Systemic Creativty in Environmental and Ecological Art

Sys emic C ea i i y in En i onmen al and Ecological A Raquel de Oli ei a Ca doso Mas e 's Thesis in Human Ecology and Con empo a y Social Issues July, 2022 Sys emic C ea i i y in En i onmen al and Ecological A Raquel de Oli ei a Ca doso Mas e 's Thesis in Human Ecology and Con empo a y Social Issues July, 2022 2 ABSTRACT In a momen when clima e change, species deple ion, gene alized pollu ion, and o he en i onmen al p oblems a e as c i ical as hey a e oday, i is impe a i e o pu ou a en ion on c ea i e pe spec i es a ound hese issues. C ea i i y is he keywo d o he p esen esea ch, and i is seen he e as a sou ce and consequence o a socie y ha is in e es ed in posi i e change. En i onmen al and ecological a is s a e only one small pa o he g ea communi y o people who a e ying o o e come en i onmen al issues, bu hey o m an ideal g oup o people o be analyzed in ela ion o c ea i i y. Using Mihaly Csikszen mihalyi’s sys emic pe spec i e on c ea i i y, his esea ch has used he in o ma ion p o ided by 6 in-dep h in e iews wi h en i onmen al and ecological a is s o unde s and wha a e he o ces in luencing hei c ea i e po en ial. Among he esul s, i is clea ha he ield and i s ma ke pe spec i e on he a s is one o he main causes o c ea i i y limi a ion. Such esul s a e ele an because hey p o ide a e y i s s ep in he di ec ion o mi iga ing such p oblems, while also gene a ing a deepe unde s anding o how sys emic c ea i i y wo ks. 3 TABLE OF CONTENT ABSTRACT 3 LIST OF FIGURES 5 LIST OF TABLES 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 INTRODUCTION 8 HOW CREATIVITY WORKS 10 Wha Is C ea i i y 10 Sys ems Model O C ea i i y 12 A Dynamic Model O The C ea i e P ocess 15 Implica ions O The Model 20 The Roles O C ea i i y In Socie y 22 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECOLOGICAL ART 26 In oduc ion 26 En i onmen al And Ecological A 30 How A Plays A Role In En i onmen al Consciousness 36 A And C ea i i y 41 METHODOLOGY 44 Objec i es 44 Me hodological Op ion 44 ANALYSIS OF THE INTERVIEWS 46 Fi s classi ica ion: Domain 46 Second classi ica ion: Pe son 51 Thi d classi ica ion: Field 64 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 74 APPENDIX 76 Ques ionnai e 76 In e iewee In o ma ion 77 REFERENCES 78 4 LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1 The sys ems iew o c ea i i y 16 5 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. B oadly accessible domains 46 Table 2. Speci ic knowledges 47 Table 3. How do you hink you wo k gene a es changes on how we hink, eel, and ac ? 48 Table 4. O igins o he in e es in en i onmen al issues 50 Table 5. C ea i e p ocess 53 Table 6. Social in e ac ions in he c ea i e p ocess 56 Table 7. Selec ion o insigh s o pu sue 57 Table 8. Obs acles and ad an ages ela ed o he ield 59 Table 9. Obs acles ela ed o he domain 60 Table 10. Pe sonal abili ies o deal wi h ield equi emen s 60 Table 11. Field's app oach o en i onmen al a 63 Table 12. Field’s ecogni ion o c ea i i y and alue 66 Table 13. Au onomy o he ield 68 Table 14. Access o esou ces in he ield 69 Table 15. The ield and b igh people 71 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like o ecognize he in aluable assis ance o D . I a Pi es and hank he o he supe ision and suppo . I also would like o hank my pa en s, whose cons an lo e and suppo keep me mo i a ed and con iden , all e y necessa y o me o inally deli e his hesis. My accomplishmen s and success a e because hey belie ed in me. 7 INTRODUCTION In imes in which clima e change, esou ce deple ion, pollu ion, and biodi e si y collapse a e a p essing eali y, he demand o change is echoing in mos co ne s o poli ical and go e nmen al ins i u ions, media, no - o -p o i o ganiza ions, and in ou communi y as a whole. Un o una ely, he e is a clea and wide gap be ween he demand o change and he ac ual p ocess o de eloping a new way o beha ing and unde s anding he wo ld we li e in. The p ocess o changing has c ea i i y a i s co e, and c ea i i y, he e, should no be unde s ood as he capaci y o gene a ing o iginal hough s, al hough his is an impo an aspec o i . C ea i i y is a much mo e complex and mo e comple e p ocess, and i encompasses he gene a ion o a no el y ha is aluable, as well as he implemen a ion o such no el y in a p ac ical manne . The e o e, c ea i i y he e is ge ing a he om he me e cogni i e aspec s o i and ge ing close o wha is called inno a ion. C ea i i y is also a sys emic p ocess, meaning ha i is no an isola ed phenomenon ha can be ully gene a ed o unde s ood h ough a single indi idual insula ed om i s cul u e and socie y. Mihaly Csikszen mihalyi (1988, 1998, 1999) p oposes a sys emic iew o c ea i i y, and i is suppo ed by h ee pilla s: domain, indi idual, and ield. Such a sys emic iew implies ha ou socio-cul u al con ex a ec s c ea i i y and ice- e sa, so how does his demand o change and o a mo e sus ainable way o li ing in luence c ea i e p ocesses? How a e c ea i e p ocesses being shaped by socio-cul u al o ces? Wha a e he elemen s ha enable and block he c ea ion o change? One o he mos c ea i e a eas ha o e he possibili y o answe ing some o hese ques ions is he a s, mo e speci ically he en i onmen al and ecological a s. The a is ic sphe e is known o demanding and gene a ing c ea i i y, bu i also b ings in i s co e he o ces o he ma ke and he in luence o a c i ics, cu a o s, and galle y owne s. Bu besides being an in e es ing g oup o be analyzed, en i onmen al and ecological a is s a e pa o he ounda ion o a new way o li ing in his wo ld, un o una ely, a no so ecognized one. While we pay a en ion o echnological de elopmen , scien i ic disco e ies, and go e nmen al policies, which a e all deeply essen ial o ad ancing sus ainabili y, we should also ecognize ha ac o s wo king on he ans o ma ion o cul u e and on he c ea ion o new ways o unde s anding who we a e and how we connec o ou biosphe e a e also ca ying on hei backs a c ucial aspec o a sus ainable socie y. 8 En i onmen al and ecological a is s a e s onge communica ion agen s han mos esea che s, poli icians, and companies, and hey a e s onge because hey don’ communica e wi h a ionali y, bu wi h hea , wi h emo ions, wi h all ou embodied senses, c ea ing a much s onge empa hy and connec ion be ween public and subjec . So he unde s anding o how he sys em a ec s he c ea i e achie emen s o his g oup o people is undamen al o a deepe comp ehension o he gap be ween demand o change and ac ual beha io change a ound en i onmen al issues. This esea ch aims a unde s anding how sys emic o ces in luence c ea i i y in en i onmen al and ecological a , as well as unde s anding how hese o ces limi o p omo e c ea i e achie emen s in hese a eas, leading o a e lec ion on he socio-ecological consequences o such in luences. 9 Fig. 1 The sys ems iew o c ea i i y Sou ce: Csikszen mihalyi 1999, p. 315 This “map" shows how in e connec ed he h ee sys ems a e, de e mining oge he he occu ence o a c ea i e p oduc . Fo c ea i i y o occu , a se o ules and p ac ices mus be ansmi ed om he domain o he indi idual. The indi idual, hen, mus p oduce a no el a ia ion in he con en o he domain. Such a ia ion mus be selec ed by he ield o be included in he domain (Csikszen mihalyi 1999). The Domain As his igu e is dynamic, he p esen s a ing poin is pu ely a bi a y. I could ha e s a ed om he “pe son,” because his is how c ea i i y is mos ly po ayed, wi h an idea beginning in someone’s head. Bu any in o ma ion ha goes in o such idea exis ed long be o e he c ea i e mind used i . The in o ma ion is s o ed in he symbol sys em o he cul u e, in he cus oma y p ac ices, he language, he speci ici ies o he “domain”. Wi hou access o hese kinds o in o ma ion, a pe son canno make a c ea i e con ibu ion (Csikszen mihalyi 1988). The domain is a necessa y componen o c ea i i y, once i is impossible o make a c ea i e con ibu ion in he absence o a symbolic sys em. O iginal hough canno happen in a acuum, as i has o ope a e on a se o ules, ep esen a ions, and no a ions. One can only be a c ea i e in any gi en domain because one can e alua e he pe o mance o c ea i e endea o s by e e ence o he ela i e domain’s adi ion. Wi h no ules he e is no excep ions, and wi h no adi ion he e is no no el y. Wha we call c ea i i y always in ol es changes in he symbolic sys ems ha o m ou 16 men al s uc u e, so a change ha does no a ec he way we hink, eel, o ac canno be c ea i e (Csikszen mihalyi 1998). C ea i i y happens when a pe son can make a change in he domain, a change ha will be ansmi ed h ough ime. Some people a e mo e likely o gene a e such changes, ei he because hey ha e speci ic pe sonal quali ies, o because hey a e well-posi ioned on he domain by ha ing be e access o i , o because o social condi ions ha allow hese people ee ime o expe imen (Csikszen mihalyi 1998). The Pe son The “pe son" on he sys em con ibu es o he c ea i e p ocess by p oducing some a ia ion in he in o ma ion inhe i ed om he cul u e. The sou ce o such a ia ion may come om inhe i ed o lea ned cogni i e lexibili y, pe sis en mo i a ion, o some a e e en in he pe son’s li e. These a e he aspec s ha a e mos equen ly s udied by psychologis s in e es ed in c ea i i y, bu by i sel , he p ocess o gene a ing a ia ion canno e eal wha c ea i i y is abou , because by ocusing on he indi idual ou o con ex does no allow he obse e o e alua e he p oduced a ia ion (Csikszen mihalyi 1988). An insigh is gene ally unde s ood as some hing ha occu s when a pe son is exposed o new in o ma ion ha esul s in a new way o looking a a p oblem o phenomenon. Mos s udies on his ma e ha e been made by psychologis s, ollowing he endency o ocus on cogni i e p ocesses du ing and leading o he momen o insigh . I has been gene ally assumed ha his momen occu s when he pe son is alone, he e o e being s udied as a cogni i e p ocess ha happens in isola ion (Csikszen mihalyi and Sawye 1995). Bu Csiksen mihaly and Sawye (1995) expand ou om his momen in ime while also embedding i wi hin o he ele an s ages o he c ea i e p ocess. The comple e “li e span” o a c ea i e insigh , al hough eeling like a sho lash, is ac ually en angled in a complex, ime-consuming and undamen ally social p ocess. I is ue ha mos c ea i es do epo hei insigh momen s as soli a y ones, maybe happening du ing a walk, while aking a showe , o while lying in bed igh a e waking up, bu hese epo s a e usually embedded wi hin a mo e complex na a i e ha desc ibes he e o p eceding and ollowing he insigh , s essing he salience o social and in e ac i e ac o s (Csikszen mihalyi and Sawye 1995). Du ing in e iews wi h c ea i e indi iduals, he esponden s desc ibed momen s o c ea i e insigh as some hing ha occu s as a ou -s age p ocess. The i s s age is he ha d wo k and esea ch p eceding he momen o insigh ; he second s age is a pe iod o idle ime alone; he hi d s age is he ac ual insigh ; and he ou h s age is he ha d wo k equi ed o b ing he idea o ui ion. 17 Bo h pe iods o ha d wo k, a he beginning and a he end, a e essen ially social, wi h deep oo s in in e ac ion wi h colleagues and he indi idual’s in e nalized unde s anding o he cul u ally cons i u ed domain. The balance o ha d wo k and idle ime can be also seen as a balance be ween social in e ac ion and indi idual isola ion (Csikszen mihalyi and Sawye 1995). When psychologis s analyze he insigh p ocess wi hou a emp ing o ep esen social in luences, i is ha d o answe o basic ques ions such as how he pe son in eg a es he insigh wi h an ongoing domain o scien i ic o a is ic ac i i y, o o wha ex en he p epa a ion s age is dependen on he symbolic domain o on he social g oup wi hin which he indi idual wo ks, o how an insigh can be e alua ed unless he pe son uses an in e nal comp ehension o he domain (Csikszen mihalyi and Sawye 1995). While many psychologis s choose o esea ch c ea i i y as an indi idual ai , he sys em model enables a mo e cohe en unde s anding o a pe son’s con ibu ion o he c ea i e p ocess. Fi s , i b ings o ligh he ac ha one can only o e a c ea i e a ia ion a e he o she has access o a domain and engage in he equi ed lea ning o i s ules. This means ha mo i a ion is e y ele an , jus as cogni i e ac o s, and hey in e ac wi h he s a e o he domain and he ield (Csikszen mihalyi 1998). Second, he sys em model ea i ms how impo an indi idual ac o s a e o he c ea i e p ocess. People who a e likely o inno a e end o ha e pe sonali y cha ac e is ics ha a o he b eaking o ules, and di e gen hinking, p oblem inding, and many o he ac o s explo ed by psychologis s a e ele an in his con ex (Csikszen mihalyi 1998). Finally, one e y impo an aspec ha a c ea i e pe son should ha e is he abili y o con ince he ield abou he alue o he no el y one has p oduced. So i is easie o someone o make a c ea i e con ibu ion i one has access o he ield, he ne wo k o con ac s, he pe sonali y ai s ha a o c ea i i y and ha enable one o be aken se iously and he abili y o exp ess onesel in an in elligible way (Csikszen mihalyi 1998). The Field The “ ield" has he ask o selec ing p omising a ia ions and o inco po a e hem in o he domain. The ield includes all he people ha can a ec he s uc u e o such domain. The ield o a , o example, is composed by a eache s, a his o ians, a c i ics, collec o s, galle y owne s, museum cu a o s, and he pee g oup o a is s. So he ield o a , jus like any o he ield, is composed o a ne wo k o in e locking oles, wi h some o hem ha ing a be e chance o 18 inco po a ing selec ed a ia ions in o he domain. The people who ha e his p i ileged posi ion ac as “ga ekeepe s" o he domain (Csikszen mihalyi 1988). E e y ield is embedded in a speci ic social sys em, and he esou ces o a la ge socie y help o suppo he ecogni ion o new ideas. A communi y is mo e likely o do so when he e is disposable weal h as well as disposable a en ion, as people need money and ime o ake an in e es in a domain (Csikszen mihalyi 1988). Bu mos no el ideas will be quickly o go en, because changes a e no adop ed unless hey a e app o ed and de ended by he g oup en i led o decide wha should and should no be included in he domain. These ga ekeepe s a e wha is called he ield. This e m is gene ally used o desc ibe a discipline o kind o endea o , bu he e he e m has a na owe sense, being used only o desc ibe he social o ganiza ion o he domain, o he eache s, c i ics, jou nal edi o s, agency di ec o s, cu a o s, and ounda ion o ice s who decide wha belongs o a domain and wha doesn’ . A e e y le el, om he d awings o small child en o Nobel P ize nomina ions, judges a e assessing new p oduc s and deciding i hey a e c ea i e, meaning i hey a e enough o an imp o emen o be included in a domain (Csikszen mihalyi 1998). Needless o say, ields will di e in he igidi y o hei selec i e mechanisms, he sensi i i y o ga ekeepe s, and he dynamic o hei own o ganiza ion. I also ollows ha a ield wi h di use selec ion c i e ia, o one wi h ga ekeepe s who a e no e y espec ed, will ha e mo e di icul y in es ablishing he c ea i i y o a new idea. Also, a