23rd. Annual Colloquium Sustainable Rural Systems : Smart Answers for a Smiling Future : IGU-CSRS Book of Abstracts and Programme

and Programme 2 Acknowledgement: We wish to thank to Mr. Carlos Patrão, Manager of Santander Bank, Campus of FCSH/UNL, for the support in publishing this book. 3 Programme 28th July 2015, LISBON, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (Auditorium 1, Tower B, 1st Floor) 8,30 Welcome Speeches: Costa, João; Director of the FCSH/UNL; Muteia, Helder; FAO, Portugal; Roxo, Maria José; IGU, Portugal; Kim, Doo-Chul and Firmino, Ana; Co-Chairs CSRS/IGU Chair: Muteia, Helder | Sorensen, Tony 9,00 Key-Speaker: Woods, Michael; Aberystwyth University RETHINKING RURAL RESPONSES TO GLOBALIZATION: AN ASSEMBLAGE APPROACH Session 1, Rural-Urban Interactions in a Changing Society 1 Room: Auditorium 1 (Tower B, 1st floor) Chair: Thissen, Frans | Valerià, Paül 9,30 Robinson, Guy; Weber, Delene; Bardsley, Douglas K.; Moskwa, Emily; Bardsley, Annette: LIVING WITH THE THREAT OF BUSHFIRE: MANAGING RISK IN RURAL-URBAN FRINGES ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN BIOME 9,50 Vanderheyden, Vincent; Schmitz, Serge: ARE THERE DIFFERENT ANALYSIS PATTERNS WHEN PEOPLE ASSESS RURAL LANDSCAPES? 10,10 Luz, Ana Luisa: THE MANAGEMENT OF COMMON LANDS IN EUROPE IN A CONTEXT OF “RURAL TRANSITION” 10,30 Discussion 10,40 Coffee-Break Session 2, Environment, Sustainability and Climate Change 1 Room: Auditorium 1 (Tower B, 1st floor) Chair: Grabski-Kieron, Ulrike | Jones, Roy 11,00 Salvador, Mariana Sanchez: THE FOODSCAPE OF LISBON: AN EVOLUTION BETWEEN CITY AND FOOD SYSTEM TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE 11,20 Firmino, Ana : WINDMILLS AND WINDTOWERS IN LOURES FOR A SMILING FUTURE 11,40 Poggi, Francesca; Firmino, Ana; Amado, Miguel Pires: THE SMART RURAL CONCEPT: BEHIND THE ENERGETIC FUTURE OF TERRITORIES 12,00 Discussion 12,30 Lunch at FCSH-UN 14,00 Departure to Field Trip in Loures 14,30 Welcome by the Mayor of Loures at Marqueses da Praia Palace 14,45 Video and presentation of the Municipality 15,00 Departure to Aranhas Farm (Pai Joanes) 15,30 Visit to the Enterprise “Origem do Campo” (hydroponic production of lettuce) 16,30 Departure to the photovoltaic Station of Malhapão and brief introduction to the alternative energy production in Loures by Francesca Poggi 17,30 Visit to the Museum of Wine and Vineyard in Bucelas 18,30 Visit to Quinta da Murta and wine tasting (Arinto Wine) 19,00 Exhibition of the folk group “Ceifeiros da Bemposta” 19,30 Departure to A-do-Baço (small village in Arruda dos Vinhos) 20,00 Dinner at “Cantinho da Arruda” typical “saloio” restaurant 22,00 Departure to Lisbon 4 29th July 2015, LISBON, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa PARALLEL SESSIONS Session 3, Landscape Heritage and Sustainable Tourism 1 Room: Auditorium 1 (Tower B, 1st floor) Chair: Cawley, Mary | Remoaldo, Paula 9,00 Iranzo-García, Emílio; Aguilar, Juan Antonio Pascual; Lafarga, Cristina Blasco; Fansa, Ghaleb: ACCESSIBLE LANDSCAPES AND HEALTH: A PROPOSAL FOR A COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RURAL LANDSCAPE AND HERITAGE RESOURCES FOR THERAPEUTIC PURPOSES 9,20 Brites, Cláudia; Firmino, Ana: SOCIAL FARMING: AN EMERGING ISSUE IN RURAL AREAS 9,40 Tulla, Antoni F.: SOCIAL FARMING AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CATALONIA 10,00 Morais, Duarte; LaPan, Chantell; K.C., Birendra; Wallace, Tim: EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-REPRESENTATION, SELF-DETERMINATION AND SOCIAL CAPITAL AMONG RURAL TOURISM MICROENTREPRENEURS IN NORTH CAROLINA 10,20 Discussion Session 4, Social Challenges for a Smiling Future 1 Room: Auditorium 3 (Tower B, 5th floor) Chair: Ancuța, Cătălina | Pina, Helena 9,00 Sorensen, Tony: AUSTRALIA’S RURALITIES IN TURMOIL: A GLIMPSE INTO THE FUTURE 9,20 Kohmoto, Daichi: GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE LIVES OF RURAL MARRIED WOMEN IN JAPAN: A CASE STUDY IN OJIRO, A MOUNTAINOUS VILLAGE 9,40 Lukić, Aleksandar: CONCEPTUALIZING CHANGE IN CROATIAN POST-SOCIALIST COUNTRYSIDE AND ITS ROLE IN DISSCUSING POSSIBLE RURAL FUTURES 10,00 Khan, Nizamuddin: DIVERSIFICATION OF FARMING SYSTEM IN URBAN RURAL INTERFACE REGION IN NORTH INDIA: SMILING FUTURE FOR INDIAN POOR FARMERS 10,20 Discussion 10,40 Coffee-Break Session 5, Landscape Heritage and Sustainable Tourism 2 Room: Auditorium 1 (Tower B, 1st floor) Chair: Teixeira, Pedro | Amit-Cohen, Irit 11,00 Cawley, Mary: EVALUATING AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: A META ANALYSIS 11,20 Schmitz, Serge; Crozat, Dominique: WE FORGOT TO PAY ATTENTION TO ORDINARY TOURISM! A CALL TO REVISE THE RESEARCH AGENDA FOR RURALTOURISM. 11,40 Teles, Virgínia; Malta, Paula; Correia, António: THE GEOGRAPHIES OF GEOCACHING IN PORTUGAL: CO-CREATING TOURISM EXPERIENCES AS A SMART ANSWER FOR RURAL SYSTEMS 12,00 Discussion Session 6, Landscape Heritage and Sustainable Tourism 3 Room: Auditorium 3 (Tower B, 5th floor) Chair: Hoefle, Scott | Lourenço, Júlia 11,00 Rayssac, Sébastien; Santamaría, Juan M. Trillo: TOURISME ET DÉVELOPPEMENT RURAL DANS LE SUD-OUEST EUROPÉEN : POLITIQUES TERRITORIALES, STRATÉGIES ET ACTIONS COLLECTIVES 5 11,20 Tabasco, Julio José Plaza; Ruiz, Maria del Carmen Cañizares; Pulpón, Ángel Raúl Ruiz: HERITAGE AND WINE TOURISM: SPECIFIC RESOURCES TO INNOVATE THE TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CASTILLA - LA MANCHA (SPAIN) 11,40 Amit-Cohen, Irit: OBTAINING OTHERS HERITAGE FOR TOURIST ACTIVITIES, THE CASE OF AN "EXTANTION NEIGHBOURHOOD" IN RURAL SETTLEMENTS IN ISRAEL 12,00 Discussion 12,30 Lunch at FCSH-UNL Session 7, Environment, Sustainability and Climate Change 2 Room: Auditorium 1 (Tower B, 1st floor) Chair: Robinson, Guy | Ferreira, Carmen 14,30 Grabski-Kieron, Ulrike: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SPATIAL GOVERNANCE-SYSTEMS IN LAND USE – CHALLENGES OF CLIMATE OPTIMIZED LAND USE MANAGEMENT IN GERMANY 14,50 Ocampo, Lou Angeli: MAKING ‘PLACE’ COUNT IN RISK PERCEPTION STUDIES 15,10 Hoefle, Scott William: ERASING ‘HILLBILLIES’ AND ‘CAIPIRAS’ FROM THE LANDSCAPE: ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY, CONSERVATION UNITS AND POOR FARMERS IN THE BRAZILIAN AND US ATLANTIC FORESTS 15,30 Bicalho, Ana Maria de S. M.; Araújo, Ana Paula Correia de: POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS TO ALTERNATIVE STOCK RAISING IN THE WETLANDS OF WESTERN BRAZIL 15,50 Discussion 16,00 Coffee-Break Session 8, Social Challenges for a Smiling Future 2 Room: Auditorium 1 (Tower B, 1st floor) Chair: Bicalho, Ana | Barcus, Holly 16,30 Thissen, Frans, THE COUNTRYSIDE: A GOOD PLACE TO GROW OLD? 16,50 Birdsall-Jones, Christina; Jones, Roy; Jones, Tod: CULTURAL GEOGRAPHIES, CULTURAL SUSTAINABILITY AND ABORIGINAL CULTURAL CENTRES: CASE STUDIES FROM REMOTE AND PERI-URBAN WESTERN AUSTRALIA 17,10 Kim, Doo-Chul; Hoang, Truong Quang; Young-Kuk: INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES ON COFFEE PRODUCTION AND RESPONSE OF FARMERS IN VIETNAM 17,30 Ancuța, Cătălina; Olaru, Martin; Doiciar, Claudia Muțulescu: THE ROLE OF LOCAL ACTION GROUPS (GAL) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROMANIAN RURAL SPACE 17,50 Discussion 18,00 Closure of Sessions with Luís Vicente Baptista, Director of CICS.NOVA 18,30 Dinner 30th July 2015, LISBON, COIMBRA, PORTO 7,30 Lisbon, FCSH/UNL - Departure to field visit 9,30 Coimbra University (World heritage) and historical quarter 11,15 Visit to the Mondego valley, water museum and Tentúgal pastries 12,30 Lunch at Mondego Valley 14,30 Montemor-o-Velho and Ereira: the rice production Natural Reserve and Wetlands Figueira da Foz and the Mondego Estuary Salt marshes and salt flats The Salt Museum 20,00 Arrival to Porto and Dinner 6 31st July 2015, PORTO, Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto 8,45 Welcome Session (Anfiteatro Nobre): Ribeiro, Fernanda; Diretora da Faculdade de Letras da U. Porto; Firmino, Ana, Co-Chair CSRS/IGU, Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Kim, Doo-Chul, Co- Chair CSRS/IGU, Okayama University, Japan PARALLEL SESSIONS Session 9, Rural-Urban Interactions in a Changing Society 2 Room: Anfiteatro Nobre (ground floor) Chair: Laurens, Lucette | Barros Cardoso, António 9,00 Margetic, Christine: NANTES, UNE MÉTROPOLE AGRICOLE ? 9,20 Makhlouf, Sara: PROMOTION DE L’ECOTOURISME POUR LA REVITALISATION DES ESPACES RURAUX SUD MEDITERRANEENS : CAS DE JIJEL-ALGERIE 9,40 Baumert, Philippe; Pina, Helena: PROCESSUS DE PATRIMONIALISATION, OENOTOURISME ET VALORISATION DES TERRITOIRES : L’EXEMPLE DE LA RÉGION DÉLIMITEE DU DOURO (PORTUGAL) 10,00 Pierre, Geneviève: COOPÉRATIONS ET SOLIDARITÉS RENOUVELÉES DANS LES CAMPAGNES AU SERVICE DE LA TERRITORIALISATION DE L’ENJEU ÉNERGIE-CLIMAT. ILLUSTRATIONS DANS L’OUEST FRANÇAIS 10,20 Discussion Session 10, Landscape Heritage and Sustainable Tourism 4 Room: Anfiteatro 1 (1st floor) Chair: Pierre, Geneviève | Caldeira, Maria José 9,00 Lopes, Hélder Tiago da Silva; Ribeiro, Vítor Patríco Rodrigues; Remoaldo, Paula Cristina: THE POTENTIAL OF MOBILITY AND COOPERATION BETWEEN STAKEHOLDERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN PERIPHERAL AREAS: THE CASE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF BOTICAS 9,20 Pereira, Andreia: WHAT LANDSCAPES FOR TOURISM IN TRADITIONAL RURAL AREAS? PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN THE WATERSHED OF RIVER LIMA. 9,40 Valerià, Paül; Jones, Roy: FROM SELLING WINE FLAGONS IN DRIVEWAYS TO ‘PERTH’S VALLEY OF TASTE’: TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN THE SWAN VALLEY, WESTERN AUSTRALIA 10,00 Machado, Carina; Laranjeira, M.Manuela: CLIMATE VARIABILITY AND THE TIMING OF FLOWERING OF Vitis vinifera L. cv. MOSCATEL GALEGO 10,20 Discussion 10,40 Coffee-Break PARALLEL SESSIONS Session 11, Environment, Sustainability and Climate Change 3 Room: Anfiteatro Nobre (ground floor) Chair: Margetic, Christine | Martins, Felisbela 11,00 Wafa, Ben Belgacem: LE PAYSAGE DE L’ICHKEUL, EST-IL CONNU EN TANT QUE ZONE HUMIDE? 11,20 Cherif, Mohamed: DU TERROIR AU BASSIN DE PRODUCTION AGRICOLE DANS LE SAHEL MERIDIONAL (TUNISIE). 11,40 Laurens, Lucette: L’AGRICULTURE ET L’ALIMENTATION DANS LA TRANSITION ÉCOLOGIQUE ET ÉNERGÉTIQUE URBAINE LE CAS DU RÉSEAU ENERGY CITIES (EUROPE) 12,00 Castro, Ana Mª Porto; Ferré, Mireia Baylina; Ramón, Mª Dolors Garcia; Serra, Isabel Salamaña; Peréz, Montserrat Villarino: DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE ET LE TRAVAIL DES FEMMES EN MILIEU RURAL ESPAGNOL 12,20 Discussion 7 Session 12, Innovative and Smart Answers to Horizon 2020 Room: Anfiteatro 1 (1st floor) Chair: Schmitz, Serge | Tulla, Antoni 11,00 Ferreira, Carmen: THE INTERNATIONAL GARDEN FESTIVAL OF PONTE DE LIMA VILLAGE, PORTUGAL: A SMART ANSWER FOR THE PROMOTION OF THE VILLAGE. 11,20 Alves, Juliana Araújo; Remoaldo, Paula Cristina; Silva, Lígia Torres: PORTUGUESE POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN MOVEMENTS OF AREAS OF HIGH DENSITY OF POWER LINES 11,40 Pina, Helena: WHAT IS THE ROLE OF INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE DOURO DEMARCATED REGION? 12,00 Climent-López, Eugenio; Ruiz-Budría, Enrique; Loscertales-Palomar, Blanca: THE WORLDS OF PRODUCTION IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY 12,20 Discussion 12,45 Lunch at FLUP Session 13, Social Challenges for a Smiling Future 3 Room: Anfiteatro Nobre (ground floor) Chair: Firmino, Ana | Kim, Doo-Chul 14,30 Tabiou, Manuel A.: FINANCIAL EXCLUSION OF SME OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN TOGO 14,50 Barcus, Holly R.: TERRITORIALIZING THE “LAND WITHOUT FENCES”: MONGOLIA’S LANDDEVELOPMENT-LIVELIHOOD NEXUS IN PERSPECTIVE 15,10 Dubois, Charline: AGRICULTURE SEEN THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE FRENCH MEDIA IN BELGIUM 15,30 Discussion 15,50 Presentation of the next CSRS CONFERENCE 2016 16,10 Coffee-Break 16,30 End of Session 17,00 Visit to Historical Quarter of Porto 19,15 Visit to Porto Wine Cellars 20h15 Dinner 1st August 2015, DOURO 8,00 Visit to the Douro Demarcated Region, World Heritage since 2001: - The Lower Corgo Subregion (Douro); 9,30 Mesão Frio, a historical wine village in the Douro Region 11,45 The Tourism Farms, visit to a Rural Tourism Unit, a family structure 12,30 Lunch and wine tasting at the farm 15,30 -The Higher Corgo Subregion (Douro) 16,00 Visit to an entrepreneurial farm with rural tourism unit - the impact of the most important producers and exporters of wine in the region (wine tasting) 17,45 Visit to the Douro Museum 20,00 Return to Porto and Dinner 8 2nd August 2015, GUIMARÃES AND LIMA VALLEY 8,30 Visit to Guimarães and Lima Valley 9,30 Guimarães, the cradle of Portugal and UNESCO World Heritage 12,00 The Lima Valley (“Vinho Verde” region) Wellness and charm tourism in a Manor House The impact of the production of the “Vinho Verde” 12,30 Lunch and wine tasting at the Manor House 15,00 Visit to the village of Ponte de Lima, a historical village in the “Vinho Verde” region 16,15 Visit to the “Gardens Festival” Visit to the Interpretive and Promotional Center of “Vinho Verde” 20,00 Return to Porto 9 Abstract Book LIVING WITH THE THREAT OF BUSHFIRE: MANAGING RISK IN RURAL-URBAN FRINGES ACROSS THE MEDITERRANEAN BIOME Robinson, Guy M. University of South Australia/University of Adelaide, Austrália Weber, Delene University of South Australia/University of Adelaide, Austrália Bardsley, Douglas K. University of South Australia/University of Adelaide, Austrália Moskwa, Emily University of South Australia/University of Adelaide, Austrália Bardsley, Annette University of South Australia/University of Adelaide, Austrália Keywords: bushfires, Mediterranean biome, rural-urban fringe, risk, biodiversity In rural-urban fringes across the Mediterranean biome there is increasing vulnerability of human settlements to dangerous bushfires. Risk from bushfires is growing as more people choose to live in these areas and therefore are becoming increasingly embedded in fire-risk zones. Through urban sprawl outer suburbs are becoming more wooded, whilst longer and more severe periods of drought are increasing the flammability of vegetation. The occurrence of more severe weather events, associated with climatic change, is resulting in higher average summer temperatures that extend fire-risk periods, often accompanied by more extremely hot wind events that can rapidly spread fires, as occurred in the ‘Black Friday’ fires in Victoria, Australia in 2009 (burning over 450,000 ha and killing 173 people) and in February 2015 in the Southern Algarve (killing 16 people and affecting 215,000 ha). This paper reports on the first findings of research funded by the Australian Research Council and conducted in three study areas: South Australia, California and southern France, examining key problems posed by this growing threat of bushfires. In particular, it looks at the motivations, values, beliefs and perceptions of rural-urban fringe residents faced by threat of bushfire, and especially in the context of a major environmental concern in these areas: the need for effective conservation measures to maintain important and unique biodiversity. High rates of biodiversity decline are being recorded in urban peripheries across the Mediterranean biome, so the challenge for policy-makers is to implement bushfire risk mitigation that could catalyse improvements in biodiversity management by favourably disposing residents towards land-use planning for conservation and risk management. Land managers face the problem of determining and implementing fire management appropriate for conserving biodiversity whilst also protecting life and property. Focus will be placed on analysis of 1000 household surveys conducted in two regions of South Australia: the Adelaide and Mount Lofty Ranges (AMLR), which form the eastern boundary of the state capital, Adelaide (population 1.2 million), and the southern Eyre Peninsula around the small port of Port Lincoln, where bushfires in 2005 burnt over 77,000 ha, with nine fatalities. The impacts on residents of the recent (January 2015) fire in the AMLR, which burnt 12,500 ha, destroying 27 homes but with no human fatalities, will be addressed. With such major risks to place, property and people, the management of vegetation for bushfire risk mitigation, for example through controlled burning, is highly contentious. The paper will argue that different groups of residents can be recognised on the basis of attitudes and behaviour, so that in formulating management strategies different messages may need to be delivered by planners and policy makers in order to develop desirable behaviour in the face of growing risk. There may also be a need for rethinking planning in order to restrict in-migration to those areas most at risk. The aim of the research is to provide opportunities to support policy development to promote behavioural change aligned with effective management of biodiversity. In this case ‘effective’ relates to appropriate 16 physical and mental disability. There are some works that speak of the potential contribution of physical activity in natural and rural spaces in helping to solve certain problems associated with inactivity, obesity, depression and other chronic diseases. Literature tells us some experiences implemented in rural areas and in protected natural areas, linked to what is called accessible or universal tourism. Many of these works offer proposals based on leisure and recreation outdoor activities committed to attend (with values of social equity) disability that causes both the age and disease in increasingly more people. However, it is necessary to prove up to what point is there really a relationship between landscape and health and welfare, beyond that it could be a topic that has become popular in the last decade. On the other hand, while the number of elderly people or people who suffer from some type of disability continues to increase, there is no precise reflection in the adaptation of equipment or in the planning of activities for these groups integrated in the rural landscape. As a result, there is a lack of proposals offering the development of a therapeutic program to cognitive and functional level based on the practice of therapeutic-sportive activities and interpretation of the landscape from an adapted and accessible itinerary. This paper presents the project "Heritage and landscape of the water for the elderly and people with reduced mobility" (PAYSAL). It's a proposal to respond to the shortcomings previously established, such as the relationship between landscape, health and wellness and the lack of facilities and activities integrated in the landscape. PAYSAL proposes a methodology for the design and adequacy of therapeutic and cultural itineraries in the rural environment, based on four phases: 1. Territorial analysis to identify optimal areas for the development of itineraries and selection of pilot routes. The project will take place in Cofrentes, a rural municipality in the interior of the Valencian Community (Spain), whose main dynamic instrument with respect to health therapies is the Hervideros hot springs spa. 2. An in-depth study for the evaluation of the landscape, elaboration of proposals for action and determination of themed features and technical performances in the pilot routes. 