Participation of students in the project Valorbio: A case study to accelerate the implementation of sustainability principles in the curriculum

This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] Pa icipa ion o S uden s in he P ojec Valo bio A Case S udy o Accele a e he Implemen a ion o Sus ainabili y P inciples in he Cu iculum Dina M. R. Ma eus Technology, Res o a ion and A s Enhancemen Cen e (Techn&A ), Ins i u o Poli écnico de Toma , Toma , Po ugal Hen ique J. O. Pinho Sma Ci ies Resea ch Cen e (Ci2), Ins i u o Poli écnico de Toma , Toma , Po ugal Isabel M. D. P. Noguei a Sma Ci ies Resea ch Cen e (Ci2), Ins i u o Poli écnico de Toma , Toma , Po ugal Manuel A. N. H. Rosa Technology, Res o a ion and A s Enhancemen Cen e (Techn&A ), Ins i u o Poli écnico de Toma , Toma , Po ugal Ma co A. M. Ca axo Sma Ci ies Resea ch Cen e (Ci2), Ins i u o Poli écnico de Toma , Toma , Po ugal Valen im M. B. Nunes Sma Ci ies Resea ch Cen e (Ci2), Ins i u o Poli écnico de Toma , Toma , Po ugal Submi ed: 01-Sep-2019 Re ised: 20-No -2019 Eme ald allows au ho s o deposi hei AAM unde he C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Non- comme cial In e na ional Licence 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0). To do his, he deposi mus clea ly s a e ha he AAM is deposi ed unde his licence and ha any euse is allowed in acco dance wi h he e ms ou lined by he licence. To euse he AAM o comme cial pu poses, pe mission should be sough by con ac ing pe missions@eme aldinsigh .com. Abs ac Pu pose – The p esen wo k desc ibes he case o he Valo bio esea ch p ojec , in which s uden s o di e en high-le el p og ams we e in ol ed in he expe imen al wo k and in he dissemina ion o esul s in collabo a ion wi h he esea ch eam. Design/me hodology/app oach – The inclusion in highe educa ion cu icula o con en ela ed o he sus ainable de elopmen should be a p e e ed mechanism o he dissemina ion o good p ac ices o sus ainabili y. Ano he equally impo an way o achie e his is o in ol e s uden s in esea ch p ojec s ha seek solu ions o he socie al challenges ela ed o sus ainable g ow h. The Valo bio p ojec aims o mee he needs o ea ing and eusing was ewa e and solid was e. I s main goal was he de elopmen o modula sys ems o was ewa e ea men based on cons uc ed we lands, explo ing he possibili y o he ea men sys ems being composed o solid was e and by-p oduc s om signi ican indus ial sec o s. This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] Findings – The s uden s’ con ibu ion o he esea ch wo k was ele an , and simul aneously allowed hem o acqui e skills on sus ainable de elopmen . Addi ionally, he s uden s con ibu ed o he dissemina ion o he esul s. The Valo bio p ojec can hus be conside ed a success ul applica ion o he concep o p ojec -based lea ning, as a way o include sus ainabili y issues con en in he highe educa ion cu icula. O iginali y/ alue – The applied expe imen al wo k had an o iginal app oach ega ding he equipmen design, he was e ma e ials alua ion, as well as he in eg a ion o was e ea men p ocesses in he ci cula economy pa adigm. This pape is he i s epo ed p ojec -based lea ning expe ience in ol ing s uden s o sho -cycle echnical-p o essional p og ams in pa ne ship wi h i s and second-le el s uden s and a esea ch eam. Keywo ds: Ci cula Economy; Cons uc ed We lands; Educa ion o Sus ainabili y; P ojec -based Lea ning; Was e Valo isa ion; Sus ainable De elopmen . Pape ype: Case s udy This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] In oduc ion Highe educa ion ins i u ions (HEIs) ha e a undamen al ole in socie y ega ding sus ainabili y issues as hey a e he p ime ac i e agen s p omo ing he dissemina ion o scien i ic knowledge, being he na u al leade s in he changes o awa eness o he socie ies in luenced by hem. Thus, HEIs a e he mos likely ehicles o b ing abou a i ude changes in indi iduals, communi ies, companies and ins i u ions, necessa y o achie e sus ainable de elopmen (Pu cell e al., 2019; Nunes e al., 2018; Díaz-Iso e al., 2019; Shawe e al., 2019; Leal Filho e al., 2019). I is only na u al ha HEIs a e conside ed s akeholde s and ole models in hei communi ies in many aspec s, bu in pa icula in social and en i onmen al esponsibili y. This can be done by a close coope a ion wi h he communi y, no only by he sp eading o knowledge, bu also by se ing and helping he socie y when needed (Findle e al., 2019; Pu cell e al., 