The mother-infant interactions and the development of self-regulation : a comparative study of term and preterm infants

i The mo he -in an in e ac ions and he de elopmen o sel - egula ion: Ana Ri a Ribei o Pi es A compa a i e s udy o e m and p e e m in an s. Disse a ion p esen ed as pa ial equi emen o ob aining he Mas e ’s deg ee in S a is ics and In o ma ion Managemen ii MEGI MGI i NOVA In o ma ion Managemen School Ins i u o Supe io de Es a ís ica e Ges ão de In o mação Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa THE MOTHER-INFANT INTERACTIONS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-REGULATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF TERM AND PRETERM INFANTS. by Ana Ri a Ribei o Pi es Disse a ion p esen ed as pa ial equi emen o ob aining he Mas e ’s deg ee in S a is ics and In o ma ion Managemen , wi h a specializa ion in In o ma ion Analysis and Managemen . Ad iso : Ana C is ina Cos a (NOVA IMS, Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa) Co Ad iso : Ma ina Fue es (School o Educa ion, Lisbon Poly echnic Ins i u e) No embe 2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Fo hese las wo yea s, he e we e se e al people who con ibu ed o he accomplishmen o his mas e deg ee. Each one o hem in luenced me in a di ec o indi ec way and o ha I would like o exp ess my deeply g a i ude, namely: P o esso Ana C is ina Cos a, o ag eed o be my ad iso in his disse a ion, o he a ailabili y, ad ices and sugges ions and o being he main esponsible o my accomplishmen . My i s hank ul no e is o you, o o e ing help whene e I needed, o all o he kind wo ds and pa ience du ing his las yea and hal . FCT / FEDER, o he inancial suppo o he p ojec s whe e a e inse ed he da a used in his disse a ion. P o esso Ma ina Fue es, o p o iding he da a and he i s insigh s o he educa ional and psychological heo ies s udied in his hesis. Wi hou you a ailabili y o sha e he da a and willingness o ha e u he analysis on i would ha e been impossible o mo e o wa d wi h his wo k. P o esso João Mo ei a, o his kindness and o pu ing me in con ac wi h P o esso Ma ina Fue es. My pa en s, Madalena Pi es e Manuel Pi es, o allowing me o make my own mis akes and lea n om hem, o my childhood, o my educa ion and o he cons an suppo in my adul li e. Da id Ma ias, who ag eed o be my e e yday suppo o he good and bad imes. Tiago Ramalho, my bes iend, o ha special co ee, o being always p esen e en when we a e in di e en coun ies. Ana Paula Ce ejo, a amily iend, who was esponsible o he choice o he a ea o s udy o his hesis by in oducing me o P o esso João Mo ei a. Ma ga ida Tedim and Paula To ão, who I’ e me in he beginning o my mas e , o all he home meals and la e nigh con e sa ions. Inês Nunes and Ca los Pa a ana, o olun ee ing o be c i ical e iewe s, o all he sugges ions and o being he amazing pe sons ha hey a e. And o all hose who had been wi h me o all hese pas mon hs. iii ABSTRACT This disse a ion aims o s udy he simila i ies be ween e m and p e e m in an s in he mo he - in an in e ac ions and he in an ’s de elopmen o he sel - egula ion. The e a e h ee main expe iences ela ed o he in an ’s sel - egula ion de elopmen and he mo he -in an in e ac ions: S ill-Face Expe imen , F ee-Play Si ua ion and he S ange Si ua ion Expe imen . The Apga sco es (measu e o he gene al heal h o he newbo n) and he Ca e-Index sco es we e ound o be signi ican ly di e en o p e e m and e m in an s. The Apga sco es we e also di e en ac oss he majo i y o he in an ’s weigh g oups and mo he ’s age g oups. Also, some o he Ca e-Index ma e nal scales (ma e nal sensi i i y and passi i y) we e ound o be signi ican ly di e en o he majo i y o educa ion le els. The ela ion be ween he S ill-Face Expe imen and he S ange Si ua ion Expe imen was al eady discussed in se e al s udies and is suppo ed by his disse a ion: Sel -Com o , Socially Nega i e and Socially Posi i e beha io s a e ela ed wi h he Insecu e, Resis an and Secu e a achmen s. Bo h p e e m and e m in an s displayed a Socially Posi i e beha io and a Secu e a achmen in he majo i y o cases. Howe e , es s shown ha he esul s o hese expe iences could depend on he sample ype (p e e m o e m in an s). When analyzed sepa a ely, p e e m and e m in an s seem o ha e simila esul s in each analysis. Howe e , his was no ound o be ue: he esul s o he S ill-Face Expe imen , F ee-Play Si ua ion and he S ange Si ua ion Expe imen we e signi ican ly di e en o p e e m and e m in an s. KEYWORDS P e e m in an s; Te m in an s; Apga Sco e; S ill-Face Expe imen ; Ca e-Index; S ange Si ua ion Expe imen . i INDEX 1. In oduc ion ............................................................................................................................. 1 2. Li e a u e e iew ...................................................................................................................... 4 3. Me hodology ............................................................................................................................ 9 3.1. Da a Collec ion ................................................................................................................. 9 3.2. Da a P epa a ion ............................................................................................................ 11 3.3. Desc ip i e Analysis ........................................................................................................ 13 3.4. Explo a o y Analysis ....................................................................................................... 13 3.5. Nonpa ame ic Tes s ...................................................................................................... 14 3.5.1. O dinal Va iables..................................................................................................... 14 3.5.2. Ca ego ical Va iables .............................................................................................. 16 3.5.3. P e e m and Te m In an s ...................................................................................... 16 4. Resul s and Discussion ........................................................................................................... 18 4.1. Desc ip i e Analysis ........................................................................................................ 18 4.2. Explo a o y Analysis ....................................................................................................... 23 4.2.1. A e age Sco es ........................................................................................................ 23 4.2.2. Co ela ion Ma ix .................................................................................................. 27 4.3. Nonpa ame ic Tes s ...................................................................................................... 29 4.3.1. O dinal Va iables..................................................................................................... 29 4.3.2. Ca ego ical Va iables .............................................................................................. 34 4.3.3. P e e m and Te m In an s ...................................................................................... 34 5. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................ 38 6. Re e ences .............................................................................................................................. 41 7. Appendix ................................................................................................................................ 44 7.1. S ange Si ua ion Expe ience Schema ics ...................................................................... 44 7.2. Au o egula ion Pa e ns and Beha io al S yles .............................................................. 44 7.3. The Apga Sco e .............................................................................................................. 45 7.4. Desc ip i e Analysis ........................................................................................................ 46 7.4.1. In an s’ Demog aphics ............................................................................................ 