Risk identification of implementation of ITS to real traffic

ScienceDi ec A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 45 (2020) 787–794 2352-1465  2020 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he T anspo In as uc u e and Sys ems (TIS ROMA 2019). 10.1016/j. p o.2020.02.093 10.1016/j. p o.2020.02.093 2352-1465 © 2020 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie B.V. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h p://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o he T anspo In as uc u e and Sys ems (TIS ROMA 2019). A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com ScienceDi ec T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000 www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia 2352-1465 © 2020 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o TIS ROMA 2019 AIIT 2nd In e na ional Cong ess on T anspo In as uc u e and Sys ems in a changing wo ld (TIS ROMA 2019), 23 d-24 h Sep embe 2019, Rome, I aly Risk iden i ica ion o implemen a ion o ITS o eal a ic Michal U baneka,*, Vladimi Adameca, Ba bo a Schulle o aa, Ji i Kohou eka aIns i u e o Fo ensic Enginee ing, B no Uni e is y o Technology, B no, Czech epublic Abs ac In elligen T anspo a ion Sys em is one o he concep s o mode n sus ainable anspo in Sma Ci ies, which inc eases low and sa e y o oad a ic wi h use o in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies. The use o sma echnologies such as In e ne o Things, BigDa a, A i icial In elligence and so on, equi es s eng hening o e en c ea ing a new communica ion in as uc u e in he ield o a ic. This pape discusses he isks o ITS implemen a ion by analyzing he cu en s a e, iden i ying he key isk ac o s and showing possibili ies in educ ion o hese isk using sys em me hodology. I can be assumed ha his ans o ma ion will be ime-consuming, no only in policy and cons uc ion a eas, bu also in pu ing hese sys ems in o ope a ion. In his mean ime, when sma and non-sma sys ems will come in con ac , he e should be expec ed isk si ua ions, ha could cause di icul ies o la ge-scale ITS o eme ge, o example o la ge ci ies. An impo an pa is also ea ly awa eness o he popula ion which is a ec ed by he si ua ion o pu ing he sys em in o ope a ion, especially ainings o p o essional d i e s. A pa icipan in a ic, who a e no a ec ed by sma echnologies as so-called “in e ne gene a ion“ should be aken in o accoun , as possible sou ce o isk si ua ions. De e mining he po en ial isks on all he abo e-men ioned case is a cu en p oblem because o he apid de elopmen and onse o ITS. © 2020 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o TIS ROMA 2019 Keywo ds: In elligen T anspo a ion Sys em; Sma Ci ies; Risk Iden i ica ion 1. In oduc ion In elligen anspo a ion sys ems such as anspo elema ics sys ems combine in o ma ion and communica ion echnology and anspo enginee ing, including o he suppo i e sec o s such as economics, anspo heo y, au omo i e enginee ing, e c. The combina ion o hese a eas is designed o imp o e exis ing anspo in as uc u e * Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +420-606-293-326. E-mail add ess: michal.u banek@usi. u b .cz A ailable online a www.sciencedi ec .com ScienceDi ec T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000 www.else ie .com/loca e/p ocedia 2352-1465 © 2020 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o TIS ROMA 2019 AIIT 2nd In e na ional Cong ess on T anspo In as uc u e and Sys ems in a changing wo ld (TIS ROMA 2019), 23 d-24 h Sep embe 2019, Rome, I aly Risk iden i ica ion o implemen a ion o ITS o eal a ic Michal U baneka,*, Vladimi Adameca, Ba bo a Schulle o aa, Ji i Kohou eka aIns i u e o Fo ensic Enginee ing, B no Uni e is y o Technology, B no, Czech epublic Abs ac In elligen T anspo a ion Sys em is one o he concep s o mode n sus ainable anspo in Sma Ci ies, which inc eases low and sa e y o oad a ic wi h use o in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies. The use o sma echnologies such as In e ne o Things, BigDa a, A i icial In elligence and so on, equi es s eng hening o e en c ea ing a new communica ion in as uc u e in he ield o a ic. This pape discusses he isks o ITS implemen a ion by analyzing he cu en s a e, iden i ying he key isk ac o s and