2019; Nunes e al., 2018). Recen ly, HEIs ha e been called upon o commi o he de elopmen o sus ainable p ac ices by he Uni ed Na ions Con e ence on Sus ainable De elopmen “Rio+20”. As a esul , many HEIs a ound he wo ld a e implemen ing sus ainable p ac ices on hei campi (Cheang e al., 2017; Pede sen e al. 2017; Tangwanichagapong e al., 2017; Fa inha e al., 2019). The inclusion in highe educa ion cu icula o con en ela ed o he sus ainable g ow h o socie y should be conside ed as a p e e ed mechanism o he dissemina ion o good p ac ices in he con ex o sus ainabili y (Fonseca e al., 2018; Mendoza e al., 2019). Ano he equally impo an way o achie e his is o in ol e s uden s in applied esea ch p ojec s ha seek solu ions o he socie al challenges ela ed o sus ainable g ow h. The p ojec -based lea ning (PBL) app oach can be a powe ul ool o in oduce and mo i a e he s uden s o he sus ainable de elopmen issues, p omo ing he in e disciplina i y and he c oss-o e o skills among HE p og ams (Dobson and Tomkinson, 2012; Caniglia e al., 2016; Fue es-Camacho e al., 2019; He o and Lind o s, 2019). Biological-based echnologies o was e ea men and eco e y a e essen ial o p omo e he sus ainable de elopmen and o po en ia e he ci cula economy (Di Ma ia e al., 2016; Ghe ghel e al., 2019; Masi e al., 2018; Mo e i e al., 2018). Resea ch p ojec s on biological-based echnologies could be a ele an amewo k o PBL implemen a ion. Cons uc ed we lands (CWs) ep esen an example o biological and eco e icien echnology o was ewa e ea men and eco e y (Kadlec and Wallace, 2009; Wu, e al., 2015a). The p ojec desc ibed in his wo k en ails he imp o emen o CWs, explo ing ou es o inc ease he sus ainabili y o CWs and hei con ibu ion o a ci cula economy. Fou -main con ibu ions we e highligh ed: (i) he use o enewable aw ma e ials in he assembly o CWs; (ii) he eco e y o indus ial solid was e as CWs illing media; (iii) he eco e y o was ewa e ; (i ) he alo isa ion o he ege a ion cul i a ed in he CWs. The Po uguese HE includes since 2014 a new ype o sho -cycle p og ams, en i led echnical- p o essional p og ams (TeSP), mainly ocused on de eloping p o essional skills, which changed he scena io o he HE amewo k. Consequen ly, he s uc u e, lea ning me hodologies and lea ning ou comes o he p og ams in he Poly echnic HE subsys em can be subjec o op imiza ion, including he oppo uni y o in ol e he pa icipa ion o s uden s in applied esea ch ac i i ies and p omo e he ein o cemen o so skills. Conce ning he ele ance o he sus ainable g ow h and ci cula economy concep s, applied esea ch may be a way o sol e in a This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] sho - ime he absence o hose concep s in he cu icula con en s, and may be a d i en- o ce o p omo e i s o mal inclusion in he u u e. This pape epo s o he i s ime a p ojec -based lea ning expe ience in ol ing s uden s o sho -cycle echnical-p o essional p og ams, ex ending exis ing knowledge on sus ainabili y issues o his kind o p og am. This was done in pa ne ship wi h s uden s o i s and second- le el p og ams and wi h a esea ch eam in he de elopmen o an applied esea ch p ojec . E en hough p ojec -based lea ning can be a powe ul ool o de eloping s uden s’ skills in add essing sus ainabili y challenges, he esul s may be cons ained by he knowledge and skill le el o unde g adua e s uden s. C ea ing p ojec eams ha also include g adua e s uden s can be a way o o e come his cons ain . The pape was o ganized in 6 sec ions a e his in oduc ion: (i) he desc ip ion o he s uc u e o he Po uguese HE deg ees; (ii) he desc ip ion o he esea ch p ojec which consis ed in he hos amewo k o s uden ’s pa icipa ion and linkage o he sus ainable g ow h and ci cula economy p inciples; (iii) a sho desc ip ion o he cons uc ed we lands echnology; (i ) he iden i ica ion o he p ojec ’s esea ch ac i i ies whe e he s uden s we e in eg a ed in he PBL app oach ocused in his pape ; ( ) a esul s and discussion sec ion, desc ibing in de ail he s uden ’s pa icipa ion and he main lea n ou comes ob ained; ( i) he conclusion sec ion. S uc u e o academic deg ees a Po uguese Highe Educa ion Sys em The Poly echnic Ins i u e o Toma (IPT) is a Highe Educa ion Ins i u ion loca ed in he Middle Tagus Region (in Cen al Po ugal) which assumed om he e y beginning ha se e al gaps needed o be illed o he de elopmen o he Region in which i ope a es. I o e s p og ams in domains such as A