46 7.4.2. Mo he s’ Demog aphics ......................................................................................... 49 7.4.3. Fa he s’ Demog aphics ........................................................................................... 50 7.5. Nonpa ame ic Tes s ...................................................................................................... 51 7.5.1. O dinal Va iables..................................................................................................... 51 LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 - Sample Demog aphics ........................................................................................................... 9 Table 3.2 - Desc ip ion o Va iables ...................................................................................................... 10 Table 3.3 - Baby's Ges a ional Age in G oups ....................................................................................... 11 Table 3.4 - Baby's Weigh in G oups ..................................................................................................... 12 Table 3.5 - Pa en s' Age in G oups ........................................................................................................ 12 Table 3.6 - Educa ion Le els in G oups ................................................................................................. 12 Table 4.1 - Ca e-Index Sco es by In e als and Sample Type ................................................................ 20 Table 4.2 - P e e m: S ill-Face s. S ange Si ua ion ............................................................................. 21 Table 4.3 - Te m: S ill-Face s. S ange Si ua ion .................................................................................. 21 Table 4.4 - A e age Apga Sco es by Sample Type and Baby's Weigh G oup ..................................... 23 Table 4.5 - A e age Apga Sco es by Sample Type and Mo he 's Age G oup ....................................... 24 Table 4.6 - Mo he ’s Ca e-Index Sco es by Sample Type and Mo he 's Age G oup ............................. 25 Table 4.7 - Mo he ’s Ca e-Index Sco es by S ill-Face and S ange Si ua ion Sco es ............................. 26 Table 4.8 - Child's Ca e-Index Sco es by S ill-Face and S ange Si ua ion Sco es ................................. 26 Table 4.9 - Spea man's Co ela ion: P e e m Ca e-Index Sco es .......................................................... 27 Table 4.10 - Spea man's Co ela ion: Te m Ca e-Index Sco es ............................................................. 28 Table 4.11 - Mann-Whi ney Tes Sco es by Sample Type ..................................................................... 29 Table 4.12 - K uskal-Wallis Tes Sco es by Baby Weigh ....................................................................... 29 Table 4.13 - Nemenyi Tes Sco es: Conclusion o Apga -1 by Baby’s Weigh G oup .......................... 30 Table 4.14 - Nemenyi Tes Sco es: Conclusion o Apga -5 by Baby’s Weigh G oup .......................... 31 Table 4.15 - K uskal-Wallis Tes Sco es by Mo he s’ Age G oup .......................................................... 31 Table 4.16 - Nemenyi Tes Sco es: Conclusion o Apga -1 by Mo he ’s Age G oup ............................ 32 Table 4.17 - Nemenyi Tes Sco es: Conclusion o Apga -5 by Mo he ’s Age G oup ............................ 32 Table 4.18 - K uskal-Wallis Tes Sco es by Mo he s’ Educa ion Le el .................................................. 33 Table 4.19 - Nemenyi Tes Sco es: Conclusion o Ma e nal Sensi i i y by Mo he ’ Educa ion Le el . 33 Table 4.20 - Nemenyi Tes Sco es: Conclusion o Ma e nal Passi i y by Mo he ’ Educa ion Le el .... 33 Table 4.21 - Pea son's Chi-Squa e Tes Sco es by Sample Type ........................................................... 34 Table 4.22 - P e e m: Mann-Whi ney Tes Sco es by Baby Gende ..................................................... 34 Table 4.23 - P e e m: Pea son's Chi-Squa e Tes Sco es by Baby Gende ............................................ 35 Table 4.24 - Te m: Mann-Whi ney Tes Sco es by Baby Gende .......................................................... 35 Table 4.25 - Te m: Pea son's Chi-Squa e Tes Sco es by Baby Gende ................................................. 35 Table 4.26 - F equencies o he S ill-Face Expe imen by Sample Type................................................ 36 Table 4.27 - F equencies o he S ange Si ua ion Expe imen by Sample Type .................................. 36 Table 4.28 - McNema -Bowke Tes esul s o P e e m s. Te m In an s ........................................... 36 Table 7.1 - S ange Si ua ion Desc ip ion .............................................................................................. 44 Table 7.2 - Ma ch be ween Au o egula ion Pa e ns and Beha io al S yles ........................................ 44 Table 7.3 - Apga Sco e Fo m ................................................................................................................ 45 i Table 7.4 - In an s' Demog aphics: Ca ego ical Va iables ..................................................................... 46 Table 7.5 - In an s' Demog aphics: Quan i a i e Va iables ................................................................... 46 Table 7.6 - Dis ibu ion: Apga Sco es by Sample Type ........................................................................ 47 Table 7.7 - F equency Dis ibu ion: S ill-Face Pa e ns o Child Beha io Sco es by Sample Type ....... 47 Table 7.8 - F equency Dis ibu ion: S ill-Face Beha io al S yles 1-7 Sco es by Sample Type ............... 47 Table 7.9 - Dis ibu ion: Ca e-Index by Sample Type (Ma e nal Sco es) .............................................. 48 Table 7.10 - Dis ibu ion: Ca e-Index by Sample Type (Child Sco es) ................................................... 48 Table 7.11 - F equency Dis ibu ion: S ange Si ua ion Sco es by Sample Type .................................. 48 Table 7.12 - Mo he s' Demog aphics .................................................................................................... 49 Table 7.13 - Fa he s' Demog aphics ...................................................................................................... 50 Table 7.14 - Nemenyi Tes o Baby Weigh G oups and Apga -1 (C i ical Value = 495,0) ................... 51 Table 7.15 - Nemenyi Tes o Baby Weigh G oups and Apga -5 (C i ical Value = 286,3) ................... 52 Table 7.16 - Nemenyi Tes o Mo he ’s Age G oups and Apga -1 (C i ical Value = 503,0) ................. 53 Table 7.17 - Nemenyi Tes o Mo he ’s Age G oups and Apga -5 (C i ical Value = 305,4) ................. 53 ii LIST OF FIGURES Exhibi 4.1 - A e age Apga Sco e by Sample Type ............................................................................... 18 Exhibi 4.2 - S ill-Face Pa e ns by Sample Type ................................................................................... 18 Exhibi 4.3 - S ill-Face Beha io al S yles by Sample Type ..................................................................... 19 Exhibi 4.4 - A e age Ca e-Index Sco es by Sample Type ..................................................................... 19 Exhibi 4.5 - S ange Si ua ion Sco es by Sample Type ......................................................................... 21 Exhibi 4.6 - Pa en s' O e all Demog aphics ......................................................................................... 22 Exhibi 4.7 - Ag eemen o he S ill-Face Expe imen ........................................................................... 37 Exhibi 4.8 - Ag eemen o he S ange Si ua ion Expe imen .............................................................. 37 LIST OF EQUATIONS Equa ion 3.1 - S u ge’s Rule .................................................................................................................. 11 Equa ion 3.2 - Class Wid h .................................................................................................................... 