen . Wal-Ma is an example o an app op ia ely con igu ed business model, ensu ing as he mos impo an pa o he model “e e yday low p ices” o a wide ange o p oduc s ha a e easily accessible and geog aphically ad an ageous (Bha ik & Cespedes, 2016). The cu en p ocess o gene a ing a business s a egy and business models has been deeply in luenced by he business and in o ma ion pa adigm which eme ged a he beginning o he 21s cen u y. I mi o s changes in he collec ion, s o age, access, and ansmission o in o ma ion (Meskendahl, 2010; Wi z e al., 2016; Ga au is, 2017), as well as inc easingly in ensi e p ocesses o inno a ion and digi aliza ion in he co po a e en i onmen . Demi e al. (2017) and Dagnino e al. (2017) discuss he inc eased pace o changes conce ning he inno a ions dis up ing he es ablished p ocedu es in indus ial b anches; he esea che s ha e no iced ha he inc eased speed and in ensi y o he p ocedu al changes may ha e a p o ound impac on s a egy and business models. A la ge numbe o au ho s ha e discussed he p og essi e digi aliza ion o business s a egies (Wi z e al., 2016; Bha adwaj e al., 2013) and business models (Masanell & Rica d, 2010; Wi z e al., 2016). Signi ican changes ha e joc2021-2- 3.indd 137 29.6.2021 14:27:45 Jou nal o Compe i i eness 138 also occu ed in he global and Eu opean ma ke ing, such as he in e na ionaliza ion o ade, he end o globaliza ion and he beginning o “glocaliza ion,” and geog aphical changes om he iewpoin o global economic cen e s (Wisniewski & B zezicka, 2020). Digi iza ion as a cu en inno a ion p ocess plays a c ucial ole in ans o ming he business models. I p o ides oppo uni ies o adjus ing highe quali y and e iciency o he exis ing business p ocesses and connec ing new p ocesses o deli e he maximum added alue (Sambi e al., 2017; Ma ins e al., 2015). Summing up he cu en deg ee o scien i ic knowledge in business modeling, he e is no consensus in bo h he de ini ion and he way o i s p ojec ion o implemen a ion in business p ac ice. These wo a ibu es we e conside ed a he beginning o he scien i ic di ec ion o he esea ch by he au ho s o he pape , i s goals, esea ch me hods, and he de e mina ion o expec ed heo e ical and p ac ical ou pu . 3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVE, METHODOLOGY AND DATA T esea ch aims o p epa e a me hod o business p ac ice o gene a ing a business model o a business using a alue chain ancho ed in i s in eg a ed business en i onmen . Two esea ch ques ions we e o mula ed, which will be decisi e o u he esea ch in he ield o business s a egy gene a ion. RQ1: Is i possible o use alue chain analysis, including componen s o he co po a e en i onmen in hei in eg a ed o m, as a basis o gene a ing a business model? RQ2: Is sec o di e en ia ion o en e p ises sui able and su icien o he de elopmen o a business model? The sample consis ed o a o al o 354 SMEs. The e we e 75 mic o-en e p ises (up o 25 employees, 21%), 167 small en e p ises (25-50 employees, 47%), and 112 medium-sized en e p ises (50 o 250 employees, 32%) om he Czech Republic. The manu ac u ing and indus y sec o accoun ed o 187 o he small and medium-sized en e p ises (52%), and he se ices sec o accoun ed o 167 (48%) o hem. P o i abili y was epo ed by 88% o he sample. The sample was c ea ed om he co po a e da abase o he Depa men o Managemen a he Ins i u e o Technology and Business. This da abase was es ablished in 2016 and con inues o be expanded. Da a collec ion was conduc ed p ima ily h ough a con ac su