A traveling theatre

522 A TRAVELLING THEATRE Alexand a T e isan CEAA | Cen o de Es udos A naldo A aújo – Escola Supe io A ís ica do Po o A naldo A aújo Resea ch Cen e – Po o School o A s, Opo o, Po ugal Abs ac The VII UIA (Union In e na ionale des A chi ec es) Con e ence ook place in he summe o 1961 in London. I was o ganized by Riba (Royal Ins i u e o B i ish A chi ec s) and unde he gene al name “A chi ec u e and Technology”, whe e he deba es ocused on new a chi ec u e ma e ials and echniques. An in e na ional s uden con es unde he heme “A T a elling Thea e” was se up a his con e ence. In he academic yea o 1960/61 he Fine A s Schools o Po o and Lisbon emb aced he UIA p oposal by gi ing some o hei 4 h yea s uden s he chance o de elop a p ojec o he men ioned con es . In his pe iod, he Fine A s School o Opo o headmas e ’s, he a chi ec Ca los Ramos, was a he same ime ice-p esiden o he UIA, since 1959 - he had been elec ed a he Gene al Assembly ha ook place in Lisbon, ha yea . The i s p ize o he con es was awa ded o Spanish s uden Emilio Pe ez Piñe o. Ye we belie e he p ojec s by he a chi ec u e s uden s om Po o, he ones we know om he pho og aphs by Teó ilo Rego, p esen solu ions, we hink dese e a b oade app oach, so ha , he c oss- ela ions among he Ca los Ramos’ school, he p oposed p og am o he con es by he UIA, and he ela ion wi h he Po uguese social and cul u al con ex , pa icula ly in he Thea e’s sphe e. Keywo ds: Mode n a chi ec u e, hea e, Escola do Po o, pho og aphy. A he end o he 1960s he Union In e na ionale des A chi ec es (UIA) opened he in e na ional compe i ion A T a eling Thea e o a chi ec u e s uden s. The esul s would be p esen ed du ing he VI Cong ess o UIA en i led A chi ec u e and Technology (New Techniques and New Ma e ials). This e en ook place in London in 1961 and was o ganized by he membe s o RIBA (Royal Ins i u e o B i ish A chi ec s). The deba es ocused on he e ec s o he new ma e ials and echniques on he a chi ec u al design. (A. Nicolas, 2007, p. 45). D ama ic A chi ec u es: places o d ama, d ama o places Con e ence P oceedings. Po o, No embe 3-5, 2014 523 The Union In e na ionale des A chi ec es (UIA) was ounded in Lausanne in 1948 as a non-go e nmen al o ganiza ion, o b ing he a chi ec s h oughou he wo ld oge he , ega dless o hei ace, ideology o doc ine.1 The F ench a chi ec Pie e Vago was he gene al sec e a y o UIA a ha ime (he was in cha ge o i om 1946 o 1969) ha was based in Pa is a ha ime. UIA’s ounde s we e a small numbe a chi ec s who we e expe s on mode n a chi ec u e, and which included Augus e Pe e , Si Pa ick Abe c ombie, Jean Tschumi, Helena Sy kus. Acco ding o Aymone Nicolas (2007, p. 14), he UIA was pa o a adi ion o na ional and in e na ional a chi ec socie ies (see: he pe manen in e na ional commi ee o a chi ec s CPIA) o mo e in o mal mee ings ha we e o ganized om 1932 by F ench jou nal L’A chi ec u e d’Aujou d’hui. Nicolas u he a gues ha he uni e sal ideals and he p o essional aims de ined by he UIA ounding membe s we e in line wi h he unionis spi i ha p esided o e he ounda ion o bo h he ONU and UNESCO in 1945. F om he 1957 cong ess, s uden s o a chi ec u e we e able o con on hei p ojec s hanks o he UIA. Buckmins e Fulle os e ed he pa icipa ion o he young s uden s. He “encou aged he UIA o become an expe imen a ion pla o m o plane a y esou ces ha would se e as ecipien o he con ibu ions made by all s uden s o a chi ec u e coming om he coun ies ep esen ed in UIA”. (A.Nicolas, 2007, p. 45). And é Gu on made his idea come o li e, based on he model o he concou s d’émula ion o he École Supe ieu des Beaux A s. 1 On his o icial si e, he IUA de ines i sel as a plu alis ic and non-disc