new idea will ace di icul ies in being ecognized as c ea i e in cases in which he ield is de ensi e, igid, o is pa o a social sys em ha does no encou age no el y (Csikszen mihalyi 1988). Fields a y in many dimensions, such as he ex en o which hey a e au onomous. Some ields can make c ea i i y judgemen s ela ed o hei own socie y, while o he s mainly medi a e he public opinion. The au onomy o a ield is connec ed o how codi ied i s domain is, so i a domain is a cane o highly codi ied such as molecula biology, he c ea i i y judgemen will be made by a ela i ely small ield. Bu i we a e alking abou mo ies and popula music, domains ha a e e y accessible o he gene al public, he specialized ield won’ be able o decide which wo k will be c ea i e. Fo he same easons, c ea i i y is mo e epheme al in he a s han in he sciences (Csikszen mihalyi 1998). Ano he impo an a ia ion among ields is how open o close hey a e o c ea i i y. The openness o a ield depends on i s in e nal o ganiza ion as well as in i s ela ion o he wide socie y. Ins i u ions ha a e highly hie a chical and alue he knowledge o he pas usually see c ea i i y as 19 a h ea , and his phenomenon can be seen in some eligions, academies and ce ain businesses ha seek o gi e leade ship o olde indi iduals in o de o a oid change (Csikszen mihalyi 1998). Besides au onomy and openness, he e a e o he cha ac e is ics o a ield ha will make i mo e o less likely o accep c ea i e p oduc s. One ha should be highligh ed is he access o esou ces, because a ield is mo e likely o a ac c ea i e people i i o e s scope o expe imen a ion and ewa ds in case o success. E en hough c ea i e people enjoy wo king in domains o i s own sake, he a ac ion o money and ame should no be discoun ed (Csikszen mihalyi 1998). How cen al a ield is in e ms o socie al alues also de e mines how a ac i e i is o new people ha a e willing o inno a e. Cu en ly, b igh young people a e a ac ed o a a ie y o con as ing domains, bu all o hem ha e widesp ead ideological and/o ma e ial suppo . While some may be a ac ed o compu e science because i p o ides exci ing and in ellec ual challenges, o he s a e a ac ed o oceanog aphy because i migh help o sol e many en i onmen al issues. This is impo an because any gi en ield ha is able o a ac a big numbe o b igh people is mo e likely o wi ness c ea i e b eak h oughs (Csikszen mihalyi 1998). Implica ions o The Model Those who may be mo e used o he pe son-cen e ed app oach on c ea i i y migh eel ha his sys emic app oach is a be ayal o psychology in a o o his o ical o sociological app oaches. Bu he objec i e is no o lea e psychology behind, bu o unde s and he complex con ex in which people ope a e, e en ually en iching ou unde s anding o c ea i i y, in which he pe son is pa o a sys em o mu ual in luences and in o ma ion (Csikszen mihalyi 1988). The Domain Le el This app oach b ings o ligh many ques ions ha a e usually igno ed in c ea i i y esea ch, bu migh hold impo an indings. When ocusing on he domain, some o he impo an ques ions a e “Wha a e he di e se ways in which in o ma ion can be s o ed and ansmi ed, and how does he s uc u e o in o ma ions a ec c ea i i y? Concep s and measu es need o be de eloped in o de o e alua e he s uc u ing o in o ma ion and i s impac on c ea i i y, as well as o disco e which symbol sys ems a e be e able o s o e and ansmi c ea i e ideas (Csikszen mihalyi 1988). Ano he impo an aspec ha needs o be unde s ood is how access o in o ma ion is di e en ially open o di e en ca ego ies o people, aiming o make pas c ea i i y a ailable o as 20 many people as possible, in o de o boos u u e c ea i i y. Mo e impo an o his esea ch, hough, is he ques ion o how o mo i a e people o engage wi h pa icula domains. Wha is ying o be lea ned wi h his ques ion is no how o p o ide ex insic mo i a ions, like money and ecogni ion, hings ha would be conce ns o he ield, bu how o ensu e in insic mo i a ion, which is based on how a ac i e an in o ma ion is p esen ed. I someone is bo ed by a domain, he amoun o po en ial c ea i i y o an indi idual won’ be enough o gene a e he in e es and e o ha a e necessa y o make a c ea i e con ibu ion. The abili y o a ac and sus ain in e es depends on how well he domain is in e nally o ganized, and he e is a lo o be lea ned abou he speci ic mo i a ional alues o di e en ways o pa e ning in o ma ion (Csikszen mihalyi 1988). The Pe son Le el The main concep ual ques ion on he le el o he pe son is “How do some indi iduals can p oduce a g ea e amoun o a ia ion in a gi en domain han o he s?” To answe his ques ion, mo i a ional, a ec i e, and cogni i e a iables should be e alua ed. I is likely ha some child en a e bo n wi h mo e sensi i i y o ce ain kinds o s imuli, he e o e being mo e ad an aged o dealing wi h memes connec ed o wha hey a e mo e sensi i e o. I is also likely ha ea ly expe iences and demog aphic a iables such as social class, sibling posi ion, and eligious upb inging will a ec hei po en ial. The impo ance o p oblem inding as an app oach o c ea i e asks as well as he ways in which a ious in o ma ion p ocessing s a egies a e used by c ea i e child en has been in es iga ed (Csikszen mihalyi and Ge zels 1971, Csikszen mihalyi 1988). Ca e ul s udies o uly c ea i e indi iduals ha encompass all he angles o he complex in e ac ions among pe son, ield, and domain and e y needed and a e a e. Some examples ha ollow his di ec ion a e G ube ’s s udy o Da win, Ge zels and Csikszen mihalyi’s longi udinal s udy (1976) o young a is s, and Feldman’s con inuing in es iga ions o p odigiously gi ed child en (Csikszen mihalyi 1988). The Field Le el I is p obably ue ha we migh know less abou he e ec s o social sys ems on c ea i i y han abou he o he wo le els o he cycle. The impo an ques ions he e a e ela ed o wha o ms o o ganiza ion acili a e he selec ion o new a ian s and hei inclusion in he domain. Some aspec s ha e s a ed o be ecognized, such as he ex ensi e suppo sys em ha is needed in o de o mas e skills in any gi en domain, he social oles and pe sonali y ypes ha de e mine success in he ield, and he ela ionship be ween ea u es o he social sys em and he equency o c ea i e beha io (Csikszen mihalyi 1988). 21 Some impo an ques ions ela ed o he ield a e ‘Who is en i led o decide wha is c ea i e? How c ea i i y can be in luenced h ough he a ibu ional p ocess? Wha does i ake o a new meme o be accep ed in o he domain (Csikszen mihalyi 1998)? I means ha psychologis s s udying c ea i i y ha e began o unde s and how impo an he sys emic app oach is. Because o ha , o he ields o s udy, like he his o y o ideas, o ganiza ional sociology and cogni i e science a e being in eg a ed in o de o ha e a s onge sense on he issue. The sys ems app oach demands ha i s esea che s become e sed in he skills o di e en disciplines, because he e u n in knowledge is wo h he e o (Csikszen mihalyi 1988). The Roles o C ea i i y in Socie y Despi e he g owing discou se ela ed o c ea i i y among p ac i ione s, policymake s and schola s, su p isingly li le a en ion has been paid o he ques ion o why. Why alue c ea i i y? Wha is i s ole in socie y? Wha does i do o socie y? Why socie y should ca e abou i ? Such line o ques ioning unde s ands c ea i i y as a cause in social and in ellec ual endea o s, no jus as an e ec o indi idual cha ac e is ics, social suppo , o cogni i e p ocesses (Mo an 2010). Socie ies cons i u e a kind o “knowledge ecology,” as i unc ions as an in o ma ion-p ocessing ecosys em in which di e en ypes o indi iduals play di e en oles in an in e dependen in o ma ion and esou ce p ocessing ne wo k. We a e now acing condi ions ha d i e he change o ou men al maps, and i happens when ou cu en way o li ing does no wo k anymo e, and he p oblems caused by i a e massi e and p essing. Today, socie ies ace a massi e, in e connec ed c isis ha demands an e olu iona y lea ning es , in which we ei he change o we die (Goe ne 2007). The beginning o he hi d millennium is ans o ming c ea i i y in o some hing absolu ely c i ical. Today, we ha e o deal wi h age-old p oblems such as coexis ence in an inc easingly in e dependen wo ld, as well as mo e ecen issues such as inc easing wo ld popula ion and en i onmen al issues. We need new solu ions and mo e c ea i i y i we wan ou species o su i e (Csikszen mihalyi and Wol e 2000). Wes e n ci iliza ion is ein en ing i sel , because he adi ional mode n pa adigm, wi h a mechanis ic and impe ialis ic app oach o li e is ailing. A new collabo a i e lea ning and ecosys emic iew o humani y is ising o ake i s place. This p ocess o e hinking and ebi h will e en ually emb ace e e y aspec o ou li es, om business, educa ion, and poli ics, o spi i uali y, heal h, and science. Fo ha , an in eg a ion o indi idual c ea i i y, collec i e c ea i i y, and 22 collabo a i e lea ning becomes c ucial o gi e bi h o he nex s age o ci iliza ion. He e, c ea i i y means bo h e ec i e no el y and a na u al, indi idual, and collec i e p ocess ha b ings o li e he necessa y di e si y o hough ha is needed o gene a e be e ways o he collec i e socie al “mind” (Goe ne 2007). C ea i i y, pa icula ly collec i e c ea i i y, is c ucial o collec i e lea ning, because de eloping a new way o unde s anding he wo ld is a g oup p ojec ha equi es many minds wi h di e se pe spec i es wo king no only o c ea e a new pa adigm, bu also o ind mo e e ec i e solu ions o ou cu en p oblems. Collec i e c ea i i y may wo k g adually a i s , in he o m o indi idual c ea i i y wo king ac oss he many spec ums o ou socie ies. E en ually, indi iduals s a ealizing ha many agmen s o solu ions ac ually connec and o m a comp ehensi e new pic u e. Thei c ea i e con ibu ion is he in eg a ion o di e se solu ions in o a single, commonsense amewo k. This amewo k ac s like a lens ha shows o he es o he people a clea and cohe en new pic u e wi h simple connec i e logic, so ha socie y can walk owa ds a new way o li ing (Goe ne 2007). Ou mos p essing c ea i e challenge is he de elopmen o a sus ainable u u e. I is no abou a u opia, a pe ec wo ld, i is he c ea ion o a wo ld whe e peace and he igh o po e y, opp ession, insensi i i y, c uel y and despai a e he s uc u al base o ou socie y (Eisle 2007). A ound he wo ld, millions o people and o ganiza ions use hei c ea i i y o help in he c ea ion o a mo e equi able, sus ainable, and peace ul cul u e. Bu a he same ime, he majo i y o people doub we a e capable o lea ing behind he habi s ha b ough o us ou cu en p oblems (Eisle 2007). The cul u es we c ea e will la gely de e mine i ou li es yles will con inue o eed en i onmen al des uc ion, wa and inequali y, o i we will build a mo e sus ainable and humane wo ld. Cul u es ha encou age e e yday c ea i i y, o c ea i i y in all people and in all a eas (Richa ds 1999) a e essen ial in c i ical imes. We can ei he choose o be passi e, o choose o use ou c ea i i y o c ea e cul u es ha a e aligned wi h he cu en equi emen s o human su i al and walk owa d g ea e consciousness, ca ing, and c ea i i y (Eisle 2007). We humans a e he mos c ea i e species on he plane , we a e amazing beings ha can change no only ou sel es, bu also he en i onmen . Wi h a clea e unde s anding o who we a e, wha we can be, and wha is needed o a mo e jus , peace ul, and sus ainable global cul u e, we can use ou inc edible c ea i e po en ial o build he ounda ions o uly ci ilized cul u es. As co-c ea o s o ou u u e, we ha e in ou hands he possibili y o c ea ing a cul u e ha is in synch wi h cu en social-ecological demands (Eisle 2007). 23 Pu pose is based in alues, and alues signi y he ela i e impo ance o goals and ideals. Focusing on pu pose is imely and i also e eals how people end o exhibi ambi alence in ela ion o c ea i i y. On he one hand, c ea i e pe sons, ins i u ions, and in en ions a e p aised by leade s, poli icians, educa o s, and he media as hose who can sa e ou ill socie y. People also end o desi e o be mo e c ea i e a wo k o in leisu e. Bu , in e es ingly, s udies o c ea i i y and alues o e he las 40 yea s ha e shown ha Ame ican adul s, including eache s, do no alue c ea i i y e y highly. This happens because c ea i i y is gene ally associa ed wi h de iance, ebelliousness, da ing, and independence, and c ea o s migh no be dependable o eliable. They hold di e en alues (Mo an 2010). How ole an and welcoming a e we o di e gence and he dis inc i e ways in which c ea i e people p esen hemsel es? How heal hy and ecep i e a e ou socie al no ms? The answe s o such ques ions a e e y impo an , as hey de ine he nu u ing o discou aging o c ea i i y in ou social se ings. Whe e and how o en do we push away c ea i e ideas and c ea i e people in ou li es because o incon enience and h ea ? And how o en do we classi y c ea i i y as some hing abno mal o e en pa hological, dis ancing ou sel es om wha we conside as “di e en ” (Richa ds 2010)? Socie y has many di e en mechanisms ha end o cons ain c ea i i y. One example is socie al accep ance o only one ideology in a domain. Such ideology could be poli ical, scien i ic, a is ic, educa ional, o any hing else. Fo example, when beha io ism was leading he way in psychology, anyone who w o e an a icle wi h e e ences on in e nal s a es o consciousness would ha e a ha d ime ge ing i published in p es igious scien i ic jou nals. This shows ha when he e is only one dominan ideology, i ends o s amp ou o he s, and he success o such ideology is linked o how well i s amps ou c ea i e compe i o s (S e nbe g and Kau man 2010). One could easily hink ha democ acy is he go e nmen al o ma ha is mos p one o c ea i i y p omo ion, bu al hough i migh be ue, he e is no gua an ee ha a democ a ic socie y will p omo e c ea i i y, because whe e he majo i y ules, c ea i i y may be supp essed. As c ea i e people po en ially make he o he s eel uncom o able, c ea i es may be ejec ed by any o ing p ocedu e. A esea ch conduc ed by Langlois and Roggman shows ha people hink he mos beau i ul aces a e he ones ha a e he mos a e age. The g ea e he numbe o aces ha we e combined by a compu e , gene a ing an a e age ace, he mo e a ac i e he ace became. In he same manne , indi iduals who a e seen as mos socially desi able a e he ones who ep esen he consensus o a g oup, a he han a c ea i e depa u e om he eigning ideology. Being c ea i e, hen, equi es de ia ion om he no m (S e nbe g and Kau man 2010). 