showing possibili ies in educ ion o hese isk using sys em me hodology. I can be assumed ha his ans o ma ion will be ime-consuming, no only in policy and cons uc ion a eas, bu also in pu ing hese sys ems in o ope a ion. In his mean ime, when sma and non-sma sys ems will come in con ac , he e should be expec ed isk si ua ions, ha could cause di icul ies o la ge-scale ITS o eme ge, o example o la ge ci ies. An impo an pa is also ea ly awa eness o he popula ion which is a ec ed by he si ua ion o pu ing he sys em in o ope a ion, especially ainings o p o essional d i e s. A pa icipan in a ic, who a e no a ec ed by sma echnologies as so-called “in e ne gene a ion“ should be aken in o accoun , as possible sou ce o isk si ua ions. De e mining he po en ial isks on all he abo e-men ioned case is a cu en p oblem because o he apid de elopmen and onse o ITS. © 2020 The Au ho s. Published by Else ie L d. This is an open access a icle unde he CC BY-NC-ND license (h ps://c ea i ecommons.o g/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) Pee - e iew unde esponsibili y o he scien i ic commi ee o TIS ROMA 2019 Keywo ds: In elligen T anspo a ion Sys em; Sma Ci ies; Risk Iden i ica ion 1. In oduc ion In elligen anspo a ion sys ems such as anspo elema ics sys ems combine in o ma ion and communica ion echnology and anspo enginee ing, including o he suppo i e sec o s such as economics, anspo heo y, au omo i e enginee ing, e c. The combina ion o hese a eas is designed o imp o e exis ing anspo in as uc u e * Co esponding au ho . Tel.: +420-606-293-326. E-mail add ess: michal.u banek@usi. u b .cz 788 Michal U banek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 45 (2020) 787–794 U bánek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000 in o de o inc ease anspo e iciency, sa e y and anspo com o . Se ices, ha a ic elema ics o e s, by sou ce SDT (2018) can be di ided in o se e al le els:  Passenge and d i e se ices  In as uc u e manage se ices  Se ices o anspo ope a o s  Public adminis a ion se ices  Rescue sys em se ices  Se ices o inancial and con ol ins i u ions Connec ing he indi idual se ices, an in o ma ion s uc u e ex ension is c ea ed ha will enable a ic managemen simila o p oduc ion managemen (logis ics). In his case, bene i s will be de i ed no only o anspo elema ics use s, i.e. passenge s, d i e s and ca ie s, bu also s akeholde s in e ms o acili a ing he pe o mance o he s a e anspo policy o mo e p o i able in es men s a egies. In addi ion, he in e connec ion will o e p i a e sec o en y in o anspo in as uc u e. Howe e , he ques ion is whe he his combina ion will only b ing posi i e o nega i e e ec s on anspo elema ics, and whe he hese nega i es can be e ealed be o e he ac ual implemen a ion o elema ics sys ems in o ac ual ope a ion (SDT, 2018). 2. Cu en s a e o implemen a ion Cu en ly, he concep o coope a i e elema ics sys ems (C-ITS) is eme ging in he Eu opean Union, ex ending he basic idea o ITS owa ds mu ual communica ion be ween uni s in indi idual ehicles and anspo in as uc u e (C- Roads Czech Republic, 2018). In o ma ion ans e is acili a ed by wi eless communica ion echnologies such as Wi-Fi, LTE, ZigBee and o he ansmission echnologies ha a e essen ial in he In e ne o Things (IoT). Acco ding o he way o communica ion, C-ITS can be di ided in o he ollowing ca ego ies:  Vehicle- ehicle (V2V)  Vehicle-in as uc u e (V2I)  In as uc u e- ehicle (I2V)  In as uc u e-in as uc u e (I2I) In some cases, ca ego ies V2V and V2I a e ma ked as Ca -X (C2X). C-ITS echnologies ha e al eady been de eloped in esea ch p ojec s and ha e been o a e being es ed in pilo s udies (Da a Linking Vehicles, 2017). Much o he a ic elema ics is al eady s anda dized. ITS Technical Commi ees (ISO / TC 204, 2019) dealing wi h ITS p esen 261 published ISO s anda ds and 82 s anda ds ha a e being de eloped, and among hem co-ope a i e sys ems (C-ITS) s anda ds. Among o he p ojec s, s anda diza ion was suppo ed by COMeSa e y2 (COMeSa e y2, 2010), which used EU-US coope a ion o enhance suppo o he implemen a ion and possible de elopmen o ac i e C-ITS sa e y sys ems. Michal U banek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 45 (2020) 787–794 789 U bánek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000 