3. Implementation of the actions for the execution of the itineraries, by means of direct actions such as (rehabilitation of degraded sites and construction of therapeutic infrastructures) and indirect (such as the development of virtual signage, use and best practices documents, etc.) 4. Estimation of the effects posed by the implementation of the program on the health and well-being of the users. A second objective of this work will be to evaluate the impact produced to Hervideros hot springs spa and to the municipality of Cofrentes due to the introduction of a product of these characteristics. The development of the project intends to be both a therapeutic and cultural proposal and an alternative product of rural development resources of landscape and cultural heritage existing in the municipality. Acknowledgments This work has been supported by project GV/2014/055 funded the Generalitat Valenciana, Spain. SOCIAL FARMING - AN EMERGING ISSUE IN RURAL AREAS Brites, Claudia Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal Firmino, Ana Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal Keywords: Social farming; sustainable rural development; regional development With the intense focus on global change, it is important to recognize the central role of local communities in building resilient, sustainable systems. What are the challenges that face local communities? How can we empower communities to restore and preserve systems functions and values? 17 Local communities in the rural areas face great challenges, mainly caused by migratory fluxes: at the economic level, loss of regional identity and traditions, senescence and social fragmentation. Local issues, such as the location and density of residential developments are a challenge to sustain its values. However, some initiatives of multifunctional agriculture are rising and offering some stable and efficient solutions to these challenges. Communities in rural areas typically have a connection to agriculture and Social Farming can be seen as an opportunity for the revitalization of rural areas economically, ecologically, socially and culturally; as a communication platform between rural and urban societies; and as a change and social innovation. Most of the Social Farming initiatives allow access to new investment systems and to the inclusion of socially excluded people, typically with natural resource protection. In this paper we will use case studies from Europe to illustrate how Social Farming can engage local communities in efforts to include marginalised citizens and promote the creation of solid institutions that are crucial in local development. A survey through questionnaires and interviews was carried out in Portugal to do the mapping, evaluation and characterization of the Portuguese institutions working in Social Farming. We intend to assess and classify the different types of institutions and create a website with the data collected making the information available to the public. Finally, we will discuss the value of building partnerships (FEPAS – Portuguese Federation of Social Farming) between institutions to support policies for the development of these initiatives within rural areas. SOCIAL FARMING AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN CATALONIA Tulla, Antoni F. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Espanha 1 There is an economic and social crisis of agriculture in Europe. A multifunctional economy helps to find different ways to reorganize farms and territory in rural areas. Tourism, ecological products, craftsmanship and other activities have appeared as basic to achieving local sustainable development. Among these achievements, progress of social farming (SF) seems very important. It consists of a broad range of activities that have certain things in common: farm production and direct services to empower groups of individuals such as people with a physical or mental disability or seeking recovery from drug addiction, imprisonment, or failure in school; the elderly; abused women; and at present, the unemployed and existing farms that are failing. Social Farming projects provide a strong boost to economic and social development at the local level. In rural areas, activities linked to the territory and products from the land have greater repercussion for endogenous development, social cohesion and the fabric of the business environment. These are more socially responsible initiatives and also more respectful of the land and environment, strengthening the values that make positive contributions to the construction of new models of development. There is a reassessment of agrarian activities and of the new multifunctional pattern in rural areas. At the same time, resources from the local territory of each SF installation are more valued, generating both new and older forms of economically productive activity and helping to achieve social gains through their services, facilities, and infrastructure. We could say, then, that these initiatives help to energize rural areas, generating new places of employment that help to stabilize the population with a more attractive level of services and reinforcing the networks of small cities in the countryside. It is also important to take into consideration that SF is an economic activity with a social and economic return to the individuals, foundation or the public sector that finances or assists these experiences. We will study a selected number of cases, applying methodologies like evaluation of social return on investment (SROI) and of the economic feasibility of the existence of the selected SF. Our final aim is to contribute to the growth of the sector and also to help to set up new initiatives. 1 Members of the research group on Social Farming (2015): Anna Badia, Ana Vera, Carles Guirado, Natàlia Valldeperas, Imma Pallarès-Blanch, Camille Evard, Laia Sendra, Àngel Cebollada and Josep Espluga 18 EXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SELF-REPRESENTATION, SELF-DETERMINATION AND SOCIAL CAPITAL AMONG RURAL TOURISM MICRO-ENTREPRENEURS IN NORTH CAROLINA Morais, Duarte North Carolina State University, USA LaPan, Chantell North Carolina State University, USA K.C, Birendra North Carolina State University, USA Wallace, Tim North Carolina State University, USA Keywords: tourism micro-entrepreneurship; People-First Tourism; self-determination; social capital; self-representatio Tourism often brings much needed income to rural communities with limited economic alternatives; but tourism is also frequently associated with unequal distribution of income, change in social fabrics and cultural politics, and with environmental and landscape degradation. Some authors have reported that tourism is often a mechanism that objectifies heritages and local identities and in doing so, it transforms host communities into passive tourees. Tourism often relegates the rural subaltern to the sidelines of the tourism economy, allowing them to glean bits of income not worthwhile to the formal tourism sector. Gleaning, usually defined as the opportunistic collection of leftover crops from agricultural fields after they have been commercially harvested, is introduce here to characterize the often-reported behaviors of hawking crafts or services to tourists by local micro-entrepreneurs. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between self-representation, selfdetermination and social capital in the context of rural tourism micro-entrepreneurship. This study uses data from baseline interviews with individuals with different levels of involvement in tourism entrepreneurship at the time they began participating in the People-First Tourism project – a web marketplace where vetted micro-entrepreneurs organized in small local networks are able to advertise genuine tourism experiences to visitors. A total of 35 interviews conducted in 2014 were considered for this study. In addition to interview data, the authors conducted regular journaling while working on the project and they reflected on their journal notes while debating interpretations of the interview data. The interview protocol had four pages with sections inquiry biographical and livelihoods data, voice and selfrepresentation, social capital, and self-determination and success. All sections consisted of open-ended questions (e.g., How do you imagine your life in 5 years as a successful tourism entrepreneur?) and free-listing questions (e.g., As a tourism entrepreneur, what messages/lessons/stories would you like to pass on to tourists?). The interviews were generally conducted by a team of two interviewers in an attempt to maximize the quality of the data recorded directly in the protocol. The data were then transcribed to word documents for later analysis. We used a grounded theory approach to unearthing themes from the data generated by these questions, and employed constant comparison among the coauthors to increase the validity of the findings (Creswell, 2003; Denzin & Lincoln, 2000). Furthermore, consistent with the participatory nature of the project, we periodically shared iterations of our findings with select participants to seek their validation. Consistent with previous studies, micro-entrepreneurs perceived that their stories are being told by others, often inaccurately; and they want to use tourism as a space to voice their own versions of their rural heritages. The study reveals that some individuals are able to obtain some levels of selfdetermination from their micro-entrepreneurial tourism activities. For some, tourism microentrepreneurship allows them to use skills that they find important but would otherwise not be able to share with others or to draw income from [i.e., Competence]. Others report that attempting to sell services and goods directly to tourists, and the independence in crafting their narratives without the scrutiny of approval of sanctioning organizations and intermediaries makes them feel more autonomous 19 [i.e., Autonomy]. And still others, see tourism as a way to feel connected with other entrepreneurs and with the broader society [i.e., Relatedness]. This role of tourism in making people in isolated rural areas feel more connected has been previously reported and is also related to our findings about social capital. Nevertheless, resilient factors like patriarchal gender norms, elite capture mechanisms and cultural traditions may be difficult to overcome by entrepreneurs unless projects fostering micro-entrepreneurial development are integrated in market systems and are structured in culturally appropriate ways. AUSTRALIA’S RURALITIES IN TURMOIL: A GLIMPSE INTO THE FUTURE Sorensen, Tony University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia The imminent arrival of an enormous slate of new technologies presages the rapid transformation of just about all aspects of Australia’s rural economy and society. Moreover the impacts may vary enormously from one location to another, depending on a constellation of interacting factors, with relatively few winners and many losers. This paper, stemming from a current project involving technological change in Australia’s cotton industry and its workforce impacts, conceptualises the forces at work and their spatial implications over the medium term. It also considers the prospects that Australia’s rural society will probably have almost no control or influence on spatial outcomes – though perhaps even less so than other jurisdictions that are less globally integrated and market oriented. GENERATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE LIVES OF RURAL MARRIED WOMEN IN JAPAN: A CASE STUDY IN OJIRO, A MOUNTAINOUS VILLAGE Kohmoto, Daichi Nara University of Education, Japan Keywords : Aging society, Rural life, Married women, Japan Japan is one of the World's first countries to face the depopulation of society. It is estimated that the total population would drop to one-third the current number over the next 100 years. If this trend continues, population decline and aging will lead to a decrease in the workforce, shrinkage in production and consumption, and a further softening of the economy. This tendency has differences in space. A shrinking elderly population in rural areas is posing a threat to local economies, while the phenomenon of young women departing for better job opportunities in cities is further accelerating rural depopulation. In May, 2014, a shocking and detailed report titled "Municipalities at Risk of Vanishing" created a kind of fuss nationwide especially in rural areas. It was released by the Japan Policy Council's (JPC's) study group on depopulation. The JPC was established by business and union leaders and scholars to advance proposals to create a new Japan and stimulate a national debate based on the citizens' perspective. The JPC identified the municipalities whose population of young women (aged 20 to 39) would decrease to less than half of the current level in 30-years, and called them "municipalities at risk of vanishing." According to them, women in the 20 to 39 age bracket account for 95 percent of Japan's total fertility rate of 1.41 in the year 2012, and as long as the number of women in this age bracket continues to decline, the "reproductive potential" of the population will continue to drop, thus no stopping the decrease of the total population. The result of JPC's analysis shows that the number of municipalities categorized as municipalities at risk of vanishing amounts to 896, accounting for 49.8 percent of the total numbers of municipalities in the country. These repercussions caused by JPC's data were called the "Masuda shock," named after Hiroya Masuda, the chairman of JPC's study group and the former Minister of Internal Affairs and Communications. Based on the debate mentioned above, this study aims to clarify generational differences in the lives of rural married women in Ojiro, a mountainous area in Kami Town, Hyogo Prefecture. By interviewing 32 20 married women in this area, this study examines why they live and how they continue to live in remote rural areas. Rural married women’s behavioral spaces tend to become spread out due to such factors as the decrease of population, pursuing higher level of service functions, increase of family cars, and spread of monetized economy. Younger women tend to go and use distant places. This is typically seen as places of childbirth, places to go shopping, places of their works, and use of hospitals. However, almost all married women think rural areas are better than urban areas for their lives. Older women tend to think they are used to living in rural areas because they are born near villages and live there longer. Younger married women tend to quest positively for the nature and the connection between local people despite the decreased opportunities in local collaborative works for their lives. Relating to the depopulation, younger women tend to enjoy helping locally each other and to hold local events compared with older women in their younger days. Moreover, they help each other for commuting to hospitals, and for the education of their children. Younger rural married women’s attitudes are premised on living in rural areas, although their places to live are selectable compared with older people. However, this is sustained by the existence of basic facilities of health education, and some business opportunities. CONCEPTUALIZING CHANGE IN CROATIAN POST-SOCIALIST COUNTRYSIDE AND ITS ROLE IN DISSCUSING POSSIBLE RURAL FUTURES Lukić, Aleksandar University of Zagreb, Croatia Keywords: rural change, post-socialist countryside, model, Croatia A quarter of a century ago, Croatia entered the period that profoundly changed political, socio-economic, cultural and environmental dimensions of its space and society. However, unlike