imina ing socie y: ”L'Union In e na ionale des A chi ec es, l’UIA, es une o ganisa ion non gou e nemen ale, la édé a ion mondiale d’o ganisa ions na ionales d’a chi ec es. Ces o ganisa ions son les memb es de l’UIA. L’UIA a pou oca ion d’uni les a chi ec es de ous les pays du monde, sans aucune o me de disc imina ion. Composée de délégués de 27 é a s, lo s de sa c éa ion à Lausanne, en Suisse, en 1948, elle assemble aujou d'hui les o ganisa ions p o essionnelles de 124 pays e e i oi es e eg oupe, à a e s-elles, plus d’un million ois cen mille a chi ec es dans le monde.” (h p://www.uia-a chi ec es.o g/ /qui-sommes-nous#.U6g5ApRdWSo) Alexand a T e isan, A T a elling Thea e 524 The UIA’s p oposal made o s uden s ha hey p esen a p ojec o a a elling hea e was appa en ly being discussed bo h wi hin he ield o a chi ec u e, and he ield o hea e. These wo ields sha e aims and ac ions.2 Meanwhile, in June 1961, he Associa ion In e na ionale des Techniciens de Théa e (A.I.T.T) o ganized he In e na ional Cong ess o Thea e echnicians in London, ollowing a se o ac i i ies i s de eloped by he Thea e o Na ions and wi h he pa icipa ion o ep esen a i es o wen y eigh coun ies, and which o igina ed he cong ess ha was o ganized in Pa is, in 1959, du ing which A.I.T.T. was c ea ed (J. Mou ie , 1988, p. 167). In he wo ds o Jean Mou ie , p esiden o he A.I.T.T. (1988, p. 168), he main goal o he cong ess, whose subjec was “The mul ipu pose hea e”, was o equip bo h de eloped coun ies, and de eloping coun ies wi h a acili y ha would mee hei immedia e needs and allow hem o ake he hea e o a g ea e numbe o pe sons. The deba e a he AITT was p ima ily ela ed o echnical issues, bu also o he ela ionship be ween hea e and a chi ec u e, in o de o c ea e solu ions ha would lead o a wide in ol emen o he popula ions in he di e en coun ies. The F ench a chi ec and s age designe Jacques Bosson p esen ed a con e ence en i led Nécessi és ac uelles du héa e ambulan e [con empo a y needs o he a elling hea e] wi hin he colloquium Le Lieu Théâ al dans la Socié é Mode ne, which ook place a he cul u al cen e o Royaumon (Asniè es–su - Oise), in 1961. Bosson explained ha his idea o c ea e a a elling hea e had a isen om bo h he “p ac ical need o se up hea es” in olde ci ies, and he need o he hea e o eco e i s eedom, ha is o say, “a hea e ha could 2 We mus e e ha a close p oximi y exis ed wi h di e en a is ic a eas du ing his pe iod, as Aymone Nicolas explains: “L’a chi ec u e u considé ée en 1945 pa les gou e nemen s memb es des Na ions Unies sous son angle économique a ec la c éa ion d’une commission Habi a aup ès du Conseil économique pou l’Eu ope de l’ONU. Comme les a chi ec es p o égeaien de leu cô é jalousemen leu indépendance, ils u en classés au plan in e na ional à cô é des associa ions d’a is es, d’éc i ains ou de d ama u ges. Pou l’UNESCO, l’UIA é ai placée au même ang que l’Associa ion in e na ionale des a s plas iques, l’Ins i u In e na ional du héâ e, le Pen club, e c. Au emen di, les aleu s cul u elles e sociales, p i ilégiées pa les a chi ec es eux-mêmes, ne u en pas econnues pa les ins ances gou e nemen ales in e na ionales qui ca aloguaien plu ô la discipline dans le champ a is ique. Ce n’es qu’en 1969, que l’a chi ec u e ou a place à l’UNESCO dans la Sec ion des é ablissemen s humains aux cô és des se ices du pa imoine mondial.” (A. Nicolas, 2007, p. 47-48). D ama ic A chi ec u es: places o d ama, d ama o places Con e ence P oceedings. Po o, No embe 3-5, 2014 525 es ablish i sel in p e-exis ing acili ies wi hou ixed des ina ion, and ind i s heal h in mobili y, while he s uc u es o he new ci y we e being de ined.” (J. Bosson, 1988, p.149) The