Design of a trust system for e-commerce platforms based on quality dimensions for linked open datasets

Copy igh © 2023 by Au ho /s and Licensed by IADITI. This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion License which pe mi s un es ic ed use, dis ibu ion, and ep oduc ion in any medium, p o ided he o iginal wo k is p ope ly ci ed. Jou nal o In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing and Managemen 2023, 8(1), 18756 e-ISSN: 2468-4376 h ps://www.jisem-jou nal.com/ Resea ch A icle Design o a us sys em o e-comme ce pla o ms based on quali y dimensions o linked open da ase s Camilo Alejand o Valencia-Ma inez1, Paulo Alonso Gaona-Ga cía1 *, Ca los En ique Mon eneg o-Ma in1 1 Uni e sidad Dis i al F ancisco José de Caldas, Colombia * Co esponding Au ho : pagaonag@udis i al.edu.co Ci a ion: Valencia-Ma inez, C. A., Gaona-Ga cía, P. A., & Mon eneg o-Ma in, C. E. (2023). Design o a us sys em o e-comme ce pla o ms based on quali y dimensions o linked open da ase s. Jou nal o In o ma ion Sys ems Enginee ing and Managemen , 8(1), 18756. .h ps://doi.o g/10.55267/iad .07.12741 ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Recei ed: 31 Oc 2022 Accep ed: 23 Dec 2022 This a icle desc ibes a p oposal abou a us sys em o e- comme ce pla o m based on seman ic web echnologies and us dimensions ules. We y o expose a sys em ha allow o manage communica ion p ocesses be ween e- comme ce pla o ms and use s in a us wo hy manne . I allows he da a lows and ansac ions gain mo e us ac oss he en i e p ocess. All o his can be achie ed h ough he in e ence o ules exposed in he de ined on ology, complemen ed by a cloud- based sys em wi h mic ose ices a chi ec u e. Wi h he implemen a ion o he sys em h ough an e- comme ce pla o m, could consume da a om he mic ose ices in o de o ge in e ences abou i s clien s ha wan o buy o sell some hing wi hin i s sys em. This sys em was c ea ed based on ules de ined by he on ology, as well as he mic ose ices could be used o egis e in o ma ion abou mul iple e- comme ce ansac ions. The esul o his wo k is he On ology and seman ic web ules de ined and implemen ed h ough p o ege. Keywo ds: LOD, e-comme ce, seman ic web, mic ose ices, us dimensions, Web 3.0 INTRODUCTION Th ough he con ingencies p esen ed in he Co id-19 pandemic, he e was a g ea explosion in he use o pla o ms based on elec onic comme ce in all aspec s. Businesses ha s ill did no manage hei ansac ions h ough he In e ne ha e been o ced o s a Digi al ans o ma ion p ocesses. I is known ha he e a e e-comme ce pla o ms whose owne is a business ha sells goods and wan s o each i s cus ome s di ec ly (B2C), as well as o he pla o ms ha p o ide hei se ice as a channel whe e hei cus ome s can be bo h selle s and buye s and p o ides an in e media y se ice be ween he wo o ca y ou a ansac ion. The g ow h ha has been aking place on he In e ne o ca y ou ansac ional p ocesses in ol es a se ies o elemen s ha allow he in eg a ion o s a egies om secu i y c i e ia associa ed wi h he exchange o da a be ween clien s and digi al comme ce, o measu ing he le els o epu a ion ha each one can handle. o hese solu ions. I added o hese c i e ia, we associa e he in luence ha he di e en channels and social media mus expand co e age and isibili y o hese e- comme ce s a egies, a se ies o ac o s associa ed wi h he epu a ion le els o hese channels mus be conside ed, as well as o each o hese ading pla o ms. Based on he secu i y aspec s, solu ions based on single au hen ica ion a e being es ablished, such as hose p oposed in (Alabi, Whi e, & Belo , 2020), (Ku uwi aa achchi, Abeygunawa dena, Rupasingha, & Uda a, 2019), (Wang, Zhao, & Zhong, 2019), o (Mahmood, 2009; A ias-Ca acas, 2018). Howe e , he da a ha was gene a ed in some elec onic comme ce es ablishmen s allows o ano he p inciple o de e mine i s use and, wi hin p e iously es ablished us c i e ia, can gene a e ce ain le els o eliabili y o he use o hese ansac ional channels and acili a e pu chase p