24 One o he consequences o he p ocesses desc ibed abo e is ha he ideas ha a e mos ewa ded a e small ad ancemen s, ideas ha mo e some hing o wa d, bu no oo much. This happens because i an idea is iden i ied as being oo adical, i is likely o be ejec ed (S e nbe g and Kau man 2010). S ill, c ea i i y is gene ally held as good, as i in en s and maybe con ols he u u e. Wi h c ea i i y, he u u e becomes an oppo uni y, no a h ea , a leas o he c ea o s. And whe he we can ecognize a si ua ion as an oppo uni y may depend in pa on wha ou pu pose is. Th ough ou ac ions, we posi ion ou sel es in ou u u e, and ou pu pose can enable o inhibi ou abili y o e-cognize, ha is, o hink again and maybe di e en ly, abou a si ua ion, gene a ing oppo uni ies, ans o ming c isis in o lea ning expe iences, obs acles in o challenges, suppo s in o asse s (Mo an 2010). Bu o make i , we ha e o do i oge he . No only because a pa adigma ic change in ol es all laye s o socie y, bu also because by cu ing o he limi s be ween domains we can go u he . The bene i o ho izon al in e ac ions and sha ing — when people sha e knowledge ac oss domains — is ha i encou ages concep ual blending, which is e y impo an o he de elopmen o insigh s. This is a ele an p ocess because, usually, he b ain iles ideas in ca ego ies acco ding o how hey can be used, and such ideas a e no accessed i we need some hing ha would be applied in ano he manne . This b ain mechanism usually makes us mo e e icien , bu i also keeps us om gene a ing insigh s. I happens because ou b eak h oughs o en a i e when we apply old solu ions o new si ua ions, when ins ead o keeping concep s sepa a e, we blend hem oge he and espass on he s anda d bounda ies o hough (Leh e 2012). The abili y o make sepa a e ideas coexis in he mind is a c ucial c ea i e ool, as insigh s come om he o e lap o seemingly un ela ed hough s. They eme ge when concep s a e ecombined and ansposed, shi ing he ules and he bounda ies o domains and o wha is possible (Leh e 2012). The p oblems we ace oday and he dimension o necessa y change demands he me ging o concep s, he b eaking o ules, mo e accessible domains, and mo e e o ul ields. C ea i i y needs a socie y ha alues no el y and app op ia eness oge he . I c ea i i y is no allowed o exis o o be ecognized, i s ole in socie y is deba able. This means ha he ole o c ea i i y in socie y depends in pa on he socie y in which a po en ial o c ea i i y exis s (Mo an 2010). So c ea i i y is he esul o a communi y. Fo i o eme ge, he e mus be a con luence o bo h socie al and indi idual o ces (Sei z 2003). 25 Ecological a has i s basis on ecological e hics and sys ems heo y, explo ing he web o in e ela ionships be ween he physical, biological, cul u al, poli ical, and his o ical aspec s o ecosys ems. Ecological a , he e o e, is based on a b oad in e disciplina y knowledge and is able o appeal o bo h hea and mind. This kind o a asks p obing ques ions, de elops s ong me apho s, iden i y pa e ns, ells s o ies, o e s es o a ion and emedia ion, uses enewable ma e ials and e-imagines sys ems; ecological a is s inspi e, suppo , and inno a e on en i onmen al issues, b inging o ligh ecological ela ionships while p omo ing ecological alues. Ecological a inspi es espec and ca ing o ou plane , i s imula es dialogue, helps on social-ecological ans o ma ions, while also s imula es he imagina ion and cons uc ion o a wo ld whe e he in ini e kinds o li e o ms ound on ea h may lou ish oge he (Wallen 2012). The gen e o ecological a was o iginally concei ed in he 1990s, looking a p ac ices ha eme ged om he la e 1960s onwa ds. I co e s a a ie y o a is ic p ac ices which can be uni ed, as social-ecological modes o engagemen , by sha ed p inciples such as connec i i y, ecological e hical esponsibili y, econs uc ion, s ewa dship o in e ela ionships and o commons, non-linea ( e)gene a i i y, na iga ion and dynamic balancing ac oss mul iple scales, and explo a ions o he ab ic o li e and i s complexi y (Kagan 2014). Helen Maye Ha ison and New on Ha ison, wo o he g ea exponen o ecological a , s a e as ollows (2004): “We belie e ha in a well unc ioning sys em, cul u al di e si y and biodi e si y exis in a s a e o mu ual in e ac ion – he o me sel conscious and able o in end and ans o m, and he la e he pa e n o sel o ganiza ion om which we all sp ing and o which we all e u n, and which ul ima ely de e mines he possible”. This phase ha s a ed in he 1990s and s e ches o he p esen day b ings a mo e di ec engagemen wi h en i onmen al issues and a eexamina ion o he ela ionships be ween a , socie y, and he en i onmen . Ecological a is an impo an pa o ecen pe o ma i e en i onmen al a . Tu nell iden i ies h ee c ea i e lines in his phase: he i s is a commen a y upon en i onmen al issues and c ea i e solu ions o ela ed p oblems, he second o e s symbolic wa nings and poe ic medi a ions on ou cu en ecological p oblems, and he hi d is simply a wi ness o ou si ua ion (Tho nes 2008). While some ecological a wo ks a e ocused on physical inno a ion, ans o ma ion, and es o a ion, o he s a e mo e leaned owa ds inspi ing sociopoli ical ac i ism, while o he s a e mo e concep ual, p omo ing ecological alues and pe cep ions. Wo ks o a ha mix di e se egis e s simul aneously a e gene ally mo e impac ul (Wallen 2012). 32 Ecological a , al hough being a subse o en i onmen al a , e e s o a mo e speci ic and o iginal meaning, conside ing also a se o social-ecological p ac ices, esul ing in a ew salien cha ac e is ics (Kagan 2014). The “ecoa ne wo k" is an in i a ional ne wo k and mailing-lis ha was s a ed in 1999 and oday ga he s mo e han a hund ed p ac i ione s and o he people ela ed o ecoa , among whom a e se e al key pe sonali ies o his mo emen . In 2011, i issued a s a emen as an a emp a sel -de ini ion. I says ha ecological a emb aces an ecological e hic in bo h i s con en and o m/ma e ial, and ha a is s who a e conside ed o be wo king wi h his gen e gene ally subsc ibe o one o mo e o he ollowing p inciples (Kagan 2014): • A en ion o he web o in e ela ionships in ou en i onmen , encompassing physical, biological, cul u al, poli ical, and his o ical aspec s o ecological sys ems. • C ea ion o wo k ha employs na u al ma e ials o engages wi h en i onmen al o ces, such as wind, wa e , o sunligh . • Reclaim, es o e, and emedia e damaged en i onmen s. • In o m he public abou ecological dynamics and he en i onmen al issues aced by humani y oday. • O e new ways o unde s anding and seeing ecological ela ionships, c ea i ely p oposing new possibili ies o co-exis ence, sus ainabili y, and healing. Some o he gene al cha ac e is ics o ecological a we e al eady desc ibed by some a his o ians, a is s, and esea che s since he concep ion o his gen e. Kagan (2014) men ions he a his o ian Suzy Gablik, who made an impo an con ibu ion in 1991 h ough he book The Reenchan men o A , in which she highligh ed h ee ele an cha ac e is ics o his eme ging mo emen ha would come o be known as ecological a : 1. These a e “connec i e” p ac ices, meaning ha hey cul i a e empa hy and esponsible dealings wi h bo h humans and non-humans, a he han a i ming an indi idual sel agains socie y. One ea ly wo k ha symbolizes his cha ac e is ic is Touch Sani a ion (1978-1980) by Mie le Lade man Ukeles. In his sense, ecological a is s o en ge in ol ed wi h eco eminis philosophy, which om he 1980s onwa ds, allowed hem o o e come he igid dicho omies o mode n wo ld, such as na u e s. cul u e, de eloped s. unde eloped wo ld, man s. woman, eason s. emo ion, e c. Such a connec i e quali y in ecological a goes beyond he supe icial connec i i y o “ ela ional aes he ics'' (Kagan 2014). 33 2. These a e p ac ices ha aim o be econs uc i e, gene a i e o sus ainable ways o li ing, and no only decons uc i e o ou mode n social sys ems. Such econs uc i e quali y also implies ha hese p ac ices a e gene ally aiming a being ans o ma i e a he han being ep esen a i e. In he same manne , ecological a canno be conside ed useless, in he sense o a o he sake o a , o unc ional, in he sense o ul illing al eady de e mined unc ions (Kagan 2014). 3. These a e a is ic p ac ices ha base hemsel es on e hical esponsibili ies owa d communi ies, he e unde s ood as bo h human and non-human communi ies o li e (Kagan 2014). Ano he impo an cha ac e is ic o p ac ices in ecological a is he shaping o sha ed spaces o people and o he species and he ad ocacy o such sha ed spaces, such as commons and ecosys ems. These en i onmen s demand common ca e and s ewa dship h ough in e ela ionship. One example o his cha ac e is ic is he “ ans-species a ” o Lynne Hull, which b ings pa icipan s om mul iple species, wi h human being only one o hem. Hull’s wo k encompasses es o a ion o wildli e habi a s ha a e co-concei ed wi h he local human communi ies and es ed o sui abili y by non-humans (Kagan 2014). Because o hese lines o hough , en i onmen al a gene ally does no ocus on he gi s o alen ed indi iduals, p e e ing o ocus on he os e ing o non-possessi e and sha ed au ho ship o a p ocess ha will e en ually ha e a li e o i s own. The wo k de eloped by he Ha isons since he 1970s can be a good example o his idea. Fo hem, he one who enjoys he a is he land i sel , and c ea i i y is unde s ood as a sha ed low, amalgama ing bo h indi idual and collec i e p ocesses. This way o looking a hings is also sha ed by he alues o he “C ea i e Commons” mo emen and, in a mo e gene al manne , wi h he collec i e human managemen o Commons, ha is unde s ood as being bene icial o bio- and cul u al di e si ies (Kagan 2014). Suzi Gablik (1992) does no de end he wo k o indi idual a is s ei he . She is in e es ed in ad ancing he impo an pa adigm shi ha she calls connec i e aes he ics. I lea es behind he my h o he au onomous indi idualis ha has o med he a is ’s iden i y, he idea o he ee and sel -su icien indi idual ha has been an ideal in ou cul u e, and he independen and highly indi idualized consciousness who seek o impose i s own ideas upon he wo ld. Today, we a e so deep in o he e hos o compe i i eness and indi idualis ic modes o hough ha mos o us, li ing in a highly capi alis wo ld, ha e ne e had an expe ience o ue communi y. Wha is aking place is a new, less specialized, and less monocen ic idea o he a is , a i ming ou adical ela edness. We need o cul i a e he connec i e and ela ional sel ho oughly. I is ime o e ise he cul u al my hs ha guide us. Ins i u ional models ocusing on p oduc 34 de elopmen and ca ee achie emen ha e also gene a ed a ha is based on powe and p o i . Indi idualism and eedom we e he symbol o mode nism, bu hey a e no he c ea i e esponse ha ou plane needs now. Ou cu en social-ecological con ex demands complex and sensi i e o ms o in e ac ion and linking, a consciousness ha is di e en om he s uc u al isola ion o indi idualism. The eme ging ecological iew is no longe isola ed and sel -con ained, bu ela ional and in e dependen (Gablik 1992). I implies a ha is oo ed in a “lis ening” sel ha challenges he isola ionis hinking o ou cul u e, ocusing less on indi iduals and mo e on how hey in e ac . A ha is based on his no ion o in e connec edness and in e subjec i i y, o he in e wining o sel and o he s, has a quali y o ela edness ha can only be ully ealized by dialogue, as an open con e sa ion. Monologue has los i s place (Gablik 1992). Kagan (2014) shows ha ecological a ca ies hese p incipals de ended by Gablik, as well as complemen a y ones: - As said be o e, eco-a is s a e in e p e e s o in e dependence, abdica ing om he idea o independen mode n he oes. They alue he idea o egene a ion and hey highligh sys emic e ec s. They ac as coope a o s o li e’s c ea i i y, wha he Ha isons call “con e sa ional d i ”, e e ing o he p ocesses ha can eme ge wi h he a wo k. One example o such idea is how con e sa ional d i acili a ed he e-app op ia ion o Helen and New on Ha ison's G een Hea Vision (1994-1995) by Du ch policymake s, which wo ked owa ds he implemen a ion o a biodi e si y co ido a ound he “g een hea ” o Holland’s Rands ad (Kagan 2014). - They gene ally do no d aw a clea di ide be ween na u e and cul u e, o e coming simpli ying dicho omies. Bu eco-a is s also don’ mix li ing ecosys ems wi h non-li ing cybe ne ics, which is gene ally done by o he a is s who ocus on echnology. This means ha he e is an a oidance o collapsing eali y in o uni-dimensional hinking o igid dialec ics (Kagan 2014). - Eco-a is s a e in e and ansdisciplina y p ac i ione s, bo h when wo king by hemsel es o when wo king in collabo a ion wi h o he p o essionals, as i is o en he case. P o essional collabo a o s come om e y di e se backg ounds, and pa ne ships can be es ablished wi h local communi ies as well (Kagan 2014). - They p ac ice and alue embodied lea ning, meaning ha hey cul i a e wisdom based on sense pe cep ions, in sea ch o deep and spa ialized knowledge o ecological p ocesses in hei local speci ici ies (Kagan 2014). - The p ocess o eco-a is gene ally in e ac i e, in ol ing explo a ion and expe imen a ion, being open o all possibili ies and o ques ions ha can ede ine any hing a any s ep (Kagan 2014). 35 - The p ac ice o ecological a demands a necessa y ecological c i ique (Kagan 2014). I should emain clea ha he elemen s sugges ed he e, especially hose ela ed o he ecological a is s’ explo a ion o he ab ic o li e’s complexi y, a e p esen in all p ac ices o all a is s who a e ela ed o ecoa . Such elemen s should be unde s ood as signs o ce ain quali ies in hese p ac ices which can con ibu e o aes he ics o complexi y and cul u es o sus ainabili y (Kagan 2014). E en hough ecological a is s sha e some common cha ac e is ics, he p ac ice o ecoa is di e se and a is s di e en ia e hemsel es in many di e en ways. While some wo ks o ecological a a e based on di ec in e en ions in na u al habi a s o human in as uc u es, o he s ha e an app oach ha is less in e en ionis a he ma e ial le el, ocusing on expanding human consciousness. Some p ac i ione s engage in poli ically adical ac i ism, o a i ism, de eloping sub e si e poli ical agendas ha me ge wi h ecological p ac ices, while o he s p e e o engage wi h la ge sec ions o he socie y, maybe including mo e conse a i e poli ical o ces (Kagan 2014). In he same manne , some ecological a p ojec s can be closely connec ed o local, na ional o in e na ional policy, in as uc u e, public se ice o p i a e sec o s, while o he s choose o ocus on local communi ies, wo king wi h communi y mobiliza ion and empowe men in many deg ees (Kagan 2014). How A Plays A Role In En i onmen al Consciousness Many o he en i onmen al issues ha socie y aces oday, such as ecosys em collapse, demand a big amoun o public in es men o e e se. Bu his kind o in es men would only be conside ed i he gene al communi y we e suppo i e, and communi y suppo is only likely i he en i onmen al issues a e widely unde s ood. The need o e ec i e communica ion, public ou each, and educa ion o inc ease suppo o beha io change and collec i e ac ion is especially impo an in ela ion o an h opogenic clima e change. Scien is s o en ind i di icul o communica e hei knowledge o he gene al public, and he ole o he a s is mos ly o e looked in his ega d. Ye , he a s a e communica ing issues, in luencing and educa ing people, and challenging dominan pa adigms o a long ime (Cu is e al. 2012). Th oughou his o y, a is s ha e p oduced a wo ks wi h he objec i e o aking hei communi y ou o complacency, a icula ing conce ns abou social jus ice and o he issues, de ining, gene a ing, and summa izing deba es, while also p o iding endu ing s imuli ha con inue o inspi e people down h ough he ages. A is s ha e a his o y o social ac i ism, and he cu en 36 de e io a ion o ou en i onmen is one o he