ey (70%) and, o a smalle deg ee, elec onic su eying (30%). In e ms o hei ep esen a i eness, he sou ce da a we e consul ed wi h ep esen a i es o he business communi y and he scien i ic communi y o he ele an ield, including he Czech S a is ical O ice. The esea ch s a ed in 2016 in a pe iod o economic g ow h. The i s s age was comple ed in 2019; cu en ly, a ollow-up esea ch s age has been unde way in condi ions o economic s agna ion and pandemic c isis. To es alue chain ac i i ies and componen s o he co po a e en i onmen (in e nal co po a e esou ces, he meso-en i onmen and he gene al mac o-en i onmen ), a dimensionali y educ ion me hod is used a i s , which educes in o ma ion om mul idimensional da a o a smalle numbe o a iables (Cook & Lee, 1999; Chia omon e, e al., 2002), and eg ession analyses (a gene al linea model) (Pou ghasemi & Rahma i, 2018; S o el e al., 2017). The calcula ion o dimensionali y educ ion is based on he in e se dis ibu ion F(x|y). The s a is ical so wa e joc2021-2- 3.indd 138 29.6.2021 14:27:45 139 “R” was used o calcula ion. A calcula ion me hod o dimensionali y educ ion known as sliced in e se eg ession (SIR) is used in he analysis. A e ha , a gene al linea model (GLM), which makes i possible o exp ess he ela ion be ween he dependen a iable (in his case, i had a binomial dis ibu ion) and a se o explana o y a iables ( eg esso s) by means o a eg ession unc ion, which is a linea unc ion o unknown es ima ed pa ame e s, was used o de e mine he op imal model o componen s o he co po a e en i onmen de ining he signi icance o selec ed in e nal co po a e esou ces and meso-en i onmen al and mac o- en i onmen al ac o s. The “S a is ica” so wa e was used o calcula ion. The link unc ions used wi hin he logi model (Pou ghasemi & Rahma i, 2018): Xβ = ln(μ/(1-μ)) (1) The in eg a ed model akes accoun o a ious dependencies o he es ed componen s o he co po a e en i onmen . ER ~ ICR + MZE + MAE + company ocus; glm( o mula = ER ~ ICR + MZE + MAE + company ocus) (2) Explana o y no es: ER – economic esul , ICR – in e nal esou ces (mic oen i onmen ), MZE – mesoen i onmen , MAE – mac oen i onmen , VC – alue chain. (Sou ce: au ho s) 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The esul s p esen ed in he pape a e based on he assump ion ha he sample en e p ises ha e a co po a e s a egy, in many cases iden ical o he business s a egy. The ou pu s uc u e espec s he ac ha he en e p ise ope a es, deli e s p oduc s in he cus ome segmen and achie es a ma gin. The business model is embedded in he en e p ise a chi ec u e (c ea ed mainly by he business en i onmen ). In he i s pa o he esea ch, he alue chain wi hin he in eg a ed business en i onmen is analyzed. In he ollowing pa , he essen ial componen o he business en i onmen is analyzed using he newly designed in eg a ed model. Value chain – base o he business models D ( o mula=ER~INL+PRO+OUL+MARK+ROS+PUR+STD+HRM+EI,da a=SS,PIS,me hod= "si ") (3) Value chain a iables: INL – inpu logis ics, PRO – p oduc ion, OUL – ou pu logis ics, MARK – ma ke ing and sales, ROS – epai and o he se ices, PUR – pu chase/ma e ial managemen , STD – scien i ic and echnical de elopmen , HRM – human esou ce managemen , EI – en e p ise in as uc u e, PIS – p oduc ion and indus y sec o , SS – se ice sec o , ER – economic esul . (Sou ce: au ho s) Table 1 shows sec o di e en ia ion in e ms o he alue chain ac i i ies es ed wi h ega d o hei con ibu ion o he c ea ion o alue added in he en e p ise, in gene al o he