s, Sciences, Managemen and Enginee ing ha c ea es an a mosphe e pa icula ly sui able o he implemen a ion o sus ainable de elopmen p inciples, since his is a concep ha is ans e sal o all hose a eas. The Highe Educa ion Sys em in Po ugal is a bina y sys em ha encompasses wo subsys ems: he uni e si y and he poly echnic (Figu e 1). The di e en ia ion be ween hese wo subsys ems co e s legal aspec s ela ed o he g an ing o academic deg ees, ca ee s and academic aining. In he poly echnic ins i u ions i is expec ed ha he aining o s uden s has a mo e oca ional app oach. In o de o achie e his, he acquisi ion o compe ences h ough cou ses o a echnological na u e, wi h a s ong p ac ical componen , is p i ileged. The s uc u e o academic deg ees a Po uguese Poly echnic Ins i u es, including he IPT, ocuses in ad anced echnical aining o p o essional o ien ed aining. These s udies a e mainly o ganized in o: Technical-P o essional’s Deg ees ( wo yea s), Bachelo ’s Deg ees ( h ee yea s) and Mas e ’s Deg ees ( wo yea s). Mos o hese p og ams include supe ised aining pe iods ei he in he IPT o in na ional o o eign companies. All he p og ams o IPT a e, since 2007, adap ed o he Bologna p inciples. This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] Figu e 1 – S uc u e o he Po uguese HE sys em. The Technical-P o essional Highe P og ams (TeSP) a e o e ed only by he Poly echnic subsys em. These p og ams co espond o he 5 h le el o he Eu opean Quali ica ions F amewo k, which co esponds o a se o comp ehensi e, specialized, ac ual and heo e ical knowledge in a pa icula a ea o s udy o wo k and awa eness o he limi s o his knowledge. G adua es can pu sue s udies o a i s cycle p og am, bachelo ’s deg ee. Desc ip ion o he Resea ch P ojec Valo bio The Valo bio p ojec - “Was es alo iza ion h ough modula cons uc ed we lands o was ewa e ea men ” - was co- inanced by EU unds (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-23314). The p ojec was de eloped o e a pe iod o 18 mon hs, be ween July 2017 and Janua y 2019, and aimed o imp o e he design, ope a ion and sus ainabili y o Cons uc ed We lands. The applied expe imen al wo k in ol ed h ee highe educa ion ins i u ions (The Poly echnic Ins i u es o Toma , Coimb a and Po aleg e) and one company (Palse – Bioene gia e Pale es, Lda.). The p ojec had ou main objec i es, which we e ully achie ed: (i) Designing, building and es ing a sys em o modula CWs using wood aw ma e ials in he s uc u e o inc ease he sus ainabili y o he CWs, educing hei impac on ecosys ems and enabling he alo isa ion o he end-o -li e s uc u es; (ii) Tes ing esidual ma e ials and by-p oduc s gene a ed in he egion as a ille o he modula CWs ( o example ock agmen s and o he ma e ials used in cons uc ion, coal slags om powe plan s, was e om o es y ac i i ies, ag icul u e and ag i- ood indus ies, among o he solid esidues); (iii) E alua ing he quali y o he was ewa e a e ea men by he CWs and de ining he condi ions in which he wa e can be eused o alo ised, educing wa e consump ion and p o ec ing esh wa e esou ces ( o example o i iga ion, o loo and indus ial equipmen washing, o o algae p oduc ion); (i ) E alua ing he po en ial and he condi ions o alo isa ion o he ege al biomass p oduced in he CWs ( esul ing om he egula p uning o he eme gen pa s o he mac ophy es), namely as a sou ce o enewable ene gy. This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] Figu e 2 shows he ela ionship be ween he main goals o he p ojec : 1. The modula CWs consis in a wood s uc u e illed wi h solid was e and plan ed wi h mac ophy e plan s; 2. The modula CWs can be designed o ea di e en ypes o was ewa e s; 3. The ea ed was ewa e can be eco e ed o i iga ion, washing o algae cul i a ion; 4. The mac ophy e biomass can be alo ised o bioene gy and bio e ine y applica ions; he end-o -li e wood s uc u es and he solid ille can also be alued. Figu e 2 - Gene al scheme o he p ojec ’s objec i es. The numbe meaning is desc ibed in he ex . The p ojec ’s objec i es i he pa adigms o Ci cula Economy, Bioeconomy and Sus ainabili y, and explo e and de elop he concep o "Was e o T ea Was e". The demons a ion o he unc ionali y o he modula CWs illed wi h was e ma e ials, and he po en ial o alue he ea ed wa e and he ege al biomass p oduced, con ibu e o nine o he se en een Sus ainable De elopmen Goals p oposed by he UN: Clean Wa e and Sani a ion; A o dable and Clean Ene gy; Indus y, Inno a