mos p essing conce ns o many con empo a y a is s (Cu is e al. 2012). The associa ion be ween a is s and hose who y o p o ec ou na u al en i onmen has a long his o y, and many a is s use hei wo k as a communica ion ool o sha e impo an insigh s in o human ela ionships wi h na u e. Poe s and w i e s such as Hen y Da id Tho eau and William Wo dswo h, alongside many isual a is s, ha e been in luen ial in shaping a i udes owa d landscape. Today, he e is a g owing ecogni ion o he a s as an impo an acili a o o socie al ans o ma ion o en i onmen al sus ainabili y (Cu is e al. 2012). The a s ha e he capaci y o syn hesize, simpli y, and ansmi complex en i onmen al in o ma ion, also making i mo e in e es ing and easie o emembe . The a s can also gi e a oice o ma ginalized pe spec i es, playing an emancipa o y social ole and con ibu ing o poli ical change. Ano he impo an a ibu e o he a s is hei abili y o e oke emo ions, which a e physiological esponses o pa icula ypes o senso y expe iences. When people become emo ional, hey usually pay mo e a en ion o e en s, consequen ly egis e ing he expe ience in long- e m memo y. Emo ions a e also an impo an in luence on en i onmen al beha io . The a s also bea he abili y o c ea ing memo able momen s and a celeb a o y a mosphe e by emphasizing beau y and wonde o he na u al wo ld, celeb a ing he na u al en i onmen . This is why he a s should be ha nessed o help o sp ead he inc easingly u gen and e e mo e di icul messages o global clima e change science o he gene al public wo ldwide (Cu is e al. 2012). A is s a e able o communica e wi h la ge audiences, and hei wo k has been used as an impo an pa o p o es mo emen s agains wa , social injus ice, po e y, and en i onmen al issues, among o he subjec s (Cu is e al. 2012). The social psychology li e a u e unde s ands he impo ance o knowledge in shaping belie s, a i udes, in en ions o ac , and en i onmen al beha io . Knowledge abou an issue inc eases he awa eness o consequences, which is an impo an ac o in luencing p o en i onmen al beha io . The ole o he a s in educa ing people has been ex ensi ely ecognized, and h ough he communica ion o scien i ic and en i onmen al knowledge, he a s appea o ha e a ole in encou aging people o adop p o en i onmen al beha io (Cu is e al. 2012). Eco-a has i s way o embodying science, and i is essen ial o bo h p ac i ione s and c i ics o unde s and how science in luences he a and how a ansmi s i s ideas ahead. Wallen (2012, p. 237) ci es E ns Haeckel, who de ined ecology in 1870, by saying ha i means " he body o knowledge conce ning he economy o na u e— he in es iga ion o he o al ela ions o he animal bo h o i s ino ganic and o i s o ganic en i onmen .” This de ini ion is no always he p e e ed one 37 by con empo a y ex books, bu any o he ci ed de ini ion o ecology bea s in i he concep o ela ionships. Rela ionships can be unde s ood in h ee main ways: in e ms o cycles o ma e (wa e o nu ien s), lows o ene gy o nes ed sys ems, wi h smalle ne wo ks such as popula ions and communi ies ha a e nes ed in la ge ones, such as ecosys ems o landscape. Ecologis s unde s and ha such ela ionships change o e ime, and ha eedback loops ensu e ha changes in one pa o he sys em a ec he o he s. Whole sys ems, hen, e ol e as o ganisms adap in ela ionship o one ano he . In ecoa and in ac i ism, ecological ela ionships a e gene ally in oked as a way o unde s and and o i y ela ionships o place (Wallen 2012). Aldo Leopoldo (1949) has once said ha "we can only be e hical in ela ion o some hing we can see, eel, unde s and, lo e o o he wise ha e ai h in”, and ecoa ollows his idea by encou aging iewe s o wo k as s ewa ds o he na u al en i onmen , by le ing he public know abou he ull scale and consequences o hei ac ions (Wallen 2012). Ecosys em is he e m used o de ine cons ella ions o ela ionships in a gi en place, and Wallen (2012) uses as e e ence he concep o an ecosys em ha was i s de eloped by Tansey, who in 1935 de ined i as “ he whole sys em (in he sense o physics) including no only he o ganism-complex, bu also he whole complex o physical ac o s o ming wha we call he en i onmen o he biome— he habi a ac o s in he wides sense.” Ano he cen al concep o ecology is he idea o equilib ium o balance wi hin sys ems, which has become mo e p oblema ic o de ine. In he con empo a y pe spec i e, balance is iewed as a dynamic equilib ium, wi h mul iple s able poin s. Se e e pe u ba ions ha c oss he limi s o a sys em may upse balance, o igina ing ipping poin s ha cause he sys em o be eo ganized in a e y di e en , and pe haps less complex, en i onmen ally deg aded s a e (Wallen 2012). Ecosys ems can be in e p e ed as chao ic o complex, bu we should ecognize ha wha can be seen as andom caos a e ac ually o ganized pa e ns, known as s ange a ac o s. Ecoa is s can be ele an by iden i ying and explo ing he implica ions o such pa e ns. Helen and New on Ha ison, o example, wo k by iden i ying la ge-scale pa e ns, which hey desc ibe h ough s ong me apho s, such as Peninsula Eu ope, Se pen ine La ice o G een Hea o Holland. Then, esponding o he ques ions bo n om hese me apho s, he couple c ea es la ge na a i es ha ecommend ac ions o os e ecological well-being (Wallen 2012). Because homeos a ic ecosys ems a e ha d o iden i y and o quan i y as uni s, biologis s ha e inc easingly ad oca ed o biodi e si y as a measu e o he heal h o ecosys ems. The p ese a ion o biodi e si y became he cen al ield o he new ield o conse a ion biology, 38 apidly becoming a widely championed cause. Biodi e si y o e s a s iking measu e o human impac in na u al en i onmen s, and oday we ha e many scien is s posi ing ha humans a e causing he six h g ea mass ex inc ion on he plane , wi h a a e o ex inc ion 100.000 imes highe han he na u al a e (Wallen 2012). Bu he e should be some cau ion on making a wi h ocus on biodi e si y, because i may shi om he holis ic and sys emic hinking p omp ed by he ecosys em’s concep , o a ocus on indi idual species. Calcula ing biodi e si y is appealing because i p o ides wha looks like a simple quan i a i e measu e, mi o ing ou ma e ialis cul u e. Bu he e u n o he emphasis on single pa s o objec s can weaken he concep o biodi e si y, e en mo e i in compa ison o he concep o ecosys em ha is unde s ood in e ms o ela ionships and pa e ns (Wallen 2012). Bu di e si y can be a measu e o many o he a iables as well, like gene ic, molecula , mo phological, habi a , o ecosys emic biodi e si y, bu also o human a ibu es such as cul u al and linguis ic di e si y. I biodi e si y is unde s ood as he sum o hese in e connec ed a iables, i no only enhances he ele ance o each indi idual species o a ibu e, bu also es ablishes he alue o di e si y in all o hese componen s ha compose a sys em, ea i ming he impo ance o ecosys emic complexi y (Wallen 2012). The concep o sus ainabili y may o e a s ong pe spec i e, because i akes he essen ial s ep o placing humans wi hin ecosys ems, ins ead o p esen ing na u al en i onmen s as some hing ou side o human domains, and he e o e some hing ha is no in insically o human conce n. Bu an issue wi h he concep is he popula i y and openness o he e m, shadowing he need o a p ecise speci ica ion o wha is desi able o sus ain. The B und land Commission o he Uni ed Na ions on 20 Ma ch 1987 simply decla ed: “Sus ainable de elopmen is de elopmen ha mee s he needs o he p esen wi hou comp omising he abili y o u u e gene a ions o mee hei own needs”. This de ini ion is open o many in e p e a ions, as well as he manage ial e hos o “mul iple use”, in o ming many go e nmen al agencies. An inhe en p oblem is he ac ha i ini ially gi es non-human beings no s anding besides an u ili a ian one, being iewed as esou ces (Wallen 2012). In p ac ice, sus ainabili y p omo es ela ion, sys emic hinking, in eg a ing ha d sciences, poli ical, and economic eali ies in o ecological amewo ks The 2005 Wo ld Summi de ined ecological, social, and economic demands as he h ee pilla s o sus ainabili y. This is impo an because such unde s anding o sus ainabili y links i o social jus ice, placing human su e ing such as po e y, malnu i ion, lack o educa ion, and disease, in an ecological pe spec i e (Wallen 2012). 39 The cu en economic c isis enhances he challenge o add essing economic and social pilla s while also p omo ing ecological sus ainabili y. The sea ch o al e na i e economic sys ems is p esen in many co ne s (Wallen 2012). Ecology can be unde s ood no only in e ms o scien i ic p inciples, bu also as he basis o e hical ac ion. Ecoa can play a signi ican ole by encou aging dialogue and o e ing al e na i es o a desi able sus ainable u u e, bo h being in o med by and in o ming an en i onmen al alue sys em o ecological e hic, as well as he idea o ecological jus ice. Ecoa is s can mee his challenge by challenging he s a us o dis anced obse e ha is popula in Ca esian science while encou aging us o ge di y, by combining scien i ic unde s anding wi h sensual awa eness o eawaken embodied ela ionships and inno a i e esponses (Wallen 2012). Today, many a is s emb ace a public p esence and he need o ac i e collabo a ion o scien is s and go e nmen o icials. Ecological a is a call o ecognize he g a i y o he cu en ecological c isis, as well as he necessi y o isiona y esponses wi h po en ial o change beha io , policies, and alues. Ecoa b ings o ligh he wonde o he my iad o li ing o ms and he sadness o hei disappea ance. Bu ins ead o igno ing p esen challenges, a is s use ea less ques ioning in o de o ee imagina ion and spawn c ea i e esponses (Wallen 2012). New me apho s and dialogues media ed by a ques ion ei ied ela ionships while gene a ing new ones. F esh na a i es inspi e u he change and inno a ion, and alues and ways o unde s anding he wo ld may shi as new knowledge eme ges. Ecological a , he e o e, is a g owing o ce in he shaping o alues, isions, and inno a ions o a sus ainable li e ha ensu es he well-being o u u e gene a ions o he di e si y o li e o ms li ing on his plane (Wallen 2012). Bu un il his day, only a small numbe o con empo a y scien is s use he a s in a p ac ical way o help in he de elopmen o hei esea ch, ei he by gaining insigh s ha eed in o hei esea ch, o o communica e hei esea ch o he gene al public. Nalini Nadka ni esea ches he bio a o o es canopy, and she es ablishes connec ions wi h di e se audiences ou side he scien i ic sphe e as well as wi h a is s, wi h he pu pose o inc easing awa eness o canopy ecology. O he scien is s me ge an in e es in aes he ics and science. Some scien i ic o ganiza ion in he UK and in Aus alia ha e hos ed a is s in esidence who ha e c ea ed wo ks inspi ed by science. Collabo a ions be ween a and science include he Colo ado EcoA s es i al (www.ecoa sonline.o g/); A and Science Collabo a ions (www.asci.o g/), Synapse (www.synapse.ne .au/index.php), Gene(sis) p ojec (S e n 2005), O ion (www.o iononline.o g/), G een museum (g eenmuseum.o g/), Aus alian Ne wo k o A and Technology (www.ana .o 40 g.au/), and he Mildu a Palimpses (www.a smildu a.com.au/ old_si es/palimpses /pd s/Palimpses 5.pd ) (Cu is e al. 2012). Despi e he ange o collabo a ions be ween a s and science a ound he wo ld, he e is only a e y small mino i y o scien is s who a e ac ually in ol ed wi h i , and he en i onmen al and sus ainabili y li e a u e is mos ly silen abou he ole o he a s in mass communica ing science (Cu is e al. 2012). A And C ea i i y Sei z (2009) s a s a e lec ion abou a and c ea i i y by ci ing Vi ginia Wool , who w o e a book in 1929 called A Room o One’s Own, and in chap e 4 he na a o ela es a iew o g ea wo ks o a ha a e bo n om he combined c ea i e inhe i ance o he communi y: “Fo mas e pieces a e no single and soli a y bi hs; hey a e he ou come o many yea s o hinking in common, o hinking by he body o he people, so ha he expe ience o he mass is behind he single oice” (p. 65). Bu such pe spec i e, as seen be o e, is no pa o he mains eam o con empo a y iews o c ea i e ac i i ies. Jus as con empo a y iews o he na u e o in elligence, he gene al belie bo h among laypeople as well as among social scien is s is ha c ea i i y inhe es in he indi idual and is mos ly a unc ion o indi idual cons i u ion (Sei z 2009). C ea i e ac i i y is he consequence o he assemblage o cul u al domains and poli ical and social ins i u ions ha in luence di ec ly and indi ec ly he de elopmen o indi idual c ea i i y. c ea i e p oduc s can be always conside ed a communi y a ai , being i he esul o he combined indi idual in ellec i e and c ea i e p o iles o many indi iduals, he his o y o c ea i e ideas and hei applica ion o he domains, as well as he ield o cul u al and poli ical o ces ha se e hei legi imiza ion. The di e en ial dis ibu ion o powe and esou ces among indi iduals and g oups, o example, deeply cons ains c ea i e ac i i y in a and o he o ms o c ea i i y (Sei z 2009). Csikszen mihalyi has de eloped esea ch a he School o he A Ins i u e o Chicago (SAIC), one o he p emie a schools in he Uni ed S a es, and his wo k has shown in a p ac ical manne how cul u e and socie y in luence c ea i i y. A longi udinal ollow-up o he o me s uden s ook place 18 yea s a e he i s phase o he esea ch, and i u ned ou ha some o he mos p omising and gi ed a s uden s we e wo king in eal es a e, eaching, o emodeling houses. One was a plumbing con ac o , while he o he was designing swea e s. Al hough hei app oach o such jobs could be c ea i e, he p omise o an independen and c ea i e a is ic ca ee ha had mo i a ed hem in he a school had ei he ne e ma e ialized o had been cu sho (Csikszen mihalyi 2014). 