p ojec ha Jacques Bosson p esen ed in 1961 was he same p ojec ha he had p oposed o he ob aining o his deg ee a École Na ionale Supé ieu e des Beaux A s and ha he had been ad ised o wi hd aw, as he commi ee did no conside i a subjec o a chi ec u e.3 Bosson u he a gued, ha his poin o iew had e en ually won, as he UIA had launched a compe i ion among a chi ec u e schools h oughou he wo ld on he same subjec . Fu he mo e, he ma e ials and he cons uc i e capaci y ende ed his idea easible. Among he coun less schools ha en e ed he compe i ion we e he Escola Supe io de Belas A es de Lisboa (ESBAL) e and he Escola Supe io de Belas A es do Po o (ESBAP). In Po ugal, special e e ence should be made o he undamen al con ibu ion o a chi ec Ca los Ramos (1897-1969), oge he wi h Pa dal Mon ei o, o he ela ions de eloped be ween Po ugal and he UIA, in pa icula , he c ea ion o SPUIA (Po uguese sec ion o UIA). In 1950, when Ca los Ramos was elec ed p esiden o he Po uguese sec ion o UIA, he s a ed o con ac a g ea di e si y o a chi ec s o di e en na ionali ies.4 The es ablishmen o hose ela ions was ad an ageous and p obably con ibu ed o he ecogni ion o his wo k and his commi men by his pa ne s. He was, indeed, esponsible o he o ganiza ion o he cong ess A qui ec u a no C uzamen o de Caminhos [A chi ec u e a he C oss oads] ha ook place in Lisbon in 1953. He was u he selec ed as a membe o he Execu i e Commission o he UIA du ing he same yea . Ca los Ramos pa icipa ed a he cong esses ha ollowed. In 1959, he was elec ed ice - p esiden o he UIA du ing he gene al assembly ha ook place in Lisbon, ha ing ceased unc ions in 1963. (B. Cou inho, 2001, pp. 201-02) 3 This p ojec was published in L’A chi ec u e d’Aujou d’hui (1954, Fe .) nº 52. 4 Acco ding o no e 17 o he ch onological amewo k, in he ca alogue o he e ospec i e exhibi ion ha was dedica ed by he Fundação Calous e Gulbenkian o Ca los Ramos on 1986, om he wen y six a chi ec s wi h whom he had “in ense ela ions”, we e, o example, Pa ik Abe c ombie, Pie e Vago, Jean Tshumi e Helena Si kus. (P.V. Almeida, O.L. Filguei as, R. M. Gonçal es, C.M. Ramos,1986, s.p.) Alexand a T e isan, A T a elling Thea e 526 Figu e 1. “A T a elling Thea e” design by José Ca los Magalhães Ca nei o, 1961. Pho og aph o Teó ilo Rego (Teó ilo Rego A chi e, Casa da Imagem, Fundação Manuel Leão). Young a chi ec s, o ins ance, Fe nandes de Sá, Januá io Godinho and Fe nando Tá o a, who had g adua ed in 1951 om he Escola Supe io de Belas A es do Po o, di ec ed by Ca los Ramos, anked among he pa icipan s in he abo e men ioned con e ences. (C. Moniz, 2011, II, p.255) I is impo an o unde s and ha he ESBAP os e ed i s s uden s and he a chi ec s who had g adua ed he e o pa icipa e in in e na ional mee ings ha o e ed an enla ged deba e and an oppo uni y o upda ing. Acco dingly, Fe nando Tá o a, Viana de Lima and João José Tinoco also pa icipa ed in CIAM 8, which ook place in Hoddesdon also in 1951. They also pa icipa ed in CIAM in he subsequen yea s (un il 1959), and in he cong esses o UIA. Ca los Ramos’ inc eased ac i i y in UIA coincided wi h his ac i i y a he Escola de Belas A es do Po o. Du ing he same pe iod, Ramos augh he cou se o D ama ic A chi ec u es: places o d ama, d ama o places Con e ence P oceedings. Po o, No embe 3-5, 2014 527 A chi ec u e. He became he di ec o o he same cou se om 1952 o 1967.5 His leade ship o he pedagogical ans o ma ion o he A chi ec u e cou se o ESBAP is well-known. I is also o gene al knowledge his in e es in he p omo ion o di e en a is ic a eas h ough he o ganiza ion o colloquia, deba es, cinema cycles, and exhibi ions o s uden s’ and p o esso s’ wo k. Among he la e e e ence be made o he Magna