comprehensive concepts of urban change (e.g. post-socialist cities), rural areas in Croatia still lack the interpretative interdisciplinary concept which would enable: firstly, placing Croatian rural areas in the framework of European post-socialist countryside and secondly, recognizing specificities resulting from historical development and severity of consequences of Homeland war. The aim of this paper is therefore to assist forming the conceptual framework intended to reflect the interplay between global context and driving forces on the one side, and national, regional and local factors on the other, in shaping the current state of Croatian rural areas. In order to develop the framework, we start by a concise literature review of existing researches on rural Croatia. They mostly focus on thematic studies and reveal that in the mid 20th century, three quarters of the population of Croatia lived in rural areas, and more than half of the population worked in agriculture. In a relatively short period of time, from 1953 to 2001 the percentage of rural population decreased from two thirds to 42-46% of the total population (depending on definition used), and the percentage of agricultural population was reduced tenfold, from 56.1% to 5.5%. The peak of the rural exodus was in the 1960s and 1970s, which occurred simultaneously with the development of industry and the tertiary sector, and the increase in employment abroad. General and agrarian policies were unfavourable for farmers’ private properties, which, along with the long-term depopulation, deagrarianization and pauperisation triggered already in the 19th century by the economic and political crisis followed by overseas emigration, resulted in social and economic impoverishment of rural areas. As a consequence, rural areas in Croatia are almost synonymous with problem areas. On average, they are characterized by deep structural and dynamic disorders in demographic, social, and economic development, and stagnation in regional development. The Homeland War and the transition to a market economy were among the last very influential elements of the spatial and regional transformation of the country. However, the aforementioned processes differed significantly in their spatial effects, and they contributed to the heterogeneity of rural areas, clearly identified in the typology of Croatian rural areas. The role and importance of agriculture also differs significantly among rural regions of the country. During the socialistic period, Croatia had been capable of covering most of the foodstuff needs of the 21 country, thanks to a well-developed industrial and service sector. On the other hand, since the 1990s the socioeconomic situation was characterised by general economic decline, migration of population, decreasing utilization or destruction of agricultural resources (land and cattle), and decreasing productivity and economic efficiency. In the last decade agriculture has still played an important economic role although the average national share of Gross Value Added is slightly above 4%, but the share of total national employment is 15%. Due to the national agricultural policy during the transition period the present agricultural structure is polarised: almost 90% of the total amount of farms account for just one third of agricultural land. Many family farms are not competitive or economically viable in either the medium or long-term perspective. The snapshot of rural space and society in Croatia will be explored in the context of post-socialist European countryside. Furthermore, already existing models of understanding rural change, such as DERREG (developed in FP7 project) which holds “that the geographical pattern of globalization effects reflects the intersection of globalization processes (such as market liberalization, or increased international mobility) with regional contexts and capacities” will be also be studied. Eventually, besides enriching understanding of rural change in Croatia between 1990 and 2015, the newly created conceptual framework will be used to develop a methodological instrument for recognizing specificities of rural places within a general spatial framework, in order to serve as a basis for modelling alternative scenarios. DIVERSIFICATION OF FARMING SYSTEM IN URBAN RURAL INTERFACE REGION IN NORTH INDIA: SMILING FUTURE FOR INDIAN POOR FARMERS Khan, Nizamuddin Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India Keywords: Urban Rural Interface, Dairy Farming, Meat Industry, Sustainable Development Urbanization and urban population have been increasing in India and urban expansion, now, became an inevitable process at the cost of agricultural land. Demand for agricultural products like vegetables, fruits, flowers, milk and meat increased tremendously in urban areas. This demand especially for perishable commodities is met from the surrounding villages or rural fringe area. High land price, labour cost and hiked price of other inputs usually led to discourage the cultivation of less remunerative crops like cereals. Occupational structure and pattern of livelihood are also on the way of transformation under the urban effect and the globalization of economy through the urban rural flow multiplied the socioeconomic transformation in urban rural interface area. The present study is concerned with case study of medium town Aligarh in Uttar Pradesh in North India. Aligarh grew up both horizontally and vertically with 100 percent area and 150 percent population during the last 30 years. The city with one million populations exerted a pressure of demand for foodgrains, horticulture and animal derived products from countryside rural areas. Data were generated through field survey of sampled villages and households regarding the change and transformation in interface of Aligarh and surrounding villages under 20 Kms radius from outer city municipal boundary. It is revealed through the analysis of data that commercialization and industrialization of farming process is very fast. Dairy farming and vegetables farming emerged as a new option of economy improvement for the poor farmers who either are land less or their farm size reduced due to selling land to builder or developer of residential colonies rather at higher price. Meat and dairy processing industries also are rising up in the study area. Socio economic transformation also resulted. Urban rural interface area under study needs a well designed policy to control the change in equilibrium with existing resource and environment for sustainable development. 22 EVALUATING AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO RURAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: A META ANALYSIS Cawley, Mary National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland Keywords: integrated rural tourism, good practice An EU-funded research project conducted in the early 2000s in six countries, in which the author was involved, developed the concept of integrated rural tourism (IRT) and assessed its applicability through detailed case studies (Saxena et al., 2007). Some of the results of the project have been presented at previous colloquia of the CSRS (e.g., Cawley, 2009; Cawley and Gillmor, 2008). Papers emerging from the project have been cited more than 500 times by other scholars and a body of research is emerging in which the role of IRT in promoting more effective tourism development is being assessed. The concept of IRT is based on seven criteria which were identified as being conducive to the development of rural tourism in ways that would contribute to rather than detract from the social, economic, environmental and cultural qualities of the area where it was located. These are: appropriate use of endogenous resources, local ownership, scale appropriate to the geographical context, complementarity to other local activities, holistic sustainability as a central objective, networks and networking, and embeddedness of the networks in local social and economic systems. Over the past decade or so other studies have taken these principles, sought to assess them in objective scientific ways and applied them in various geographical contexts. It seems appropriate at this stage to conduct a meta-analysis to establish the extent to which the accumulated evidence supports the proposed benefits to be gained from an IRT approach to rural tourism development. Meta-analysis is well established in the fields of medicine, psychology, education and business studies. It involves subjecting the results of previous research to structured analysis in order to identify key factors and the relationships between them that can then be used in practice, for example. The method therefore differs from a literature review in being conducted in a more rigorous way than the former usually is. In the medical field, for example, it often involves subjecting the results of previous studies to statistical analysis. In the present study, the main objective is to seek to respond to one of the tasks set in the themes proposed for this Colloquium: namely, the way of identifying an effective sustainable tourism strategy as a method of contributing to the problems raised by globalization in rural territories. The analysis was conducted in order to establish, in a qualitative way, the validity of the elements of IRT, as proposed in the original ‘model’, and the strengths and weaknesses of the approach in supporting the establishment and promotion of tourism businesses in rural environments. The study thus differs from investigation of individual success stories by seeking to identify principles of ‘good practice’ based on multiple examples. The results of the analysis illustrate that: (i) the seven features of IRT, as derived originally from published literature, are validated by subsequent research as encapsulating a wide range of factors that impinge on rural tourism; (ii) that it is the combination of local (and non-local) resources and capacities and willingness to use them in ways that complement other local activities that contribute to the successful promotion of holistically sustainable activities; (iii) that membership of networks and networking are highly influential in supporting holistic sustainability; (iv) that on-going evaluation of the relative adding and loss of value is central to the strategic development of rural tourism enterprises in sustainable ways. These findings suggest that an IRT approach possesses considerable value as a form of ‘good practice’ and is worthy of consideration by business owners and agencies involved in the promotion of rural tourism, as a strategy to help compensate for the negative impacts of globalization in rural environments. References Cawley, M. 2009. Institutional networking and promoting sustainable rural tourism. In Frutos, L.M., Climent, E. and Ruiz, E. (eds) New Ruralities and Sustainable Use of Territory. Zaragoza: Prensas Universitarias de Zaragoza, pp. 115-128. Cawley, M. and Gillmor, D.A. 2008. ‘Culture economy’, ‘integrated tourism’ and ‘sustainable rural development’: evidence from western Ireland. In Robinson, G. (ed.), Sustainable Rural Systems. Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 145-159. 23 Saxena, G., Clark, G., Oliver, T. and Ilbery, B. 2007. Conceptualizing integrated rural tourism. Tourism Geographies 9(4), 347-370. WE FORGOT TO PAY ATTENTION TO ORDINARY TOURISM! A CALL TO REVISE THE RESEARCH AGENDA FOR RURALTOURISM. Schmitz, Serge University of Liege, Belgium Crozat, Dominique University of Montpellier 3, France Keywords : Ordinary tourism, Rural tourism, Research agenda, Prospective Many rural areas want to develop tourism considering the alleged benefits for the local community. Tourism is considered to boost the local economic development increasing the possibilities of employment, improve the provision of goods and services, contribute to local heritage protection and finally maintain or attract population in remote areas. Currently numerous rural administrative units believe they could become a successful tourist destination because of their authenticity, their local heritage, the welcome of their inhabitants, the richness of their landscape or their food and beverage specialities. They dream of solving several social and economic issues through the development of tourist activities. However, many projects fail due especially to the lack of market analysis and marketing approach. On the other hand, we observe a worldwide trend of segmentation of the tourism market. Tourist products aim to attract a target population, preferably tourists who will spend a lot of money and reinforce the self-esteem of the destination, excluding for instance backpackers or campers. However, is this possible everywhere? Experiences show that this strategy could be very costly for a low reward. Most of the destinations claim uniqueness even if they accommodate for a broader public with very standard services. Indeed, what is the difference between a tropical beach in the Philippines, in the Dominican Republic or even in the subtropical complex of a European or North American city? New tourist products are created and copy pasted at different places. For instance, when looking at the attractions offered in the Languedoc (France) or in Wallonia (Belgium), we found several products (dressine on old railways, rafting, mini-zoo, butterfly garden etc.) which exist in both regions and also in several other destinations. Except the idea of being in another location, services and attractions are mainly very similar. Even if Coca-Cola tastes slightly different around the world, it remains Coca-Cola. This paper aims to suggest a new research agenda for rural tourism, including for a smiling future for the countryside, in reversing the current trend to distinguish the destination, to aim at supersegmentation of tourism and to target a cultural, elitist, tourism. Indeed most tourist activities can be done and are done in a relative vicinity, by ordinary tourists aiming to have a good time. Moreover, the countryside does not always offer extraordinary sights that attract people from the whole continent. We argue that there should be a place and more attention for ordinary tourism development. By ordinary tourism, we do not mean mass tourism but just the fact that some people spent a few days away from home. We do not want to reject the appealing concepts of cultural tourism, ecotourism, adventure tourism, ethnic tourism, gastronomic tourism, farm tourism and so on. We just want to be realistic and call to rethink the importance of ordinary tourism and its current challenges: facing new ways of traveling (e.g. Low cost), of buying vacation (e-commerce), of enjoying holidays (more frequently/with friends, alone or with the family/ being active or passive). The ordinary countryside may offer a relative quietness, another perception of time and seasons, open spaces… Instead of focusing on niche tourism and niche attractions, which should attract people of hundreds of kilometres around, the paper underlines more realistic perspectives for tourism and recreation development in the ordinary countryside. These open spaces, agricultural areas and “natural” landscapes may welcome tourists, coming especially from the vicinity, all the year round, without huge infrastructure and radical changes for a break from the urban life to rest, breathe, share time with friends and family, meet local “wise” people. Scholars and developers should pay more attention to these neglected but promising tourism activities. 