ion and In as uc u e; Sus ainable Ci ies and Communi ies; Responsible P oduc ion and Consump ion; Clima e Ac ion; Li e Below Wa e ; Li e On Land; Pa ne ships o he Goals. The esul s ob ained also con ibu e o he esponse o h ee o he se en Ho izon 2020 Socie al Challenges: Food secu i y, sus ainable ag icul u e and o es y, ma ine and ma i ime and inland wa e esea ch, and Bioeconomy; Secu e, clean and e icien ene gy; Clima e ac ion, en i onmen , esou ce e iciency and aw ma e ials. The p ojec also alls in o se en o he P io i y Domains o Sma Specializa ion: Ag i- ood; Wa e and En i onmen ; Ene gy; Fo es ; Ma e ials and Raw-ma e ials; P oduc ion Technologies and P ocess Indus ies; P oduc ion Technologies and P oduc Indus ies. P ojec Ac i i ies The applied esea ch unde aken consis ed in en main ac i i ies: This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] • Ac i i y 1 - O ganiza ion and planning o p ojec ’s asks and p epa a ion o he expe imen al ac i i ies; • Ac i i y 2 - P elimina y labo a o y-scale s udies in which he po en ial o se e al solid was e ma e ials was e alua ed o be used as CW ille ; • Ac i i y 3 - E alua ion o he pe o mance o small-scale (sub-pilo ) CWs p o o ypes o e alua e he pe o mance o he ma e ials selec ed in Ac i i y 2 and he e ec o ope a i e condi ions on he was ewa e ea men e iciency and on he de elopmen o mac ophy es; • Ac i i y 4 - Design and cons uc ion o modula CW sys ems using wood as he cons uc ion ma e ial o he equipmen s uc u e; • Ac i i y 5 - Moni o ing o he was ewa e ea men e iciency o a pilo -scale e e ence CW and compa ison wi h he pe o mance o he modula CW moni o ed in Ac i i y 6; • Ac i i y 6 - Moni o ing o he was ewa e ea men e iciency o a pilo -scale modula CW p o o ype whose illing consis ed o a s a i ied mix u e o was e solids and ope a i e condi ions selec ed and op imized in Ac i i y 3; • Ac i i y 7 - E alua ion o he po en ial o wa e eco e y o applica ions such as i iga ion, washing and algae p oduc ion a e ea men by CW p o o ypes. • Ac i i y 8 - Assessmen o he alo isa ion o he eme gen pa s o plan s cul i a ed in he CWs (s ems and lea es), namely o ene gy p oduc ion (bioene gy applica ions); • Ac i i y 9 - Analysis o esul s, conclusions and p oposal o u u e wo k; • Ac i i y 10 - Dissemina ion o he p ojec ac i i ies and ou comes. Main Achie emen s The i s objec i e o he p ojec was success ully accomplished by designing a modula sys em o he cons uc ion o CWs based on s uc u al elemen s buil in enewable ma e ials. The solu ion ound was alida ed h ough he cons uc ion o pilo scale CW p o o ypes and a pa en applica ion was submi ed (Figu e 3). Figu e 3 – Pic u es o a modula wood-based CW. One o he inse ed images shows he wood-based s uc u e. This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] A modula CW p o o ype was es ed and used o ea men o bo h u ban and indus ial ypes o was ewa e . I has been obse ed ha he was ewa e ea men pe o mance is simila , o e en supe io , o ha ob ained wi h adi ional sys ems. The p o o ype o modula CW was cons uc ed wi h s uc u al elemen s o pine wood. The use o wood alo ises he endogenous esou ces o Po ugal and has he ad an age ha he s uc u es used can be also ecycled o ene gy pu poses. To achie e he second objec i e, en was e solid ma e ials we e es ed. I was concluded a e a i s s age o labo a o y-scale expe imen a ion ha i e o hese ma e ials do no ha e he p ope ies equi ed o CWs ille s: C ushed eggshells; Dealcoholized g ape pomaces; Oli e seeds; Wood pelle s; and Pine ba k agmen s. The emaining i e ma e ials ha e sui able physical and chemical p ope ies o use in CWs (Figu e 4): (i) F agmen ed esidues om Moleanos limes one ex ac ion and ans o ma ion ac i i ies (a s one widely used as o namen al ma e ial in cons uc ion indus y) ha e a signi ican capaci y o he emo al o phospho us compounds p esen in was ewa e ; (ii) Clay b ick agmen s, a was e o igina ed om c ashed o noncon o ming cons uc ion clay b icks, ha e a mode a e capaci y o he emo al o phospho us compounds and o ganic compounds p esen in was ewa e ; (iii) Coal slags, a was e om coal powe plan s, ha e demons a ed a signi ican capaci y o he emo al o o ganic compounds om was ewa e ; (i ) Co k g anula es, a was e om co k p ocessing indus ies, also demons a ed a signi ican capaci y o emo e o ganic compounds om he was ewa e ; ( ) Snail shells, a was e om ca e ing and ood p ocessing indus ies, led