The Ne he lands, Ge many and Aus ia a e pa icipa ing in he Eu opean Union's co-ope a i e sys ems, wo king oge he o c ea e an in e na ional ITS co ido be ween he ci ies o Ro e dam, F ank u and Vienna. Two ITS se ices a e used, namely oadwo k on highway wa ning and p obe da a collec ion, i.e. da a om ehicles (loca ion, speed ec o , accele a ion ec o , wea he condi ions, e c.). All he in o ma ion is ans e ed om on boa d uni (OBU) o a oad side uni (RSU) using 5.9GHz wi eless ansmission (ETSI G5) and hen sen o con ol cen e s whe e in o ma ion is used o wa n d i e s o o dynamically con ol a ic low (Da a-linked ehicles, 2017). This da a low is desc ibed in he ollowing igu e (C-Roads Czech Republic, 2018). In Czech Republic he C-ROADS Czech Republic p ojec (C-Roads Czech Republic, 2018), based on he C-Roads in e na ional pla o m, ocuses p ima ily on ha moniza ion and coope a ion in he implemen a ion o C-ITS in Eu opean Membe S a es. I is no only abou he in oduc ion o C-ITS on mo o ways, bu also on he backbone ansi ou es in ci ies. Speci ically, implemen a ion is cu en ly being acked a six loca ions ac oss he coun y:  P ague Ci y Ci cui (DT0)  B no agglome a ion (DT1)  Ci y o B no (DT2)  Mo o ways D1, D5, D11 and D52 (DT3)  Public T anspo o he Ci y o Os a a and Pilsen (DT4)  Railway C ossings in he Pa dubice Region (DT5) Fig. 1. Da a low o C-ITS (C-Roads Czech Republic, 2018; edi ed by he au ho ) 790 Michal U banek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 45 (2020) 787–794 U bánek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000 In gene al, he implemen a ion o ITS sys ems can be di ided in o ou basic phases, he e o e he con ibu ion o indi idual ime phases o he use o se ices being desc ibed in igu e 2. Ini ially, senso ics p obing will be in ol ed ha will send he measu ed in o ma ion o bo h con ol cen e s and d i e s, bu decisions will always be on use s. O e ime, he e will be mo e au onomy and he in o ma ion will be ans e ed be ween ehicles and in as uc u e so ha he OBU o RSU will make o e all managemen decisions. Howe e , i he co ec and imely implemen a ion o C-ITS sys ems is no ensu ed, he sys ems will no be eliable, sa e and he e o e less in e es ing o he public. These ac s could slow down he deploymen o sys ems (Sjobe g, e al., 2017). The ITS se ices (C-ROADS, 2016) ha a e planned o deploymen and es ing (DT) in his p ojec include:  Road wo ks ale s  In o ma ion in ehicle  Vehicle p obe da a  In o ma ion abou slow and s anding ehicles  Wa ning o IRS ehicles  T a ic jam ale  T a ic ligh s iola ion con ol  Public anspo p e e ence  Wa ning o dange ous a eas  Wea he in o ma ion  In o ma ion on ailway le el c ossing Fig. 2. In og aphic o implemen a ion le el and phases (Sjobe g, e al. 2017; edi ed by he au ho ) Michal U banek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 45 (2020) 787–794 791 U bánek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000 3. Iden i ica ion o key isk ac o s Iden i ica ion o key isk ac o s helps o iden i y ba ie s o ITS sys ems implemen a ion. I s applica ion is sui able be o e deploying hese sys ems in o ac ual ope a ion. In such a case, i is possible o include a isk ac o in he p ojec in o de o educe he isk ac o . This will acili a e sys em deploymen and inc ease ITS secu i y and eliabili y. A simila app oach has al eady been aken in he CVIS p ojec , whe e non- echnical p oblems ha e been examined ha could c ea e ba ie s o he sa e and success ul deploymen o CVIS i sel , bo h in e ms o isk iden i ica ion and accoun abili y analysis. Using he b ains o ming me hod, a da abase o isks and h ea s has been c ea ed, di ided in o se e al ca ego ies (CVIS, 2009). The case s udy (Bus Ka o 2.0, 2019) on he implemen a ion o ITS in u ban bus anspo al eady highligh s he ac ha poo ha moniza ion be ween he in ol ed pa ies can cause o al ITS collapse and mal unc ion. I also poin s o o he isk ac o s ha may appea when deploying:  Lack o esou ces o ope a ion and main enance  Lack o echnical capaci y o con ol cen e s o analyze in o ma ion  Lack o knowledge o he ci y abou ITS in he p ocu emen o p i a e sec o  Fa o ing low-p iced public p ocu emen a he han quali y ones 3.1. Me hodology This a icle ocuses p ima ily on iden i ying key implemen a ion isks in he a eas o ITS own in as uc u e, sma and non-sma echnology compa ibili y, sys ems knowledge o use s, especially p o essional d i e s, logis ics companies and use s ou side he so-called In e ne gene a ion (iGen). To iden i y isks, he "Wha -i analysis" me hod was chosen, which is an analy ical me hod o iden i ying po en ial isks and assessing po en ial impac s. The me hodology is based on he de ini ion o al eady men ioned a eas o in e es and he de ini ion o a ge in e es s h ough he gene a ion o ques ions and answe s (ISO 31000: Risk managemen , 2018). 