24 THE GEOGRAPHIES OF GEOCACHING IN PORTUGAL: CO-CREATING TOURISM EXPERIENCES AS A SMART ANSWER FOR RURAL SYSTEMS Teles, Virgínia University of Minho, Portugal Malta, Paula University of Aveiro, Portugal Correia, António Municipality of Braga, Portugal Keywords: geocaching, rural tourism, tourism experience, Portugal. In Portugal and in many peripheral areas of Europe, as rural systems struggle with their territorial restructuring processes, tourism becomes an increasingly appealing development strategy. Along with these changes, rural systems are more and more the targets for new tourism destinations, more specialized niche markets, customized products and experiences. A new cohort of tourists sensitive to environmental sustainability and seeking for original, participative and meaningful experiences can open up a smiling future for rural areas. Following the path of Pine & Gilmore’s (1999) experience economy theory, the issues regarding experience, emotions, memories and creativity have been repositioned and come to the forefront in the current academic tourism agendas. Although experiences have a long tradition in the tourism research agenda – precisely because experiences are the core of tourism –, this broadening view brought about a paradigm shift in the way the creation of participative and meaningful tourism experiences comprise not only changes in the very nature of those experiences – namely the role of ‘co-creation’ emphasizing the creative collaboration by both consumers and producers – but also a demand for a wide range of tourism spaces and practices. At the same time, these challenging times are connected with the profound impact of electronic-based information and communication technologies (ICT) in tourism. ICT advances and applications become a vital driving force offering unprecedented opportunities in relation to tourist activities at destinations, both from the point of view of the supply and the demand side, namely operating in niche markets and as a tool to satisfy an ever-growing demand for richer and unique tourism experiences. Within this context, geocaching is currently gaining popularity as part of the broader range of engaging context-specific tourism experiences that allow tourists to develop their creative potential and skills. Using a broader concept of rural tourism as rural experiences in rural territories, this paper questions how rural areas can promote innovative and smart answers to these forces of change by co-creating location-based tourism experiences like geocaching. Geocaching is a technology-supported real-world outdoor treasure hunting game in which participants use a Global Positioning System receiver (GPSr) or a smartphone with a geocaching application to locate caches or containers hidden at a specific coordinate by the geocache provider (Geocaching.com). In this paper, geocache trails are conceptualized as tourist attractions that provide innovative and creative tourism experiences in the geographic environment (urban or rural) where they take place. The producer of the geocache trail provides the content and the experience, and the searcher is the consumer of that tourism experience. This paper describes the spatial evolution of geocaching in Portugal and analyses the geographies of geocaching initiatives sponsored by Portuguese municipalities in rural areas, by mapping and characterizing these geocache trails. The aim of this exploratory study is also to present case-study evidence to explore the role that local authorities can play in promoting geocache trails in rural areas. Spatial data analysis involved the consideration of secondary data provided by international and Portuguese geocaching web and forum pages. Qualitative methods, specifically in‐depth interviews with municipal authorities can lead to a more nuanced understanding of the rationale of integrating geocaching in the planning and marketing strategies for achieving sustainable tourism development in rural areas and to a preliminary evaluation of the impacts of the strategies followed. This in-depth interpretive case study offers practical insights and best practices regarding the role of municipalities in 25 enhancing the development of new creative tourism services and events by promoting geocache trails in rural areas. TOURISME ET DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL DANS LE SUD-OUEST EUROPEEN : POLITIQUES TERRITORIALES, STRATEGIES ET ACTIONS COLLECTIVES Rayssac, Sébastien Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès, France Santamaría, Juan M. Trillo Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, España Les territoires ruraux en Europe ont été le théâtre de profondes transformations au cours des dernières décennies. La ruralité perdure mais offre des visages nombreux et singuliers. Dans le sud-ouest européen, la tertiarisation de l’économie a progressivement modifié la structure spatiale des économies rurales et les sociétés rurales ont été pénétrées de valeurs urbaines. Depuis le début des années 1980, l’approche dite « territoriale » du développement, qui s’appuie sur l’implication des populations et la mise en valeur des ressources locales comme le patrimoine, est apparue peu à peu comme un véritable levier d’action pour créer activités et emplois en espace rural. Les initiatives liées aux programmes Leader (« Liaison Entre Action de Développement de l'Economie Rurale ») ont à ce titre marqué l’histoire du développement rural notamment dans le sud-ouest européen, tant sur les dynamiques d’organisation collectives impulsées que sur la prise de conscience des potentialités de développement des territoires ruraux par le tourisme. Cette communication a pour objectif de proposer des éléments d’interprétation de la fonction du tourisme dans les processus de développement territorial des espaces ruraux (Rayssac 2007) issus du sud-ouest européen. En effet, les politiques d’encouragement du tourisme en espace rural comportent des limites. Souvent perçu comme une solution aux crises des territoires ruraux, le tourisme demeure une activité complexe, qui nécessite l’élaboration de stratégies territoriales efficientes pour éviter les écueils liés aux effets d’opportunités à court terme. A partir de plusieurs contextes territoriaux dans le sud-ouest européen, cette réflexion vise à mieux comprendre ce qui fonde la durabilité des actions collectives inhérentes à certains projets touristiques en privilégiant dans notre analyse, la place et le rôle des acteurs. HERITAGE AND WINE TOURISM: SPECIFIC RESOURCES TO INNOVATE THE TERRITORIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CASTILLA - LA MANCHA (SPAIN) Tabasco, Julio José Plaza Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, España Ruiz, Maria del Carmen Cañizares Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, España Pulpón, Ángel Raúl Ruiz Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, España Keywords: Innovation, specific resources, vineyard, medium-sized towns, Castilla-La Mancha. Prior to the outbreak of the current global crisis, European rural territories and numerous medium-sized towns began revitalizing environmental and landscape resources and cultural values, and applying a range of strategies to better integrate these resources in order to place themselves necessarily into an increasingly competitive market. This has resulted in new forms of local development and economic diversification that have a direct impact on the social and economic fabric of the towns, farms, agro- 32 the development of Aboriginal Cultural Centres. These can both sustain and celebrate Aboriginal culture and, especially through the tourist industry and its offshoots, offer employment and training opportunities for Aboriginal people with concomitant social and economic benefits. While there are many challenges inherent in the development of such centres, this paper will concentrate on a geographical issue that is crucial to their success, namely the resolution of problems that can arise as a result of the differences between Aboriginal and Western social and political geographies. Aboriginal culture is strongly rooted in extended family groupings and in the spiritual connections between these groups and their local ancestral territories. These contrast with the more bureaucratic and expansive world views which characterise modern Western society. In the small and remote town of Carnarvon in the semi desert Gascoyne region, the Gwoonwardu Mia Centre was proposed in 1992, but not opened until 2009. It is now a successful, and national award winning, tourist and heritage operation. A context for the delay in its development, is provided by the fact that Carnarvon is now home to members of several different Aboriginal groups from the Gascoyne Region and beyond. The movement of this Aboriginal population into Carnarvon has resulted from both their initial dispossession from their lands and their subsequent removal from the Gascoyne pastoral stations (ranches) in the 1960s when their employers (who hitherto had provided their Aboriginal workers with little more than subsistence) were first obliged to pay the same wages to Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal workers. Since the Gwoonwardu Mia project was intended to showcase the heritage and culture of all Aboriginal groups in the Gascoyne, its development was initially slow and politically sensitive because of the need to obtain agreement over and support for the centre’s nature, organisation and governance model from the region’s, and now Carnarvon’s, five distinct indigenous cultural and language groups. In the Swan Valley, on the rural urban fringe of Perth, and at the city’s ‘gateway’, the local Wadjuk group also seek to develop a cultural centre. Here the project is being delayed by a dispute between the local Aboriginal Traditional Owners and the local council over the extent to which consultation with non-local Aboriginal groups is required. The Wadjuk group have no objection to the centre (which will be constructed at an extremely tourist –friendly location near the state’s only large city) being used as a showcase for the much broader Noongar culture of the Aboriginal peoples from the entire South West of the state. However, in an Aboriginal frame of reference, only the local Traditional Owners can “speak for the Country” at any given locality. This dispute therefore relates to both the degree of primacy that should be given to the views of the local Traditional Owners and the degree of legitimacy that should be given to the views of any non-local Aboriginal representatives. This paper will interrogate these two examples to illustrate the discrepancies between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal frames of reference in such cases and to consider how these differences can be resolved in order to achieve more sustainable cultural, heritage and socioeconomic outcomes. INSTITUTIONAL CHANGES ON COFFEE PRODUCTION AND RESPONSE OF FARMERS IN VIETNAM Kim, Doo-Chul Okayama University, Japan Hoang, Truong Quang Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry, Vietnam Young-Kuk Hyupsung University, South Korea Keywords: Coffee Production, Institutional Changes, Ethnic Minority, Vietnam Coffee was first planted in Vietnam in the 19th century by the French. However, the coffee sector in Vietnam remained insignificant with almost no export to the world market until recently. In 1981, the coffee plantation areas were expanded to 92,000 ha and these areas reached to 473,500 ha in 1991. In 2011, the acreages of coffee plantation in Vietnam was approximately 570,900 ha with the capacity of 1,072 kg/ha and the production of 1,167,900 tons per year. The export turnover of 2.69 billion USD is 33 considered as a significant advance of Vietnamese coffee which is a considerable contribution to the export turnover growth of the agricultural sector during the last years (MARD, 2012). Coffee in Vietnam is planted mainly in the Central Highland that makes up 70% of the area over the country. Dak Lak is a province belonging to the Central Highland. Up to 1975, the coffee area in Dak Lak was just approximately 7,000 ha. However, in 2012 the coffee area of the whole province reached 200,610 ha at the highest rate within the country and occupied 32.4% total coffee area of the country. The productivity changed from 759 kg/ha in 2005 to 1,181 kg/ha in 2012, gaining the highest productivity of the country (MARD, 2012). The yield has increased from 257,481 tons in 2005 to 435,000 tons in 2006 and 415,000 tons in the producing season of 2008. Along with the development of coffee production, the governing institution for coffee production was being changed. After the Reunification of Vietnam in 1975, state-run farms were established and they operated coffee production. Then, many of them dissolved and management of coffee production was transferred to the local government, while the others were transformed to companies and operated on company law. Faced with this change, coffee farmers had different responses to different institutions. The paper is aimed to analyze response of coffee farmers to institutional changes in coffee development and reflect the consequences. THE ROLE OF LOCAL ACTION GROUPS (GAL) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROMANIAN RURAL SPACE Ancuța, Cătălina West University of Timișoara, Romania Olaru, Martin West University of Timișoara, Romania Doiciar, Claudia Muțulescu West University of Timișoara, Romania Keywords: Local Action Group (LAG), rural development, Romania Local Action Groups (LAGs) represent instruments for bottom-up development, created through the LEADER Program of the European Union. LAGs have the task of identifying and implementing a local development strategy, making decisions on the allocation of financial resources and managing them. These groups can effectively stimulate sustainable development because they: aggregate and combine available human and financial resources in the public sector, private sector, civic and voluntary sector; associate local players around collective projects and multi-sectoral actions to achieve synergies and the critical mass needed to improve the area's economic competitiveness; strengthen the dialogue and cooperation between different rural actors, who often have little experience of collaboration, by reducing potential conflicts and facilitating negotiated solutions through consultation and discussion; facilitate the interaction of different partners, the processes of adaptation and change in the agricultural sector (e. g. quality products, food chains), the integration of environmental concerns, diversification of the rural economy and quality of life. In Romania, LEADER Program has been integrated into the National Plan for Rural Development since 2007, but the constitution of LAGs has been slow because of the attitude of rejection of any form of association (a long-term consequence of compulsory collectivization), lack of culture of collaboration and lack of awareness by various local actors of the active role they should play in the development. Under these circumstances, from 2007 to 2105, only 163 LAGs appeared – half of which, in the last 2 years. The study investigates the role played by LAGs in the diversification of rural economy and the development of rural settlements. The analysis takes as its starting point the analysis of LAGs at national and regional level and continues with the analysis of LAGs at local level, in order to identify the favoring factors, respectively the 34 constraints in establishing and functioning of these territorial structures.The methodology involves statistical, spatial and cartographical study of the LAGs of several indicators we consider relevant for the evaluation of LAGs (such as geographical repartition, age, medium size, inhabitants, number and types of implemented projects), qualitative methods of questionnaires and semi-structured and structured interviews applied with responsible, direct observation and participatory approach for several study-case from the 5th Development Region. NANTES, UNE MÉTROPOLE AGRICOLE ? Margetic, Christine Université de Nantes, France Mots-clés : Nantes, politique publique, jeux d’acteurs, paradigmes Depuis une quinzaine d’années, les travaux portant sur l’agriculture périurbaine et/ou urbaine ont fait l’objet de nombreux travaux quant à leur durabilité ou les opportunités en termes de commercialisation (Guiomar X., 2011). Parallèlement en France, cette période a connu une multiplication des découpages territoriaux (SCoT ou autres procédures), liée à une urbanisation constante et croissante (Poulot, 2014). Des travaux ont alors ciblé la prise en compte de l’agriculture dans les politiques publiques d’aménagement territorial. Enfin, la politisation de la question agricole périurbaine remonte aux années 1960, avec des avancées variables selon les villes (Bonnefoy, 2011). Notre propos vise à mixer ces différentes approches en nous centrant sur la trajectoire d’un territoire donné. Notre postulat est que cette trajectoire résulte à la fois de jeux de pouvoir en présence, de présupposés politiques qui guident l’action, de partenariats noués ou à l’inverse de mésententes entre acteurs, et à des effets de conjoncture que nous regroupons en quatre paradigmes (Wiskerke, 2009) sur la longue durée. On peut dès lors s’interroger sur les moteurs de l’émergence puis de l’affirmation d’une politique agricole et sur le sens que lui donne les acteurs, dans le cadre territorial d’une métropole promue collectivité territoriale, qui n’est pas dotée d’une compétence « agriculture ». L’objectif est de cerner comment se sont constitués les systèmes d’acteurs et leurs logiques d’adhésion à un projet agricole collectif qui débute dans les années 1970 et se complexifie par la suite. La méthodologie repose pour l’essentiel sur des entretiens semi-directifs avec des acteurs-clés intervenant à différents niveaux, national (réseau Terres en Villes), départemental (Chambre d’agriculture, CAP44) et local (commune, association). Leur exploitation a conduit à la construction d’une grille de lecture croisant paradigmes et pratiques des acteurs. Nantes sert de terrain d’étude. Reconnue Métropole au 1er janvier 2015, elle agit en faveur de l’agriculture depuis les années 1970 et a intégré le réseau Terres en Villes dès 2000 (en 2014, 16 000 ha affichent une vocation agricole, et 15 000 ha une vocation naturelle, soit les 2/3 du territoire de l’agglomération). A partir des années 1990, de premières initiatives ont porté de manière classique sur la protection règlementaire des espaces agricoles (définition d’espaces agricoles durables) et sur l’accompagnement d’une activité économique contrainte par le développement urbain (circuits-courts alimentaires). D’autres enjeux émergent dans les années 2010 : la valorisation des friches agricoles, la biodiversité, ou l’accompagnement de porteurs de projets. Parfois novatrice, la collectivité porte sur la durée une attention particulière aux questions agricoles, tant dans le’s) discours que dans la pratique, même si les résultats sont parfois mitigés (recul des terres agricoles par exemple). L’intérêt de retenir Nantes réside dans le fait que la dynamique est portée par une diversité de partenaires, selon des modalités variées (chartes, conventions), La question agricole et plus récemment alimentaire donne lieu à de multiples débats, aussi en direction de la société civile et du monde associatif. De la sorte, les actions promues reflètent la volonté des élus de soutenir toutes les formes d’agriculture et tous les modes de production, dans le fil conducteur de premières expérimentations datées des années 1990. De manière générale, ce consensus relève d’un croisement entre paradigmes néo-naturaliste et post-matérialiste. Dans le cadre de la communication sera discutée cette approche pragmatique et opérationnelle qui guide la démarche imposée par les contextes locaux. 