o ambiguous esul s, and i was decided o e alua e hem in a second s age (labo a o y-scale CWs). Figu e 4 – Pic u e o he selec ed i e was e ma e ials. The inse ed images a e mic opho og aphs. (A) Limes one agmen s; (B) Clay b icks agmen s; (C) Coal slags; (D) Co k g anula es; (E) Snail shells. In a second s age o expe imen s, small-scale CW p o o ypes we e cons uc ed illed in wi h h ee laye s o solid was e (Figu e 5A). Mix u es o he i e was e ma e ials selec ed in he i s s age we e used o gain bene i s by combining di e en p ope ies and pollu an emo al This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] capabili ies. The lowe and uppe laye s we e composed, in each p o o ype, o limes one agmen s and he in e media e one o he o he ou ma e ials (Figu e 5B). Figu e 5 – (A) Pic u e o a small-scale CW p o o ype; (B) Was e solids s a i ica ion example. I was ound ha he p o o ypes o CWs wi h he combina ion o limes one agmen s and coal slag and wi h he combina ion o limes one agmen s and co k g anula es we e he mos e icien and egula in he ea men o was ewa e o a ious ypes and composi ion, and unde di e en ope a ing condi ions. Following he s udy o he labo a o y-scale CW p o o ypes, an addi ional se o p o o ypes wi h ou illing laye s was cons uc ed, wi h he lowe and uppe laye s consis ing o limes one agmen s and wo in e media e laye s o coal slag and co k g anula es. The combined e ec o he h ee ma e ials p o ed o be e icien in ea ing a ious ypes o was ewa e , including u ban and indus ial ype. To each he hi d objec i e o he p ojec , es s we e ca ied ou o alo ise he wa e ea ed by he di e en CWs h ough es s o biomass algae p oduc ion and i iga ion o o namen al plan s. Chemical and mic obiological analyses we e pe o med o e alua e whe he he ea ed wa e ul illed he necessa y equi emen s o be used o aquacul u e and i iga ion pu poses (Bou guignon, 2018; Po uguese Law DL236/98, 1998). Toxici y es s we e also ca ied ou o e i y i he con ac o he wa e wi h he was e ma e ials could lead o he elease o ha m ul subs ances. The esul s we e sa is ac o y, and i may be deduced ha he wa e can be used o algae p oduc ion, wa e ing o plan s and washing o equipmen and loo s. In o de o each he ou h objec i e, i was e alua ed he calo i ic po en ial o he eeds plan ed in he p o o ypes CWs as well as pine wood, he ma e ial used in he s uc u al elemen s o he CWs. Gasi ica ion es s o mix u es o eeds and pine wood we e ca ied ou a he Poly echnic Ins i u e o Po aleg e (Po ugal), pa ne in he p ojec . The esul s showed ha i is ad an ageous o use a blend o 10% o eeds biomass and 90% o pine wood. Pine wood may consis o esidues om wood indus ies and o es cleaning ac i i ies, and also om modula CW s uc u es a he end o li e. This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] As in ac i i y 3, he moni o ing consis ed o he egula collec ion o samples o he inpu and ou pu s eams o bo h CWs, and consequen analysis. S uden s o he Bachelo and he Mas e p og ams pa icipa ed ac i ely in he esea ch ac i i ies. The esul s we e ele an o alida e in eal condi ions he use o was e solids as CWs’ ille s and he euse o he ea ed wa e . The use o solid was e as a illing medium o CWs and he euse o ea ed was ewa e a e impo an con ibu ions o inc ease he sus ainabili y o CWs. E alua ion o he po en ial o euse he ea ed was ewa e (Ac i i y 7) The analysis o he ea ed wa e ca ied ou in he ac i i ies 3, 5 and 6, ga e good indica ions o he wa e euse. To alida e ha po en iali y, expe imen s we e conduc ed in he ac i i y 7 o alida e he euse o ea ed was ewa e o applica ions such i iga ion and algal biomass p oduc ion. In addi ion, eco oxici y es s using bioindica o s we e ca ied ou . The s uden s o he Technical-P o essional p og am pa icipa ed and signi ican ly con ibu ed o he expe imen al ac i i ies consis ing on eco oxici y es s using bioindica o s. The p inciples behind such eco oxici y es s a e based in he unde s anding ha he amoun o a subs ance in he en i onmen (i s en i onmen al concen a ion) is p opo ional o i s ha m ul e ec in an o ganism. The ela ionship be ween he dose and i s oxic e ec is known as dose- e ec ela ionship. The di e en s a egies o he abso p ion o oxican s om he en i onmen and hei e ec s on o ganisms can be used o p edic he e ec s ha a oxic agen migh ha e on he en i onmen i a se o ep esen a i e o ganisms o he local auna o lo a is es ed. These es ed o ganisms a e called