11 5 S ill-Face Expe imen Edwa d T onick along wi h his colleagues in oduced he S ill-Face Expe imen in a pape en i led “In an Emo ions in No mal and Pe u ba ed In e ac ions” (T onick, Adamson, Als & B azel on, 1975). In hei expe imen bo h mo he and in an a e ideo aped while in e ac ing wi h each o he . A some poin , he mo he s ays “comple ely un esponsi e, wi h a la exp essionless ace o 3 minu es”. The in an ’s i s esponse was o ca ch his mo he ’s a en ion and, when unsuccess ul, s a s o igno e he . The S ill-Face Expe imen , o mally known as he S ill-Face Pa adigm, comp ises h ee episodes: a ace- o- ace play episode, a s ill- ace episode and a eunion episode. The aim o his expe imen is o assess he in an s’ esponse o s ess ul e en s. Since T onick’s expe imen , he e we e se e al s udies conduc ed on he S ill-Face basis and on he wo bi h ypes (p e e m and e m bi h). One o hose s udies, analysed he esponse o ma e nal mi o ing, i.e. coping beha io , in he s ill ace and eplay asks (Bigelow & Walden, 2009). The expe imen e s concluded ha ma e nal mi o ing had a posi i e eac ion in he s ill ace and eplay asks, suppo ing hei p edic ion ha ma e nal mi o ing would enhance isual a en ion and a ec ion. This eac ion would suppo he ype B a achmen – secu e. A mo e ecen s udy, conduc ed by Fue es, Beeghly, San os & T onick (2012), was looking o “P edic o s o in an posi i e, nega i e and sel -di ec coping du ing ace o ace s ill- ace in a Po uguese p e e m sample”. This s udy was based on he p emise ha he e we e h ee di e en ca ego ies o coping beha io du ing T onick’s Face o Face S ill-Face Pa adigm (T onick e . al, 1978): a Posi i e O he -Di ec ed Coping, a Nega i e O he -Di ec ed Coping and a Sel -Di ec ed Coping. These coping beha io s could be ela ed o h ee ypes o a achmen disco e ed by Ainswo h: (B) Secu e, (C) Resis an and (A) Insecu e, espec i ely. Among o he s, hey eached o he conclusion ha bo h in e nal and ex e nal ac o s con ibu e o he in an ’s sel - egula ion, i.e., ges a ional bi h weigh , hea a e, ges a ional age and ma e nal Ca e-Index Sco es. Acco ding o hei s udy, a Posi i e O he -Di ec ed coping was posi i ely co ela ed wi h ges a ional age (ρ = 0,304) and bi h weigh (ρ = 0,385) and wi h he Ma e nal Sensi i i y Beha io - Ca e-Index Sco e - (ρ = 0,321); Sel - Di ec ed Coping was posi i ely co ela ed wi h Ma e nal Con olling Beha io - Ca e-Index Sco e - (ρ = 0,308). The h ee ca ego ies o coping beha io a e e alua ed acco ding o mic o-exp essions and beha io s (Fue es, Beeghly, San os & T onick, 2012): - Posi i e O he -Di ec ed Coping: looking a hei mo he ’s ace and/o body, eaching owa ds he mo he , making posi i e ocaliza ions, smiling; - Nega i e O he -Di ec ed Coping: a ching and/o pushing away om he mo he , making ocal p o es s, c ying; - Sel -Di ec ed Coping: mou hing his/he hands and/o objec s, closing his/he eyes, looking away om he mo he , sel - ouching and/o squeezing one hand agains he o he . The mo he -in an in e ac ions a e e alua ed a each second acco dingly o a poin sys em: one poin o an isola e beha io , h ee poin s o wo beha io s happening simul aneously (depending on he in ensi y), and i e poin s o h ee o mo e beha io s happening simul aneously. 6 The h ee au o egula ion beha io s p esen ed by T onick e . al (1978) could also be di ided in o se en beha io al s yles (Seixas, Ba bosa & Fue es, 2017) – see Appendix 7.2 Au o egula ion Pa e ns and Beha io al S yles: - Posi i e O he -Di ec ed Coping: (7) Posi i e, (6) Less Posi i e, (5) Posi i e wi h mo e di icul y in calm down; - Nega i e O he -Di ec ed Coping: (4) Mode a ely Posi i e bu does no calm down (3) Does no calm down/Ve y Nega i e/In e up ed Si ua ion; - Sel -Di ec ed Coping: Sel -Com o /Look Away (2) and (1) No di e en ia ion be ween episodes. Con ad & Ablow (2010) highligh ed he impo ance o s udying he mo he s’ esponse in his con ex . In hei disco e ies, hey ha e ound ou ha “ma e nal sensi i i y du ing and ollowing dis ess uniquely p edic ed in an physiological and beha io al eac i i y and egula ion”. Tha is, ma e nal sensi i i y is ela ed wi h in an ’s secu e a achmen , which ansla es in o g ea e social compe ences and less p oblema ic beha io s. Acco ding o Fue es e al. (2009) abou 70% o he in an s wi h secu e beha io s (S ange Si ua ion Expe imen ) a e ela ed wi h Posi i e O he -Di ec ed Coping beha io s (S ill-Face Expe imen ) and mo he s’ sensi i i y (Ca e-Index). The mo he s’ esponse o he S ill-Face Expe imen was al eady s udied by Hsu & Jeng (2013) bu only ela ed wi h he in an s’ bi h s a us. They ook in o accoun ha he ype o sample (i.e. e m o p e e m) could nega i ely in luence he mo he ’s esponse due o s e eo yping. Thei esul s we e suppo ed by he hypo hesis ha he S ill-Face Expe imen would a ec in a di e en way he mo he s o e m and p e e m and hus e ealing ha he expe ience would a ec no only he in an s’ esponse, bu also he mo he s’ esponse. The e a e also se e al s udies ha ela e he in an ’s demog aphics wi h he S ill-Face esul s: eye con ac is kep o longe pe iods o ime in in an s wi h six mon h compa ed wi h in an s wi h h ee mon hs (Toda & Fogel, 1993); Posi i e O he -Di ec ed Coping beha io s o p e e m in an s wi h highe ges a ional age (Fue es, Beeghly, Lopes dos San os & T onick, 2011); gi ls ha e a bigge capabili y o dis inguish emo ional exp essions (McClu e, 2000) and o espond o social s imuli (Alexande & Wilcox, 2012). These ela ions be ween he in an s’ demog aphics and he S ill-Face esul s a e no always ob ained, which could indica ed a cul u al di e ence. 7 Ca e-Index applied o he F ee-Play Si ua ion C i enden & Ainswo h (1983) de eloped he hesis ha “anxious (o insecu e) a achmen is a c i ical concep in ega d o bo h he o igin o amily mal ea men and he ehabili a ion o amilies (…) because a achmen heo y is a de elopmen al heo y, i is esponsi e o di e ences in he na u e and e ec s o anxious a achmen a di e en poin s in he li espan”. This hesis was based on Bowlby’s A achmen Theo y ega ding he child’s beha io h ough he yea s. La e on, Pa icia C i enden de eloped he Ca e-Index o p edic pa e ns o a achmen . The Ca e- Index could be applied in a F ee-Play Si ua ion, om bi h o 15 mon hs, whe e he adul (pa en ) is expec ed o play wi h he child as he usual does, du ing h ee o i e minu es, wi h no es ic ions (C i enden, 2005). This allows he obse e o be e e alua e he eal beha io be ween he pa en and he child. The child is e alua ed in e ms o Coope a ion, Compulsion, Di icul y and Passi i y; he pa en is e alua ed in e ms o Sensi i i y, Con ol and Passi i y. Wi h he sco es anging om 0 o 14, he obse e assesses acial and ocal exp essions, posi ion o he body, among o he s aspec s. These wo e alua ion ypes could be ela ed, in he sense ha bo h mo he and in an s eac ions could in luence one ano he : In an s who a e mo e communica i e gi e hei mo he s he oppo uni y o be mo e eac i e, ha is, he oppo uni y o display mo e sensi i e eac ions (Bigelow & Powe , 2016). In he doc o al disse a ion (Ro as de Vinculação: O desen ol imen o do compo amen o in e ac i o e a o ganização da inculação no p imei o ano de ida do bebé5, 2008), Fue es ound s ong posi i e co ela ion be ween he mo he s’ sensi i i y and child’s coope a ion (ρ = 0,861); be ween ma e nal con ol and child’s compulsion (ρ = 0,733) and passi i y (ρ = -0,729); be ween mo he ’s passi i y and child’s compulsion (ρ = -0,517) and passi i y (ρ = 0,584). Fue es also sugges ed an associa ion be ween Ma e nal Ca e-Index Sco es and he mo he s’ le el o educa ion: highe educa ion le els ansla e in o highe sensi i i y sco es and smalle passi i y sco es. 5 Rou es o Binding: The de elopmen o in e ac i e beha io and he o ganiza ion o binding in he i s yea o he in an 's li e 8 Medical Concep s and De ini ions Acco ding o he Eunice Kennedy Sh i e Na ional Ins i u e o Child Heal h and Human De elopmen (NIH), he expec ed ges a ional age o an in an is 40 weeks (abou nine mon hs) howe e ha is no always he case. The Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion (WHO) es ima es ha 15 million in an s ( om 5% up o 18% o in an s bo n) a e bo n be o e 37 weeks o ges a ion e e y yea . In an s bo n wi h and a e 37 weeks a e conside ed o be “ e m” in an s; be ween 32 and 37 weeks a e conside ed “la e p e e m” in an s; be ween 28 and 32 weeks a e conside ed “ e y p e e m”; and in an s wi h ges a ional age in e io o 28 weeks a e conside ed o be “ex emely p e e m”. The Cen e o Disease