35 Bibliographie BONNEFOY S., 2011, La politisation de la question agricole périurbaine en France : points de repère. Urbia, n12, p. 17-37. GUIOMAR X., 2011, Les collectivités locales à la recherche d’une agriculture de proximité, Pour, n° 209-210, p. 169-183. MARGETIC C., ROUGET N., SCHMITT G., 2014, Un foncier agricole « surqualifié » : dessein environnemental et alimentaire dans les métropoles lilloise et nantaise, Lyon, SFER, colloque « Le foncier agricole : usages, tensions et régulations », 11-12 juin POULOT M., 2014. Agriculture et acteurs agricoles dans les mailles des territoires de gouvernance urbaine : nouvelle agriculture, nouveaux métiers ?, Espaces et sociétés, n°158, 3, p. 13-30. WISKERKE, J., 2009, On places lost and places regained: reflections on the alternative food geography and sustainable regional development, International Planning Studies, n°14:4, p. 369-387. PROMOTION DE L’ECOTOURISME POUR LA REVITALISATION DES ESPACES RURAUX SUD MEDITERRANEENS : CAS DE JIJEL-ALGERIE Makhlouf, Sara Université de Jijel, Algérie. Mots-clés : Écotourisme, Espaces ruraux, Développement socioéconomique, conservation. Avec l'émergence de nouvelles préoccupations sociales et environnementales, celle-ci est de plus en plus confrontée à la question de sa compatibilité avec le développement des communautés locales et de la protection de l'environnement, Le tourisme est souvent considéré comme un moyen de cristalliser un processus de création des valeurs patrimoniales et de développement économique viable, ainsi les parties prenantes concernées par le développent territorial s'associent pour valoriser le patrimoine naturel et culturel et développer un tourisme, une agriculture et des activités de qualité qui respectent l’environnement et aillent dans le sens de ses efforts de protection. La wilaya de Jijel se distingue par sa richesse en biodiversité, ses écosystèmes multiples et la diversification de ses potentialités vue que son patrimoine forestier est l’un des plus importants à l’échelle nationale, occupant la plus grande partie du territoire. 16 299 Ha de formations forestières (soit 83% de la superficie de la wilaya). Cependant, elle demeure un territoire rural connu pour sa vocation agricole. Cette vocation lui procure, certes, des opportunités mais aussi plusieurs handicaps pénalisant le bienêtre des populations locales vivant dans des espaces ruraux enclavés, ce qui génèrent plusieurs problèmes tels que l’exode rural. C’est la raison pour laquelle, ces espaces ruraux ambitionnent de maintenir sur place une population active à partir d’un développement endogène articulé autour de la valorisation des ressources naturelles et des vocations des différents territoires, notamment l’écotourisme. Le tourisme est l'une des nouvelles activités capables d'œuvrer comme un moteur pour le développement à cause de ses capacités à initier une grande diversité d'activités économiques et sociales. Beaucoup de ressources et de produits en zones rurales présentent avec le tourisme des synergies réalisées ou potentielles. Leur promotion simultanée est une méthode pour créer une nouvelle image rurale. Les activités liées au tourisme ont ainsi un potentiel considérable pour accroître la valeur ajoutée en zone rurale, et y améliorer la qualité de vie elle-même. Les régions défavorisées ont un profil commun, au moins en ce qui concerne les perspectives et les opportunités de développement. En effet, il s’avère que l’écotourisme permet de combattre le dépeuplement des villages, valoriser les activités économiques présentes sur son territoire et apporter son soutien à l’artisanat local et aux produits du terroir. L’écotourisme engage aussi dialogue et partenariat avec des acteurs économiques afin de permettre leur activité tout en veillant à la protection de la biodiversité. Les décideurs locaux ont opté dans le schéma d’aménagement touristique de la wilaya de Jijel de promouvoir l'écotourisme afin de contribuer au développement économique de communautés vivant dans ses régions souvent non touchées par les efforts de développement plus traditionnel en raison de leur éloignement des grands centres urbains. 36 L'écotourisme devrait s'accompagner de retombées positives sur l'environnement naturel et socioculturel. Dans ces conditions, la mesure des coûts et des avantages économiques, écologiques et sociaux de l'écotourisme est différente de celle du tourisme traditionnel ou de masse. Les ratios habituels, notamment en terme de rentabilité économique, doivent pouvoir être apprécier dans un contexte différent qui évalue les retombées de l'activité de l'écotourisme non seulement en terme de rentabilité financière mais peut être surtout en terme d'impact sur le revenu, l'activité et les conditions sociales des populations locales. PROCESSUS DE PATRIMONIALISATION, OENOTOURISME ET VALORISATION DES TERRITOIRES : L’EXEMPLE DE LA RÉGION DÉLIMITEE DU DOURO (PORTUGAL) Baumert, Philippe Université de La Rochelle, France Pina, Helena Université de Porto, Portugal Mots-clés: Oenotourisme, Patrimoine, Quinta Santa Eufémia. Route du vin de Porto, Musée du Douro Le patrimoine est un ensemble d’attributs, de représentations et de pratiques fixés sur un objet non contemporain (Lazzarotti, 2009) de nature variée (savoir-faire, œuvre, bâtiment, paysage) que les sociétés héritent du passé, qui a une valeur dans le présent et que les différents acteurs des sociétés contemporaines jugent pertinent de transmettre aux générations futures. Le classement en 2001 d’une partie du vignoble de la Région Délimitée du Douro (Portugal), l’Alto Douro Vinhateiro, sur la liste du Patrimoine Mondial de l’Organisation des Nations Unies pour l’Éducation, la Science et la Culture (UNESCO) s’inscrit dans le contexte du classement de près d’une dizaine de vignobles européens au Patrimoine Mondial de l’UNESCO au cours des quinze dernières années. Cet engouement patrimonial des acteurs de la sphère viti-vinicole européenne souligne toute l’importance que revêt aujourd’hui le patrimoine lié au vin en matière de compétitivité et de développement territorial dans les pays d’ancienne tradition viti-vinicole confrontés à la concurrence des vins du « Nouveau Monde » dans le cadre de la « Nouvelle Planète des Vins » (Pitte, 2000). L’inscription de ces vignobles sur la liste des sites « naturels ou culturels d’une valeur universelle exceptionnelle » de l’UNESCO témoigne en outre de l’évolution du concept de patrimoine qui étend désormais son champ d’action aux paysages et savoirfaire des mondes ruraux ce que démontre bien d’ailleurs l’apparition du néologisme patrimonialisation au sein de la géographie française au début des années 2000 qui traduit la volonté d’envisager un processus social de reconnaissance de certains héritages plutôt que les éléments patrimonialisés en tant que tels (Veschambre, 2007). Nous posons l’hypothèse que le processus de patrimonialisation du vignoble de la vallée du Douro, qui s’est réalisé à différentes échelles et selon différentes temporalités, a joué un véritable rôle de levier dans le développement oenotouristique et, plus généralement, dans le développement territorial et la compétitivité de la région. La première phase du processus de patrimonialisation envisagée ici est antérieure au classement de l’Alto Douro Vinhateiro sur la liste du Patrimoine Mondial de l’UNESCO et concerne l’échelle locale à travers la mise en place d’une Route du vin de Porto (1996) par des acteurs privés (l’Association des Adhérents de la Route du vin de Porto). Les objectifs de la route consistent en effet à promouvoir, autour de circuits bien délimités, le vin de Porto en l’associant, entre autres éléments, à une série de propriétés viticoles et de caves, à des paysages remarquables, à des lieux historiques, gastronomiques ou encore à des musées et des fêtes locales, autrement dit à un ensemble d’éléments patrimoniaux associés au produit et destinés autant à en faire sa promotion qu’à promouvoir ces dits éléments dans une optique de mise en place d’un développement intégré des différentes activités de la vallée du Douro. La seconde phase du processus de patrimonialisation considérée ici est celle de la candidature du vignoble de la vallée du Douro au Patrimoine Mondial de l’UNESCO : le succès de cette candidature portée par les acteurs régionaux et nationaux qui voit le vignoble être inscrit sur la liste du Patrimoine 37 Mondial de l’UNESCO en 2001, outre les potentialités de développement de la filière oenotouristique qu’il sous-tend et le probable accroissement de la compétitivité des grandes maisons de vins de Porto sur le marché mondial, est également une reconnaissance à l’échelle internationale du travail séculaire des vignerons et des viticulteurs de la vallée ayant su mettre en place et préserver des paysages vitivinicoles dans un milieu si difficile. La troisième phase du processus de patrimonialisation étudiée est celle de la mise en place du Musée du Douro qui s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une réappropriation des aspects patrimoniaux par les acteurs locaux et régionaux de la vallée du Douro : inauguré en 2008, ce musée du territoire dont la mission est la représentation du patrimoine naturel et culturel de la Région Délimitée du Douro, est intimement lié à la région tant d’un point de vue institutionnel que du point de vue de la participation d’acteurs privés locaux à sa gestion. L’exemple de la Quinta Santa Eufémia, illustre à l’échelle locale la synergie existant entre le processus de patrimonialisation, l’oenotourisme et la valorisation des territoires tout en insistant sur le fait que la mise en valeur du patrimoine de la vallée s’inscrit dans des évolutions institutionnelles suscitées par le processus de mondialisation : en effet, c’est bien la fin du monopole de vieillissement du Porto à Vila Nova de Gaia (1979) et l’autorisation de commercialiser et d’exporter ce vin à partir des lieux de production (1986) qui permettent aujourd’hui aux acteurs viti-vinicoles de développer un oenotourisme de quinta que le classement du vignoble au patrimoine de l’UNESCO ne fait que renforcer. Références Bibliographiques Baumert P., Le vin comme levier de compétitivité et de développement territorial dans le cadre de la mondialisation : regards croisés sur deux grands vins européens, le Porto et le Champagne, 26 p. In Pina M.-H. [dir.], Grandes Problemáticas do Espaço Europeu, Edição da FLUP (Faculdade de Letras Universidade do Porto), Porto, 2015. Bianchi de Aguiar F., Candidatura do Alto Douro Vinhateiro a patrimnio mundial. In Desenvolvimento e Ruralidades no Espaço Europeu. Actas do VIII Encontro Nacional da APDR, Coimbra, 2002, p. 83-90. Bianchi de Aguiar F., O Alto Douro Vinhateiro, uma paisagem cultural, evolutiva e viva. In Douro – Estudos & Documentos, vol. VII (13), 2002 (3°), p. 143-152. Lazzarotti O., Patrimoine. In Lévy J., Lussault M., Dictionnaire de la géographie et de l’espace des sociétés, Belin, 2009, p. 692-693. Martins Pereira G., Museu da Região do Douro. In Douro – Estudos & Documentos, vol. VI (11), 2001 (1°), p. 21- 26. Pina M.-H., O Alto Douro : um espaço contrastante em mutação, Tese de Doutoramento apresentada na Faculdade de Letras da Universidade do Porto, 2003. Pina M.-H., The Douro Region, a heritage to develop and innovate while preserving. In Pina M.-H., Marques H., Ramos C., Remoaldo P. [dir.], Grandes Problemáticas do Espaço Europeu. Políticas de Ordenamento e Recomposiçoes Territoriais nas Periferias Europeias, Edição da FLUP (Faculdade de Letras Universidade do Porto), Porto, 2012, p. 229-252. Pitte J.-R. (dir.), La nouvelle planète des vins, Annales de Géographie n° 614-615, Armand Colin, 2000. Veschambre V., Patrimoine : un objet révélateur des évolutions de la géographie et de sa place dans les sciences sociales. In Annales de géographie, 2007/4 n°656, p. 361-381. [France Version] COOPÉRATIONS ET SOLIDARITÉS RENOUVELÉES DANS LES CAMPAGNES AU SERVICE DE LA TERRITORIALISATION DE L’ENJEU ÉNERGIE-CLIMAT ILLUSTRATIONS DANS L’OUEST FRANÇAIS Pierre, Geneviève University of Angers, France Le contexte : Les campagnes apportent une contribution spécifique à l’enjeu global climat-énergie, grâce aux expérimentations alternatives conduites à partir des potentiels agricoles locaux en biomasse ou issues du recyclage des déchets. Par ces actions, les contours de la multifonctionnalité agricole et rurale s’élargissent au profit de productions et de services environnementaux. Or, le renouvèlement actuel des paradigmes du développement énergétique (Mor, 2011) où la sobriété et la constitution de mix 38 d’énergies décarbonées décentralisés relèvent de productions et de consommations relocalisées, apparaît éloigné de la tradition énergétique française. Peter Droege (2006) précise qu’un retour vers le local aboutit à un processus de décentralisation des systèmes énergétiques faisant appel aux énergies renouvelables et à une plus grande autonomie des territoires. Des dispositifs d’action publique territorialisés permettent d’inscrire le rapport énergie/territoires à différentes échelles. Or, dans les campagnes, les projets individuels, collectifs, ou de territoire, relèvent autant d’actions de développement rural (programmes Leader européens ou politique française des pôles d’excellence rurale de 2006-2008 puis de 2010-2012) que de l’application territorialisée de dispositifs énergétiques inscrits dans différentes lois françaises (et européennes), du plan climat de 2004 au Grenelle 2 (2010) ou à la loi de transition énergétique discutée en 2014. La territorialisation de la question énergie-climat s’accomplit par le développement de coopérations interindividuelles, de coopératives agricoles et d’actions multipartenariales dans le cadre de projets d’intercommunalités, de Pays, de GAL Leader, de parc naturel régional, de collectivités locales. L’interaction entre échelles, territoires et acteurs témoigne de l’enjeu du partage d’expériences et de compétences, d’apprentissage collectif face aux logiques de concurrences. Certains territoires ruraux se singularisent par leurs trajectoires spécifiques relatives à l’autonomie énergétique et au développement soutenable. La capacité à produire localement tout en encourageant la sobriété des consommations, à se réapproprier des savoir-faire locaux, à instituer une gouvernance par codécisions publiques, définit l’autonomie locale (Scheer, 2005). Aussi, ces coopérations sont-elles multi-objectifs et la production énergétique n’en est-elle qu’un aspect. Entre coopérations interindividuelles informelles, collectifs citoyens, coopératives de territoire pour la production énergétique et coopérations interterritoriales comme dans le réseau rural national TEPOS (Réseau des territoires à énergie positive, dont le caractère pionnier vient d’être officiellement reconnu par la loi énergétique française de 2014 qui cherche à le conforter et à l’élargir), quelles formes les constructions partenariales prennent-elles au service d’actions climat-énergie mues par la recherche d’autonomie ? Le terrain et la méthodologie : Cette communication reprend les réflexions de trois programmes de recherche menés depuis 2008 dans les espaces laboratoires de l’Ouest français et qui se caractérisent par l’importance du potentiel de biomasse (bois bocager) et de déchets agricoles là où l’élevage intensif est particulièrement représenté : ESSTER (Economie Sociale, Solidaire, TErritoires et Réseaux en 2008), MACC (Mobiliser les Agriculteurs contre les effets du Changement Climatique) en 2011-2013 et CODESOL sur « les COopérations et le DEveloppement territorial : des SOLidarités renouvelées au service de l’innovation dans les espaces ruraux », en 2014-2016. Les dynamiques de coopérations agricoles et rurales, d’agriculture de groupe, y sont fortement développées, à différentes échelles. De plus, cet espace emblématique du productivisme agricole a suscité l’émergence de contre-modèles pour redéfinir le développement agricole et les missions de l’agriculture. Sept projets collectifs (en bois-énergie, méthanisation territoriale et actions multiples énergies-climat) et sept territoires ont été retenus pour le rôle de modèle qu’ils ont constitué sur des actions cordonnées et multipartenariales (agriculteurs-non agriculteurs) de relocalisation énergétique. 82 acteurs ont été rencontrés en entretien semi-directif permettant de comprendre les logiques collectives et les intentions qui les ont animées. Résultats : La reterritorialisation de l’enjeu énergie-climat procède d’actions de coopérations plus ou moins formelles, jusqu’à la constitution de coopératives citoyennes et multipartenariales qui singularisent certains territoires et les mettent en réseau. Ainsi, les contours de l’entraide rurale (Sabourin, 2007) sont élargis. Définie dans le code rural français, et particulièrement active dans l’ouest français, l’entraide rurale connait, par les actions « énergie renouvelable », un triple élargissement : en termes de contenu d’actions, grâce à l’offre de « services environnementaux » ; en termes de parties prenantes impliquées, du fait des multipartenariats entre agriculteurs et non agriculteurs, citoyens, associations, collectivités locales, élus ; en termes d’échelle de l’entraide, du local à la région, à l’échelon national, grâce à l’extension du rayon d’action des coopératives énergétiques et des réseaux de coopérations interterritoriales. 