bioindica o s. Se e al oxici y es s we e pe o med wi h le uce seeds o he Lac uca sa i a species o unde s and he impac ha he was ewa e ea ed in he di e en CWs may ha e i used in he i iga ion o such ege ables. The s uden s ha e p epa ed all he necessa y solu ions, placed wen y seeds and 4 ml o e luen in each Pe i dish and done h ee epe i ions o each es ed e luen (Figu e 7A). All he non-ge mina ions we e coun ed, and he ge mina ions leng hs we e measu ed. Some samples o he ea ed was ewa e had mo e impac on he seeds gemina ion and g ow h han o he s, as expec ed. Figu e 7 – (A) Eco oxicological es s: De ails o he ge mina ion inhibi ion es s wi h le uce Lac uca sa i a; (B) De ails o one o he es s pe o med wi h snails o he Lymnaeidae amily. This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] Addi ional eco oxici y es s wi h wa e snails we e ca ied ou . Snails o he Lymnaeidae amily, which a e abundan in he local i e s, we e collec ed by s uden s om he en i onmen esh wa e . These snails we e he o he bioindica o used, in his case o unde s and he impac ha he was ewa e ea ed by he di e en CW’s may ha e in he i e s, i he was ewa e is eleased in he en i onmen a e he ea men . The snails we e placed in g oups o en elemen s in 2 li e beake s wi h one epe i ion o each ea ed e luen . The numbe o dea hs we e coun ed a he end o 28 days o exposu e o he e luen s (Figu e 7B). The e luen ha had a lowe impac on he snails was used in ano he es , exposing he o ganisms o inc easing dilu ions and o a con ol es . A e se en days o exposu e he e ec s we e s udied, o unde s and which dilu ion o he ea ed was ewa e was equi ed o elimina e he impac s in he en i onmen o o unde s and i he ecei ing wa e cou ses p o ide enough dilu ion o p e en impac s. Wi h such kind o labo a o y and ield wo k, he s uden s de eloped skills o unde s and he possible in e ac ions esul ing om he p esence o xenobio ics in he en i onmen , access he possible en i onmen al isks, and e alua e he condi ions o sa ely eci cula e he wa e back o he en i onmen . S uden s o he Bachelo p og am, pa icula ly a s uden wi hin an in e na ional s udy-mobili y p og am, ca ied ou expe imen s o e alua e he po en ial o eusing he was ewa e ea ed by he was e solid illed CWs’ p o o ypes o i iga ion pu poses. An expe imen al se up consis ing in a se o small po s illed wi h egula soil and plan ed wi h Tage es pa ula L. (F ench Ma igold, Figu e 8A) we e egula ly i iga ed unde con olled condi ions wi h ap wa e , ap wa e wi h dissol ed e ilize and CW’s ea ed was ewa e . The plan s g ow h indica o s we e moni o ed and eco ded by he s uden . Figu e 8 – (A) I iga ion expe imen s wi h F ench Ma igold plan s; (B) Reuse o he ea ed was ewa e o cul i a ion o mic o and mac oalgae. I was obse ed ha he plan s adap ed e y well o he i iga ion wi h he CWs’ ea ed was ewa e , p esen ing a he end o his pe iod a heal hy appea ance. This led o he conclusion This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] ha i is possible o euse he ea ed was ewa e o he cul i a ion o o namen al plan s, wi hou he need o a i icial e ilize s. The eused wa e con ains a nu ien and mine al con en ha was enough o ensu e he plan g ow h. The s uden s obse ed ha i is possible o a oid he excessi e use o a ious na u al esou ces, no only wa e , bu also mine als such as phospho us and ni ogen compounds, which a e he main cons i uen s o syn he ic e ilize s. Reducing he use o syn he ic e ilize s in ag icul u al i iga ion, which a e one o he main sou ces o esh wa e con amina ion, educes he isk o ad e se phenomena such as eu ophica ion o wa e cou ses. The p esence o nu ien s and mine als in he ea ed was ewa e can also allow he euse o wa e as a cul u e media o g owing algal biomass. Algae, o ganisms ha li e in aqua ic en i onmen s, a e capable o pho osyn hesis and de elop using sunligh and cap u ing a mosphe ic ca bon dioxide. Mic oalgae ep oduce e y apidly and can gene a e la ge amoun s o biomass, including added- alue subs ances, in a sho ime. Algae ha e he g ea ad an age ha hey can be p oduced wi hou he use o ag icul u al soils and he e o e do no compe e wi h ood and eed p oduc ion, which is o en poin ed ou as a disad an age, as is he case o ag icul u al c ops in ended o p oduc ion o bio uels. The p oduc ion o algae equi es he use o high amoun s o wa e and can hus be a disad an age o he gene aliza ion o hei p oduc ion. Reusing ea ed was ewa e o algae