alue- c ea ing business p ocesses. joc2021-2- 3.indd 139 29.6.2021 14:27:45 Jou nal o Compe i i eness 140 Tab. 1 – Dimensional educ ion o business alue and i s impac on p o i abili y in e ms o sec o di e en ia ion. Sou ce: own esea ch Value chain ac i i ies Di 1 Di 1 Manu ac u ing and Indus y Se ices Inpu logis ics -0.33510 -0.01796 P o ision o se ices / p oduc ion 0.04738 -0.21329 Ou pu logis ics 0.58855 -0.14014 Ma ke ing and sales 0.42865 0.20600 Se ice and o he ancilla y se ices 0.21481 0.22468 Pu chase 0.06062 0.34013 Scien i ic and echnological de elopmen 0.18304 0.83710 Human Resou ce Managemen -0.44156 0.07177 En e p ise in as uc u e -0.27755 -0.14160 In he manu ac u ing and indus y, ou pu logis ics, ma ke ing and sales a e he mos impo an ac i i ies ha ing a posi i e impac on he p o i abili y o he en e p ises. Human esou ces managemen and inpu logis ics ha e a nega i e impac , possibly explained by hei unde es ima ion by he manage s and he poo le el o such ac i i ies. Inc eased a en ion will, o his eason, ha e o be paid o such ac i i ies in he u u e, wi h inpu logis ics enhanced by he inc easingly in ensi e p ocess o digi aliza ion and au oma ion, and human esou ces cu en ly becoming some hing o a limi o he sus ainabili y and u he de elopmen o he en e p ises since hei esou ces a e cu en ly exhaus ed and will con inue o be limi ed in he u u e. Di e en speci ics a e e lec ed in he se ices sec o han in he manu ac u ing and indus y sec o , wi h scien i ic and echnical de elopmen and pu chases labeled as he decisi e alue-c ea ing ac i i ies. I migh be he essen ial equi emen o he en e p ises in his sec o o he accele a ed ans e o new esea ch knowledge in o business p ac ice. A he same ime, pu chases a e a a o ed p oduc ion ac i i y in which he cu en si ua ion mus be s abilized, imp o ed and a ionalized wi h he applica ion o in o ma ion echnology and digi aliza ion. Tab. 2 – Signi icance o he alue chain by he size o he sample. Sou ce: own esea ch Es ima e S d. E o Z alue PR(>|z|) VC – mic o-en e p ises 0.1623 1.5639 -0.104 0.917369 VC – small en e p ises 4.2620 1.4183 3.005 0.002655 ** VC – medium-sized en e p ises 1.4587 0.8395 -1.738 0.08229 . VC – medium-sized and la ge en e p ises 2.1818 0.5198 -4.197 2.70e-05 *** As can be seen in Table 1 and he ele an commen a y, sec o al di e en ia ion in he sample was no p o ed. Though, he opposi e is ue o he ca ego iza ion by size. The ca ego y o medium- sized en e p ises shows a s a is ically lowe dependence and acco ding o he subsequen analysis, a numbe o hese en e p ises a e assembly halls wi h an owne ship s uc u e ou side he Czech Republic. Such en e p ises do no need o gene a e business models. joc2021-2- 3.indd 140 29.6.2021 14:27:45 141 The in e nal en i onmen D ( o mula=ER ~ ML+EL+OSC+EST+TE+MTP+PPS+FRC+WL+MRL+BBN+LRD+SEE+ TW+ICS+IRS+CC+SE,da a=SS,PIS,me hod="si ") (4) In e nal esou ce a iables: ML – managemen le el; EL – employees´ le el; OSC – o ganiza ion s uc u e o he en e p ise; EST – en e p ise s a egy; TE – echnical equipmen ; MTP – manu ac u ing echnology, p ocedu es; PPS – po olio o p oduc s/se ices; FRC – inancial esou ces o he en e p ise; WL – wage le el; MRL – ma ke ing le el; BBN – b and and business name; LRD – le el o esea ch and de elopmen ; SEE – social en i onmen o he en e p ise; TW – aining o wo ke s; ICS – in o ma ion and communica ion sys ems; IRS – in e nal egula ions, s anda ds, CC – co po a e cul u e; SE – secu i y; PIS – p oduc ion and indus y