41 EA5 In e ms o knowledge I do a lo o eading, bo h scien i ic eading, ecological eading ha is science based as well, I also ead philosophy and ead o he people’s pe spec i es, one example would be like Rebecca Solni , he e is o he e e ences as well, o cou se. Cul u al e e ences, ob iously ha ela es o o he a is s’ wo k, wo k by o he s in o he c ea i e ields, poe y, music, pe o mance, a s, o he cul u al e e ences, especially ela ed o he buil en i onmen would be a chi ec u e. I also gain knowledge h ough con e sa ion, h ough collabo a ion, collabo a ion wi h o he a is s, wi h scien is s. […] As an a is , I use scien i ic knowledge as a way o inspi e me o make wo k ha p o ides a mo e in ima e and pe sonal expe ience wi h ha subjec o ha scien i ic knowledge, I don’ see my wo k as being didac ic, I see i as being expe ien ial. […] I would say ha mos o he ime i s used mo e as undamen al in o ma ion o inspi e wo ks ha a e mo e pe sonal. The en i onmen al and ecological a is s ha we e in e iewed ha e simila hopes ega ding he changes hey wish o gene a e wi h hei wo k. The hoped changes a e all di ec ed o he public, no o he ield, and hey a e ocused on p o oking hough and e lec ion, ollowed by emo ions and in ui ion. Table 3. How do you hink you wo k gene a es changes on how we hink, eel, and ac ? EA1 The e is an issue he e ha is ha pe haps he i s con en o a wo k is no isible o some people, ha audience may ha e in e p e a ions ha come om hei own his o y, om hei own baggage. I people a e a ac ed o a pa icula o m, o a sculp u e, o any p oposed wo k, hey will ha e eadings, e en i hose eadings a e no he a is 's ea lies eadings. This will gene a e an exchange, hey will be able o abso b his, and his will gene a e an inc ease in easoning. A he same ime, when I ge a e u n om his audience, i always b ings me new hings, i always b ings me app oaches ha some imes I may ha e looked o , o ha e in en ionally wo ked on, bu o en b ings me o he in o ma ion, o he eadings. I hink he e is a wo-way s ee , no only I o e new con en o app oaches o he public, bu also his audience gi es me his kind o eedback. EA2 Th ough awa eness and access o he mos ancien epe oi e o each, he unconscious. The name o my si e is Ma a a Den o, and i is an allusion o his p e ious o es , o he na u al space in which we li e, o which we a e ui while we des oy i and we dis ance ou sel es mo e and mo e. I belie e ha now he e is a e u n o his na u al space, which exis s as a ib a ion, as an in en ion. The name is also an allusion o an in i a ion, because en e ing a o es is an associa ion wi h he unconscious, en e ing a o es means o many o en e in o he oo s o you pe cep ion, en e ing places you do no no mally isi , wi h hidden o ces. [...] I wan o make people awa e o hem, ge hem o know each o he , know whe e hey s ep, whe e hey ea . I ha e wo ked ha d om my pe spec i e on ga den p ojec s, en i onmen al awa eness, and ood awa eness. Basically, he goal is o se up a me hod, o se up an in ui i e school whe e people do no see hemsel es as subo dina e o a discipline bu empowe ed o disco e he powe s hey hemsel es ha e o know. Some ule d owned ou his sensi i i y, so le 's blossom wha 's mu led, elease he eins. EA3 I hink ha he main objec i e is he human, i is a somewha an h opocen ic hing in spi e o he ac ha we a e li ing he An h opocene, bu I hink ou e lec ion is mo e in he sense o hinking he e lec ions 48 o he socie y, in p oposing e lec ions o he socie y, o c i icize some si ua ions depending on he human ma e s i sel . EA4 I hink wi h he wo k ha I do, I am ying o appeal o people’s emo ions and his deep, deep down ins inc o b ing ha ou , o ge hem o no ice na u e, o ge his eeling back, a eeling ha is he e bu is hidden, bu is los . So, wi h his wo k, I am no add essing one speci ic en i onmen al issue, like, say, wa e o he pollu ion o he ai , o mining, o oil, o wha e e i is, my wo k is no doing ha so much, i is mo e abou en i onmen al unde s anding, i is mo e abou a eeling, you know? E oking a eeling o i . These d awings ha I do a e combined wi h he landscape and hey enhance he landscape, so i is a , bu i is also na u e, and hey a e combined, and I hope ha h ough he a in he na u e I can open up people’s minds and speak o hei sense, o hei eeling abou na u e, and I hope ha his will igge hem o hink a li le u he and ealize ha being in na u e is eally g ea . I hope i ge s people’s minds going abou en i onmen al issues and ge s hem o app ecia e he en i onmen mo e, ge s hem o ealize how amazing he na u al wo ld is, how special, how g ea , and how o be a pa o he sys em, and no des oying i . […] My goals a e o ge he agendas I hink a e impo an ac oss as many people as possible, o ge people’s minds going, no so much o ell hem “ his is how i is”, bu a he o make hem hink, o igge hinking abou en i onmen al issues, abou en i onmen , abou he landscape, abou na u e, no so much like a scien is ic diag am ha p esen s clima e change, bu mo e appealing o hei emo ions and senses, and igge ing hem. EA5 I hope ha my wo k will s imula e people o hink abou hei ela ionship wi h na u e in a mo e connec ed and p o ound way, much o my wo k is e y much di ec ed a b inging ha connec ion and ha in e dependen unde s anding be ween onesel and na u e, I belie e ha he undamen al p oblem in ou wo ld is ha people hink ha hey a e sepa a e om na u e ins ead o ealizing ha hey a e na u e. I belie e ha i people ealize ha he wa e ha is going h ough hei body is he same wa e ha is unning h ough he land, and ha he b ea h ha hey b ea h comes o hem om he ees and plan s on he land and wa e , ha we would hink o ou sel es and hink o ou plane in a e y, e y di e en way. I is ha disconnec ion wi h he na u al wo ld ha I belie e ha is he basis o people’s unhappiness and hei disconnec ion wi h each o he , ha lack o ealiza ion ha we a e all connec ed, ha i is all one connec ed ecosys em. […] I hope ha my wo k would ha e people hink abou hei own esponsibili y o hei ac ions and how hey can posi i ely impac change and impac hei li es and he plane . EA6 He e I always hink o he ollowing: one does no ake ca e o wha one does no know, so o example, i you do no ha e con ac wi h na u e, i you do no know how i wo ks, you ha e no way o ca e, you do no know how o ca e abou i , you do no know ha i exis s, so I hink ha when I b ing some o ha epe oi e o my wo k, i 's exac ly o people o pay a en ion, look a ha and hink abou i , so I hink i 's mo e in o de o make ma e s isible, because mos o he imes hey a e implici , hey a e in isible, and he e y idea is o b ing hese issues o ligh , o con empo a y discussion and e lec ion, o om he pas o he u u e, so I belie e i is o gi e insigh in o hese kinds o issues. 49 Second classi ica ion: Pe son The “pe son" is he pa o he sys em ha p oduces some a ia ion in he in o ma ion inhe i ed om he cul u e. Bu why a e hese people capable o gene a ing such a ia ions while o he s a en' ? Wha a e hei mo i a ions and a ec ions owa ds he en i onmen as a subjec (Csikszen mihalyi 1988)? Ano he impo an poin o analysis, as seen be o e, is o unde s and how c ea i es deal wi h an insigh , and how much hey alue social in luences in hei c ea i e p ocesses, as hese ques ions help us o unde s and how a is s in eg a e an insigh wi h a domain o a social g oup (Csikszen mihalyi and Sawye 1995). Also, om a sys emic pe spec i e, we can assume ha a c ea i e endea o is only c ea i e i he wo k has been emb aced by he ield, meaning ha he insigh p ocess o an indi idual is no enough i his indi idual is no able o ans o m he insigh in o some hing o alue, and hen use his o he abili ies o con ince he ield abou he alue o he no el y ha has been p oduced. So an impo an aspec o be analyzed ega ding “pe son” is how hey manage hei ela ionships and wo k p ocesses wi h he ield (Csikszen mihalyi 1998). The in e iewees show ha hei ela ionship wi h na u e gene ally begins du ing childhood, al hough some o hem also na a e ha , al hough hey we e close o na u e as kids, his ela ionship needed ano he s imulus o lou ish in hem as adul s. I is ele an o no ice how hey see he en i onmen al heme as some hing u gen and some hing la ge han li e. I is no a ma e o ano he in e es ing opic, i is impe a i e o alk abou hese issues, and his is an impo an ac o de e mining hei mo i a ions o mo e o wa d, e en hough he e a e many di icul ies in an en i onmen al a is ’s li e. Table 4. O igins o he in e es in en i onmen al issues EA1 I' e always had a sensi i i y o na u e, I' e always been sensi i e o i . I come om a amily ha had an app ecia ion o i , so maybe i comes om my amily, bu I wo y abou i and i is impo an o me o be inse ed in i , since I am ac ing wi h a mechanism ha is qui e po en ha is he plas ic a s, I am in e es ed in ha ing a e lec ion on his momen , and he ma e s o na u e, he ecological issues, he e a e p essing issues a he momen , hese a e some o he issues ha ha e he g ea es impo ance igh now, and i has an impo ance ha a ec s e e yone. 50 EA2 A is ic o c ea i e skills ha e sp ung up in me since I was a child, and my sensi i i y o ma e ials e en ually helped me o c ea e di e se na a i es. I became in e es ed in he en i onmen al heme because o he abundance o esou ces a ailable on he s ee s o he ci y. While he i on is collec ed by s ee dwelle s o be sold, he woods s ay a ailable, and hese a e mos ly om ex ac ion, no one has plan ed hese ees. I was in e es ed in he abundance o his ances al o es o millions o yea s ha was gene a ed in he su oundings, and ha we we e cu ing wi hou any e lec ion, and oday i e u ns o he dumps e s, while he Jaca andás and Pe obas a e no longe sold legally. When I s a ed, he in e es came om he abundance o his ma e ial and om he desi e o ec ea e his na u al en i onmen . These caboclos, hese epe oi es o sensibili y ha I ha e, ha we exal in samba, in ood, a pa ies, whe e does his uel o a ec ion, o e i o y comes om? Wha epai s ha e no been done ye ? Wha a e he bigges cul u al deb s we ha e in B azil? Indigenous and black deb a e ce ain, and he cons an coloniza ion, he my h o coloniza ion ha begins wi h he allacy o ou "disco e y". The emnan s o he s ill exis ing peoples mus be eg ouped, ea anged, and e ealed in some way, and I hink he ole o he a s has much o do wi h i . No only o epai he damage o he people ha exis ed he e be o e, bu also o hei cosmologies, o hei o he wo ld iew na a i es ha a e e y e iden in he cul u al legacy. EA3 Fo example, in he a s I ha e been d awing since I was a child, I began o pain in a sel - augh way, I did some p og amming cou ses, my own eadings on en i onmen al hemes a e complemen ed by my expe iences wi hin he Amazonian expe ience, whe e I also wo ked as a gold digge o 9 yea s, so he e a e many expe iences ha we e only complemen ed la e wi h he in o ma ion o he academy. Wi h espec o my in e es in en i onmen al issues, his s a ed in 2004, which was one o he i s wo ks I did in ela ion o he en i onmen , which was an u ban in e en ion in a ga den, wi h a cu ee unk ha was pain ed in whi e. I pain ed he shade o he ee om ha cu unk, as a o m o e lec ion o e he public measu es ha cu ees indisc imina ely. We c ea ed he shadow o ha ee, as i i s spi i we e s ill he e, and a lady passed by and said "you made he ee's soul," and om ha in e es ing eedback we began o make o he in e en ions in his ega d. Soon a e , I s a ed a mas e 's deg ee in geog aphy, which discussed he issue o hyd opowe , so I s a ed o pick up some academic ex s and gained a li le mo e awa eness o his issue wi hin he Amazonian pe spec i e. Also, ha same yea , I had in e ac ions wi h o he en i onmen al ac i is s and I bough he idea. So ha 's whe e my in e es in he en i onmen s a ed. EA4 I hink i is pe sonal, I hink I ha e always been a ac ed o na u e, e en as a child, I would always be ou side, I would go in o na u e, I would ake bike ips, do my wo k somewhe e in he ields and hings like ha , you know? Maybe he e was an in luence h ough my a he , especially, because he likes he ou doo s a lo . So I’ e always been a so o an en i onmen alis , I’ e always lo ed he en i onmen . I was ob ious, somehow, ha my wo k would a some poin go in o ha di ec ion, e en hough I didn’ plan on i , i jus happened ha way. 51 EA5 G owing up in New Yo k Ci y, he en i onmen ha was my expe ience was ha p ima ily ha o conc e e, me al and glass. I had he g ea o une o being able o go o summe camps, ha ing some expe iences wi h na u e. My pa en s ook me on a ew oad ips o some na ional pa ks, bu I hink he mos impo an connec ion as a child o na u e was ha I li ed e y closed o he Hudson Ri e and he e was a sec ion whe e i was ai ly s ill un ouched land, so I had he expe ience o spending ime he e, especially as a eenage . I also, hough i is no a na u al space, spen qui e a bi o ime in Cen al Pa k, and in a sense i became a place whe e I could e ea om he noise and s ess om he ci y. So I spen a lo o ime in Cen al Pa k, I s ill ind o his day ha when I go o isi NY, a leas once du ing he day I ha e o ind mysel a ha pa k. Du ing he 70s, when I was li ing in Cali o nia, I wasn’ connec ed o he ou side. I was li ing in an ash am, p ac icing yoga, medi a ion and philosophic li es yle, and i has con inued h ough mos o my li e. So I was much mo e ocused on my inne expe ience and no on he ou e wo ld. I wasn’ un il he e was a majo i e in he San Be na dino Moun ains ha was called he Pano ama Fi e, ha I no iced ou side. The moun ains, e y all moun ains, ha you could see basically om anywhe e ou side we e in lames, and I was d awn o go close o he i es and see wha was happening, and ha expe ience, and he p o ound impac ha i had on my communi y, and he loss o p ope y and I belie e some li es, had me hink abou he powe o na u e, and ha na u e was a o ce, mo e powe ul han any hing else, and so hinking abou my own medi a i e p ac ice, and so o ocus on my sel and his inne wo ld changed, and I became in e es ed in he ou e wo ld and he powe o ha , a he han he powe o ha inne expe ience. So I decided o s a pho og aphing he landscape. I was eally h ough he ac o pho og aphing ha I c ea ed an in ima e ela ionship o place and wi h all o he expe ience a ound. I was ocusing on hings ha I ha e no looked a be o e o hough abou . I was h ough ha isual connec ion ha I was de eloping an in ima e ela ionship wi h he na u al wo ld. Tha connec ion con inued o g ow, and I began hiking and backpacking, and spending mo e ime in he wilde ness. I was a huge shi o me, om an u ban and subu ban expe ience, bu I ound ha I eally wasn’ ha in e es ed abou making wo k abou hese wilde ness places ha I would go, I would pho og aph hose places, bu i was eally mo e abou my pe sonal connec ion wi h hose places, and unde s anding ou ecological sys ems, connec ing wi h wild li e, wi h plan s, wi h all lo a and auna, ha ing an expe ience o quie , o space, o sky, and ealizing ha I was one wi h his. EA6 I ne e hough o ha , o be hones , bu I belie e i comes om my amily. When I was li le [...] o mos o he holidays we would a el wi h my mo he o he coun yside o isi ela i es, so we always had a di ec con ac wi h na u e, picking ui s om he ees, ee climbing, lying ki es in he ield, going o he middle o he o es , so we ha e always had his ela ionship wi h na u e since childhood. My amily has always had a di ec ela ionship wi h he land, we always had a ms, so I hink his is a bi imp egna ed in me. I belie e ha his in e es also came much om my b o he , who le aside he idea o being an enginee and decided o s udy biology, so I ended up expe iencing his ajec o y a lo , and he ended up con amina ing me a lo wi h his ision, his ideal o na u e, he impo ance o i , so I hink i comes om he amily and his expe ience wi h my b o he . As p e iously no iced in he answe s abou which e e ences and knowledges hey use, we will no ice again ha he e is a p edominance o in ui ion on hei c ea i e p ocesses. E en hough EA1 and EA2 men ion a e y speci ic s a ing poin o hei c ea i e p ocesses, which is ela ed o he spaces hey a e going o wo k wi h, he nex phases a e much mo e luid and don’ ollow any 52 igo ous p ocess. The e a e no ex e nal o ces shaping hei c ea i i y he e, as hey mos ly eel ee o de elop hei own in ui i e ideas. Table 5. C ea i e p ocess EA1 My c ea i e p ocess is no linea , bu he e a e some hings ha a e epea ed and ha s uc u e his way o building his c ea i e p ocess. I always use esea ch, which is a cons an sea ch. E e y day I dedica e mysel o eading, so ha 's a baggage ha I ca y. Many o my wo ks a