39 Bibliography : MOR Elsa, 2011, « Des initiatives locales européennes pour atteindre le facteur 4 ? », Développement Durable et Territoires, vol 2, n° 1, Dossier spécial Facteur 4, 16 p. DROEGE Peter, 2006, The Renewable City: A comprehensive guide to an urban revolution, Wiley, 322 p. SABOURIN Eric , 2007, « L’entraide rurale, entre échange et réciprocité », Revue du MAUSS, n°30, 2007/2, La Découverte, p. 198-217. SCHEER Hermann, 2006, Energy Autonomy, The Economic, Social and Technological Case for Renewable Energy, Earthscan/James & James, 300 p. [English Version] COOPERATION AND SOLIDARITY RENEWED IN CAMPAIGNS TO SERVE THE TERRITORIALISATION OF CLIMATE AND ENERGY ISSUES The context: Campaigns provide a specific contribution to the global climate and energy issues through alternative experiments conducted from local agricultural potential in biomass or from waste recycling. Through these actions, the contours of agricultural and rural multifunctionality widen in favour of production and environmental services. However, the current renewal of energy development paradigms (Mor, 2011) in which simplicity and the decarbonised approach from a decentralized energy mix within relocated production and consumption, appears to be far from the French energy tradition. Peter Droege (2006) states that returning to the local leads to a decentralization of energy systems based on renewable energy and increased energy independence of the territories. Regionalised public action mechanisms make it possible to include the energy /territories relationship on different scales. But in campaigns, individual, group or regional projects have as much to do with rural development actions (European Leader Programmes or the French policy for rural centres of excellence in 2006-2008 and then in 2010-2012) as with the regionalised application of energy policies enshrined in various French (and European) laws: the 2004 climate plan, the POPE law (2005), the Grenelle 2 law (2010) or the last law (2014) on energy transition. The regionalisation of the climate and energy issue is accomplished through the development of interpersonal cooperation, agricultural cooperation and multi-stakeholder actions in the context of intercommunality territories, Leader territories, regional nature park and local community projects. The interaction between scales, territories and stakeholders demonstrates the challenge of sharing experiences, skills and collective learning faced with the logic of competition. Some rural areas stand out for their specific paths relating to energy independence and sustainable development. The ability to produce locally while also encouraging the simplicity of consumption, re-appropriate local expertise and establish governance through public co-decision procedures defines local autonomy (Scheer, 2005). Are these cooperations also multi-objective? And isn't energy production just one aspect of it? Between informal cooperations, citizen groups, regional cooperatives for energy production and inter-territorial cooperation like in the TEPOS national rural network (Network of territories leading energy transitions projects and whose pioneering nature has been officially recognised by the French energy law of 2014 which seeks to strengthen and expand it), what form will the partnership structures take to serve innovative energy and climate activities driven by the quest for autonomy? The field and methodology: This communication incorporates the considerations of three research programs carried out since 2008 in the Western French laboratory areas. This place is marked by the establishment of intensive farming and it is characterized by the importance of the potential of biomass (bocage wood) and agricultural waste: ESSTER (Social Economy, Solidarity, Territories and Networks in 2008), MACC (Mobilising Farmers Against the Effects of Climate Change) in 2011-2013 and CODESOL on "Cooperation and Regional Development: Solidarity renewed to serve innovation in rural areas "in 2014-2016. The dynamics of agricultural and rural cooperation and “group agriculture”, are also highly developed, at different scales. Finally, this iconic area of agricultural productivity has sparked the emergence of counter-models to redefine agricultural development and agricultural missions. Seven collective projects (in wood energy, biogas production and multi-energy projects) and seven different regions were selected for the reference role or model that they have formed on energy relocation through coordinated and 40 multi-stakeholder actions (farmersnon-farmers). 82 players were contacted in semi-structured interviews in order to understand the collective logic and intentions that motivated them. Results: Actions relating to the reterritorialisation of the energy-climate issue carry cooperation actions that are more or less formal, until the creation of citizen and multi-stakeholder cooperatives that distinguish certain territories and put them into networks. The contours of rural assistance (Sabourin, 2007) have therefore expanded. Defined in the French rural code, and especially active in the west of France, rural assistance is now experiencing triple enlargement through "renewable energy" actions: in terms of the content of the assistance, through "service environment" actions; in terms of the stakeholders involved, due to the multi-stakeholder partnerships between farmers and non-farmers, citizens, associations, local authorities, elected officials; in terms of the scale of assistance, from local to regional, on a national scale, thanks to the range of energy cooperatives and interterritorial cooperation networks. Bibliography: MOR E., 2011. European local initiatives to achieve factor 4?, Sustainable Development and Territories, vol 2, no. 1, Special Factor Issue 4. 16 p. Droege Peter, 2006, The Renewable City: A comprehensive guide to an urban revolution, Wiley, 322 p. Sabourin Eric, 2007, "Rural assistance between exchange and reciprocity" MAUSS Review, no. 30, 2007/2, La Découverte, p. 198-217. SCHEER Hermann , 2006 Energy Autonomy, The Economic, Social and Technological Case for Renewable Energy, Earthscan/James & James, 300 p. THE POTENTIAL OF MOBILITY AND COOPERATION BETWEEN STAKEHOLDERS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN PERIPHERAL AREAS: THE CASE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF BOTICAS Lopes, Hélder Tiago da Silva University of Minho, Portugal Ribeiro, Vítor Patríco Rodrigues University of Minho, Portugal Remoaldo, Paula Cristina Almeida Cadima University of Minho, Portugal Keywords: Tourism, Accessibility, Stakeholders, Strategy, Boticas. In multiple situations and especially in the case of the tourism industry, the development policies have been implemented following uncoordinated processes and planned without the support of mobility instruments and the participation of local actors. In the case of Portugal, the involvement of the stakeholders has been quite rare, even in the case of economic peripheral regions, like the rural/inland ones, suffering from large demographic decrease and scarcity of entrepreneurial initiative, for several decades. Due to that, there is the need for establishing strategic alternatives in those territories, adjusted to their tourism resources, allowing their conservation and preservation to enhance, and also to generate wealth and jobs. The attempt to use tourism as an instrument of development of the rural areas and peripheral regions goes in line with the idea of mobilizing the available resources and taking profit of synergies among activities and local actors aiming to attain a sustainable development path. The understanding of the structure of the transport network and accessibilities of tourists to tourism resources and of the way stakeholders perceive the tourism activity allows long-range strategies to be implemented in any territory. In the case of the municipality of Boticas (Northest of Portugal), the results of the interconnection of these two components are even more important as we are dealing with a peripheral territory, where weaknesses of several natures are remarkable. Meanwhile, along with those weaknesses there are challenges and opportunities that territory can take profit from to enhance its tourism potential, always having in mind the interest and wishes of the local population in terms of increasing their quality of life. The aim of this article is to analyze the accessibility to tourism resources 41 available in the municipality of Boticas, by resorting to network analysis, and developing a tourism promotion strategy, based on the specificities of this territory. At first, the travel mode used to evaluate the accessibility was the car and the "walking on foot", and for pedestrian travel speeds used were 80 m/s for the adults and 50 m/s for the elderly, while for the use of the automobile we considered the different speeds according to the route type. Secondly, to approach the appropriate tourism strategy to define Boticas a semi-structured interview constructed of several relevant local and regional socioeconomic and political actors, built on a top-down perspective. The interview guide was organized into six themes, and the interviews were made during December 2014. The main results of the empirical research show that the municipality under study is provided with good roads, which connect to the remainder of the northwest of Portugal and, generally, take no more than 1 hour and 31 minutes, by using the automobile, to arrive at Francisco Sá Carneiro Airport (near Oporto city). Nevertheless, the distance-time only explains 17.2% of the proportion of foreign guests in the municipalities of northern Portugal. This effect does not reflect the intra-municipality accessibility, as the accessibility to tourism resources depends strongly on the coverage of the municipal roads, which presents a disorganized pattern and, in some cases, insufficient quality. From the interviews with the stakeholders we got that many of them consider tourism as an essential industry to approach the future of the municipality, although they also show they need to be convinced of the need for finding ways of integrating the tourism policies in more comprehensive strategies defined at supra-municipality scale and where the residents are full involved and their expectations are considered. In addition, there emerges also the idea that the economic, political and environmental development frameworks, including the transport infrastructures, play a key role in the implentation of a tourism strategy in the mentioned tourism destination. WHAT LANDSCAPES FOR TOURISM IN TRADITIONAL RURAL AREAS? PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT CHALLENGES IN THE WATERSHED OF RIVER LIMA. Pereira, Andreia University of Coimbra, Portugal Keywords: Cultural landscape, Rural tourism, Landscape management, Integrated tourism products. Landscape in rural territories with deep historical roots, resulting from the interaction Man –Nature, has a strong cultural dimension and an inherent heritage value, which have been taken by tourism sector as a commodity. Although often underestimated, landscape plays a crucial role in tourism motivations and in tourist experience. The uniqueness of the landscape, considered at several scales of the destination, and its capability to generate emotions, transforms it into one of the foremost resources in the differentiation of regions and of their products. Rural tourism is not limited to farm-based or agro-tourism but it encompass all tourism based in, and making use of, rural landscapes. Cultural landscapes of rural territories, frequently regarded as a freecost consumption asset by different kinds of users, cannot be considered as a limitless natural resource. On the contrary, they express the result of a socio-economic system and face several risks. If rural landscapes are expected to be multifunctional, offering environmental, agricultural, forestry and leisure services, the concern with an integrative management of agro-silvo-pastoral systems, which are responsible for the preservation of the landscape character, is poorly represented in regional development policies and in land management tools. The idealized countryside by urban consumers, one of the most important publics of the tourism in rural areas, combines tangible attributes, namely the environmental balance and a diversified landscape mosaic – mixing built heritage, croplands, pastures and woodlands, with subjective values, related to a pre-conceived notion of the rural lifestyle. The idyllic and bucolic vision of the countryside, one of the most important tourists’ expectation that fed the rural tourism demand, was built up on a socially constructed concept of authenticity, which frequently is far away from its productive dimension and not aware of its socioeconomic problems. Nevertheless, cultural landscapes represent an opportunity for the development of more integrated tourism products, grounded in endogenous resources, contributing, as well, for adding meaning to the 48 Méthodologie : mon exposé prend appui sur le réseau Energie Cities qui est l’association européenne des autorités locales en transition énergétique. Plus de 1 000 municipalités et structures intercommunales y participent. Des modèles urbains sont mis en avant par Energie Cities : - Barcelone invente l’urbanisme « à 3 niveaux » - Munich : garder la ville compacte, urbaine et verte - Francfort : urbanisme et énergie vont main dans la main Une des façons de saisir les interactions rural-urbain est de repérer la place accordée à la nature dans les projets urbains. Quels sont les indicateurs dans ces 3 projets se rapportant aux interactions ruralurbain ? : - 52 % green spaces, covered by parks and water in Frankfurt am Main (European Green Capital 2014 alongside Bristol and Copenhagen) - Préservation des ressources naturelles à Munich. A Munich, entre 1998 et 2008, les espaces verts ont augmenté de 10 % ; en 2008, près de 3 000 ha d’espaces verts soit 22,2 m² par habitant. - Engagement pour le maintien et le développement des espaces naturels (ceinture verte / green belt) « comme un endroit de loisirs, de divertissement et de promotion de l'écologie » - Bio-City Munich : programme qui encourage la vente et la consommation de produits biologiques, surtout dans les écoles et dans les événements organisés par la municipalité. - Protection of Bio-Diversity (Munich) : programme qui vise à la prise en compte de la biodiversité dans les politiques urbaines. Une croyance fondamentale est que la nature et la ville ne doivent pas forcément être conçues comme deux éléments opposés - Une conception écologique de la croissance urbaine à Barcelone : compacité et préservation des espaces naturels A partir du site de ce réseau, quelles sont les villes françaises qui mettent en avant la place de la nature en ville ? Seule la ville de Paris affiche cet objectif par (i) le programme de végétalisation et (ii) la restauration collective : le plan d’alimentation durable de Paris en 2014. Les résultats obtenus permettent de décrypter l’action de Paris en la matière et de saisir la place, le rôle de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation dans la transition énergétique de cette métropole. L’analyse met en évidence que les villes s’engagent dans la transition via la reconnaissance et l’intérêt de la nature en ville. Ce n’est que plus tard, qu’elles appuient le retour de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation locale. La nature en ville occupe une place stratégique dans ces projets puisqu’elle apparait dans les reformulations des projets urbains et dans les relations de la ville à son environnement. Cela s’explique également par les compétences des urbanistes plus avertis de la nature que de l’agriculture. La transition énergétique en cours des projets urbains présuppose un changement d’échelle (la ville dans son environnement, la ville étalée) et de focale (complémentarité retrouvée de l’urbain et du rural). Le concept de transition énergétique est né en Allemagne dans les années 1980. Il traduit le souci et la volonté d’abandonner l’usage de certains énergies (fossiles, nucléaire) au profit d’énergies renouvelables. Il correspond à une volonté de mieux prendre en compte les enjeux environnementaux. La transition énergétique se définit comme le passage d’un mode de production et de consommation à un nouveau mode énergétique plus durable et plus économe face aux enjeux d’évolution des prix, d’approvisionnement en énergie, d’épuisement des ressources naturelles et de respect de l’environnement. Il est aujourd’hui admis que Les mêmes auteurs préconisent de « 1. accroître et articuler la densité. 2. limiter l’emprise spatiale et la fragmentation des territoires urbanisés ; 3. accroître l’accessibilité ; 4. accroître la connectivité ; 5. accroître la mixité des usages du sol ; 6. accroître les options de transport en commun et les intégrer ; 7. accroître la surface d’espaces verts et d’autres puits de carbone ». 