Con ol and P e en ion (CDC) s a es ha an in an ha does no comple e he 37 weeks o ges a ional age could de elop b ea hing p oblems, along wi h de elopmen delay, ision p oblems and hea ing impai men . Al hough his is conside ed a global p oblem, he majo i y o cases (60%) happen in A ica and Sou h Asia, and wi hin poo e amilies. The e a e se e al ac o s ha could con ibu e o ea lie bi h, such as he mo he ’s p e ious p egnancies, mul iple ges a ions (e.g. wins) and se e al medical condi ions; and al hough 40% o he cases a e o unknown na u e, Tommy’s O ganiza ion s a es ha “25% o p e e m bi hs a e planned because he mo he and/o baby a e su e ing li e- h ea ening complica ions”. The newbo ns could be classi ied acco ding o he Apga Sco e which is used o assess he gene al heal h o he newbo n and his esponse o esusci a ion i needed. In oduced by D . Vi ginia Apga in 1952, he Apga Sco e is applied in he i s and i h minu e a e bi h – Apga -Index 1 and 5, espec i ely. This me hod akes in o accoun i e componen s: appea ance (skin colo ), pulse (hea a e), g imace esponse ( e lexes), ac i i y (muscle one) and espi a ion (b ea hing a e and e o ). Fo each componen is gi en a sco e o 0, 1 and 2 esul ing in a possible sco e o 0 up o 10 – example o he Apga Table in Appendix 7.3. Acco ding o NIH, only 1% o newbo ns bo n in de eloped coun ies ha e an Apga Sco e in e io o 7 a i e minu es. This conclusion could be ela ed wi h he social and economic de elopmen o hese coun ies (e.g. mo e knowledge, awa eness and access o be e medical ca e). A s udy in Ge many (S aube e al., 2010) sugges ed ha some biological ma e nal ac o s, such as o e weigh mo he s, exis ence o p e ious child en and he inc easing o mo he ’s age (+35), could ha e in luence on he Apga -Index 5. The same was sugges ed o he ma e nal educa ion le el in B azil (Almeida, Ped ei a & Almeida, 2016). 9 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1. DATA COLLECTION The da a p esen ed a e inse ed in wo in es iga ion p ojec s: “Vinculação em bebés p ema u íssimos: o impac o dos a o es pe ina ais, da au o- egulação in an il, da sensibilidade ma e na e do desen ol imen o in an il” (PTDC/MHC-PED/1424/2014) and “Touchpoin s: Es udo sob e os con ibu os da au o egulação in an il, do compo amen o ma e no e da in e enção com ouchpoin s na qualidade da inculação no 1º ano de ida” (PTDC/PSI-EDD/110682/2009), inanced by he Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) and coo dina ed by P o esso Ma ina Fue es. The da a collec ion was au ho ized by he Ped o Hispano Hospi al E hics Boa d and ga he ed by Ma ina Fue es and Joana Lopes in he scope o hei doc o al disse a ions in Psychology by he Facul y o Psychology and Educa ion Science o he Uni e si y o Po o. The ansc ip ion and quo a ion o he da a was pe o med by Ma ina Fue es, Joana Lopes, Ped o Lopes dos San os and Anabela Fa ia. The da a used in his disse a ion a e based on in e iews and obse a ions; we e inse ed in he IBM SPSS S a is ics so wa e (.sa iles) and la e on con e ed o .xls iles o acili a e hei p epa a ion. The sample is composed by 54 p e e m and 84 ull e m in an s and hei pa en s (138 dyads). Fo each dyad (in an -mo he ) was collec ed he demog aphic a iables lis ed in Table 3.1. In an Mo he Fa he Code Age Age Sample Type Ci il S a us Le el o Educa ion Gende Le el o Educa ion Occupa ion Ges a ional Age Occupa ion Bi h Weigh Numbe o child en Apga -Index 1 Apga -Index 5 Type o Bi h Numbe o Siblings Table 3.1 - Sample Demog aphics The Apga -Index was applied a he i s and i h minu e o he in an ’s li e (Apga Index 1 and 5, espec i ely), as i is conside ed o be a measu e o he gene al heal h a e bi h. The in an s we e e alua ed in he S ill-Face Expe imen (applied a 3 mon hs), F ee-Play Si ua ion e alua ed wi h he Ca e-Index (applied a 9 mon hs) and in he S ange Si ua ion Expe imen (applied a 12 mon hs). The i s and hi d expe imen s we e classi ied as quali a i e a iables since hey could ake h ee possible sco es each. In he S ill-Face Expe imen , he in an ’s beha io is ca ego ized as Socially Posi i e (i.e. Posi i e O he -Di ec ed Coping beha io ), Socially Nega i e (i.e. Nega i e O he -Di ec ed Coping beha io ) o Sel -Com o (i.e. Sel -Di ec ed Coping beha io ); in he S ange Si ua ion Expe imen he in an could be classi ied as Secu e, Insecu e o Resis an . 10 The F ee-Play Si ua ion is e alua ed acco ding o he Ca e-Index. The Ca e-Index includes h ee ma e nal (M) scales (Sensi i i y, Con ol and Passi i y) and ou child (C) scales (Coope a ion, Compulsion, Di icul y and Passi i y), each o hem wi h a sco e o 0 o 14. All he a iables lis ed abo e we e summa ized and desc ibed below acco ding o he Table 3.2. Va iable Desc ip ion Uni s / Ca ego ies DB_Code Sample's Code Iden i ica ion N.D. Baby_Type Sample Type P e e m s. Te m Gende _B Baby's Gende Male s. Female Age_G oup_B Baby's Ges a ional Age in G oups Weeks Weigh _G oup_B Bi h Weigh in G oups G ams Apga _1 Apga Sco e a he 1s minu e O dinal: 0 – 10 Apga _5 Apga Sco e a he 5 h minu e O dinal: 0 – 10 Bi h_Type Bi h Type Induced s. Spon aneous Siblings_B Numbe o baby' siblings Nume ic Age_M Mo he 's Age Yea s Age_G oup_M Mo he 's Age in G oups Yea s S a us_M Mo he 's Ci il S a us Single, Ma ied, Widow, Di o ced Educa ion_G oup_M Mo he 's Academic Quali ica ions in G oups Ca ego ical Occupa ion_M Mo he 's Occupa ion Ca ego ical Child en_M Numbe o Mo he 's Child en Nume ic Age_F Fa he 's Age Yea s Age_G oup_F Fa he 's Age in In e als Yea s Educa ion_G oup_F Fa he 's Academic Quali ica ions in G oups Ca ego ical Occupa ion_F Fa he 's Occupa ion Ca ego ical S ill_Face_3m S ill-Face Pa e ns o Child Beha io (3 mon hs) Ca ego ical S ill_Face_3m_1_7 S ill-Face Beha io al S yles 1-7 (3 mon hs) Ca ego ical M_Sensi i i y Ca e-Index: Ma e nal Sensi i i y Scale (9 mon hs) O dinal: 0 – 14 M_Con ol Ca e-Index: Ma e nal Con ol Scale (9 mon hs) O dinal: 0 – 14 M_Passi i y Ca e-Index: Ma e nal Passi i y Scale (9 mon hs) O dinal: 0 – 14 C_Coope a ion Ca e-Index: Scale o Child Coope a ion (9 mon hs) O dinal: 0 – 14 C_Compulsion Ca e-Index: Child Compulsion Scale (9 mon hs) O dinal: 0 – 14 C_Di icul y Ca e-Index: Child en's Di icul y Tempe amen Scale (9 mon hs) O dinal: 0 – 14 C_Passi i y Ca e-Index: Child Passi i y Scale (9 mon hs) O dinal: 0 – 14 S ange_G oup S ange Si ua ion Classi ica ion (12 mon hs) Ca ego ical Table 3.2 - Desc ip ion o Va iables 11 3.2. DATA PREPARATION The analysis o he da a was conduc ed using he SAS En e p ise Guide so wa e ( e sion 7.1), Mic oso Excel ( e sion 2007), JMP so wa e (S uden Edi ion 12.1.0) and he IBM SPSS S a is ics so wa e ( e sion 22.0). A e con e ing he .sa iles o .xls iles, using he Impo SPSS ile da a ask in SAS, was necessa y o no malize bo h samples ega ding language and a iables’ labels o allow a meaning ul compa ison be ween he wo samples. The WHO p esen ed h ee ca ego ies o p e e m in an s: ex emely p e e m (less han 28 weeks); e y p e e m (be ween 28 and 32 weeks); mode a e o la e p e e m (32 o 37 weeks) and he Baby Co ne Communi y acknowledge he exis ence o i e e ms o desc ibe he in an ’s ges a ional age: Ex emely P e e m o in an s bo n be o e 25 weeks; P e e m o in an s bo n be o e 34 weeks; La e P e e m o when he in an is bo n be ween 34 and 37 weeks; Full- e m o when he in an is bo n be ween 38 and 40 weeks; Pos -Te m o in an s bo n a e 40 weeks o ges a ion. Fo s udy pu poses, he in an s’ ges a ional age was di ided in o ou di e en class in e als (see Table 3.3), associa ed wi h wo bi h g oups: P e e m and Te m. Baby's Ges a ional Age (in weeks) Ges a ional Age De ini ion* Bi h G oups [ 31 – 34 [ P e e m P e e m [ 34 – 37 [ La e P e e m P e e m [ 37 – 40 [ Full Te m Te m [40 – 43 ] Pos -Te m Te m Table 3.3 - Baby's Ges a ional Age in G oups * Baby Co ne Communi y Due o he ex ensi e possibili ies, in an s’ weigh was also g ouped acco ding o he S u ge’s Rule (see Table 3.4). Wi h a o al o 138 obse a ions , he S u ge’s Rule (Equa ion 3.1) gi es us eigh classes which, compu ed wi h he ange o he da a, gi es o a wid h o 407 (Equa ion 3.2). Equa ion 3.1 - S u ge’s Rule Equa ion 3.2 - Class Wid h 12 In he p esen s udy, he mo he s’ age ange om 18 up o 42 yea s old and he a he s’ age ange om 21 up o 51. Gi en his, and using he S u ge’s Rule (1), he pa en s’ age was g ouped in o eigh in e als wi h a wid h (2) o ou yea s (see Table 3.5): Bi h Weigh (in g ams) [ 1050 - 1457 [ [ 1457 - 1864 [ [ 1864 - 2271 [ [ 2271 - 2678 [ [ 2678 - 3085 [ [ 3085 - 3492 [ [ 3492 - 3899 [ [ 3899 - 4350 ] Table 3.4 - Baby's Weigh in G oups Pa en s’ Age (in yea s) [ 18 – 22 [ [ 22 – 26 [ [26 – 30 [ [ 30 – 34 [ [ 34 – 38 [ [ 38 – 42 [ [ 42 – 46 [ [ 46 – 51 ] Table 3.5 - Pa en s' Age in G oups Ou samples we e classi ied in a di e en way ega ding he pa en s’ educa ion le el. The P e e m sample was classi ied in le els and he Te m sample was classi ied in numbe o school yea s. In o de o s anda dize he da a, he pa en s’ educa ion was classi ied acco ding o he Le els o Educa ion indica ed below in Table 3.6. Le el o Educa ion Numbe o School Yea s Basic (1s Cycle) 1 o 4 yea s Basic (2nd Cycle) 5 o 6 yea s Basic (3 d Cycle) 7 o 9 yea s High School 10 o 12 yea s Uni e si y Abo e 12 yea s Table 3.6 - Educa ion Le els in G oups 13 3.3. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS An explo a o y analysis p o ides an o e all iew o he in an s and hei pa en s’ cha ac e is ics. The goal was o answe he h ee main ques ions abou each sample ype: - Which is he equency dis ibu ion o each sample? - How a e he samples dis ibu ed acco ding o gende , ges a ional age and weigh and Apga indexes? - How a e he samples dis ibu ed acco ding o hei S ill-Face, Ca e-Index and S ange Si ua ion sco es? - How a e he pa en s dis ibu ed acco ding o hei demog aphics? The Desc ip i e Analysis o he JMP so wa e desc ibes he da a used in his s udy ega ding all a iables in ol ed. This analysis is mainly ocused on he wo sample - P e e m and Te m in an s - and hei a iables (Apga Sco es, S ill-Face Expe imen , Ca e-Index applied in he F ee-Play Si ua ion, S ange Si ua ion Expe imen ), as well as hei pa en s o e all demog aphics. 3.4. EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS The Explo a o y Analysis goes beyond he simple desc ip ion o he da a as i could aise some suspicions ega ding a possible ela ionship be ween a se o a iables used in his esea ch. The i s sec ion esul ed om he Mic oso Excel’s Pi o Tables analysis: A e age Sco es o Apga - Indexes s. mo he s’ age and well as he in an s’ weigh ; A e age Ma e nal Ca e-Index Sco es s. mo he s’ g oup age; S ill-Face and S ange Si ua ion Expe imen and he Ca e-Index Sco es. Fo he second sec ion was used he Mul i a ia e Analysis o he JMP so wa e, whe e is p esen ed he co ela ion sco es o he Ca e-Index Sco es. Taking in o accoun ha he Ca e-index is measu ed wi h o dinal alues, he Spea man’s Coe icien was used o de e mine he co ela ion be ween a iables. 14 3.5. NONPARAMETRIC TESTS The main a iables o in e es a e he Apga -Index 1 and 5 (o dinal a iables), S ill-Face Sco es (nominal a iable), Ca e-Index Sco es (o dinal a iable) and he S ange Si ua ion Sco es (nominal a iable). Taking hese ypes o a iables in o accoun , nonpa ame ic app oaches o o dinal da a and speci ic echniques o nominal da a mus be applied – JMP So wa e. 3.5.1. O dinal Va iables To e i y i he wo independen samples (P e e m and Te m in an s) come om he same (o iden ical) popula ion ega ding he Apga -Indexes and he Ca e-Index sco es (applied in he F ee-Play Si ua ion), Wilcoxon-Mann-Whi ney es s (also known as Mann-Whi ney U es ) we e applied. Hypo heses: H0: P e e m and Te m in an s ha e iden ical sco es o Apga -Index 1 H1: P e e m and Te m in an s ha e dis inc sco es o Apga -Index 1 H0: P e e m and Te m in an s ha e iden ical sco es o Apga -Index 5 H1: P e e m and Te m in an s ha e dis inc sco es o Apga -Index 5 H0: P e e m and Te m in an s ha e iden ical sco es o Ca e-Index H1: P e e m and Te m in an s ha e dis inc sco es o Ca e-Index To e i y he exis ence o he ela ionship be ween he in an s’ weigh and hei Apga Sco es and he ela ionship be ween he mo he s’ age and he in an s’ Apga Sco es he K uskal-Wallis Tes was applied: Hypo hesis: H0: All Baby Weigh G oups ha e iden ical sco es o Apga -Index 1 H1: The e’s a leas one Baby Weigh G oup wi h a dis inc sco e o Apga -Index 1 H0: All Baby Weigh G oups ha e iden ical sco es o Apga -Index 5 H1: The e’s a leas one Baby Weigh G oup wi h a dis inc sco e o Apga -Index 5 H0: All Mo he s’ Age G oups ha e iden ical sco es o Apga -Index 1 H1: The e’s a leas one o he Mo he s’ Age G oup wi h a dis inc sco e o Apga -Index 1 H0: All Mo he s’ Age G oups ha e iden ical sco es o Apga -Index 5 H1: The e’s a leas one o he Mo he s’ Age G oup wi h a dis inc sco e o Apga -Index 5 21 The las e alua ion was he S ange Si ua ion expe imen a he wel h mon h o he in an s’ li e. Acco ding o Exhibi 4.5, p e e m in an s demons a e mo e insecu i y han e m in an s (38,89% s. 11,90%), which a e mo e Secu e and Resis an (61,90% s. 44,44% and 26,19% s. 16,67%, espec i ely). Compa ing he i s and las expe imen s – S ill-Face and S ange Si ua ion Expe imen – and using he c oss- abula ion – see Table 4.2 –, we e i y ha he majo i y o p e e m displays a socially posi i e beha io and has a secu e a achmen (40,74%) o a sel -com o beha io and an insecu e a achmen (25,93%). S ange Si ua ion Insecu e Resis an Secu e To al S ill-Face Sel -Com o 14 0 1 15 Socially Nega i e 0 9 1 10 Socially Posi i e 7 0 22 29 To al 21 9 24 54 Table 4.2 - P e e m: S ill-Face s. S ange Si ua ion Taking in o accoun Table 4.3 below we see ha , like p e e m in an s, he majo i y o e m in an s displays a socially posi i e beha io and has a secu e a achmen (40,48%). Howe e , he e is a signi ican pa ha displays a socially nega i e beha io bu has a secu e a achmen (17,86%). S ange Si ua ion Insecu e Resis an Secu e To al S ill-Face Sel -Com o 5 3 3 11 Socially Nega i e 1 10 15 26 Socially Posi i e 4 9 34 47 To al 10 22 52 84 Table 4.3 - Te m: S ill-Face s. S ange Si ua ion 0,00% 10,00% 20,00% 30,00% 40,00% 50,00% 60,00% 70,00% Secu e Insecu e Resis an 44,44% 38,89% 16,67% 61,90% 11,90% 26,19% F equency (%) Type o A achmen s P e e m Te m Exhibi 4.5 - S ange Si ua ion Sco es by Sample Type 22 Fo be e unde s anding o he expe imen s esul s, mo he s we e in e iewed ega ding hei demog aphics and hei in an ’s a he demog aphics. This in o ma ion is summa ized in Exhibi 4.6. Mos mo he s ha e ages be ween 28 and 33 yea s old (38,41%), a supe io educa ion, i.e. Uni e si y deg ee (49,28%), and ha e an in ellec ual and/o scien i ic p o ession (29,71%). These s a emen s a e also ue o each sample ype excep o he occupa ion: o p e e m’s mo he s he bigges pe cen age is o he Ope a o s o assembly plan s and machines and assembly wo ke s – see Appendix 7.4.2 Mo he s’ Demog aphics. A ypical a he is conside ed o also ha e be ween 28 and 33 yea s (35,51%), a supe io educa ion (36,96%), and o be a Specialis in In ellec ual and/o Scien i ic P o ession (21,74%). Howe e , p e e m’s a he s a e bes cha ac e ized o ha ing he 2nd o 3 d cycle and o being unskilled wo ke s – see Appendix 7.4.3 Fa he s’ Demog aphics. Mean Age: 30,16 Mean No. Child en: 1,52 Educa ion G oup Mode: Uni e si y Occupa ion Mode: Specialis in In ellec ual and/o Scien i ic P o ession Mean Age: 32,90 Educa ion G oup Mode: Uni e si y Occupa ion Mode: Specialis in In ellec ual and/o Scien i ic P o ession Exhibi 4.6 - Pa en s' O e all Demog aphics 23 4.2. EXPLORATORY ANALYSIS 4.2.1. A e age Sco es Since hei de elopmen is no comple ely done, p e e m in an s could ha e low weigh , which could be ela ed o hei low Apga Sco es. Looking a Table 4.4, he a e age Apga Sco e does no seem o inc ease along wi h he se e al weigh g oups – s a is ical es s will be made o assess he ela ionship be ween hese a iables. Sample Type Baby's Weigh G oup Apga -1 Apga -5 P e e m [ 1050 - 1457 [ 7,57 9,00 [ 1457 - 1864 [ 7,64 8,40 [ 1864 - 2271 [ 8,07 8,75 [ 2271 - 2678 [ 7,60 8,25 [ 2678 - 3085 [ 8,00 9,00 Te m [ 2271 - 2678 [ 9,00 10,00 [ 2678 - 3085 [ 9,19 10,00 [ 3085 - 3492 [ 9,06 9,97 [ 3492 - 3899 [ 9,10 10,00 [ 3899 - 4350 ] 9,22 9,89 Table 4.4 - A e age Apga Sco es by Sample Type and Baby's Weigh G oup 24 Acco ding o NIH, a woman’s age is one o he isk ac o s in p egnancy ha could lead o a p ema u e bi h, which could lead o smalle Apga Sco es (Exhibi 4.1). The o ganiza ion pu s women olde han 35 yea s as isk g oups, “because hey a e mo e likely o ha e o