3.2. Resul s The esul s a e eco ded in he o m o ques ions and answe s o he ables. These a e di ided in o ou g oups o a eas o in e es :  ITS in as uc u e  Use s – p o essional d i e s  Use s – logis ic companies/ca ie s  Use s ou o iGen The answe s poin o possible impac s in he implemen a ion o indi idual isk ac o s. 792 Michal U banek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 45 (2020) 787–794 U bánek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000 Table 1. A ea o in e es s – ITS in as uc u e Wha i ? Answe Wi ed ansmission equi ed by sys ems New in as uc u e cons uc ion equi ed Financial una ailabili y o ci ies Incomple e implemen a ion o ITS (busy sec ions only), insu icien a ic in o ma ion Low eliabili y o sys ems F equen aul s a es, necessa y main enance, economically disad an ages So wa e will o en equi e upda es Ins abili y o he sys ems in he implemen a ion, possibly a compa ibili y e o , a possible educ ion in secu i y Fails o ensu e sys em compa ibili y om di e en endo s C-ITS elemen s connec ion ailu e, sys em will lose coope a ion Insu icien s anda diza ion o deploymen s / elemen s / sys ems Incompa ible sys ems Insu icien p o ec ion agains misuse F equen a acks, possible loss o in o ma ion, misuse o da a and sys ems Poo p ocedu es o implemen a ion Chaos, educed o los sys em unc ionali y Insu icien con ol cen es In alid ecep ion and p ocessing o in o ma ion, sys em o e load C ea ing complex sys ems Poo con ol, managemen , suscep ibili y o di icul o de ec e o s Faul y / inadequa e da a o eal si ua ion In luencing eedback, dynamic guidance Insu icien in as uc u e co e age I ele an s a is ical da a S ong elec omagne ic ields a e c ea ed A ec ing elec omagne ic-sensi i e de ices, signal in e e ence Inconsis ency o elema ics and physical a ic signs posi ion o he d i e in an unce ain si ua ion Table 2. A ea o in e es s – use s (p o essional d i e s) Wha i ? Answe Insu icien aining o d i e s on new sys ems and legisla ion Low usabili y o elemen s and educed sys em e iciency, negligen iola ion o law The d i e elies only on ITS sys ems In places wi hou ITS he d i e loses mind ulness o ex e nal s imuli The d i e does no ely on sys ems a all Reduced ITS e iciency Insu icien p o ec ion o d i e in o ma ion The o pe sonal in o ma ion D i e o ced o use C-ITS Need o aining, economic bu den Low eliabili y o sys ems Reduced ITS e iciency, posi ion o he d i e ha elies only on ITS in an unce ain si ua ion So wa e will o en equi e upda es Financial demands, possible educ ion o sa e y, mo e equen aining Table 3. A ea o in e es s – use s (logis ic companies/ca ie s) Wha i ? Answe Insu icien aining o d i e s on new sys ems and legisla ion Economic bu den, educed ITS e iciency Sys ems will no be cos e ec i e Low elemen usabili y and educed sys em e iciency The ca ie elies only on ITS sys ems Suscep ibili y o sys em ou ages The o ca ie in o ma ion Ma ke abuse Ca ie o ced o use C-ITS Need o aining, economic bu den Low eliabili y o sys ems Reduced wo k e iciency, mo e logis ical demands So wa e will o en equi e upda es Financial demands, mo e equen aining equi ed (d i e s / dispa che s) Table 4. A ea o in e es s – use s ou side in e ne gene a ion Wha i ? Answe Use s o e loaded wi h ehicle in o ma ion (no use - iendly) Wo se ina en ion, acciden a e Re usal o adap , mis us in ITS Low elemen usabili y and educed sys em e iciency Fea o s ealing in o ma ion and acking Low elemen usabili y and educed sys em e iciency Use s o ced o use C-ITS Misuse o sys ems, low amilia i y Low eliabili y o sys ems Rapid loss o con idence in ITS So wa e will o en equi e upda es Misuse o sys ems, low amilia i y Michal U