sec o ; SS – se ice sec o ; ER – economic esul . (Sou ce: au ho s) Tab. 3 – Dimensionali y educ ion o in e nal co po a e esou ces conce ning hei in luence on alue-c ea ing p ocesses – sec o di e en ia ion. Sou ce: own esea ch In e nal co po a e esou ces Di 1 Di 1 Manu ac u ing and Indus y Se ices S anda d o managemen -0.03730 0.07425 S anda d o employees -0.06941 -0.14338 O ganiza ional s uc u e o he en e p ise -0.23548 0.32668 S a egy o he en e p ise 0.01945 -0.03679 Technical equipmen 0.34231 -0.12071 Manu ac u ing echnology and p ocesses -0.17705 0.29639 Po olio o p oduc s/se ices -0.20913 0.15683 Financial esou ces o he en e p ise 0.51449 0.54287 Le el o wages 0.10783 0.23133 S anda d o ma ke ing -0.06162 -0.04535 B and and name -0.19580 -0.14826 S anda d o esea ch and de elopmen 0.04782 -0.16157 Social en i onmen o he en e p ise 0.12679 -0.29993 Educa ion o wo ke s 0.38789 -0.08388 In o ma ion and communica ion sys ems -0.06305 -0.21377 In e nal egula ions and s anda ds -0.43243 -0.32077 Co po a e cul u e 0.21721 -0.21407 Heal h and sa e y -0.14236 -0.22153 In he p oduc ion and indus y sec o (Table 3), he dominan posi i e componen s a e he inancial esou ces, s a aining, and echnical equipmen . The in e nal egula ions and s anda ds a e ad e se. In gene al, he adminis a i e and legisla i e bu den on he manage s is desc ibed as unsus ainable and es ic ing he de elopmen o he en e p ises in he long e m. Simila ly, he se ices sec o (Table 3) shows he inancial esou ces as he mos impo an pa , joc2021-2- 3.indd 141 29.6.2021 14:27:45 Jou nal o Compe i i eness 142 ollowed by he o ganiza ional s uc u e, possibly due o he na u e o se ices. In bo h sec o s, he e is a nega i e e ec o he in e nal egula ions and s anda ds ela ed o he adminis a i e bu den on he en e p ises. Tab. 4 – Logi eg ession o in e nal co po a e esou ces – manu ac u ing and indus y (exce p ). Sou ce: own esea ch (In e cep ) Es ima e S d. E o Z alue PR(>|z|) -4.89576 1.74341 -2.808 0.00498** S anda d o managemen -0.05541 0.56050 -0.099 0.92124 S anda d o employees 0.88188 0.62160 1.419 0.15598 O ganiza ional s uc u e o he en e p ise 0.54639 0.62224 0.878 0.37989 S a egy o he en e p ise 0.66282 0.60651 1.093 0.27446 Technical equipmen -0.46169 0.52686 -0.876 0.38086 Manu ac u ing echnology and p ocesses -0.07035 0.53690 -0.131 0.89575 Po olio o p oduc s/se ices 1.16428 0.55119 2.112 0.03466* Financial esou ces o he en e p ise 0.80622 0.50095 1.609 0.10754 Le el o wages 0.20192 0.56787 0.356 0.72216 S anda d o ma ke ing 0.39847 0.48156 0.827 0.40798 B and and name -0.94107 0.46705 -2.015 0.04391* Signi . codes: 0 ʻ***ʼ 0.001 ʻ**ʼ 0.01 ʻ*ʼ 0.05 ʻ.ʼ 0.1 ʻ ʼ 1 Tab. 5 – Logi eg ession o in e nal co po a e esou ces –se ices (exce p ). Sou ce: own esea ch (In e cep ) Es ima e S d. E o Z alue PR(>|z|) 0.7484 1.5007 0.499 0.6180 S anda d o managemen 0.5736 0.6528 0.879 0.3795 S anda d o employees -0.4685 0.6051 -0.774 0.4388 O ganiza ional s uc u e o he en e p ise 0.8378 0.5424 1.545 0.1224 S a egy o he en e p ise -0.1404 0.4767 -0.295 0.7683 Technical equipmen -0.3347 0.5314 -0.630 0.5288 Manu ac u ing echnology and p ocesses 0.8738 0.5552 1.574 0.1155 Po olio o p oduc s/se ices 0.3034 0.4971 0.610 0.5416 Financial esou ces o he en e p ise 1.2937 0.5357 2.415 0.0157* Signi . codes: 0 ʻ***ʼ 0.001 ʻ**ʼ 0.01 ʻ*ʼ 0.05 ʻ.