ocesses h ough digi al pla o ms. Based on his scena io, he g ow h o digi al pla o ms based on e-comme ce, and he new so wa e applica ion solu ions a ailable in he ma ke , his a icle aims o p esen a p oposal o a model in o de o acili a e us ela ionships be ween clien s Valencia-Ma inez C. e al. / J INFORM SYSTEMS ENG, 8(1), 18756 2 / 8 and es ablishmen h ough e-comme ce pla o ms. The model p oposed is h ough mechanisms based on p inciples o us and open da a o all ansac ion p ocesses ca ied ou on eme ging pla o ms. This wo k used a quasi-expe imen al me hod in o de o collec he di e en app oaches o us - based me ics o e alua ion o web esou ces. Once we go he enough in o ma ion and used a heo e ical me hod o analysis and syn hesis o p opose an on ological model based on me hon ology (Gómez-Pé ez, Fe nández-López, & Co cho, 2006), he main on ological design me hodology un il now o pe o m he us e alua ion. BACKGROUND Linked Open Da a (LOD), ep esen ad an ages in o de o acili a e hei euse and ca y ou da a consump ion on se e al knowledge a eas. F om he public pe spec i e, we can ound p oposals associa ed wi h e-go e nmen (Klímek, Kuče a, Nečaský, & Chlapek, 2018) and (O iz-Rod iguez e al., 2022), wi hin he ou ism sec o cases ha e been applied o acili a e he loca ion o poin s o in e es h ough geo e e enced da a (Lemus, Bena ides, Gaona-Ga cía, Mon eneg o-Ma ín, & Ga zón, 2020), (Yochum, Chang, Gu, & Zhu, 2020)), associa ed wi h educa ion p ocesses, scena ios ha e been iden i ied o acili a e lea ning p ocesses (Pe ei a, Siquei a, Nunes, & Die ze, 2018). The base o he LOD is he seman ic web p oposed by (Be ne s-Lee e al., 2001) wi h he aim o gi e mo e meaning o he web wi h he usage o on ologies o desc ibe he esou ces and ela ionships be ween hem. In he e-comme ce sec o , he e a e p oposals ha use LOD concep s in o de o ob ain be e ela ionships be ween clien ’s and e-comme ce pla o ms based on ecommende sys ems (Peska & Voj as, 2015) and (Tomeo, Fe nández-Tobías, Di Noia, & Can ado , 2016), p oposals ha a e p esen ed as scena ios ha p omo e in e ac ion be ween clien s and, in gene al, be ween s akeholde s h ough he di e en elec onic comme ce pla o ms a ailable in he ma ke . Howe e , o de e mine us c i e ia, i is necessa y o de e mine quali y aspec s associa ed wi h da ase ha is sha ed openly, so ha hey can la e be linked as solu ions based on Linked Open Da a (LOD). To de e mine hese quali y le els, his s udy is based on he wo k ca ied ou by (Za e i e al., 2013), who made a compendium o a iables in o de o e alua e he quali y o LOD da ase s by classi ying 26 quali y dimensions g ouped in o 5 dimensions as p esen ed in he Figu e 1. These aspec s a e p esen ed in his s udy o de e mine us c i e ia, i is necessa y o de e mine quali y aspec s associa ed wi h he da ase ha is sha ed openly, so ha hey can la e be linked as solu ions based on Linked Open Da a (LOD). Figu e 1. Linked da a quali y dimensions (Za e i, y o os, 2013) T us dimensions a e hose ha ocus on he eliabili y o in eg i y o da a se s. The i e dimensions ha con i m his g oup a e:  O igin: This dimension e e s o he me ada a o ep esen , manage and use in o ma ion abou he o igin o he da a. Me ics o p o enance can be ob ained by e alua ing he me ada a associa ed wi h he sou ce.  Ve i iabili y: This dimension e e s o he deg ee o which a da a consume can assess whe he he da a se is co ec and he e o e i s in eg i y. I can be measu ed by a hi d pa y, i he da a se is linked o he sou ce o wi h he p esence o a digi al signa u e.  Repu a ion: Acco ding I is a judgmen made by a hi d pa y and ha de e mines he in eg i y o an au ho , be i a pe son o an o ganiza ion. The en i y publishing he da a mus be iden i iable by some means. I can be e alua ed h ough communi y su eys o ex e nal links.  C edibili y: Deg ee o which he in o ma ion is accep ed as co ec , eal, ue and c edible.  