g ow h allows o e coming his disad an age and making p oduc ion mo e sus ainable. S uden s o he Mas e p og am pa icipa ed in he expe imen al ac i i ies ca ied ou o e alua e he euse o he was ewa e ea ed by he CWs p o o ypes in he cul i a ion o mic oalgae. Fou species o algae we e used. The mic oalgae Chlo ella sp., he mac oalgae Cladopho a aegag opila belonging o he chlo ophy a di ision, and a cyanobac e ia (Anabaena sp.). Cul u es we e also ca ied ou wi h mixed mic oalgae popula ions isola ed om he CWs i sel , as such al eady adap ed o was ewa e , wi h p edominan species o he genus Scenedesmus sp.. The algal cul u es in he CWs e luen we e ca ied ou in E lenmeye lask and bubble column eac o (Figu e 8B), wi h na u al ligh cycle and a a ious empe a u es. The s uden s obse ed ha he was ewa e ea ed by he CWs p o o ypes ensu ed adequa e condi ions o he g ow h o he algae, and in mos cases, he p oduc i i y ob ained was highe in ela ion o he cul u es g own in a syn he ic medium. Wi h he esul s ob ained he s uden s obse ed ha he euse o ea ed was ewa e , pa icula ly when i s ill con ains nu ien s, is an example o ci cula economy and has many ad an ages, such as: • Reduc ion o esh wa e consump ion; • Dec ease o discha ges in wa e esou ces, which educes he isk o eu ophica ion o wa e cou ses; • Reduc ion o he consump ion o nu ien s and mine als, pa icula ly o some al eady sca ce, such as phospho us compounds. Dissemina ion o he p ojec ac i i ies and ou comes (Ac i i y 10). To publicize he ac i i ies and esul s o he p ojec , wi h special ocus on he con ibu ions o he sus ainable de elopmen and a ci cula economy, se e al ac ions we e ca ied ou . S uden s o he h ee p og ams pa icipa ed ac i ely in p omo ion sessions and wo kshops. The s uden s This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] collabo a ed in guided isi s o he p ojec ’ labs and CWs p o o ypes, welcoming s uden s om o he schools in he egion and om o he le els o educa ion, and he communi y in gene al. The s uden s also had a dynamic ole in sp eading he in o ma ion, ei he by pe sonal con ac o by social media. The comple e p ojec ac i i ies we e p esen ed and discussed in a session open o he en i e local communi y, wi h emphasis on he concep s o sus ainable g ow h and ci cula economy (Figu e 9). Figu e 9 – Pic u e o he open session o dissemina ion o p ojec ’s ac i i ies and esul s and o p omo e sus ainable de elopmen and ci cula economy concep s. I was obse ed ha all in ol ed s uden s in he p ojec ac i i ies acknowledged ha he ea men o was ewa e by g eene sys ems can con ibu e o a sus ainable de elopmen . In addi ion, hey ecognized ha was e solids can be alued as illing media o CWs and he ea ed was ewa e can be eused o i iga ion and algae cul i a ion, educing he consump ion o esh wa e , e ilize s and aluable mic onu ien s, as a eal example o ci cula economy. Mo eo e , he s uden s e ec i ely ac ed as dissemina ion ec o s o knowledge o a sus ainable g ow h. I was also ealized ha in ol ing s uden s in he applied esea ch ac i i ies con ibu es o achie e lea ning ou comes ela ed o sus ainabili y in a eal-wo ld en i onmen , and p omo es he de elopmen o eam wo k expe ience. The main issues conce ning he s uden s’ pa icipa ion in he p ojec was a lack o p e ious knowledge on sus ainabili y and ci cula economy concep s, and o ganiza ional ba ie s o p o ide compa ibili y be ween he p ojec ´s schedule and he p og ams’ schedules. S uden s’ en olmen in p ojec -based lea ning ac ions can bene i om u u e imp o emen s in he coo dina ion be ween he p og ams’ con en s and he p ojec ’s schedules and ac i i ies. This is he accep ed e sion o manusc ip published by Eme ald o hcoming in In e na ional Jou nal o Sus ainabili y in Highe Educa ion, a ailable a h ps://www.eme ald.com/insigh /con en /doi/10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254/ ull/h ml [doi: 10.1108/IJSHE-09-2019-0254] Conclusions The s uden s ha pa icipa ed in he Valo bio p ojec con ibu ed e ec i ely o he de eloped esea ch wo k. Du ing hei pa icipa ion, he s uden s’ conce ns wi h issues ha limi a sus ainable g ow h and hei knowledge on a ci cula economy pa adigm we e clea ly imp o ed. Applying he p ojec -based lea ning me hodology has allowed s uden s o di e en deg ees o be success ully in eg a ed in o esea ch ac i i ies, including s uden s om sho - e m unde g adua e echnical-p o essional p og ams. The main ac o