e si e speci ic, hey a e wo ks speci ically designed o a p oposed place, some imes by mysel and o en by cu a o s and ins i u ions ha in i e me o do an a wo k. So hese places gi e me a key o c ea e hese a wo ks. I always s a om a lis ening o hese spaces, a lis ening ying o unde s and wha ha space is a his momen , his yea , and a lis ening o wha was his space, wha was his en i onmen , wha is he s o y ha i ca ies, wha is p esen he e, isible and no isible, ha can help o unde s and wha his place is a he momen I p opose some hing o his place. F om his lis ening I will access hese in e nal con en s and see wha is possible o be moun ed he e, which I can p opose o his place. And his comes in qui e di e en ways, o cou se I ha e a epe oi e o app oaches, a isual epe oi e ha I access and ha makes i isible ha i is my wo k and no someone else's, and I hink his comes om he indi idual epe oi e o e e y a is , ha his epe oi e is being buil wi h his o y, wi h he expe ience, wi h he wo k ha you a e building. So he e's ha whole p ocess ha 's wha I always use. The end is e y mu an , i is no an end ha I ha e o eseen whe e o each, and I can only come o an end when I ha e a p oposal ha has a powe ha can ac i a e ha space, a powe ha can become isible wi hin ha space. I eally like o s uc u e my ideas om d awings, some imes e y simple ske ches, bu o me hey gene a e o he easonings. I need o pu hese easoning on pape so I can ha e eadings on i . Some wo ks do happen e en wi hou ha ing a ske ch, a d awing, bu mos o hem ha e, i will depend on he di icul y o he space p oblem ha is placed. EA2 I hink he ela ionship wi h he en i onmen is e y undamen al. When I make an exhibi ion I ask wha ha space was 100, 200, 400 yea s ago, which a e he ages o many woods ha I ha e. Can you imagine how much his o y hese woods ha e seen since hey we e seeds, un il hey g ew, go cu , aged and came he e? They' e seen a lo o his o y. Also I y o know abou he his o y o he neighbo hood. F om he his o y o hese places I y o c i icize i , I y o gi e ano he eading o i , sea ching wi hin he elemen s ha I possess he possibili y o elling hese s o ies. When hey a e neu al spaces, I gi e mysel he pe mission o make a s o y, o na a e a s o y based on B azilian cul u al adi ions, always ying o use he maximum o local elemen s. 53 EA3 Wi h ega d o he echnique, I w i e down some ideas he e and he e, some imes hey a e no simply ideas, hey a e insigh s ha can come in he o m o an image, ideo, and ha is eco ded, and e e y now and hen I look a i , I see i he e is some hing in e es ing, i is a c ea i e ac oo, because i a any momen no hing eels in e es ing o you, you go he e and ind a s imulus, an old idea, an image, a ideo. These hings a e like his, c ea i e me hods a e des ined o chaos and he cosmos, now he exposi o y me hods, he mo e conc e e me hods, he mo e ma e ial, a e des ined o Ca esianism i sel , exposi o y s a egies a e mo e a ional. Fo me he e is no a single c ea i e p ocess, o he e is a single c ea i e p ocess and he e a e se e al me hods, i can be ha oo. Bu some imes i can s a wi h a pho o, an image, an idea, a poem, some imes he s a comes om a c i ical si ua ion ha appea s in he media, a social issue, so he e is no speci ic me hod o begin he c ea i e p ocess. Usually i begins wi h an idea, and i can come in many o ms, and his idea is de eloping, i needs ime o de elop, i i de elops, and some imes you pick up hings e y easily, and o he imes you ha e hings ha ake yea s, hen he e is no speci ic me hodology in he c ea i e p ocess. Fo me i is mo e in ui i e, o c ea e, and hen comes he 90% o swea ing, and in ui ion is 10% o ha , because i inishes wi h a ionaliza ion o e ha in ui ion, closing wi h ano he aes he ic and communica i e in ui ion as well, so I hink his is a sum o ins umen ali ies ha a e coming oge he , he e a e laye s o sedimen , and i amalgama es in a ce ain way ha when i is eady, i is eady. EA4 Some imes we canno e en ocalize i be o e i is done, you know? I is no like “oh, now I am going o do his kind o a ”, I s a ed doing hings wi h snow because i was un a i s , i kind o de elops s ep by s ep. Some imes you do some hing and you migh no e en ake i se iously. We play wi h some hing, and han we no ice he e is some g ea e po en ial in i , and hen we d i e i u he . I hink i happens as you go. You ha e an idea, you do some hing wi h ha idea, maybe some hing small, and hen maybe communica ion wi h o he s will show wha you should do wi h i . I ge s mo e s uc u ed when you ha e o pu hings oge he in o a show, igh ? Bu when you de elop a wo k, excep when i is de eloped o a speci ic pu pose, i ge s s uc u ed, bu i doesn’ allow so much play, you know? I kind o es ic s you a li le bi in how much you can go beyond ha and change hings. Bu i you don’ ha e his speci ic objec i e, he p ocess is no e y s uc u ed, i o en jus lows, i o en comes and akes u ns ha you din’ expec be o e, which o me is e y impo an and e y exci ing, because his makes i mo e in e es ing, you know? To me, o wo k wi h i , and also, hope ully, o he pe son who la e sees i . 54 EA5 My c ea i e p ocess I hink is cons an ly changing and e ol ing, I hink i eally depends on he subjec o he p ojec ha I am wo king on. […] Pho og aphy has been used o me as medi a ion and a way o comp ehend and adap o my en i onmen , so o en I will ind mysel in e es ed in a speci ic subjec , and wha I will do is I will pho og aph ha subjec and ha subjec could be a speci ic plan , i could be a i e , i could be a la ge en i onmen al a ea, i could be a lo o di e en hings, and he ac o pho og aphing helps me o ha e an in ima e expe ience wi h ha , hough I can s ill ha e ha expe ience wi h ha place wi hou pho og aphing i , he pho og aphing o he place c ea es a eco d o ha expe ience, i helps me o in e p e i , i also becomes in a sense a isual dia y o ha expe ience, and addi ionally I do eadings, I will do esea ch, i could be lib a y esea ch, online esea ch, a chi al esea ch ela ed o he subjec ha I am in e es ed in, so my p ocess ends o be bo h h ough my pe sonal expe ience and h ough esea ch and eadings. The e could be in e iews in ol ed wi h people who ha e knowledge abou he subjec ha I am in e es ed in, and i is h ough he ga he ing o all o his ha e en ually I dis ill all o his expe ience and knowledge in o wha he a wo k will be, and o en when In s a I ha e no idea, I am jus d awn o a subjec , I spend ime because I am passiona e abou i , and I wan o lea n and g ow h ough ha expe ience, bu in e ms o wha ha inal a wo k will be, i i will end up being a pho og aph, a pho og aphic p ojec , a se ies o pho og aphs, i i will be a sculp u e, an ins alla ion, i ha p ojec will be sho e m o long e m, i I will comple e i in days, mon hs, yea s, decades, I ha e no idea. I allow he expe ience and he p ocess o un old o me, when i eels done, i is done. O en I ha e a ision in a sense, o some idea ha de elops as Im wo king wi h a ce ain subjec o opic ha in o ms he di ec ion ha ha a wo k will go, as many a is s some a wo ks ail, and some p ojec s o subjec s o in e es I began and hey a e no inished, ei he because I don’ ha e he cla i y o make i o he end, i jus doesn’ seem o be speaking o me, o I don' hink ha i is success ul, i is no mee ing my in en ion, and o he imes i is e y clea ha i is wo king, and I eel ha I wan o see he p ojec o he end and sha e his o a b oade audience. EA6 My p ocess is e y in ui i e, i does no ollow a logic o me hodology ye , i can be bo n e en om an obse a ion, om a e y punc ual ma e , I do no ha e a sequence. My wo k is e y open, and I e en p e e i o be his way, loose , han ying o always go he same way. Co obo a ing Csikszen mihalyi’s ideas, all a is s emphasize he impo ance o social in e ac ions in hei c ea i e p ocesses. They ecognize how hei wo k is in luenced by such exchanges, and hey che ish i . I shows how he wo ks o a a e de i ed om a collec i e ne o inpu s, and how i s eng hens c ea i i y. These exchanges seem o in luence c ea i i y a lo , bu hey a e no seen as a nega i e o ce, his is a o ce ha en iches he c ea i e po en ials o en i onmen al and ecological a is s. 55 Table 6. Social in e ac ions in he c ea i e p ocess EA1 Speaking o me, I hink I ha e a a he lonely job, bu I eally enjoy sha ing his c ea i e p ocess. The ideas come om my easoning, bu how his is buil , I like o sha e wi h o he p o essionals. I accep many opinions, he wo k can o mally change depending on he associa ions I make. I like o sha e p ocesses wi h cu a o s, when hey a e open o i , and when hey ha e a deepe unde s anding o my wo k. I is e y ich o spli p ocesses wi h some p o essionals. Wi h ega d o he public, my wo k o en equi es me o be mo e p esen , and I end up ge ing oo close o he wo k o see how hey decons uc and a e abso bed. I am in e es ed in seeing how his happens, so I am e y p esen in he wo k I do, and o he people also b ing app oaches and app oaches om o he s, bu I like o be close o i , i gi es me uel o do o he jobs. EA2 Social in e ac ions a ec me in an essen ial way, especially he connec ions I ha e wi h he pe iphe y, wi h he bel s o he ci y, wi h who buil he ci y. The basic ques ions I always ask a e wha i used o be on his e ain, who buil i , whe e does his sand and cemen come om, whe e do hese woods come om? And hen you end up alling in o he wo king class, who eally buil ha space, so I always end up ela ing o a lo o sa aus, hiphop, s ee cul u e, ying o cons uc poe ic plo s abou his agili y o he social ab ic, abou he social abyss, abou he alua ion o his deb , on his la e, delayed, pos poned epai . The en i onmen is closely ela ed o hese na i e peoples, because e e y hing is based on ood, lea , d um, and he d umbea o he hea . All he bea s we hea in hiphop, samba, ap, ock, e e y hing came om ha i s p imo dial play o he d um ha imi a es he bea o ou hea . EA3 Rega ding social in e ac ions, hey in luence in one way o ano he . [...] A home I ha e he pa ne ship o my wi e, who is my pa ne in my p ojec s and I am o he p ojec s, and we ha e p ojec s in common. Wo king in a collec i e is also no easy, because some imes you idea is o e come and you emba k on he canoe o o he s, bu you a i e a he end and o en see ha hei idea paid o , bu some imes no . Bu i depends on how open you a e o accep his kind o p ocess. EA4 The connec ion wi h o he s does in luence my wo k. Fo me i is always amazing o see o he a is s wo k, like o go and see galle ies and a museums. I ha e always lo ed o do his. To look a somebody else’s wo k can ge you in o di e en di ec ions, and he same can happen in a con e sa ion wi h ano he a is , o maybe a cu a o , so I would say ha his can help, bu as a is s we a e also soli a y. EA5 I lea n qui e a bi wo king wi h he o he pho og aphe s as we sha e ou esea ch and ou wo k. I ha e colleagues ha I ha e augh wi h a Cal S a e San Be nadino ha ha e inspi ed me h ough hei wo k, and I ha e collabo a ed wi h some o hese colleagues, my son is a heo e ical physicis , my sis e is a chemis y p o esso , so wo o he people ha a e e y close o me a e bo h scien is s and hey bo h wo k a uni e si ies, so I ha e hese people in my li e ha I am e y close wi h and we sha e ideas and i ce ainly impac s my hinking and my c ea i e p ocess. I ha e a e y la ge social ne wo k o a is s who wo k speci ically wi h en i onmen al issues, I ha e been in ol ed wi h he ecoa ne wo k o many yea s and we communica e a a daily basis h ough email, and he e a e nume ous o he a is s ha I am in con ac wi h and also I ha e cu a ed qui e a bi , and his is a wonde ul expe ience o me o in e ac wi h o he a is s who a e wo king on issues o place, on en i onmen al issues. I am cons an ly in e ac ing wi h di e en non-p o i en i onmen al g oups. I also ha e he g ea o une o wo king wi h g adua e s uden s and I’ e had a numbe o s uden s who make wo k dealing wi h en i onmen al issues and ha in e ac ion has de ini ely been spi ing, impac ing my hinking as well as mysel impac ing hei s. 56 EA6 Basically his con ac wi h o he people is c i ical o c ea ing knowledge, expanding ho izons, ge ing ou o you box, so I belie e his is c i ical. When I'm in Se inha hinking abou wo k and mee ing my b o he , I alk o o he people, and hey b ing o he in o ma ion ha goes beyond wha I knew, his is e y impo an o he e olu ion o he wo k, so I belie e ha hey p o oundly help my conques as en i onmen al a is . E en when you ha e con ac wi h he Homeless Mo emen , o you go o he ou ski s o a ci y and lea e he cen e , you see ha he ela ionship o hese people o he en i onmen is o ally di e en , so e en hese social issues end up b inging in ano he way he en i onmen al issues, hey make you hink in a new way, so his is e y impo an o he insigh s, so his exchange is p iceless. As i happens in any o he c ea i e pu sui s, en i onmen al and ecological a is s ha e many insigh s bu selec only a ew o hem o de elop in o comple ion. This selec ion p ocess is, again, e y in ui i e and sel -cen e ed, meaning ha , mos ly, he e a en’ ex e nal ac o s in luencing his p ocess in a s ong way, al hough a is EA4 has poin ed ou ha he selec ions can be done wi h base in e y p agma ic de e mina ions, such as he space whe e he p ojec is going o ake place, he abili ies o onesel , o he lack o money o p oduce some o he ideas. Mos ly, hough, he a is s seem o make he selec ion p io i izing hei own eelings a ound he ideas, and once an idea is selec ed, he di icul ies in pu suing hem will be deal wi h in ano he phase. The po en ial o ideas a e mos ly no de e mined by ex e nal ac o s. Table 7. Selec ion o insigh s o pu sue EA1 I is he ime ha de e mines. I , o e ime, hese ideas emain, I hink he e a e impo an hings he e ha need o be aken in o accoun . When in ime his is los o becomes some hing else, I lea e i aside, bu i is ne e a o al neglec , because i se es o gene a e ano he insigh , ano he idea, in a la e momen . EA2 I he dynamic o ce is e iden , in he sense ha i is ali e, i begins o expand ene gy. Does i emana e ene gy? I he answe is posi i e I will go a e i , i i is emana ing much noise o con usion and he in en ion is no his, I will kill i . EA3 The ac o s I use o analyze my own insigh s depend on my cul u al e e ences. I s a ed d awing om an ea ly age, hen mo ed o clay o a while, saw my mo he making wood ca ing, making pic u es, so I g ew up wa ching he do i . Then I lea ned how o play he piano, I had a classic musical aining, which I ha ed. I spen ime wi hou con ac wi h a and la e I began o iddle wi h pain ing, eng a ing and sculp u e, p ima ily because o money, and hen i s a ed g owing, and you pe cei e he e ish o he idea o a is and a as me chandise, and he newe ones emba k on his canoe. So he b eaking o his pa e n ook place om an academic pe spec i e, and om he e he new cul u al and c i ical e e ences, s udying and eaching a his o y, I ied o unde s and my place in he wo ld and my way o hinking. 