Discha ge: This dimension gua an ees he possibili y o da a euse by a consume . I can be measu ed h ough he desc ip ion o euse pe missions. All dimensions o us a e ela ed o c edibili y, and i you me ics measu e high, his implies ha c edibili y is also high. In he ollowing sec ions, he design and de elopmen o he model o he e alua ion o hese me ics applied o e-comme ce will be p esen ed oge he wi h he a chi ec u e o he pla o m, based on mic ose ices. Valencia-Ma inez C. e al. / J INFORM SYSTEMS ENG, 8(1), 18756 3 / 8 DEFINITION OF CONCEPTUAL ARCHITECTURE OF THE PLATFORM This s udy is expe imen al and p oposes o deploy a mode n a chi ec u e based on mic ose ices o asse le els o us on ac o s in ol ed in ansac ions on E-comme ce pla o ms. Explo a ion ins umen s we e used, compiling bibliog aphy e e ing o esou ce us assessmen models. The componen s de ined in he concep ual a chi ec u e o he pla o m a e add essed in Figu e 2. Figu e 2. P oposed us -based sys em a chi ec u e o E- comme ce pla o ms (Au ho ’s owne ship) The Figu e 2. co esponds o he p oposed a chi ec u e in his wo k, each componen includes he ollowing aspec s:  An ex ension o he LOD esou ce que y seman ic model, o e alua ing con idence le els on esou ces s o ed in a da abase o on ologies.  A easone o e alua e seman ic us ules.  A se o mic ose ices o cap u ing he me ics associa ed wi h us le els ha eComme ce pla o ms can p o ide.  A mic ose ice o que ying he le els o us on he ac o s o he pla o ms.  An API Ga eway o he exposu e o se ices in a secu e way. EVALUATION PROPOSAL OF TRUST DIMENSIONS APPLIED TO E- MARKETING Based on he wo k o (Za e i e al., 2013) as a e e ence, he dimensions, and me ics o wo k wi hin he On ology a e desc ibed. Below, Table 1 desc ibes he mos ele an . Table 1. P oposed dimensions o us (own au ho ), based on us dimensions collec ed adap ed by (Za e i e al., 2013) T us dimension Desc ip ion Fi ed Dimension Me ics Me ada a abou he da ase P esence o i le, con en and URI o he da ase Me ada a abou he E-comme ce pla o m, URL, Name Pla o m con ains o does no con ain me ada a abou he company Calcula ion o he in eg i y/ eliabili y o RDF s a emen s Using T us ed Anno a ion P o enance in Social Ne wo ks Recommenda ions on he pla o m abou social ne wo ks Sen imen analysis model on social ne wo ks and commen s on pla o ms (-1 Nega i e, 0 neu al, 1 posi i e) De ec he eliabili y and c edibili y o he pe son who publishes Calcula ing a con idence alue be ween -1 (Absolu e Dis us ) and 1 (Absolu e Con idence). Calcula ing us based use a ing me hods o op ion based Reliabili y o he pe son/company ha publishes on he pla o m based on us ela ionships wi h o he pla o ms o use s Ve i ica ion o in o ma ion o he pe son who publishes Indica ing he au ho , hei con ibu o s, he publishe o he da a and hei sou ces Vendo In o ma ion Publica ion FOAF, p esence Pe sonalP o ile Documen Au hen ici y e i ica ion o he da a se I he da ase uses p o enance ocabula y Publishe Repu a ion Su ey in a communi y abou o he s Social media commen s abou selle s Da ase Repu a ion Analyzing e e ences in page ankings by assigning a epu a ion sco e o he da a se T us le els assigned on di e en pla o ms C edibili y o Me a- in o ma ion abou he iden i y o he in o ma ion p o ide check i he p o ide /con ibu o is con ained in a lis o us ed p o ide s Lis gene a ion o us ed pla o ms, selle s, buye s Indica ion o license in unde s andable o ma o machines De ec ion o license indica ion in he oiD desc ip ion P esence o e ms and condi ions associa ed wi h he p o ec ion o pe sonal da a in a o ma unde s andable by machines Valencia-Ma inez C. e al. / J INFORM SYSTEMS ENG, 8(1), 18756 4 / 8 Figu e 3. Adhoc axonomy o concep s gene a ed om On oG aph plugin o So wa e P o égé c ea ed o his wo k (Au ho ’s owne ship) Based on hese c i e ia, he design and implemen a ion o he model is de ined below, based on he in eg a ion o linked da a and on ologies o ca y ou ansac ions h ough pla o ms. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION Fo he design o T us E alua ion On ology in e- Comme ce pla o ms, he Me hon ology me hodology was pa ially applied (Gómez-Pé ez e al., 2006), despi e he ac ha he me hodology has a ound 20 yea s o de elopmen , i is s ill alid and is widely used in he design o on ologies in he p esen day by i s comple eness and has been accep ed in o he a eas o applica ions (Riaño e al., 2022; O iz-Rod iguez e al., 2022; Valencia e al., 2017) and gi en i s speci ici y, i allows he comple e de elopmen and documen a ion o he de eloped On ology. The documen desc ibes he a i ac s gene a ed om he applica ion o he me hodology. Some o hese speci ica ions o i s cons uc ion a e desc ibed below. Taxonomy o concep s An ex ension o he FOAF On ology was made ha con ains en i ies ha can suppo some us ules de ined om he compila ion o (Za e i, y o os, 2013). New en i ies and ela ionships we e added o suppo he ules ha we e no co e ed by FOAF as e idenced in Figu e 3. Figu e 3 shows he axonomy concep g aph, gene a ed om he On oG aph plugin o he P o égé On ology edi ing ool. We can in e p e he g aph like classes and subclasses ela ionship. Each box ep esen s a class and each edge he ela ion be ween wo concep s. Bina y ela ionships be ween concep s, desc ip ion The Table 2 shows he ela ionships be ween concep s added o he On ology o suppo he us model. The ables a e buil om he indica ions o he me hodology used. The Table 2 was build iden i ying and lis ing he concep s equi ed, he ela ionships be ween hem and some speci ica ions o ha ela ionship. A ibu es The Table 3 desc ibes he gene al a ibu es de ined o each concep : The Table 3 was buil desc ibing he a ibu es o he de ined en i ies. Desc ip ion o Fo mal Axioms Fo mal axioms we e de ined o suppo he de ined con idence dimensions, whe e o each dimension he e is an axiom ha allows calcula ing he de ined me ic, hen he Table 4 exposes he mos ep esen a i e. Valencia-Ma inez C. e al. / J INFORM SYSTEMS ENG, 8(1), 18756 5 / 8 Table 2. Rela ions be ween concep s (own au ho ship) based on he ask 5 de ined by me hon ology (Gómez-Pé ez, Fe nández- López, & Co cho, 2006) Table 3. Gene al a ibu es concep s (Au ho ’s owne ship) based on he ask 7 de ined by me hon ology (Gómez-Pé ez, Fe nández- López, & Co cho, 2006) Class a ibu es Name o Concep Type o Value Ca dinali y Values us wo hy Pe son Pla o m Boolean (1.1) T ue,False name Pla o m S ing (1.1) Name o pla o m ce i ica eT us Pla o m Boolean (1.1) T ue,False webAppU l Pla o m S ing (1.1) URL o Pla o m alue T us Value Floa (1.1) 0-1 Table 4. De ini ion o mal axioms (own au ho ) Con idence Dimension Adjus ed Axiom Name Desc ip ion Exp ession Concep s A ibu es/ Rela ionships Me ada a abou he E- comme ce pla o m, URL, Name T us ed pla o m me ada a Exp ession ha alida es he p esence o us ed a ibu es on he pla o m Con ains, Name, URL, O ganiza ion Pla o m O ganiza ion suppo s Recommenda ions on he pla o m abou social ne wo ks T us ed pla o m Exp ession ha alida es i a pla o m is us ed T us Value > 0.5 Pla o m T us Value T us Con idence le el o people who ha e ca ied ou ansac ions wi h he en i y o ac o (Buye Selle ) ansac ional us Rela ionship be ween use s who ha e ca ied ou ansac ions on any pla o m I use A ansac ed wi h use B and use B wi h use C, Use B ans e s he us alue on C o Use A Pe son ansac ion Pe o ms T us Value Use On ologies like FOAF o assign us alues o use s To al Use Con idence Value The con idence alue calcula ed h ough he o he ules o al us = a e age o legacy us , ansac ional T us Value Pe son T us Concep o o igin Name o he Rela ionship In e se ela ionship des ina ion concep Ca dinali y Pe son pe o ms IsPe o medBy T ansac ion 1-n Pla o m suppo s isSuppo edBy T ansac ion 1-n T us Anno a ion isW i enBy W i es Pe son n-1 T us Anno a ion isQuali iedBy Quali ies T us Value 1-1 BlackLis con ains isCon ainedIn Pe son 1-n O ganiza ion p o ides isP o idedBy Pla o m 1-n Pla o m egis e isRegis e edIn Pe son n-n Pla o m belongsTo Ha e O ganiza ion n-1 Pla o m Ce i ica e ce i iedBy Pe son n-n T us Anno a ion alksAbou