49 DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE ET LE TRAVAIL DES FEMMES EN MILIEU RURAL ESPAGNOL Castro, Ana Mª Porto Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Espanha Ferré, Mireia Baylina Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Espanha Ramón, Mª Dolors Garcia Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Espanha Serra, Isabel Salamaña Universitat de Girona, Espanha Pérez, Montserrat Villarino Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Espanha Mots clef: genre, travail, conciliation travail-famille, développement durable, milieu rural, Espagne En Espagne dans le milieu rural on observe encore une brèche entre les hommes e les femmes dans l´emploi de 23.5% pour la population de 20 à 65 ans (2011) (50,7% des femmes et 27,2% des hommes ne participent pas dans le marché du travail), mettant clairement de relief la persistance de cette inégalité. L´accès et la continuité des femmes dans le marché du travail sont conditionnées par l’impôt de la condition féminine. La division sexuel du travail a situé les femmes dans une position inferieur dans le marché du travail, d’une façon pratiquement universel et dans nombreux sociétés ont été établi des politiques différents pour facilité la conciliation entre la famille et le travail, dirigé principalement aux femmes. Cette communication se place dans ce contexte, on recherche sur la conciliation du travail et de la famille des femmes qui travaillent et qui vivent dans le milieu rural en Espagne; femmes formées qu’une fois passé la stratégie de l’émancipation a travers de l´éducation et du travail formel, qui se trouvent avec le tâche de devoir négocier leur rôle sociale avec les hommes. La recherche se base sur l’expérience de 60 interviews approfondies à des femmes qui vivent dans le milieu rural. L´information obtenu a été enregistrées, transcrites, codifiées et analysées par l´analyse du discours. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les femmes assument principalement la tâche de concilier la vie familiale et celle du travail, on développement des stratégies de résistance individuel, d’adaptation en faisan des choses diverses dans les quels s´interposent d’outres catégories comme la classe sociale. Les formes spécifiques qui résultent de ces expériences quotidiennes sont un important exemple du conflit plus profond qui existe dans le model social du développement durable de vie que nous avons dans nos sociétés occidentales. THE INTERNATIONAL GARDEN FESTIVAL OF PONTE DE LIMA VILLAGE, PORTUGAL: A SMART ANSWER FOR THE PROMOTION OF THE VILLAGE. Ferreira, Carmen University of Porto, Portugal Keywords: International Garden Festival; Ponte de Lima; Tourism; Smart Growth. Ponte de Lima is the oldest village in Portugal. It is situated in the North of Portugal, on the left bank of the Lima river, also known by local people as the “forgetfulness river”. Considered the Portuguese garden capital, Ponte de Lima has already achieved awards in the competition for the most flowery villages and cities in Europe – The Entente Florale and in Blomm. This recognition results from a mindful strategy of preservation of the trails that allow us to discover the 50 landscape made of countless gardens and green natural spaces. Ponte de Lima has an area of around 100,000 hectares of public and private green spaces. The International Garden Festival is an annual event held in Arcozelo parish, a rural village in Ponte de Lima council, since 2005. This parish is situated on the right bank of the Lima river which serves as a boundary with the Ponte de Lima village that is in front of Arcozelo. Every year, from May to late October, are exhibited eleven different and temporary gardens related to a theme that is selected each year. The gardens are designed by artists who submit the draft to the organization. The theme for 2015 is “Water in the garden” and the proposals selected by the jury are: The Tamed Water (Czech Republic); H2O (Brazil), Water Cycle Garden (Ireland); Wuthering Garden (Italy); Make a wish; Water, 1 year in the Garden and Sensorial Garden (Portugal); Aquarium – Piece of Underwater Life (Poland); The Water House (Spain); The FA Garden Water (France) and Infinite Reflections (Austria). The final decision on the winner is up to the visiting public, who cast their votes during the event, and each year’s festival winner remains on display during the following year. The remaining gardens are transferred to other parts of the village and to other locations interested in receiving them, thus becoming the best publicity for the Ponte de Lima International Garden Festival. Since its beginning in 2005, this event has experienced a marked evolution at all levels. In addition to increasing, the number of visiting public, there has been a significant increase from year to year of the number of projects and participation of international candidates, that expect to see in Ponte de Lima the achievement of its innovative and avant-garde ideas. This project is aimed at increasing the attractiveness of local villages and also at encouraging the preservation of historical gardens and/or the creation of new gardens. Ponte de Lima intends with this innovative project, which combines art and the environment, to contribute to the creation of valuable spaces in the village and consequently to improve quality of life. In this paper we present all the data that allows us to understand how this event promotes the Ponte de Lima tourism growth, especially the ones related to the gardens. This event is a smart answer for the development of the Ponte de Lima village with inspiration and creativity. PORTUGUESE POPULAR PARTICIPATION IN MOVEMENTS OF AREAS OF HIGH DENSITY OF POWER LINES Alves, Juliana Araújo University of Minho, Portugal Remoaldo, Paula Cristina University of Minho, Portugal Silva, Lígia Torres University of Minho, Portugal Keywords: popular participation; movements; urban areas; High voltage lines; Portugal. This research focuses on the popular movements against the power lines in residential areas in the European Union using the study case of Portugal. The expanding urbanization process and the excessive urbanized way of life have resulted in substantial changes to urban structures. In many cases, this results in expanded urban areas that become crossed and suffer ill effects from power lines. Since the 1960s, a number of studies have been performed on the effects of technological devices in residential areas. A consensus on the debate has not yet been established, but several international organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Commission on Non- Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), have already established precautionary parameters to correct exposure, both for occupational settings and for the general population. This has occurred because several studies at the international level tend to prove that continuous exposure to power lines tends to lead to the development of several diseases, such as leukemia, brain and breast cancer, Alzheimer’s and depression. 51 The main objective of the present paper is to analyze the claims of the population and the role of international and national movements against the power lines in residential areas, especially in Portugal. In this country, the need to ensure public health, which should be the domain of the state, has generated public discussion in recent years. Civil society has shown to be more empowered and has being claiming changes in the layout of the power lines. In 2007, the claim of the Portuguese local population succeeded in changing the high voltage track in Silves (South of Portugal) and the burial of the very high-voltage line connecting the Fanhões (Loures municipality) and Trajouce (Cascais municipality) in the Lisbon district. In Portugal, a spread of movements occurred across the country and in 2008, they came together and formed the National Movement Against High Voltage Lines in Urban Areas. The methodology used is qualitative in nature and used secondary data. Taking into account the official recommendations of WHO and ICNIRP, we analysed five Portuguese newspapers and three blogs from 2007 until the beginning of 2015. This research is part of a more structured investigation that was started in 2010, at the University of Minho, which focused on the influence of electromagnetic fields in human health using as a case study the Serzedelo parish (Guimarães Municipality – Northwest of Portugal). This is one of the most problematic territories at the national level regarding concerning the density of the power lines. One of the most emblematic points of this discussion concerns the onset of some diseases, such as chronic degenerative and nervous system disorders that develop over ten or more years. This aspect creates a paradox in this discussion, because the institutions are using lag time and, above all, the limited information of the population postpones a caution extent necessary for public health. The main results of this research point to the south of Portugal as the beginning of the movements and the fact that an official movement was registered in 2008, after several meetings and claims were made in several municipalities. The Serzedelo Parish was considered the most evident case of high-density power lines and registrant of a high number of cancer cases in the last ten years. In Portugal, this is the first time that the history of these kind of movements has been tracked. WHAT IS THE ROLE OF INNOVATION AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE DOURO DEMARCATED REGION? Pina, Helena University of Porto, Portugal Keywords: RDD, Innovation, Rural Development, Sustainability The privileged area of the Douro Demarcated Region stands out not only because of its spectacular landscape, whose history spans more than 250 years, classified as a UNESCO world heritage site in December 2001, but also because of its distinctive economic, cultural and social character. Formed by schist soils with many terraces covered in vines – the only way to overcome the steep slopes, which in some places can exceed 35º –, the area offers a stunning setting enriched also by a unique and extraordinary architectural, cultural and social heritage. From the end of 1980s onwards, this landscape began to be regarded from a business, multipurpose perspective, where the traditional production of Douro wines, especially Port wine, was combined with their increasing trade, with tourism and other complementary activities. Nevertheless, the landscape is clearly marked by abandoned farms, especially in the areas less favourable to wine growing, as well as depopulation, closely related to the aging of the resident populations who did not emigrate abroad or to the metropolitan areas near the coast. Those who stayed behind, especially the younger generation with academic and technical training, who are passionate about the Douro region, are beginning to show some innovative strategies and business projects that have gradually brought a degree of modernisation to the region, undeniably fostering the coexistence of sustainability and the preservation of its landscape, heritage and culture, as well as its economic viability. This is the main focus of our paper, based on extensive fieldwork combined with documentary research and interviews with those responsible for local and sectorial development associations, among others, 52 in addition to the young entrepreneurs, the major players in the innovative activities we will analyse. For example, in the DDR, we have found projects that make use of vine branches, usually representing a huge amount of waste after the annual pruning. The project involves an open cycle carbon production model from which ecological wood and paper is made from the pruned vine branches, as well as biomass-based energy. We can also mention other products such as fuels or paints made from discarded grapes during the harvests. Other vine components are also being reused, such as the vine leaves to make paper, albeit of another texture. There is also a flourishing health and well-being sector related to wine therapy, cosmetics, and other beauty products. But it is not only the vine that has inspired innovative projects, such as the olive tree, which has also shown great potential. Sub-products such as the olive pips and other solid residues, usually involving high costs to remove from the olive-press facilities, are being reused to produce bioenergy and odourless, practically smokeless, briquettes for use in fireplaces. A new future is gradually being designed for the DDR, where innovation is applied in a sustainable and ecological framework, valuing also the complementarity between the wine growing areas and their surroundings territories. THE WORLDS OF PRODUCTION IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY Climent-López, Eugenio Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain Ruiz-Budría, Enrique Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain Loscertales-Palomar, Blanca Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain For several decades the global food system is subjected to the stress of two opposing forces, standardization and differentiation, affecting the qualities of the products and processes of production and marketing. But in recent years the situation has become more complex, because both forces are producing some hybridization: on one hand, showing a tendency to gradually standardize procedures for developing differentiated products and, on the other hand, expanding the scope of standardized products by introducing some degree of differentiation. This stress and this hybridization can be conceptualized properly within the theoretical framework of the worlds of production. Under that framework, industrial products (including food) can be classified according to two criteria: the technology by which they have been prepared and the type of market they are targeted. Technology can consist of standardized procedures, seeking to obtain economies of scale, or specialized procedures, aimed at obtaining economies of scope-variety. Markets to which the products are destined may be generic, with undifferentiated consumer, or dedicated, with specific consumers integrating different market niches. Four worlds of production arise from the combination of both criteria: i) the industrial world, where the products are manufactured using standardized technologies and are intended for generic markets; ii) the Marshallian market world, with specialized technologies and dedicated markets; iii) the network market world, with standardized technologies and dedicated markets and iv) the world of innovation, with specialized technologies and generic markets. Food processing following the patterns of industrial world causes certain rejection in large groups of consumers, so that a recent orientation of producers and consumers to other worlds, such as network market or the Marshallian market is found. This guidance could be interpreted as a smart answer to a smiling future. Our paper presents preliminary results of a research project aimed at identifying how companies of different branches of the food industry are located in different worlds of production. We have used two complementary methodological procedures. First, we have developed a set of indicators from available statistical sources in Spain, based on the proposal made by Salais and Storper in the seminal work on the theoretical framework of the worlds of production. The indicators have proven useful, but not without 53 problems, among which can be highlighted the difficulty of access to certain information and a sectoral breakdown often insufficient. Secondly, a survey has been conducted to a sample of food companies, using a broad sectoral disaggregation. The results of the survey, after eliminating inconsistencies have allowed complement the statistical information. The results indicate that there are some branches of the food industry that are included globally in the industrial world of production (for example, preparation and packaging of natural mineral waters); other branches are in the network market world (e.g. preparation of compound feed) and others in the Marshallian market world (such as development of dietary products). But there are other branches whose companies are distributed among several of the worlds of production (such as manufacturing and packaging of oils); these are the branches that are experiencing the aforementioned stress and hybridization. The identification of these branches can bring new perspectives to implement policies of agribusiness development and rural development. FINANCIAL EXCLUSION OF SME OF THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN TOGO Tabiou, Manuel A. Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal Keywords: Financial Exclusion, Agriculture, Development, Global South, Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) Since the official political independence of African countries various local and international actors perceive – and struggle against – the limping agricultural development of many African countries. This macro-economic problem has many supposed reasons. This working paper wants to analyse a local hindrance to a more dynamic development of the agriculture and food industry and its value chains: Financial Exclusion of Small- and Medium Enterprises in the Agricultural Sector of Togo. The focus will not be on the disputed concept of Micro-Credits, but on mid- and long-term investment credits for Small- and Medium Enterprises (SME). 