57 EA2 The i s hing is o wash he conscience, he second hing is he image, because ins i u ions need o clean hei image and a e inc easingly in es ing in symbols and icons o sus ainabili y. The e is a endency he e because he en i onmen is e y explici , e en mo e i i is colo ul, e hnic, he e is a unky side ha is a ac i e, and ashion, and he cul u al indus y exploi s his a lo . The e is a niche in he ma ke o such opics, I ha e galle y owne s and collec o s who ask o o es ames, bu he po ai o he indigenous su e ing hey do no wan because i is no so comme cial. The e is a demand o p oduce hese g een, p esen and sel -c i ical in elligence ophies ha would be an en i onmen al wo k o a . [...] I is in e es ing o no e ha he e is his will o e u n o na u e, bu wi h obs acles, wha kind o na u e do we wan o be? The demand ha exis s oday is o an a ha does no spi in he ace o he public, because he public knows he p oblems o he plane , bu wan s he beau i ul and exo ic pho o o an A ican who is e y sexy, beau i ul, is s ong, is s ylish, bu ha does no ela e o he public, which does no p o oke i . Bu we also canno gene alize, bu people eally end no o go deepe , and ollow wha a c i ic says. Decisions a e aken a ound he dining able, wi h a wine o 50,000 eais and a bu e o 100,000 eais o 3 people, and hey discuss who bough who, and which a is will exhibi in he museums because hey a e he pa ons o museums, and de ine he schedules o se e al yea s, acco ding o hei pa icula collec ions. This spills in he a is ic p oduc ion, because he a is s a e no blind and many do no ha e enough money, wi h 97% o hem being b oke. The a sec o is e y likely o be eli is . The exhaus ion o con empo a y a comes om ha , because i is based bo h on p ocesses consec a ed by o he a is s o o he au ho s, e y sa e and indi idual obse a ions, he pu sui o such an a is genius x, which we end up ne e con empla ing, so i is e y p e en ious and de ia es people o any kind o assimila ion. I saw a lo o hypoc isy in ha sense, in e ms o a and epe oi e, so I had o gi e up s udying a , because ha 's no wha I wan , so I'm going a e ano he kind o educa ion, so I s a ed a mas e 's deg ee in holis ic s udies, consciousness. EA4 In he a s he e has always been a clea di ision be ween come cial galle ies, ha always un a e y sa e con en , because hey need o sell, because ha is wha hey do. A lo o comme cial galle ies do no ake isks, hey will no show an en i onmen al a is who is maybe young o who hasn’ sold a lo o wo ks, because hey can’ isk ha . Bu hen he e a e non-p o i spaces ha ge hei money no so much h ough a sales, bu also h ough unding, so hey can isk mo e, hey can do mo e hings ha hey eel a e mo e in e es ing and impo an , and ha need o be shown o he public, and no necessa ily enowned a is s who sell a lo . So he e is his di ision in he a wo ld. EA5 I hink ha mos ins i u ions ha ep esen he e alua ion p ocess, speci ically looking a museums, bo h p i a e collec ions ha lead o museums, o public museums, looking a go e nmen ins i u ions, I hink ha in gene al he c i e ia ha is used o he e alua ion o a ha deals wi h en i onmen al issues, en i onmen al a o ecoa o all o ha , is basically he same, and is p ima ily ai ly subjec i e, in e ms o he e alua ion o he quali y o he wo k, he ideas, ce ainly issues abou ele ance o ou ime a e impo an , so he e o e en i onmen al a would be some hing ha would be conside ed as being ex emely imely, especially dealing wi h issues o clima e change, bu I hink bo h objec i e and subjec i e demands and il e s would be he same o mos ins i u ions when i comes o hei collec ions, now in e ms o exhibi ion wo k, galle ies, museums, nonp o i spaces, pop-up spaces, al e na i e spaces, I hink he imeliness o he wo k, he signi icance o he issues would make a di e ence especially igh now, in e ms o showing he wo k, gi ing he wo k exposu e, exposing he wo k o new audiences, so I hink he e is a di e ence when i comes o a ha deals wi h en i onmen al issues. Now o cou se he e a e specialized ins i u ions, ha ocuses speci ically on a and p ac ices ha ela e o he en i onmen , and ob iously in ha case, he cu a o s and a his o ians, and e e yone engaged in a speci ic 64 o ganiza ion o ins i u ion like ha would ha e a ocus on p ese ing c ea ions o he u u e ha is ela ed o a single opic. EA6 The ield aces en i onmen al a wi hou p ejudice, I hink ha he e has always been a li le ela ionship be ween he ield and en i onmen al a s, since he Du ch landscape a is s. I belie e ha he e is no sepa a ion be ween en i onmen al a and o he a s. The ques ion o en i onmen al a s, when you ake ege a ion o a museum, o example, you equi e he museum o be ca e ul wi h he wo k wi h wa e ing, ligh , speci ic ca e, so some imes he museum i sel p e e s a job ha does no equi e main enance han an en i onmen al a wo k ha equi es someone o be esponsible o he ca e o ha wo k. Bu he impo ance o en i onmen al a is as ele an as any o he , i no mo e so oday. Nowadays, I hink i has much mo e ele ance han any o he a , e en o b ing he li ing, o b ing up issues ha some imes people a e no e en awa e o . The i s s esses how he a is s a e en angled in a ma ke ha de ines a e y na ow g oup o ga ekeepe s, in his case galle y owne s, a c i ics and a collec o s. These ga ekeepe s end up in luencing wha some a is s p oduce, as he e is a p e e ence o a ha alks abou he en i onmen , bu in a pleasan and ashionable way, in a way ha is sa e and well ecei ed by mos . This clea ly indica es he p esence o s ong powe s agains c ea i i y. The nex segmen belie es ha en i onmen al and ecological a is gene ally e alua ed by i s quali y, and also o he ac ha his kind o a is dealing wi h imely issues, being i a e y s ong subjec nowadays. Bo h segmen s a e no necessa ily in disag eemen , as he imeliness o a subjec does no nega e a possible p e e ence o wo ks o a ha alk abou he en i onmen bu ha don’ make he public uncom o able. A he same ime, an unp o oca i e piece o a does no necessa ily lack in quali y, i depends o subjec i e e alua ion sys ems ha de ine wha has quali y and wha hasn’ . In bo h cases, hough, i is possible o no ice o ces pushing and pulling c ea i i y in he en i onmen al and ecological a s. These o ces a e some imes unclea , subjec i e, e y ela ed o he changing con ex s o each ins i u ion, exhibi ion, and ci cle o ga ekeepe s, making i di icul o a is s o unde s and wha is being demanded and wha is no , enabling hem o ei he play wi h hese in o ma ions o nega e hem in i s ull, some hing ha has been done by one o he in e iewees in i s en i e y, and in smalle doses by mos o he o he s. The a is s also sha ed hey opinions on how he ield ecognizes an a wo k as c ea i e and aluable, complemen ing some o he ideas al eady p esen on he answe s seen abo e. 65 Table 12. Field’s ecogni ion o c ea i i y and alue EA1 I hink mos o his ield is mo e in e es ed in inding hings ha a e al eady known, hings ha a e al eady, in a way, unde s ood, al eady p ocessed. (...) Many ins i u ions a e in e es ed in epea ing wha has al eady been consolida ed. I is impo an o an a is o become c ea i e in hese places and c ea e ension. Ins i u ions a e no p epa ed o ecei e many kinds o wo k, bu his is being buil be ween a is and ins i u ion. I 's ha d wo k. EA2 The ield mos ly ecognizes a is s using almos ob ious elemen s, e y colo ul, wi h a lo o o namen , wi hou g ea c i ical isions o some hing. Many galle y owne s al eady ask o he p oduc ion o wo ks wi h speci ic dimensions because hey al eady know who is he cus ome hey ha e in mind and which wall he clien is going o pu he wo k on, so i has o embellish he house and go wi h he p e e ences o he cus ome . In o de o b eak ee o his ma ke , en i onmen al a began o ee i sel om his con ex , and began o explo e he open, na u al spaces. EA3 He e we ha e he sys ems ques ion. The momen he wo k becomes ecognized by a pa icula sys em, i becomes alued, his wo k s a s o be used as an asse , as some hing o be specula ed, so o en he a is s ha e hei wo k alued, bu hey a e o ced o ha e a ma ke iew ha is co-op ed by he logic o he inancial ma ke . The wo k by i sel is al eady alued by he a is , i he e is no desi e o aluing i speci ically o he ma ke . The wo k is al eady alued by a ma e o esea ch and igo , and also by ecogni ion o he pee s, and he alo iza ion ha occu s in his sense is in he applica ion ha is gi en o his wo k wi hin a ce ain communi y, which is he e lec ion ha his will lead o ce ain social si ua ions, hen aluing his ype o si ua ion, in a way e en mo e han i s me can iliza ion, i s ade, hen some imes can be in he ield o ideas ha his alue will occu , wi hin hese mo e unde g ound ci cles. EA4 One o he hings is pe sonal, i is abou as e. The o he hing is who he pe son is and who needs o make money ou o his, so his will be a e y impo an ac o o hem. Does his wo k sell? I hey a e mo e on he non-p o i sec o , hey can ake mo e isks and go o some hing ha is mo e o iginal, and also some galle ies and non-p o i s as well ha e ce ain agendas, hey wanna show people who a e kind o a he ma gin o he a wo ld, who a e unde - ep esen ed, no because hei wo k is bad, bu because hey don’ i in o he ealm o he accep ed endy a o he ime. 66 EA5 Im gonna use wo examples o inno a i e and c ea i e app oaches, and hem being seen as alued. One o hem is Kim S ing ellow’s p ac ice, which inco po a es pho og aphy, ideo, sound na a i e, web based wo k, and collabo a ion wi h o he a is s and w i e s, gene a ing a ype o his o ical jou nalism and he ecogni ion ha she ecei ed o he ype o wo k ha she does, as a Guggenheim ellow. Ano he example would be And ea Zi el who also is a Guggenheim ellow, and he wo k being inc edibly c ea i e, inno a i e, and anscending he adi ional way we hink abou a making. So bo h o hese a is s do his, and hey bo h ha e been ecognized o his wo k, ha s addles many di e en a eas, ce ainly And ea Zi el’s wo k is looked a as being mo e sculp u e based, bu a lo o he wo k is based in unc ion, and based in li ing in ha mony wi h na u e, so bo h o hese p ac ices ha e ecei ed ecogni ion in he ield and he e o e been seen o be aluable, al hough hey don’ i in any p econcei ed ideas and gen es, so I hink ha hese wo a is s, again, bo h o hem being highly ecognized and being women, which I hink is eally impo an , since he e is s ill a clima e o gi ing mo e exhibi ions and mo e acquisi ions o male a is s. I hink ha bo h o hese a is s who also each, inspi e many o be c ea i e, and o y and explo e many new a eas and de elop new a eas and disciplines wi hin a , so i ’s de ini ely a ec ing c ea i i y when you ha e inno a i e a is s like hese wo and many o he a is s who a e dealing wi h en i onmen al a ecei e ecogni ion. I can also hink o Michael Lundg en, he jus was awa ded a Guggenheim ellowship and he is a pho o based a is s doing a qui e expe imen al wo k, coming om mo e adi ional pe spec i e o pho og aphy, s ill wo king wi h ilm, and making wo k ha is e y much abou he expe ience o place. EA6 My way o making a , as I do no depend on his inancial e u n ha comes om he ci cui , he mains eam, he o icial ma ke ing ci cui o a , I do no ha e o wo y abou wha people a e going o hink o how he ma ke will eac . I am e y in ui i e in my c ea ions, c ea i i y always lows, has no obs acles because he cu a o has said some hing, o because o he ma ke , o because he e is no inancial e u n. I do no hink i is up o me as an a is o hink abou how he ield ecognizes o ails o ecognize a job, I hink i is up o me o do and le hem ind wha hey p e e . Again, mos o he esponden s ha e shown ha he ield has a p e e ence o pas eu ized ideas, c ea ions ha a e easily accep ed by mos , ha ul ill he needs o ma ke . In ui ion and c ea i i y comes back when he a is ees himsel o he sel om he necessi y o making money ou o i , o when he a is seeks o use g an s p o ided by ins i u ions ha do no depend on he a ma ke . Again, when asked abou he au onomy o he ma ke , he a is s poin ou ha he e is no au onomy i one is inse ed in he a ma ke , while some au onomy can be gained once he a is disconnec his o he sel om such s uc u es. The public opinion is also impo an , ha ing e ec s on he ield i sel , as i o ces ga ekeepe s o open space o a wo ks based in popula subjec s, and i also d i es collec o ’s desi es up, he e o e gene a ing mo e ma ke alue o a wo ks ha deal wi h popula subjec s. 67 Table 13. Au onomy o he ield EA1 Economic o ces g ea ly in luence he ield. Public opinion also in luences. As en i onmen al issues become mo e p esen in socie y, his ield has o become mo e sensi i e o his. The public and socie y, i hey a e dealing wi h his, will cause changes in he ield. EA3 These sys ems a e au onomous wi hin hei own limi a ions, he ield i sel is an ex e nal o ce, he momen you s a wo king on he issue o ading a commodi y, you a e al eady inside an ex e nal p ocess and a he same ime in e nal because he ma ke does no ecei e mo emen excep h ough he commodi y, excep in he mo e unde g ound ci cles, in which he commodi y no longe has ha ole, bu he ield o e s a judgmen o alue ha comes om hose who unde s and hemsel es as specialis s, he a is s en e in o a labeling o en i onmen al a , and may su e a alo iza ion o a de alua ion, bu no by he wo k i sel , bu by he ma e o he e ish o he commodi y i sel . EA5 I hink i eally depends on he a is in e ms o being au onomous. Wi hin he ield I hink i has o do i hey a e making wo k ha is mean o be ma ke ed wi hin he galle y wo ld o i hey a e making wo k ha is only going o be ou in he public sphe e, ei he in he public a , o i i has in e en ion wi h a speci ic si e. The e a e a is s who do eco-based wo k ha mi iga e a si ua ion, an en i onmen al si ua ion and posi i ely impac i , so one example would be someone like Be sy Damon and he p ojec in China, so in e ms o being au onomous, i you a e wo king wi h a galle y and he ma ke i is ha d o be o ally au onomous. I you a e doing public a , wo king wi hin he public sphe e, i is di icul o be o ally au onomous, hough he e a e a is s who ce ainly can ha e a p ac ice ha is mo e au onomous, ha is mo e sel -suppo ed and non-impac ed in he same way by public opinion o o he o ces. EA6 The alue o a wo k depends on how many b ands ha wo k collec s. Fo example, i he wo k was done by a g ea a is i al eady has a b and, i a g ea collec o bough a wo k, i ge s ano he b and, i he piece pa icipa ed in a majo exhibi ion, i ge s ano he b and i he wo k was passed o a second collec o i wins ano he b and, i i wen h ough a la ge galle y she wins ano he b and. The mo e i is passed on and pa icipa es in exhibi ions and ins i u ions, i adds alue o he wo k. The a is is he las pe son o ha e in luence o e he alue o he wo k; in ac , i is he one who ac s he leas in his alo iza ion, so he e is always he igu e o he ma chand, he collec o , he galle y owne , he cu a o , he public. The e u n o he public is also impo an because i helps o a ouse he in e es o a collec o in acqui ing such a wo k o e en he in e es o he deale o ma ke ha wo k o a collec o , gene a ing a alua ion loop. Fo example, in a ai s, he wo k begins in a galle y, bu du ing he ai ano he galle y buys his wo k, and he wo k goes h ough se e al galle ies and a he end o