isMen ionedIn Pe son 1-n Buye buysF om sellsTo Selle n-n Valencia-Ma inez C. e al. / J INFORM SYSTEMS ENG, 8(1), 18756 6 / 8 ANALYSIS OF RESULTS Th ough he me hon ology me hodology, on ologies can be de eloped o ex ended wi h ules capable o in e ing knowledge o a pa icula a ea. In he case o his a icle, i is possible o map us me ics o LOD esou ces o an on ology (eCTEO) wi h ules ha allow e alua ing he us le els o he di e en ac o s o E-comme ce pla o ms ha a e used in ansac ions in he ou ism sec o and ha a e in eg a ed in o a cloud na i e pla o m (eCTEP), based on mic ose ices, which uses a i icial in elligence se ices o complemen he On ology, calcula ing me ics associa ed wi h na u al language p ocessing. Figu e 4. P oposed model The Figu e 4 desc ibes he seman ic pla o m model o es ablishing and alida ing us ules o e alua e use s ac oss di e en pla o ms. The lis ed componen s co e : Es ablishmen o ules o assigning and ans e ing us alues in e ed by he on ology.  I exchange in o ma ion wi h he pla o m o load in o ma ion on us me ics.  Mic ose ices consump ion que ies di ec /He edi a y us le els.  Se o mic ose ices o eed he On ology and s o e ins ances in a g aph-o ien ed da abase.  Mic ose ices ha expose in o ma ion on calcula ed con idence le els.  G aph-o ien ed da abase wi h ins ances o he On ology o con idence calcula ions.  On ology ha de ines he en i ies, ela ionships, p ope ies, and ules necessa y o in e us le els om he in e ac ions cap u ed in he mic ose ices laye . Ex ension o he FOAF On ology. MODEL VALIDATION To ca y ou he alida ion o he model he on ology was implemen ed on he P o ege so wa e. In he Figu e 5 shows he On ology implemen ed on P o ege whe e he ela ionships de ined in he On ology and in e ed by he ules can be seen. Figu e 5. Rela ions be ween classes de ined in P o ege Valencia-Ma inez C. e al. / J INFORM SYSTEMS ENG, 8(1), 18756 7 / 8 Fou ules we e implemen ed based on he o mal Axioms de ined acco ding o he me hodology o in e he us e alua ion a ibu es o he en i ies: con ainsMe ada a Exp ession ha alida es he p esence o us ed me ada a abou he pla o m Pla o m(?p) ^ name(?p, ?n) ^ webAppU l(?p, ?u l) ^ sw lb:equal(?u l, alse) ^ sw lb:equal(?n, alse) -> con ainsMe ada a(?p, alse) T us Wo hyPla o m Ra e us ed pla o ms Pla o m(?p) ^ isQuali iedBy(?p, ? ) ^ alue(? , ? ) ^ sw lb:g ea e Than(? , 0.5) -> us wo hy(?p, ue) inhe i edT us Rule o inhe i ing us om pla o m o use Pla o m(?p) ^ Pe son(?u) ^ us wo hy(?p, ? w) ^ sw lb:equal(? w, ue) ^ ce i ica e(?p, ?u)-> us wo hy(?u, ue) inhe i edT us Rule o inhe i ing us om pla o m o use Pla o m(?p) ^ Pe son(?u) ^ us wo hy(?p, ? w) ^ sw lb:equal(? w, ue) ^ ce i ica e(?p, ?u)-> us wo hy(?u, ue) As nex s eps, he implemen a ion o ou ism ansac ional pla o ms is p oposed, ha is, on e-Comme ce pla o ms ha allow ex ac ing ins ances o he en i ies de ined wi hin he on ology ha suppo s he model and loading hem h ough he APIs de ined wi hin he pla o m. Once he model has been alida ed wi h eal da a cap u ed om pla o ms and social ne wo ks, he comple e a chi ec u e can be deployed as a p o o ype o a us ed pla o m in ou ism sec o s on e- comme ce based on seman ic web. CONCLUSIONS On ology modeling o e s a complemen a y al e na i e o ou h e olu ion echnologies such as big da a, machine lea ning. This allows a be e unde s anding o he s udy p oblem and he app oach o logical ules o in e knowledge wi hin mode n a chi ec u es. Al hough he seman ic web has no had a echnological de elopmen like o he echnologies, he e is lo o use cases ha i can sol e o complemen . To p omo e he use and de elopmen o hese echnologies, i is necessa y o de elop new cloud p oduc s ha acili a e access and de elopmen o solu ions on hese echnologies. One example o his is he Azu e Digi al Twins se ice ha use d on ologies o model aspec s o he eal wo ld. I allows o collec da a om IOT senso s o and o he ansac ional applica ions o explain he eali y. 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