exhibi ions – he i s o which was held in 1953 – o show he “wo ks o he s uden s who had ob ained he bes ma ks du ing he p e ious school yea , as well as o he p o esso s who we e esponsible o eaching hose special ies.” The o icial goal was o publicly di use “ he p o essional and schola ac i i ies o mas e s and s uden s.” (A e Po uguesa, 1953, p. 5). Thus, when he oppo uni y a ose o he a chi ec u e s uden s o pa icipa e in he UIA Cong ess om 1961, Ca los Ramos was simul aneously he di ec o o ESBAP and Vice-P esiden o he IUA, which c ea ed he ideal condi ions o he p esen a ion o p oposals. The 1950s we e a ich pe iod in he c ea ion o g oups ha p omo ed ac i i ies ela ed o a chi ec u e, cul u e and a s. Among hose g oups we e he O ganisa ion o Mode n A chi ec s ODAM (O ganização dos A qui ec os Mode nos – 1947-1953) ha s uggled o he de ense o mode n a chi ec u e, he Cine- Clube do Po o (1945), ha p o ided an oppo uni y o he ci y’s inhabi an s o a end in he Cinema Ba alha he expe imen al p ojec ion o ilms, ha we e cha ac e ized by a mo e expe imen al cha ac e o we e no shown in he comme cial ci cui , and he TEP (Tea o Expe imen al do Po o - 1953). The i s di ec o o TEP was An ónio Ped o, who di used he mos impo an mode n playw igh s ( om Synge and Be i o Mille and Ionesco) and e u ned he classics o hei pe ennial you h (Shakespea e and Bem Jonson, Kleis and ou ‘Jew’). (L.F. Rebelo, 1988, p.137) 5 In 1940, Ca los Ramos became p o esso o he ou h subjec o a chi ec u e a Escola de Belas A es do Po o. He in e up ed his ac i i y as p o esso om 1946 o 1948. He lec u ed a he ESBAL du ing he same pe iod, and la e , om 1952, when he became di ec o o ESBAP. Alexand a T e isan, A T a elling Thea e 528 Figu e 2. “A T a elling Thea e” design by José Ca los Magalhães Ca nei o, 1961. Pho og aph o Teó ilo Rego (Teó ilo Rego A chi e, Casa da Imagem, Fundação Manuel Leão). The ESBAP was linked o he Cine-Club and TEP, no only h ough he s uden s’ and p o esso s’ pa icipa ion as spec a o s, bu also h ough ac i e collabo a ion in he o ganiza ion and managemen o hese g oups. The e exis ed, hus, a a ou able clima e ha enabled ESBAP membe s o be ully awa e o he needs o hese wo ields: cinema and hea e. This may pa ially explain he adequa e and c ea i e answe o he unusual compe i ion challenge o p ojec a a elling hea e, ha wasn’ a common p og am. The exis ence o a elling hea es has been known in Po ugal since be o e 1961. Dua e I o C uz (1983, p. 222-23) men ions ha , in 1936, An ónio Fe o had concei ed he ini ia i e o his “Thea e o he people [Tea o do Po o]”, ha was di ec ed by F ancisco Ribei o. I o C uz also men ions ha “a g oup o ac o s and ac esses had se o in he passiona e ad en u e o b ing hei message o a and cul u e o he whole coun y”. Fu he e e ence be made, on ano he D ama ic A chi ec u es: places o d ama, d ama o places Con e ence P oceedings. Po o, No embe 3-5, 2014 529 le el, o he ‘I ine an Company’ o Ra ael Oli ei a6, who owned a disassembled hea e, and ha was he main p o agonis o his ype o hea e in Po ugal. His company was in ac i i y un il 1963.7 I is no known whe he he e we e any a chi ec u al conce ns behind he exis ence o hose hea es. Figu e 3. “A T a elling Thea e” design by He mínio Bea o de Oli ei a, 1961. Pho og aph o Teó ilo Rego (Teó ilo Rego A chi e, Casa da Imagem, Fundação Manuel Leão). As a as we know, h ee p ojec s we e p esen ed by he Escola Supe io de Belas A es de Lisboa a he compe i ion launched by UIA in 1961. Those p ojec s had been de eloped as uni e si y wo ks, du ing he academic yea o 6 “In 1918, Sil a Vale ans e ed he leade ship o his modes p o ince company o Ra ael de Oli ei a, who es uc u ed he company