banek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 45 (2020) 787–794 793 U bánek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000 The analysis shows ha he isks a ising om he deploymen o C-ITS sys ems a e no only in he a ea o communica ion be ween he componen s o he sys em ha is mos analyzed in he s udies. Howe e , he e a e also isk ac o s o sys em eliabili y, s anda diza ion and ha moniza ion o implemen a ion p ocedu es. In case o insu icien co e age o ITS se ices, da a may be a ec ed, which is comple ely inadmissible a an ad anced s age o au onomy. In he ca ego ies o use s (p o essional d i e s / ca ie s), he isk ac o is missing o insu icien aining o d i e s and dispa che s, which would educe he e iciency o he use o ITS and hence he posi i e impac o hese sys ems. Ano he impo an isk ac o is he p o ec ion o da a and in o ma ion abou bo h he d i e and he anspo company i sel . This is now a key equi emen associa ed wi h he implemen a ion o he GDPR. I is also necessa y o elimina e he possibili y o misuse o acqui ed da a in a ma ke abuse. Fo less expe ienced use s ou side he so- called in e ne gene a ion, isk ac o s can be expec ed o be associa ed wi h ei he use o e load wi h in o ma ion om he ITS o e usal by he use o adap o ITS deploymen . Reducing sys em e iciency can also cause use conce ns abou he o pe sonal da a (as well as p o essional d i e s) and ea o being acked so-called he Big B o he phenomenon (Zu eik, Sal e , 2005). 4. Possible p ecau ion In all he cases men ioned abo e, he e may be se ious complica ions in implemen ing ITS sys ems. This could ul ima ely lead o a slowdown in he de elopmen o hese sys ems and a educ ion in hei use o inc ease anspo sus ainabili y. The lis o isk ac o s implies ha ITS needs o be s anda dized a bo h na ional and in e na ional le els, especially o compa ibili y o indi idual sys ems. The aim should be o c ea e a single ITS sys em o bo h s a es and manu ac u e s and se ice p o ide s. This p ecau ion would consequen ly simpli y he necessa y aining o p o essional d i e s and ca ie s. A key ac o is also ea ly awa eness o o he use s, a ic pa icipan s, wi h a pa icula ocus on less expe ienced use s and use s ou side he In e ne gene a ion. Finally, he uni ica ion o he sys ems would also enable he ITS deploymen p ocess o be ha monized. 5. Conclusion C-ITS is a e y ac ual issue. Mos o he p ojec s deal mainly wi h i s posi i e impac on anspo sus ainabili y and he associa ed imp o emen o se ices o use s. Howe e , he pilo s udies men ioned in his a icle sugges ha ITS sys ems may no always only imp o e he si ua ion when used poo ly. In o de o make he deploymen o ITS sys ems as e ec i e as possible, i is also necessa y o ocus mo e on he associa ed isk ac o s. In his pape , only a na ow a ea o key isk ac o s ha can be e lec ed in he implemen a ion o ITS is men ioned, bo h in he a ea o own anspo elema ics in as uc u e and in he use a ea. Because C-ITS is in he ea ly s ages o implemen a ion, i appea s necessa y o pe o m a comp ehensi e isk analysis o all a ailable pilo s udies ha could al eady be based on quan i a i e analy ical me hods. This analysis could hen be used o c ea e a uni o m ITS isk assessmen me hodology. 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A ailable om: h p://www.czechspacepo al.cz/3-sekce/i s---in eligen ni-dop a ni- sys emy/oblas i- oz oje-i s/da o e-p opojena- ozidla-c-i s/. (In Czech) ISO 31000, Risk managemen , 2018. In e na ional O ganiza ion o S anda diza ion. 794 Michal U banek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 45 (2020) 787–794 U bánek e al. / T anspo a ion Resea ch P ocedia 00 (2019) 000–000 ISO/TC 204: In elligen anspo sys ems, 2019. In e na ional O ganiza ion o S anda diza ion [online]. [ci . 2019-03-14]. A ailable om: h ps://www.iso.o g/commi ee/54706.h ml SDT: Sd užení p o dop a ní elema iku [online], 2018. [ci . 2019-03-02]. A ailable om: h p://www.sd .cz/in o.php?id=1. (In Czech) SJOBERG, Ka in, Pe e ANDRES, Teodo BUBURUZAN a Achim BRAKEMEIER, 2017. Coope a i e In elligen T anspo Sys ems in Eu ope: Cu en Deploymen S a us and Ou look. In: IEEE Vehicula Technology Magazine. 12(2), s. 89-97. DOI: 10.1109/MVT.2017.2670018. ISSN 1556-6072. 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