he condi ions (such as high blood p essu e and diabe es)”. Looking a Table 4.5, is no possible o e i y i he mo he ’s age could in luence he in an ’s Apga Sco es. Fo assessing he ela ionship be ween hese wo a iables, s a is ical es s will be made. Sample Type Mo he 's Age G oup Apga -1 Apga -5 P e e m [ 18 - 22 [ 7,44 8,83 [ 22 - 26 [ 7,71 8,50 [ 26 - 30 [ 7,44 8,38 [ 30 - 34 [ 8,42 8,83 [ 34 - 38 [ 8,40 9,00 [ 38 - 42 ] 7,25 8,33 Te m [ 18 - 22 [ 9,00 10,00 [ 22 - 26 [ 9,00 10,00 [ 26 - 30 [ 8,89 9,94 [ 30 - 34 [ 9,18 9,97 [ 34 - 38 [ 9,25 10,00 [ 38 - 42 ] 9,20 10,00 Table 4.5 - A e age Apga Sco es by Sample Type and Mo he 's Age G oup 25 The gene al imp ession is ha p e e m in an s equi e ex a ca e due o he consequences o hei in e io ges a ional age. This could lead o he hypo hesis ha mo he ’s beha io di e s o each sample ype. Howe e , in Exhibi 4.4 - A e age Ca e-Index Sco es by Sample Type was shown ha mo he s o bo h p e e m and e m in an s a e mo e sensi i e and less passi e. In he p e e m sample, he sensi i i y sco e is mo e e iden in mo he s be ween 34 and 38 and be ween 38 and 42 yea s old o he passi e sco e; in he e m sample he sensi i i y sco e is p edominan in mo he s be ween 18 and 22 yea s old and 22 and 26 yea s old, espec i ely – see Table 4.6. Sample Type Mo he 's Age G oup M_Sensi i i y M_Con ol M_Passi i y P e e m [ 18 - 22 [ 5,89 5,78 2,33 [ 22 - 26 [ 6,14 3,43 4,43 [ 26 - 30 [ 6,88 3,76 3,35 [ 30 - 34 [ 7,17 4,50 2,33 [ 34 - 38 [ 7,60 6,00 0,40 [ 38 - 42 ] 5,50 5,00 3,50 Te m [ 18 - 22 [ 11,00 2,00 1,00 [ 22 - 26 [ 8,33 2,50 3,00 [ 26 - 30 [ 9,06 4,11 0,83 [ 30 - 34 [ 9,18 3,21 1,61 [ 34 - 38 [ 9,19 2,19 2,69 [ 38 - 42 ] 9,60 3,80 0,60 Table 4.6 - Mo he ’s Ca e-Index Sco es by Sample Type and Mo he 's Age G oup Fo u he conclusions, s a is ical es s should be made. 26 When analyzing he S ill-Face and S ange Si ua ion expe imen s, we see ha sensi i e mo he s could ha e highe change o ha ing in an s wi h socially posi i e beha io and secu e in an s; con olling mo he s could ha e in an s who exhibi sel -com o beha io and insecu e a achmen ; and highe passi e sco es could ansla e in o in an s wi h socially nega i e beha io and esis an a achmen – see Table 4.7. Expe imen Sco es M_Sensi i i y M_Con ol M_Passi i y S ill-Face Sel -Com o 6,04 5,46 2,50 Socially Nega i e 7,75 3,33 2,89 Socially Posi i e 9,12 3,32 1,58 S ange Si ua ion Insecu e 5,87 5,61 2,52 Resis an 7,32 3,65 3,03 Secu e 9,47 2,99 1,54 Table 4.7 - Mo he ’s Ca e-Index Sco es by S ill-Face and S ange Si ua ion Sco es The same pai s could be achie ed by analyzing he in an s’ Ca e-Index Sco e – see Table 4.8. Coope a i e in an s could ha e mo e socially posi i e beha io and a secu e a achmen ; compulsi e in an s ha e highe chance o ha ing sel -com o beha io s and an insecu e a achmen ; di icul in an s could display sel -com o beha io and a esis an a achmen ; passi e in an s ha e socially nega i e beha io and esis an a achmen . Expe imen Sco es C_Coope a ion C_Compulsion C_Di icul y C_Passi i y S ill-Face Sel -Com o 5,81 3,62 2,58 2,08 Socially Nega i e 7,83 1,06 1,86 3,22 Socially Posi i e 9,37 1,37 1,53 1,96 S ange Si ua ion Insecu e 5,81 3,90 2,19 2,10 Resis an 7,39 0,94 2,35 3,32 Secu e 9,68 1,13 1,43 1,99 Table 4.8 - Child's Ca e-Index Sco es by S ill-Face and S ange Si ua ion Sco es 27 4.2.2. Co ela ion Ma ix Looking a Table 4.9, i is possible o see s ong posi i e co ela ions in he p e e m sample be ween he Child’s Coope a ion and he Mo he ’s Sensi i i y (0,84), be ween he Child’s Compulsion and he Mo he ’s Con ol (0,79) and be ween he Child and Mo he ’s Passi i y (0,70). The Mo he ’s Con ol is nega i ely co ela ed wi h he Mo he ’s Passi i y Scale (-0,63) and wi h he Child’s Passi i y (-0,62) and Child’s Coope a ion (-0,55); also he Child’s Compulsion is nega i ely co ela ed wi h he Mo he ’s Passi i y (-0,55), Child’s Coope a ion (-0,54), Di icul y (-0,54) and Passi i y (-0,52). Va iable by Va iable Spea man ρ P ob>|ρ| M_Con ol M_Sensi i y -0,4397 0,0009 M_Passi i y M_Sensi i y -0,3447 0,0107 M_Passi i y M_Con ol -0,6258 <,0001 C_Coope a ion M_Sensi i y 0,8354 <,0001 C_Coope a ion M_Con ol -0,5512 <,0001 C_Coope a ion M_Passi i y -0,1215 0,3814 C_Compulsion M_Sensi i y -0,3538 0,0087 C_Compulsion M_Con ol 0,7934 <,0001 C_Compulsion M_Passi i y -0,5460 <,0001 C_Compulsion C_Coope a ion -0,5397 <,0001 C_Di icul y M_Sensi i y -0,0607 0,6628 C_Di icul y M_Con ol -0,1113 0,4231 C_Di icul y M_Passi i y 0,2986 0,0283 C_Di icul y C_Coope a ion 0,0343 0,8054 C_Di icul y C_Compulsion -0,5380 <,0001 C_Passi i y M_Sensi i y -0,0580 0,6769 C_Passi i y M_Con ol -0,6231 <,0001 C_Passi i y M_Passi i y 0,6958 <,0001 C_Passi i y C_Coope a ion 0,0142 0,9187 C_Passi i y C_Compulsion -0,5219 <,0001 C_Passi i y C_Di icul y -0,1107 0,4255 Table 4.9 - Spea man's Co ela ion: P e e m Ca e-Index Sco es 28 In he e m sample (Table 4.10) we ha e less ob ious co ela ions. Like he p e e m sample, he Child’s Coope a ion and Mo he ’s Sensi i i y ha e a s ong posi i e co ela ion (0,90). Howe e , when we look a he eimaging a iables, none o hem s ands ou . Ne e heless, he Mo he ’s Con ol was ound o be nega i ely co ela ed wi h he Mo he ’s Sensi i i y (-0,62) and wi h he Child’s Coope a ion (-0,53). Va iable by Va iable Spea man ρ P ob>|ρ| M_Con ol M_Sensi i y -0,6233 <,0001 M_Passi i y M_Sensi i y -0,3564 0,0009 M_Passi i y M_Con ol -0,4445 <,0001 C_Coope a ion M_Sensi i y 0,8955 <,0001 C_Coope a ion M_Con ol -0,5289 <,0001 C_Coope a ion M_Passi i y -0,3399 0,0016 C_Compulsion M_Sensi i y -0,2424 0,0263 C_Compulsion M_Con ol 0,3457 0,0013 C_Compulsion M_Passi i y -0,0884 0,4241 C_Compulsion C_Coope a ion -0,1774 0,1064 C_Di icul y M_Sensi i y -0,3138 0,0036 C_Di icul y M_Con ol 0,4154 <,0001 C_Di icul y M_Passi i y -0,0934 0,3982 C_Di icul y C_Coope a ion -0,3618 0,0007 C_Di icul y C_Compulsion 0,0017 0,9880 C_Passi i y M_Sensi i y -0,3094 0,0042 C_Passi i y M_Con ol -0,0629 0,5700 C_Passi i y M_Passi i y 0,3944 0,0002 C_Passi i y C_Coope a ion -0,4357 <,0001 C_Passi i y C_Compulsion -0,1865 0,0894 C_Passi i y C_Di icul y -0,3745 0,0004 Table 4.10 - Spea man's Co ela ion: Te m Ca e-Index Sco es Gi en his, we can s a e ha p e e m’s’ mo he s show a mo e ob ious co ela ion be ween se e al a iables in s udy and on he con a y, e m in an s’ mo he s do no display a s ong co ela ion be ween any a iables, wi h he excep ion o he Ma e nal Sensi i i y Scale and he Child’s Coope a ion Scale, he Ma e nal Con ol and Sensi i i y Scale and Child’s Coope a ion Scale. 29 4.3. NONPARAMETRIC TESTS 4.3.1. O dinal Va iables Fo he o dinal a iables unde s udy (Apga -Index 1, Apga -Index 5, Ca e-Index Sco es) and o check i he samples o P e e m and Te m in an s come om iden ical popula ions, he Mann-Whi ney Tes was applied – see Table 4.11. Va iables Chi-Squa e P ob > ChiSq Apga -1 51,8957 <,0001 Apga -5 100,5765 <,0001 M_Sensi i i y 23,9614 <,0001 M_Con ol 4,0391 0,0445 M_Passi i y 2,4240 0,1195 C_Coope a ion 24,1027 <,0001 C_Compulsion 20,7584 <,0001 C_Di icul y 0,0784 0,7794 C_Passi i y 8,4712 0,0036 Table 4.11 - Mann-Whi ney Tes Sco es by Sample Type As ou h eshold is a le el o signi icance o 5%, we ejec he null hypo hesis o all a iables excep o M_Passi i y and C_Di icul y. Since he e is no s a is ical e idence o s a e ha all a iables g oups come om iden ical popula ions, we can s a e ha he Apga Sco es and Ca e-Index Sco es a e signi ican ly di e en in he P e e m and Te m in an s. Sec ion 4.2.1 A e age Sco es sugges ed he exis ence o a ela ion be ween he in an s’ weigh and hei Apga Sco es (Table 4.4). Fo be e assessmen , he K uskal-Wallis es was conduc ed – see Table 4.12. Va iables Chi-Squa e P ob>ChiSq Apga -1 50,0622 <,0001 Apga -5 78,0718 <,0001 Table 4.12 - K uskal-Wallis Tes Sco es by Baby Weigh Gi en ou esul s we can conclude ha we ejec he hypo hesis o he Apga -Indexes being iden ical in all in an s’ weigh g oups, a he 5% signi icance le el. 30 Taking in o accoun he p e ious esul s, u he es s we e made in o de o de e mine he di e ences be ween g oups. Fo his, he nonpa ame ic mul iple compa isons es (pos -hoc es ) chosen was he Nemenyi es . Acco ding o Table 4.13 and o a le el o signi icance o 5% and a we ejec he null hypo hesis o ha ing iden ical sco es o