so ha i u ned in o he Companhia Ra ael de Oli ei a, A is as Associados, in 1933. Oli ei a la e buil his own a elling hea e, which became also known as Companhia do Desmon á el [Po able Company]. Ra ael de Oli ei a was an ac o - manage , di ec o , s age designe , ac o and associa i e di ec o , membe numbe 502, om he 17 h Sep embe 1943, o he Sindica o Nacional A is as Tea ais (Thea e A is s Na ional Union), wi h he joined on 17 h Sep embe 1943) and holde o he p o essional ce i ica e numbe 42, da ing om he 11 h Augus 1947”, a h p://c c.ins i u ocamoes.p /pessoas/ a ael-de- oli ei a.h ml#.U9P8n-NdWSo 7 Pho os om he shows o Ra ael Oli ei a company can be ound a h p://opsis. lu.ul.p / Alexand a T e isan, A T a elling Thea e 530 1960-1961, in he subjec o A chi ec u e Composi ion ha was di ec ed by P o esso Luís C is ino da Sil a.8 Close obse a ion and s udy o he pho og aphic nega i es ha a e kep in he comme cial a chi e o he pho og aphe Teó ilo Rego and which a e s ill unpublished, o ou knowledge, has led us o conclude ha a leas wo p ojec s we e p esen ed by he ESBAP,9 designed by José Ca los Magalhães Ca nei o10 and He mínio Bea o de Oli ei a.11 The quan i y o egis e s ela ed o he wo p ojec s allows us o unde s and he commi men and he ca e hey dedica ed o his p oposal, bo h as ega ds he d a s, and he scale models. José Ca los Magalhães Ca nei o op ed o he c ea ion o wo dis inc a eas ha a icula e he s age wi h a highe ceiling – o I alian design [s age se ing- I alian ype], wi h he audi o ium, he eby, c ea ing a mo e dynamic and complex ex e nal eading. This op ion is clea ly di e en om he op ions ha we e p esen ed, o ins ance, by Jacques Bosson, Pe ez Piñe o o He mínio Bea o de Oli ei a, who c ea ed an unique space in which he s age and he audi o ium we e o ganized in a icula ion wi h he echnical equipmen . In he cap ion o one o he p oposal pos e s, Magalhães Ca nei o explained ha he ma e ials chosen o he s uc u e we e me al, wood and aluminum and ha he whole could be assembled in wen y hou s by hei own company. Conce ning he co e ing o he s uc u es, he men ioned p ojec s op ed o can as ha had an ob ious a ini y wi h he en s used by he ci cus. 8 One p ojec esul ed om he collabo a ion o he s uden s Má io Va andas Mon ei o and Ma ia da Sil a Ab eu. João Pai a Raposo Almeida and Joel T indade San ana we e he au ho s o he o he p ojec s: “Um ea o ambulan e pa a 500 espec ado es” (“A a elling hea e o i e hund ed spec a o s”) (G.C. Moniz, 2011, II, p.186-88). 9 Those nega i es we e discou e ed du ing he in en o y wo k ha was unde aken wi hin he p ojec Fo og a ia, A qui ec u a Mode na e a “Escola do Po o”: In e p e ações em o no do A qui o Teó ilo Rego (Pho og aphy, Mode n A chi ec u e and he “School o Opo o”: In e p e a ions o he Teó ilo Rego A chi e). 10 José Ca los de Almeida Magalhães Ca nei o ini ia ed his s udies o a chi ec u e a he ESBAP. In 1973 he ea ned his deg ee and p esen ed he CODA (concu so de ob enção de diploma de a qui ec o – compe i ion o ob ain he diploma o he a chi ec deg ee a he same ins i u ion). In he p ocess, which is a ailable a he Thema ic Reposi o y o he Uni e sidade do Po o, one can ead ha Magalhães Ca nei o collabo a ed wi h he a elie o he a chi ec João And esen o wo yea s and was pa o he eam ha ounded he a chi ec u e a elie Sociedade de Cons uções William G aham S.A.R.L. The same sou ces also in o ms us ha Magalhães Ca nei o o ganized an independen a elie wi h a chi ec João Se ôdio. 11 He mínio Bea o de Oli ei a, who was bo n in A ouca, begun his a chi ec u e s udies a he ESBAP in 1946, and g adua ed in 1972. He li ed and wo ked in Fa o, as a d awing and a s eache . He was also a w i e and poe .