ʼ 0.1 ʻ ʼ 1 Ou pu s om logi eg ession in he manu ac u ing and indus y sec o s (Table 4) do no co espond o he esul s o dimensional educ ion (Table 3). The mos impo an in e nal sou ces in his sec o a e he b and, name, and po olio o he en e p ise. In he se ice sec o (Table 5), he op imal model o in e nal sou ces shows a ma ch wi h he esul s o he dimensional educ ion (Table 3). joc2021-2- 3.indd 142 29.6.2021 14:27:45 143 The meso-en i onmen o he en e p ise – he amewo k o co po a e compe i i eness D ( o mula=ER ~ COM+SUP+CUS+DISTR+BP+FI+UNI+RI+LG+PP+GOV+MED+EA,da a=SS,PIS,me hod="si ") (5) Va iables o he en i onmen : COM – compe i o s, SUP – supplie s, CUS – cus ome s, DISTR – dis ibu o s, BP – business pa ne s, FI – inancial ins i u ions, UNI – uni e si ies, RI – esea ch ins i u ions, LG – local go e nmen and sel -go e nmen , PP – poli ical pa ies, GOV – go e nmen , MED – media, EA – ecology associa ions, PIS – p oduc ion and indus y sec o , SS – se ice sec o , ER – economic esul . Tab. 6 – Dimensionali y educ ion o he meso-en i onmen om he iewpoin o i s in luence on co po a e alue-c ea ing p ocesses – sec o di e en ia ion. Sou ce: own esea ch Meso-en i onmen al ac o s Di 1 Di 1 Manu ac u ing and Indus y Se ices Compe i o s -0.10851 -0.26964 Supplie s 0.34066 0.09443 Cus ome s -0.20044 -0.20991 Dis ibu o s -0.11333 0.29382 Business pa ne s 0.07849 0.07443 Financial ins i u ions -0.13915 -0.04417 Uni e si ies -0.30523 -0.68947 Resea ch ins i u es, he Czech Academy o Sciences 0.67923 0.21392 Local go e nmen -0.39857 0.17977 Poli ical pa ies -0.05315 -0.30237 The go e nmen 0.20203 -0.28980 The media 0.13431 0.04217 En i onmen al o ganiza ions 0.13625 -0.22328 In he p oduc ion and indus y sec o (Table 6), he esea ch base ( esea ch ins i u es and he Academy o Sciences o he Czech Republic) is p o ed o be he mos c i ical componen o he en i onmen . Howe e , he en e p ises o en c i icize he lack o coope a ion o esea ch ins i u ions and he business p ac ice. The supplie s a e also an impo an pa , playing one o he decisi e oles in achie ing p o i abili y. Highe educa ion and local go e nmen and sel - go e nmen a e assessed as ha m ul componen s, bo h o which do no ul ill hei mission. They do no con ibu e o he de elopmen o he business sec o . The se ices sec o (Table 6) shows no posi i ely e alua ed componen in e ms o co po a e p o i abili y. In bo h sec o s, classic compe i i e o ces such as he cus ome s, dis ibu o s, business pa ne s, e c., a e unde es ima ed and e en nega i ely e alua ed by he manage s. I migh be due o a pe iod o s ong economic g ow h a he ime o he esea ch and he o e all co po a e p o i abili y. The emaining componen s o he en i onmen , such as he media and en i onmen al associa ions, a e seen as pa o he compe i i e amewo k bu no as c ucial o he compe i i e ing i sel . joc2021-2- 3.indd 143 29.6.2021 14:27:45 Jou nal o Compe i i eness 150 20. Ma ins, L. L., Rindo a, V. P., & G eenbaum, B. E. (2015). Unlocking he Hidden Value o Concep s: A Cogni i e App oach o Business Model Inno a ion. 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Pe a Pa lo a, Ph.D. Ins i u e o Technology and Business in České Budějo ice Depa men o Managemen Czech Republic E-mail: pa lo a@mail. s ecb.cz ORCID: 0000-0003-2404-6073 p o . Ing. Jan Vachal, CSc. Ins i u e o Technology and Business in České Budějo ice Depa men o Managemen Czech Republic E-mail: achal@mail. s ecb.cz ORCID: 0000-0003-0627-1517 doc. Ing. Robe Zich, Ph.D. B no Uni e si y o Technology Facul y o Business and Managemen Czech Republic E-mail: zich@ bm. u b .cz ORCID: 0000-0001-8335-2834 joc2021-2- 3.indd 151 29.6.2021 14:27:45