hinde ing he applica ion o he me hodology was he lack o echnical skills and knowledge in sus ainabili y concep s by he unde g adua e s uden s. Coope a ion be ween he esea ch eam and s uden s om he di e en le el p og ams has been iden i ied as a c i ical ac o o o e come his limi a ion and a ain success ul lea ning. Conside ing he ba ie s o he implemen a ion o new cu icula uni s o e en o e ec i ely include he sus ainable opics in he HE cu icula, pa icula ly due o he sho du a ion o bo h echnical-p o essional p og ams and Bologna-adap ed i s and second le el p og ams, p ojec - based lea ning suppo ed by applied esea ch may be an auxilia y and i s app oach o close he gap. In ha way, he s uden pa icipa ion in applied esea ch p ojec s ocused on he sus ainable de elopmen issues and a ci cula economy pa adigm can o e come he lack o speci ic sus ainabili y con en in cu icula. In addi ion, he applied esea ch can be a d i ing o ce o sp eading he sus ainable de elopmen concep s ac oss di e en p og ams, s uden s and he communi y. The pa icipa ion o s uden s in some ac i i ies was hinde ed by he pa ial incompa ibili y be ween he p ojec ´s schedule and he p og ams’ schedules. S uden s pa icipa ion in esea ch p ojec s can bene i om u u e imp o emen s in he coo dina ion be ween p og ams’ con en s and p ojec s’ schedule. The de elopmen o expe imen al ac i i ies as a basis o p ojec -based lea ning can be he ounda ions o implemen a ion o he sus ainable de elopmen p inciples in he Po uguese HE cu icula. Also by de ailing he ac i i ies his p ojec can be ans e ed o o he uni e si ies and s udy p og ams. Acknowledgmen s The Valo bio p ojec was pa ially suppo ed by COMPETE2020 unde he g an POCI-01-0145- FEDER-23314, and by he conso ia pa ne s: Ins i u o Poli écnico de Toma , Ins i u o Poli écnico de Coimb a, Ins i u o Poli écnico de Po aleg e and he company PALSER – Bione gia e Pale es, Lda. The au ho s acknowledge he collabo a ion o he s uden s o he Technical-P o essional p og am in En i onmen al Quali y, Bachelo p og am in Chemical and Biochemical Enginee ing and Mas e p og am in Chemical Technology, held a Ins i u o Poli écnico de Toma . Special hanks o he s uden s And é Fa inha, Ana Ba is a, Ca olina Masseno, Ca olina Pa a, Joel Nunes and Luís San os. The au ho s also acknowledge he Lab.IPT suppo , pa icula ly, Alcino Se as, Ca los Fe ei a, Isabel Sil a and Vi o Gaspa , and he esea ch ellows Ana Al es and Nuno G aça. 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Abou he au ho s Dina Ma eus is a P o esso , Di ec o o he mas e 's deg ee in Chemical Technology and head o he Bioene gy and Applied Bio echnology Labo a o y (www.bio ec.ip .p ) a he Poly echnic Ins i u e o Toma , Po ugal. She holds a PhD in Bio echnology om he Uni e si y o Lisbon. He main esea ch in e es s a e cons uc ed we lands, en i onmen al bio echnology and sus ainabili y. Dina Ma eus is he co esponding au ho and can be con ac ed a : dinama eusp .p Hen ique Pinho is a P o esso and he Head o he Sma Ci ies Resea ch Cen e (www.ci2.ip .p ) a he Poly echnic Ins i u e o Toma , Po ugal. He holds a PhD in Chemical Enginee ing om he Uni e si y o Lisbon. His main esea ch in e es s a e cons uc ed we lands, bioene gy and ci cula economy. Isabel Noguei a is a P o esso Coo dina o in Mechanical Enginee and membe o he Sma Ci ies Resea ch Cen e a he Poly echnic Ins i u e o Toma , Po ugal. She holds a PhD in Mechanical Enginee a École Na ional Supé ieu des A s e Mé ie s (ENSAM) - Pa is. He main esea ch in e es s a e in e aces o ma e ial su aces. Manuel Rosa is a P o esso a he Poly echnic Ins i u e o Toma , Po ugal. MSc in Analy ical Chemis y by he Uni e si y o A ei o and PhD in En i onmen al Sciences by he Uni e si y o Salamanca. Cu en in e es s and lines o wo k in he ields o eco oxicology and chemis y applied o he conse a ion and es au a ion. Ma co Ca axo is a P o esso , E asmus and ECTS Coo dina o o he deg ee in Chemical Technology and membe o he Sma Ci ies Resea ch Cen e a he Poly echnic Ins i u e o Toma , Po ugal. He holds a PhD in Physical Chemis y om he Uni e si y o Lisbon. His main esea ch in e es s a e elec ochemis y and en i onmen al chemis y. Valen im Nunes is a P o esso a he Poly echnic Ins i u e o Toma , Po ugal. He holds a PhD in Chemical Technology om he Uni e si y o Lisbon. His main esea ch in e es s a e he he mophysics o Fluids and Ma e ials and applica ions in enewable ene gy.