Apga -1 o 17 ou o 28 pai s (60,71% o he o al pai s). Le el + Le el - Di e ence Be ween Rank Sums Absolu e Di e ence Conclusion [ 1050 - 1457 [ [ 2678 - 3085 [ -1842,00 1842,00 Rejec H0 [ 1050 - 1457 [ [ 3085 - 3492 [ -2421,00 2421,00 Rejec H0 [ 1050 - 1457 [ [ 3492 - 3899 [ -1431,00 1431,00 Rejec H0 [ 1457 - 1864 [ [ 2678 - 3085 [ -1646,50 1646,50 Rejec H0 [ 1457 - 1864 [ [ 3085 - 3492 [ -2225,50 2225,50 Rejec H0 [ 1457 - 1864 [ [ 3492 - 3899 [ -1235,50 1235,50 Rejec H0 [ 1864 - 2271 [ [ 2678 - 3085 [ -1373,50 1373,50 Rejec H0 [ 1864 - 2271 [ [ 3085 - 3492 [ -1952,50 1952,50 Rejec H0 [ 1864 - 2271 [ [ 3492 - 3899 [ -962,50 962,50 Rejec H0 [ 2271 - 2678 [ [ 2678 - 3085 [ -1176,00 1176,00 Rejec H0 [ 2271 - 2678 [ [ 3085 - 3492 [ -1755,00 1755,00 Rejec H0 [ 2271 - 2678 [ [ 3492 - 3899 [ -765,00 765,00 Rejec H0 [ 2678 - 3085 [ [ 3085 - 3492 [ -579,00 579,00 Rejec H0 [ 2678 - 3085 [ [ 3899 - 4350 ] 1269,00 1269,00 Rejec H0 [ 3085 - 3492 [ [ 3492 - 3899 [ 990,00 990,00 Rejec H0 [ 3085 - 3492 [ [ 3899 - 4350 ] 1848,00 1848,00 Rejec H0 [ 3492 - 3899 [ [ 3899 - 4350 ] 858,00 858,00 Rejec H0 Table 4.13 - Nemenyi Tes Sco es: Conclusion o Apga -1 by Baby’s Weigh G oup 37 The SAS En e p ise Guide so wa e gi es us he possibili y o e i y he le el o ag eemen be ween he wo sample ypes. Acco dingly o he Exhibi 4.7 below, we see wo S ill-Face beha io s wi h an exac ag eemen : Sel -Com o and Socially Posi i e beha io . Howe e , looking a he Socially Nega i e beha io , we could only see a pa ial ag eemen , which could ell us ha i migh di e be ween he p e e m and e m in an s. Exhibi 4.7 - Ag eemen o he S ill-Face Expe imen Fo he S ange Si ua ion expe imen (see Exhibi 4.8), we also ha e wo ype o a achmen wi h an exac ag eemen and one wi hou ag eemen – Resis an a achmen . This esul is aligned wi h he McNema -Bowke Tes esul s, since he hypo hesis o he esul s o he S ange Si ua ion being equal ega dless he sample ype is ejec ed. Exhibi 4.8 - Ag eemen o he S ange Si ua ion Expe imen Sel -Com o Socially Nega i e Socially Posi i e P e e m In an s Sel -Com o Socially Nega i e Socially Posi i e Te m In an s 0 10 20 30 40 50 Cumula i e F equency Ag eemen o S illFace_P e e m and S illFace_Te m Sel -Com o Socially Nega i e Socially Posi i e P e e m In an s Sel -Com o Socially Nega i e Socially Posi i e Te m In an s 0 10 20 30 40 50 Cumula i e F equency Pa ial Ag eemen Exac Ag eemen Ag eemen o S illFace_P e e m and S illFace_Te m Insecu e Resis an Secu e P e e m In an s Insecu e Resis an Secu e Te m In an s 0 10 20 30 40 50 Cumula i e F equency Ag eemen o S ange_P e e m and S ange_Te m Insecu e Resis an Secu e P e e m In an s Insecu e Resis an Secu e Te m In an s 0 10 20 30 40 50 Cumula i e F equency Pa ial Ag eemen Exac Ag eemen Ag eemen o S ange_P e e m and S ange_Te m 38 5. CONCLUSIONS This s udy comp ises de ailed analyses o a sample comp ised by wo smalle independen samples: p e e m in an s (39,13%) and e m in an s (60,87%), om which 56,52% a e male and 43,48% a e emale. Independen ly o he sample ype, acco ding o ou esul s, he Apga sco e is smalle a he i s minu e when compa ed wi h he i h minu e, which is aligned wi h he heo e ical e iew since i measu es he gene al well-being o he in an a bi h. The i s expe ience was conduc ed a he hi d mon h o he in an s’ li e in which he ollowing we e obse ed: (1) he S ill-Face pa e ns o child beha io , and (2) he S ill-Face s yles o child beha io . The majo i y o in an s exhibi s socially posi i e beha io s (53,70% o p e e m in an s and 55,95% o e m in an s). Howe e , p e e m in an s displayed mo e sel -com o beha io s (27,78%) and e m in an s a mo e socially nega i e beha io (30,95%). Rega ding he S ill-Face s yles, he majo i y o e m in an s exhibi s a posi i e beha io , bu wi h di icul y in calming down a e he mo he ’s e u n (35,71%), ollowed by a mode a e posi i e beha io (17,86%); howe e , mos o p e e m in an s exhibi s a sel -com o beha io (27,78%), ollowed by a posi i e wi h di icul y o calming down a e he mo he ’s e u n (22,22%). In his s udy no in an displayed no di e en ia ion be ween in e als. A hei nin h mon h, he in an s and hei mo he s we e obse ed in a F ee-Play Si ua ion. Fo his expe ience, i was applied he Ca e-Index o each dyad. I was e i ied ha bo h p e e m in an s (6,80 on a e age) and e m in an s (9,26 on a e age) we e mo e coope a i e, and hei mo he s we e mo e sensi i e (6,65 on a e age o he p e e m in an s and 9,17 on a e age o e m in an s). On he o he side o he child en scale, p e e m in an s a e less passi e (1,76 on a e age) and e m in an s a e less compulsi e (0,60 on a e age). The Ma e nal Ca e-Index and he mo he s’ age o he p e e m sample was also analyzed: mo he s wi h ages be ween 34 and 38 yea s old a e mo e sensi i e (7,60 on a e age) bu also mo e con olling (6,00 on a e age) and less passi e (0,40 on a e age). Fo he e m in an s, mo he s be ween 18 and 22 yea s old we e mo e sensi i e (11,00 on a e age) and also he less con olling (2,00 on a e age). The hi d expe ience was he S ange Si ua ion, conduc ed a hei wel h mon h, which showed ha he majo i y o in an s has a secu e a achmen (44,44% o p e e m in an s and 61,90% o e m in an s). Howe e , p e e m in an s demons a e o be mo e insecu e (38,89%) han e m in an s who we e mo e esis an (26,19%). When compa ing he S ill-Face and S ange Si ua ion sco es, he esul s show ha he majo i y o p e e m and e m in an s displayed socially posi i e beha io as well as a secu e a achmen (40,74% o p e e m in an s and 40,48% o e m in an s). These wo expe iences we e also compa ed wi h he Ca e-Index Sco es: sensi i e mo he s had in an s which displayed socially posi i e beha io s (9,12 on a e age) and secu e a achmen (9,47 on a e age); con olling mo he s had in an s which displayed sel -com o beha io s (5,46 on a e age) and insecu e a achmen (5,61 on a e age); passi e mo he s had in an s wi h socially nega i e beha io s (2,89 on a e age) and esis an a achmen (3,03 on a e age). On he child en scale, coope a i e in an s had also mo e socially posi i e beha io s (9,37 on a e age) and secu e a achmen (9,68 on a e age); compulsion in an s displayed sel -com o beha io s (3,62 on a e age) and insecu e a achmen (3,90 on a e age); di icul in an s displayed also sel -com o beha io s (2,58 on a e age) and a esis an a achmen (2,35 on 39 a e age); passi e in an s had mo e socially nega i e beha io s (3,22 on a e age) and a esis an a achmen (3,32 on a e age). These esul s a e aligned wi h p e ious s udies, since Fue es, Beeghly, San os & T onick (2012) ound posi i e co ela ion be ween posi i e beha io (S ill-Face Expe imen ) and Ma e nal Sensi i i y (Ca e-Index) and be ween sel -com o beha io (S ill-Face Expe imen ) and Ma e nal Con ol (Ca e-Index). Con ad & Ablow (2010) also ound a posi i e co ela ion be ween secu e a achmen (S ange Si ua ion) and Ma e nal Sensi i i y (Ca e-Index). In his s udy se e al signi ican co ela ions we e ound o bo h p e e m in an s and e m in an s. Fo he p e e m sample: mo he ’s con ol is co ela ed wi h mo he ’s passi i y (nega i e), child’s coope a ion (nega i e), child’s compulsion (posi i e) and child’s passi i y (nega i e); mo he ’s sensi i i y is co ela ed wi h child’s coope a ion (posi i e); mo he ’s passi i y is co ela ed wi h child’s compulsion (nega i e) and child’s passi i y (posi i e); child’s compulsion is co ela ed wi h child’s coope a ion (nega i e), child’s di icul y (nega i e) and child’s passi i y (nega i e). Fo he e m sample: mo he ’s sensi i i y is co ela ed wi h mo he ’s con ol (nega i e) and child’s coope a ion (posi i e); mo he ’s con ol is co ela ed wi h child’s coope a ion (nega i e). Some o hese esul s a e in line wi h he esea ch done by Fue es (2008), who ound a co ela ion be ween he mo he s’ sensi i i y and child’s coope a ion (posi i e), be ween ma e nal con ol and child’s compulsion (posi i e) and passi i y (nega i e), and be ween mo he ’s passi i y and child’s compulsion (nega i e) and passi i y (posi i e). Using nonpa ame ic me hods, we e i ied ha he Apga sco es and Ca e-Index sco es we e signi ican ly di e en in he p e e m and e m samples. When conside ing bo h samples, he Apga sco es a e signi ican ly di e en o ce ain g oups o in an s’ weigh and mo he s’ age g oups. Howe e , he same could no be concluded o he Ma e nal Ca e-Index sco es ha did no display signi ican di e ences ac oss all he mo he s’ age g oups. The same s a is ical es s we e applied o he Ma e nal Ca e-Index sco es and he mo he s’ educa ion le el: ma e nal sensi i i y and ma e nal passi i y demons a e o be signi ican ly di e en o he majo i y o educa ional le els. Wi h he Pea son’s Chi-Squa e es i was also demons a ed ha p e e m in an s’ sco es o he S ill-Face Expe imen a e no independen om he e m in an s’ sco es (a a 6% le el o signi icance). The same can be concluded o he S ange Si ua ion Expe imen a a 5% le el o signi icance). The same nonpa ame ic es s we e applied o he p e e m and e m samples, sepa a ely, using baby’s gende as an independen a iable. The Apga sco es, Ca e-Index sco es, S ill-Face sco es and S ange Si ua ion sco es didn’ shown signi ican di e ences be ween boys and gi ls o bo h he p e e m and e m samples, wi h he excep ion o he Child’s Passi i y in he e m sample. Using he c oss- abula ion, i was e i ied ha he majo i y o in an s displayed a socially posi i e beha io (37,04%) and had a secu e a achmen (27,78%). When checking o he impo ance o he sample ype in he S ill-Face and S ange Si ua ion expe iences, we ound ha he esul s we ound ha he esul s di e o each expe ience, a a 10% signi icance le el. The Social Nega i e beha io (S ill-Face Expe imen ) and he Resis ance a achmen (S ange Si ua ion Expe imen ) did no display an exac ag eemen . This conclusion make sense because, acco ding o he li e a u e e iew, Social Posi i e beha io is ela ed wi h a Secu e a achmen , Social Nega i e beha io is ela ed wi h Resis ance a achmen and Sel -Com o is ela ed wi h an Insecu e a achmen . 40 The pu pose o his Disse a ion was o answe he ollowing ques ion: A e he S ill- ace Expe imen , F ee-Play Si ua ion and he S ange Si ua ion Expe imen e simila in p e e m and e m In an s? Fo a 10% signi icance le el, we can conclude ha all h ee expe iences a e di e en o he p e e m and e m in an s. The Ca e-Index sco es (F ee-Play Si ua ion) we e ound o be signi ican ly di e en o p e e m and e m in an s (a a 5% signi icance le el). The esul s ob ained in he S ill-Face and S ange Si ua ion expe ience we e also ound o be di e en o p e e m and e m in an s, a a 10% and 5% signi icance le el, espec i ely. These esul s indica e a s ong possibili y o signi ican di e ences in he mo he -in an in e ac ions and he de elopmen o sel - egula ion aking in o accoun hei ges a ional age. Some cau ion is wa an ed since he sample size was ela i ely small. Whils hese esul s indica e some po en ially in e es ing a enues o esea ch, mo e s a is ical wo k wi h la ge samples would p o ide o mo e solid esul s. In psychology, he sample size (54 p e e m in an s and 84 e m in an s) is no conside ed small. Tha is, o an expe imen al and longi udinal s udy, he sample size is accep able. Howe e , om a s a is ical poin o iew, some a iables could be bene i om a la ge sample size. Fo solid esul s, u he s a is ical es s should be made using la ge and mo e he e ogeneous samples. 41 6. REFERENCES Adamson, L. B., & F ick, J. E. (2003). The S ill Face: A His o y o a Sha ed Expe imen al Pa adigm. In ancy, 4(4), 451–473. h ps://doi.o g/10.1207/S15327078IN0404_01 Almeida, N. K. O., Ped ei a, C. E., & Almeida, R. M. V. R. 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(URL: h p://www. hebabyco ne .com/page/2952/, Ma ch 2018) Tommy’s O ganiza ion. Why we exis (URL: h ps://www. ommys.o g/ou -o ganisa ion/why-we- exis , June 2017) Wo ld Heal h O ganiza ion. P e e m Bi h (URL: h p://www.who.in /mediacen e/ ac shee s/ s363/en/, June 2017) 44 7. APPENDIX 7.1. STRANGE SITUATION EXPERIENCE SCHEMATICS Episode Pa icipan s Du a ion Desc ip ion 1 Mo he , In an , S ange 30 seconds A hi d pe son in oduces he play oom o he mo he and he in an . 2 Mo he , In an 3 minu es The mo he and he in an s a e le in he play oom. 3 Mo he , In an , S ange 3 minu es The hi d pe son en e s in o he oom and (1) sea s, (2) alks wi h he mo he , (3) app oach he in an and (4) mo he lea es he oom. 4 In an , S ange 3 minu es maximum The hi d pe son in e ac s wi h he in an and com o s him i necessa y. 5 Mo he , In an 3 minu es The mo he en e s in o he oom and he hi d pe son lea es. The mo he in e ac s wi h he in an . 6 In an 3 minu es maximum The mo he lea es he oom. 7 In an , S ange 3 minu es maximum The hi d pe son en e s in o he oom and in e ac s wi h he in an . 8 Mo he , In an 3 minu es The mo he en e s in o he oom, pick-up he in an and he hi d pe son lea es he oom. Table 7.1 - S ange Si ua ion Desc ip ion 7.2. AUTOREGULATION PATTERNS AND BEHAVIORAL STYLES Beha io al S yles Desc ip ion o Beha io al S yles Au o egula ion Pa e ns VII P olonged and in ense in e ac ion in an emo ionally posi i e mood, wi h dis inc change du ing he S ill-Face episode and subsequen eco e y Posi i e O he - Di ec ed Coping VI Good le el o in e ac i e pa icipa ion in he i s episode, wi h dis inc dis u bance du ing he S ill-Face episode, wi hou g ea di icul ies in eco e ing subsequen ly V Good o mode a e le el o in e ac i e pa icipa ion in he i s episode wi h dis u bance du ing he S ill-Face episode, wi h eco e y in he 3 d episode IV Mode a e le el o in e ac i e pa icipa ion in he i s episode wi h dis u bance du ing he S ill-Face episode and absence o subsequen eco e y Nega i e O he - Di ec ed Coping III Low quali y in e ac i e pa icipa ion and p og essi e inc ease o discom o (o nega i e mani es a ions) o e he 3 S ill-Face episodes II Low quali y in e ac i e pa icipa ion o ob ious signs o high dis u bance in he i s and las episode wi h dis inc dec ease in ension le el du ing he S ill- Face episode Sel -Di ec ed Coping I Low in e ac i e pa icipa ion Table 7.2 - Ma ch be ween Au o egula ion Pa e ns and Beha io al S yles 45 7.3. THE APGAR SCORE Sign 0 1 2 1s minu e 5 h minu e Colo Blue o Pale Ac ocyano ic Comple ely Pink Hea Ra e Absen < 100 pe minu e > 100 pe minu e Re lex I i abili y No Response G imace C y o Ac i e Wi hd awal Muscle Tone Limp Some Flexion Ac i e Mo ion Respi a ion Absen Weak C y; Hypo en ila ion Good, C ying Sou ce: The Ame ican College o Obs e icians and Gynecologis s Table 7.3 - Apga Sco e Fo m 46 7.4. DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS 7.4.1. In an s’ Demog aphics Va iable P e e m Te m To al % To al Gende Female 22 38 60 43,48% Male 32 46 78 56,52% Age G oup [ 31 -34 [ 20 0 20 14,49% [ 34 - 37 [ 34 0 34 24,64% [ 37 - 40 [ 0 35 35 25,36% [ 40 - 43 ] 0 49 49 35,51% Weigh G oup [ 1050 - 1457 [ 7 0 7 5,07% [ 1457 - 1864 [ 11 0 11 7,97% [ 1864 - 2271 [ 15 0 15 10,87% [ 2271 - 2678 [ 15 3 18 13,04% [ 2678 - 3085 [ 6 21 27 19,57% [ 3085 - 3492 [ 0 31 31 22,46% [ 3492 - 3899 [ 0 20 20 14,49% [ 3899 - 4350 ] 0 9 9 6,52% Bi h Type Induced 37 29 66 47,83% Spon aneous 17 55 72 52,17% Table 7.4 - In an s' Demog aphics: Ca ego ical Va iables No. Siblings P e e m Te m Mean 0,54 0,76 S d E Mean 0,12 0,13 S d De 0,91 1,16 (Min. - Max.) ( 0 - 5) ( 0 - 6) Mode 0 0 N 54 84 Table 7.5 - In an s' Demog aphics: Quan i a i e Va iables 53 Le el + Le el - Di e ence Be ween Rank Sums [ 18 - 22 [ [ 22 - 26 [ -330,5 [ 18 - 22 [ [ 26 - 30 [ -1650,5 [ 18 - 22 [ [ 30 - 34 [ -3074,5 [ 18 - 22 [ [ 34 - 38 [ -1311,5 [ 18 - 22 [ [ 38 - 42 ] -602,0 [ 22 - 26 [ [ 26 - 30 [ -1320,0 [ 22 - 26 [ [ 30 - 34 [ -2744,0 [ 22 - 26 [ [ 34 - 38 [ -981,0 [ 22 - 26 [ [ 38 - 42 ] -271,5 [ 26 - 30 [ [ 30 - 34 [ -1424,0 [ 26 - 30 [ [ 34 - 38 [ 339,0 [ 26 - 30 [ [ 38 - 42 ] 1048,5 [ 30 - 34 [ [ 34 - 38 [ 1763,0 [ 30 - 34 [ [ 38 - 42 ] 2472,5 [ 34 - 38 [ [ 38 - 42 ] 709,5 Table 7.16 - Nemenyi Tes o Mo he ’s Age G oups and Apga -1 (C i ical Value = 503,0) Le el + Le el - Di e ence Be ween Rank Sums [ 18 - 22 [ [ 22 - 26 [ -305 [ 18 - 22 [ [ 26 - 30 [ -1167,5 [ 18 - 22 [ [ 30 - 34 [ -2236 [ 18 - 22 [ [ 34 - 38 [ -988,5 [ 18 - 22 [ [ 38 - 42 ] -581 [ 22 - 26 [ [ 26 - 30 [ -862,5 [ 22 - 26 [ [ 30 - 34 [ -1931 [ 22 - 26 [ [ 34 - 38 [ -683,5 [ 22 - 26 [ [ 38 - 42 ] -276 [ 26 - 30 [ [ 30 - 34 [ -1068,5 [ 26 - 30 [ [ 34 - 38 [ 179 [ 26 - 30 [ [ 38 - 42 ] 586,5 [ 30 - 34 [ [ 34 - 38 [ 1247,5 [ 30 - 34 [ [ 38 - 42 ] 1655 [ 34 - 38 [ [ 38 - 42 ] 407,5 Table 7.17 - Nemenyi Tes o Mo he ’s Age G oups and Apga -5 (C i ical Value = 305,4)