he ai he wo k e u ns o he i s galle y, whe e i began, and a he ime o his e u n, he wo k e u ns wi h a much g ea e added alue, due o he b ands and ins i u ions, o he specula ion o a . Con inuing o ein o ce he ideas ha ha e been p e iously p esen ed, when he a is s we e asked how was he access o esou ces in he ield, hey answe ed by saying ha money is gene ally a big p oblem, ha i is ha d o be ecognized inside he ield, ha a is s should look o unding ou side o he classic sou ces o he ield, bu ha non o hese issues limi hei wo k. En i onmen al and ecological a is a labo o lo e, i is based on u gency and also on an inne 68 desi e o pu ou he e he bes a wo k one can gene a e. These a e he p io i ies, and money and ame a e looked a as possible consequences. Table 14. Access o esou ces in he ield EA1 The e a e esou ces o hese p ac ices, bu hey a e es ic ed esou ces. O cou se, his is al eady be e han 20 yea s ago, bu in a coun y like B azil his is s ill e y es ic ed. I is ha d no o ha e money, bu hese a e choices ha an a is makes, whe e his wo k will ha e highe powe o ue cha ac e is ics. So, o cou se, whoe e builds objec s, hey a e much easie o ma ke , and his e e s o mone a y esou ces, and whoe e chooses o he pa hs has o ind o he possibili ies o make hei wo k iable. I know many a is s who a e banking hei own wo ks, who wo k in o he sphe es, ha e pa allel wo ks, and use hese esou ces o inance hei own p ojec s. EA2 I you pick an es ablished and ecognized en i onmen al a is like F ans K ajcbe g, he had a lo o ha d imes in li e, he's a Jew, who an away om nazism, bu Ma c Chagall paid a icke o him o come o Rio de Janei o in he 1940s and he became one o he g ea B azilian a is s, wi h expensi e wo ks. He has a big con on a ion wi h space, his a m in Bahia has been obbed 500 imes, he has a e y s ong s a emen , his wo k is e y ecognized and he has enough money, bu he is s ill e y h ea ened all he ime. A he age o 90 he is ulne able, ye . The e, on a pe sonal le el, in my pe sonal dimension o ac ion, I ha e managed o su i e hanks o p ojec s ha I do wi h SESC, which is ou g ea na ional pa on o he a s, some p i a e ounda ions in i e o esidencies, calls a e opened he e and he e. Al hough he e is a g ea spo ligh on he a s ma ke , somehow you see ha he ma ke , in gene al, no only in he a s, i becomes a s anda d o conduc o socie ies, bu ew elec ed li e om i , i is a lo o spo ligh o jus a ew people, and he es s ays wi h no hing. Bu i you wo k has some magne ism and ounda ion i is going o ha e an accep ance and hings s a o change, bu he e is no a lo o abundance. Fo e y ew you see an excess o esou ces, hese a e ew elec ed, i depends on pe sonal ela ions mo e han he o ce o he wo k i sel . The e a e many wonde ul a is s who will ne e be ecognized. EA3 I am no in e es ed in he ma e s o ame o money, i hey come I hope hey a e a ecogni ion o a job ha is well done, ha hey will be an au oma ic issue, bu hey a e no some hing o be sough and desi ed, no as a i s p ojec ion, bu as a consequence. The impo an hing is o s ay ali e, o con inue o ins iga e, ques ion, p o oke es angemen , and lea e o he nex gene a ions seeds o wha ou ques ions we e, wha was o be ali e in a ce ain pe iod and o ac acco ding o you conscience o you ideals, I hink his is he mos in e es ing hing o us in e ms o a , is o con inue p oducing and ma king ou symbolic e i o y in his wo ld made o isual a i ac s. EA4 I hink he lack o money de ini ely could in luence a is s, howe e , mos a is s ha I know a e no d i en by money, so a lo o us do ou wo k because we wan o do i , because we eel i is impo an . The e a e excep ions o his, de ini ely, he e a e a is s who a e e y sa y in he ms o ma ke ing and who will eally look whe e is he ma ke , bu I would say ha his is he mino i y o a is s. I would say ha he majo i y o us do wha we hink we need o do, and wha we eel is igh o do. 69 EA5 I ha e ecei ed se e al g an s in pa ne ship wi h he Wa e Resou ces Ins i u e o do my wo k, which is unique in ha ypically hose ypes o g an s go o scien is s and he e ha e been g an s ha ha e come h ough ha ha e suppo ed my a is ic p ac ice. I ha e been o una e o gain unding h ough g an w i ing o suppo my wo k, ha ing ha inancial suppo as well as ha ing hose deadlines, as well as ha ing o comple e p ojec s o ul ill g an s ce ainly helps wi h accomplishmen s in he ield. As I men ioned, unding coming om such hings as he Guggenheim Founda ion has been suppo ing se e al a is s ha I am awa e o , ha wo k in his eal. I hink ha he e a e di e en ypes o g an s ou he e ha a is s can pu sue, ce ainly, i hei wo k is no some hing ha is easily ma ke able, i is mo e di icul o hem o make wo k o sell o make unds ha can suppo hei p ac ice, I hink ha he e a e many a is s ha wo k in en i onmen al/ecological a s ha each o a li ing like mysel , ha seems o be ai ly common in he ield. I also men ioned in ano he ques ion ha I ha e been able o ge g an s h ough my wo k wi h he Wa e Resou ces Ins i u e, some o ha money has come om en i onmen al p o ec ion agencies, i has come om o he unding sou ces ha ypically would und scien i ic esea ch, bu because I am wo king in collabo a ion wi h p o esso s who each in sciences and do esea ch in sciences I ha e access o unding and suppo , so I hink in many cases a is s wo king in en i onmen al and ecological a s migh be inding unding ou side a s unding o suppo hei wo k. I hink ha he e is mo e and mo e public ecogni ion o a is s wo king in ou ield, I know ha he e is se e al awa ds ou he e ha is speci ically designed o a is s dealing wi h en i onmen al issues, annual awa ds. I see calls o nomina ions on a egula basis o such, I hink ha he e is ce ainly mo e and mo e publishe s who a e publishing books ha deal wi h ou ield and I hink ha he cu a o s who a e de eloping he e p ojec s a e inding suppo ei he h ough museums o uni e si y p ac ices, o some imes some comme cial publishe s. In e ms o how his a ec s how a is s see hese a s, I hink hese a is s who pa icipa e in en i onmen al and ecological a s do his wo k because ha is whe e hei hea is, because ha is wha hey belie e is mos impo an in e ms o hei own p ac ice, I hink we do wha e e we need o do o gain esou ces o do he wo k and i is no some hing ha impac s us no doing he wo k, i we ind ha he e is no much suppo as maybe o ano he ype o a . I hink ha in gene al, in he USA, he e isn’ he ype o suppo o a is s ha you see in eu opean coun ies o you see in Canada, so in US so much o wha a is s do is sel - unded. EA6 The ield is e y es ic ed, you can ha dly ge in o he ield wi hou ha ing a di ec ela ionship wi h someone, i is e y closed. I you wan o open a galle y, i you do no ha e a di ec ela ionship wi h he collec o s, wi h he people who buy, o wi h a ma chand, o wi h museums, he galle y will no wo k. So i 's a e y closed ci cle. The e a e e y clea p ocedu es o you o en e his ci cle, bu he a is who wan s o make money wi h a , i he dedica es himsel e ec i ely and is hones , I hink he can ge a inancial e u n, I hink he can li e o he a s. O cou se he wo k has o be good and has o ha e an accep ance om he public. Because o he quali ies o his domain, he ield is being able o a ac b igh people. En i onmen al issues a e gaining momen um, a e ge ing mo e popula , and uni e si ies a e de eloping mo e specialized cou ses a ound he en i onmen al and ecological a s. People who a e in e es ed in hese subjec s a e, supposedly, also mo e open o new ideas and mo e willing o b ing such messages u he . These a e good news, and i is ce ainly a me i o how a ac i e he domain is, wi h he ield main aining i s s uc u al issues. 70 Table 15. The ield and b igh people EA1 Yes, he ield succeeds in a ac ing b igh people. Anyone who is sensi ized by his ype o wo k al eady has a mo e open mind, has a mo e sensi i e app oach o a wo k o a . These b illian people a e no only hose who wo k in he ield o he en i onmen al a s, bu also hose o he gene al public. I hink he e a e a lo o b igh people ou he e who a e ouched by i and who can e e be a e i in hei own places, can echo ha wo k on o he on s, in o he media and en i onmen s. EA2 I is a ac ing! EA4 Now i is, i is e y endy igh now, bu i was no when I was in a school. When I was in a school we new abou land a , bu i wasn’ abou en i onmen al a , i was abou land a , i was abou he majes y o his big wo k in he landscape, we did no ques ion his in an en i onmen al con ex . This is a e y new hing, and new p og ams in di e en a schools now ha e en i onmen al a , which is e y new, bu i isn’ b oade han al eady is because o inancial es ic ions. Many a ins i u ions wan o es ablish an en i onmen al a s p og am bu ac ually can’ because he e is no enough money. And now, wi h a unding diminishing, a is s jus wo k on ha on hei own. Bu i is e y endy now, and a is going wi h his end. The e was a ime when a was o he a is s and people didn’ know abou i , and a lo o people didn’ e en go o museums because hey el like hey didn’ unde s and i , such as in he 90s and 2000s. I was kind o like science, hey didn’ ge i ! I was e y concep ual and i didn’ communica e enough o people, i was e y abs ac in a sense ha nobody knew wha i was abou . Now i is comple ely di e en , people ya n o i , you know? They wan i , because i speaks ou wha hey hink, wha hey eel. 71 EA5 Yes, o cou se. I hink ha he e a e many b illian a is s who a e engaging in an a p ac ice ha ocus on en i onmen al and ecological issues. I hink he e a e mo e uni e si y p og ams ha a e p o iding acul y in his a ea o specializa ion, encou aging g adua e s udies in his a ea, so he e is ce ainly wi hin he a academy suppo o a ac young a is s, eme ging a is s in his a ea. I hink ha in e ms o , he e a e many a is s who a e in e es ed in en i onmen al issues, bu don’ necessa ily do he esea ch o p o ide wo k ha is as knowledge-based as i could be, in o ma ion based as i could be, he e a e ce ainly alen ed a is s doing wo k abou he en i onmen bu i maybe mo e o a pic u esque o pic o ial e e ence a he han coming om ha d esea ch, and ha doesn’ mean ha hey a e no b igh , hey a e e y alen ed and making beau i ul and seduc i e wo k, bu maybe no qui e he same as a ha is coming om a s onge esea ch ounda ion. I hink in gene al he e a e so many a is s, especially he e in he US whe e he e a e so many g adua e p og ams, bu in he las ew yea s we ha e seen en ollmen s su e because he e is no as much oppo uni y o a is s, he e is no as many acul y jobs o a is s. So no ma e wha ield o gen e o a ea ha hey wo k in as a is s, i is so expensi e a his poin o hem o s udy, and hey end up wi h his ou ageous loans, so i has ce ainly because an issue. Being able o jus inancially sus ain one’s ca ee as an a is , no ma e wha a ea hey wo k he e in US has ce ainly become mo e o a challenge o eme ging a is s. I pe sonally ha e me qui e a numbe o ecen g adua es om MFA p og ams in he US who a e commi ed o a p ac ice in en i onmen al and ecological a , and I am inspi ed by hei ene gy and hei ideas, hei c ea i i y, hei inno a ion, and also hei commi men o pu sue hei p ac ice hough i is inancially challenging o hem. I hink in gene al a p ac ice ha is based in esea ch and in his case en i onmen al science is going o a ac a ce ain ype o pe son who is b igh and wan s o engage in such a p ac ice ha in many cases is open o collabo a ion and doing esea ch ha is in a numbe o ields, ob iously beyond esea ch in a . I also hink ha he s a e o he plane , wha is happening wi h clima e change, all he issues a hand, and he c i ical need o ind solu ions is he pe ec oppo uni y o a is s o engage in such a p ac ice, and ce ainly we need in elligen , c ea i e minds o become pa o he ield. I hink as he challenges globally ela ed o clima e change become mo e e iden and mo e pa o ou e e yday expe ience, we will see mo e and mo e a is s become pa o he ield o en i onmen al and ecological a . EA6 O cou se he ield has b igh people, in a you ha e o gi e you blood, 100%. The exhibi ions a e also ecognized by he amoun o public hey ha e, so i he wo k is no so good bu he exhibi ion had a la ge audience, i becomes inc edible. I hink o ha e his e iciency, he ma ke seeks b illian people, seeks people who a e good a alking, w i ing, o good a business and sales. O cou se he e a e b igh people in he ield. Bu some imes wha you win can no pay o he bill. 72 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In his esea ch, an explo a ion o o ces shaping c ea i i y in en i onmen al and ecological a s was conduc ed, ollowing he sys emic app oach o c ea i i y designed by Csikszen mihalyi and, he e o e, delinea ing his esea ch a ound h ee dis inc sphe es: domain, pe son, and ield. The esul s ha e shown ha he domain does no es ic c ea i i y in any way, on he con a y, i enhances he c ea i e po en ial in a is s. By ocusing on in ui ion, popula cul u e and pe sonal expe iences, a is s do no eel ied by he kind o con en hey a e wo king wi h. Al hough he e is a pe sonal desi e o ha e mo e scien i ic e e ences abou en i onmen al issues, in gene al, such “ha d" in o ma ions do no become an essen ial pa o he a wo ks. Maybe, wi h a close connec ion be ween a is s and scien is s, a ui ul exchange would enable he scien is s o be e unde s and hei communi y as well as how o communica e wi h hem, while a is s would maybe eel mo e compelled o explo e he scien i ic ealm in hei a wo ks in a deepe way. The domain is also esponsible o he inc edible de o ion ha a is s ha e o he en i onmen al subjec . All he challenges ha a ca ee as an a is p esen s o hem a e o e come by a e y s ong mo i a ion o b ing impo an e lec ions abou na u e o he public. Wi h en i onmen al issues gaining momen um and a en ion, plus he magne ism o his domain, an impo an lux o b igh people a ound his ield is almos gua an eed. The pe son sphe e has shown ha he a is s ha e de eloped pe sonal connec ions o na u e du ing hei childhood, e en hough some o hem needed s onge expe iences a ound his subjec as adul s in o de o di ec hei a en ion o i . Thei c ea i e p ocesses a e e y luid, mos ly ollowing he in ui ion, bu some imes pai ing i wi h a small se o pa ame e s, namely he space whe e he a wo k will be done. The e is a lo o eedom in he pe sonal sphe e, and a s ong ecogni ion o how social in e ac ions deeply collabo a e wi h hei wo k as c ea i es. This u he indica es ha a sys emic app oach o c ea i i y is a necessi y, and ha a is s a e well equipped o unde s and hei communi ies and how o communica e wi h hem. Bu he ue obs acles o his p o ession s a o appea he e, and hey a e ela ed o he pe sonal abili ies o manage wha needs o be done in o de o he ield o ecognize hem. The e is a huge amoun o p essu e ela ed o he social beha io o a is s, and hey all eel hey do no deli e wha is needed. This is whe e hey eel hey all sho , and his could be an impo an de e minan o c ea i i y. 73 Kau man, James C., and Ronald A. Beghe o, 2009. “Beyond big and li le: The Fou C model o c ea i i y.” Re iew o Gene al Psychology, 13:1–12. 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