7 It is an issue consisting of factors related to different scientific fields. Regional Development, Financial Exclusion, SME and Start-Up Finance and value chains in the agricultural sector are economic topics for Human-Geography with a focus on Development Studies. Micro and Macro Economics with an accent on agricultural economics and financial markets are based in economics. So this working paper considers itself as based in two disciplines, Geography and Economics. Research on Financial Exclusion is analysing the restricted access to mainstream banking services. 8 The first researchers that formed the term Financial Exclusion in the 1990s, Nigel Thrift and Andrew Leyshon, emphasized their focus on de-industrialized areas of England, which suffered alongside economic decline from branch closures of retail banks, leading to a restricted access to bank accounts and (offline) transfers as well as consultancy and access to consumer credits for the local population. 910 This working paper though has to adjust itself to another reality. The focus is on the Global South. The case study analyses Financial Exclusion of SME in the agricultural sector of the West African country Togo. The three main questions of the investigation are: How can the Theory of Financial Exclusion be applied on agricultural and food producing SME in a developing economy such as Togo's? Are Togolese producing and transforming agricultural SME financially excluded? What are the particular negative effects of Financial Exclusion that hinder growth and competitive development of those SME? 7 cf. Bauchet und Morduch 2012. 8 cf. Devlin 2005, S. 75. 9 cf. Leyshon und Thrift 1995. 10 For recent enterprise FE in England: cf. Appleyard 2013. 54 Therefore the aim of this research on Financial Exclusion in Togo's agricultural and food sector is to analyse the need for banking services of SME. They need this financing to consolidate and expand their activities to serve as a component of sustainable economic development and food security in the region. Their demand for credits is compared to the offer of financial institutes that – in a market oriented economy – are supposed to grant adequate credits to SME. 11 So the objective is to describe the gap between necessary and available financial services offered to producing and transforming agricultural actors. Hypotheses:  The demand for investment credits of agricultural SME is omnipresent.  The supply of mid- and long-term investment credits to agricultural SME/cooperatives is restricted.  Credits for SME in Togo's producing agricultural sector are not matching up to the specific requirements of long term investments.  Micro-credits are available but not suitable for large or long-term investments. The method to acquire data for the study case is a field research with semi-structured interviews 12 consisting of qualitative as well as quantifiable questions. Subjects are concerned actors of the agricultural sector and financial institutes. A special spotlight will be put on mutual savings banks of farmers cooperatives and start-ups with the spirit of sustainable approaches like Fair Trade and organic certified production. Primary research to look at the problem from various perspectives 13 to cross-validate the choice of research- and questionnaire questions has been done and accompanies the whole research process. 14 In order to focus on specific value chains the study case is executed in three regions of intervention 15 of the research partner GIZ 16 – Programme de Developpement Rural y compris l'Agriculture (ProDRA).  The “coffee and cocoa region” located in the east of the Régions des Plateaux around the city of Kpalimé.  Tsévié, a city in the Maritime region, surrounded by plantations of pineapples which serve the aspiring juice production.  Areas around Sokodé, administrative capital of the Préfecture de Tschaoudjo in the Région Centrale, where the highest concentration of soy bean fields and cashew trees of the country are located. According to experts from the GIZ, the national soy production is, to a large extent, respecting organic standards. The author wishes to contribute to enlarge knowledge that is useful to sustainable development and hopes that this research can serve as an information source for policy makers as development aid services, NGOs and public institutions in the area of rural development as well as for present or potential financial institutions in the market of agricultural finance in Togo and other ECOWAS 17 member states. Bibliography (only for upper abstract) AfDB; OECD; UNDP: African Economic Outlook 2014. Global value chains and Africa's industrialisation. Paris: OECD Publishing. Appleyard, Lindsey (2013): The Geographies of Access to Enterprise Finance: The Case of the West Midlands, UK. In: Regional Studies 47 (6), S. 868–879. DOI: 10.1080/00343404.2012.748979. Bauchet, Jonathan; Morduch, Jonathan (2012): Is Micro Too Small? Microcredit vs. SME Finance. In: World Development (43), S. 288–297. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.1971323. Devlin, James F. (2005): A Detailed Study of Financial Exclusion in the UK. In: J Consum Policy 28 (1), S. 75–108. DOI: 10.1007/s10603-004-7313-y. GIZ (2015): Förderung der ländlichen Entwicklung und der Landwirtschaft. Hg. v. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH 2015. Bonn. Available online at https://www.giz.de/de/weltweit/14998.html, last update on 23.07.2013, last checked on 04.02.2015. 11 cf. Hudon 2009. 12 Field research language is French. Interviews with non-French speakers are translated into local languages. 13 cf. AfDB; OECD; UNDP. 14 cf. Yin ©2003. 15 cf. GIZ 2015. 16 Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit – German Society for International Cooperation. 17 Economic Community of West African States. 55 Hudon, Marek (2009): Should Access to Credit be a Right? In: J Bus Ethics 84 (1), S. 17–28. DOI: 10.1007/s10551- 008-9670-y. Leyshon, Andrew; Thrift, Nigel (1995): Geographies of Financial Exclusion. Financial Abandonment in Britain and the United States. In: Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20 (3), S. 312–341. Available online at http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/622654? sid=21105782191403&uid=3739128&uid=4&uid=2134&uid=2&uid=2129&uid=70. Yin, Robert K. (©2003): Applications of case study research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications (Applied social research methods series, v. 34). TERRITORIALIZING THE “LAND WITHOUT FENCES”: MONGOLIA’S LAND-DEVELOPMENT- LIVELIHOOD NEXUS IN PERSPECTIVE Barcus, Holly R. Macalester College,Saint Paul, Minnesota, USA Keywords: Mongolia, land tenure reform, economic development, livelihood sustainability In the early 2000s, the discovery of significant minerals wealth in the Gobi Desert marked the beginning of Mongolia’s economic boom. Having struggled through more than a decade of economic and governance transition difficulties, including widespread food insecurity during the 1990s, this resources boom heralded a new era of potential economic growth and prosperity. Rapid GDP growth however masks local-scale social and environmental changes, challenging local and national scale assumptions and dialogues about sustainability of livelihoods in the face of rapid growth. As individuals and households seek to expand their economic opportunities, long-held assumptions about place and rights to place are challenged. These contradictory outcomes are embedded in evolving perceptions and realities of land tenure rights, development rights, and local livelihood sustainability. Mongolia’s pasturelands comprise a significant portion of the overall land area of the nation state. In a sparsely populated and rapidly urbanizing nation these lands are more than just open spaces, they represent a livelihood that is much enshrined in the collective identity of modern Mongolia and are integral to understanding the synergies between nomadic land use systems and arid and semi-arid lands. Rapid social, political, and economic change, however, has placed increasing pressure on these grassland areas, increasing new uses and users inclusive of mining activities and companies and tourism entities, who compete for access to land once utilized almost exclusively by herders marking Mongolia’s pastureland areas as highly vulnerable and contested spaces. In addition to ecological, economic, and social changes governmental and policy frameworks within which these lands are managed further complicate the delicate interface between human users and ecological constraints. The combination of competing users, new post-socialist economic market realities, and changing livelihood expectations increasingly draw Mongolia’s pastoralists into a global debate about land rights, development rights, and livelihood strategies. Framed within the debates surrounding resources development, ecological and livelihood sustainability strategies and the contradictions in scale and user rights, this essay identifies three distinct periods of land tenure debate emerging post-1990. In each period pasture land management debates are influenced by different perspectives including: 1) pure market economics advocated by international donors; 2) emergence of dissenting voices advocating local community-based solutions; and lastly and most recently 3) donor acknowledgement of the need to find middle ground. This essay draws an extensive review of policy documents and contemporary literature to consider the multi-scalar implications of rapid national growth on local sustainability initiatives, such as community-based natural resource management strategies, land user rights, and the underlying importance of place. 56 AGRICULTURE SEEN THROUGH THE PRISM OF THE FRENCH MEDIA IN BELGIUM Dubois, Charline University of Liège, Belgium Keywords: Agriculture, inhabitants, representations, media, Wallonia Scholars agree on the importance of the farming activities to maintain the quality (aesthetic environment) of rural areas. The number of farmers in Belgium has fallen steadily in the recent decades (Van Hecke et al. 2010). In particular, the rural systems of Wallonia transformed, characterized by the increased presence of landscapes of consumption and the influx of urban migrants. Why do they live in the countryside? Do they know the farmers in the area? What are the rural idylls (Yarwood 2005)? The answers to these questions lead to the understanding of perceptions and recognitions of rural spaces among different stakeholders. On another scale, this leads to the need for the improvement of social and territorial cohesion to improve the quality of life and the integration of people into their new living environment. The topics about “to live and to build the countryside” are current (Cawley & Gillmor 2008, Frelat-Kahn & Lazzarotti 2012) and are also concerned with the future of the countryside, of farming, and of the vitality of rural systems that face challenges according to geographic situations. With increasing suburbanization and multifunctionality (Bills & Gross 2005), some inhabitants want to build an interdependent community with authentic values. But the inhabitants’ representations about rural way of life are inexistent (despite some local initiatives such as organic produces) or complex (Dubois & Schmitz 2011, Tencati & Zsolnai 2012). Each person can say that he/she lives in the countryside by considering different space realities, with the risk that farmers could become strangers (Simard & Guimond 2013)! “Each year we organised a party in our street with everybody from the surrounding areas. Some farmers come and it is amazing to socialize more than just pass each other by cars and tractors” (inhabitant in a rural town in Wallonia). This study presents a first step in exploring inhabitant’s representations of the countryside. We analyse here the organic image about agriculture developed by the media that partly influences the people's perception of agriculture. Other than the induced and experienced images, organic image or “those that arise from supposedly unbiased sources” such as books, school education, television, documentaries, newspapers, and word of mouth (Gunn 1972, O'Leary & Deegan 2005) is considered. “People are interested about agricultural features. We speak a lot about that in the media, so people would like to know more about us and our job! That is why they visit us and they are sometimes so disoriented!” (Farmer in Wallonia). The analysis focuses on 3 consecutive even-numbered years: 2010, 2012 and 2014, from January to December. The national online press platform was used to access the articles. This allows for an analytical look at how agriculture is represented in the newspapers: What themes were addressed? How often? And to know the level of importance, in which part of the newspapers did it appear? The study analysed articles from 2 Belgian French newspapers from different media groups (Le Soir, La Libre). Different regions were covered to take into account different agro-geographical landscapes, suburban and rural features of the countryside, and different social and economical realities of Wallonia. For each article, topic selection and content analysis (NVivo®) were undertaken. Bette (2012) made the first analysis of the topic in 2012 and put into evidence 13 different categories in which agriculture has been presented: organic, diversification, legislation, economy, crops, farming, food, biotechnology, energy, animal health, plant diseases, environment, other. However, for this research, we improved the typology and added other topics such as the tourism, the local produces, the (agro-) geographical regions. Qualitative analysis showed that economic difficulties, economic investment, local produces, slow food, European policies, environment are among the categories frequently explored. All the different categories were represented and were often sensationalised but the level of importance is not high as most news was often found inside the newspaper and not on the front page. These different elements influence the interpretation of the different readers and give an overview about the influence of images of agriculture on the inhabitants. Agriculture is related to multiple components but some of these aspects are not presented and remain unknown to the common public. A lot of other questions about agricultural 57 and rural systems and agricultural regions are not covered because on-going social, economic environmental and cultural trends tend to influence the information that is found in the newspapers. Agriculture is often simplified in a positive (e.g. local products, organic farming) and in a negative way (e.g. pollutions, bankruptcies, suicides) which implies that it is difficult for laymen to have a valid representation based on newspapers. ANSWERS TO SKILLED WORKERS SHORTAGES IN RURAL AREAS Hercksen, Hans Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung (BLE), Germany Keywords: Small and micro enterprises, skilled workers shortages, demographic change, young people The aim of this paper is to show, how cooperation between small and micro enterprises and educational institutions can motivate young people to stay in their home rural areas and take the opportunities for training and working within the region. How demographic change affects small and micro enterprises Small and micro enterprises (SME) normally form the economic basis of rural areas. They are the biggest driver of economic development in the region and they provide possibilities of employment and income generation for the local population. 18 SME need to recruit young, talented people as future employees to ensure the continuance of their business and to pass on manual skills and traditions of craftsmanship. SME in rural areas face serious problems, when demographic change and migration into cities make the available labour resources decrease. The demographic change, i.e. population ageing with the perspective of shrinking 19 , is set to affect more and more European countries in the coming years and decades. Germany is one of the countries where the effects have already become increasingly visible in many rural areas. In addition, young people tend to move to the cities and urban areas aggravating the situation for rural and peripherally situated communities, where their hands and skills are missing. 20 For a situation, in which the demand for eligible professionals can not be fulfilled, the term “skilled worker shortage” has been coined. 21 Due to lower resources, recognition and attractiveness, SME rely more on the use of the regional labor supply than bigger companies, which can solicit skilled labour forces on a national or Europe-wide level more easily. This is especially true for SME that are located in peripheral rural areas. Strategies to address skilled workers shortages To stop the exodus of young people from rural areas and attract them as future workforce, new common strategies of administration, businesses, educational institutions and other stakeholders are needed. On the one hand the youth is in search of attractive and interesting jobs, on the other hand they are looking for a liveable and pleasant living environment. Regarding their native region, the latter can be judged by them very well. But do young people know enough about local business traditions and job opportunities in the rural areas, where they grew up? Thus, a promising approach is to acquaint the local youth with the small and micro entrepreneurs of the region as soon as possible. How that can work has been demonstrated by the rural district of Dithmarschen, situated in the very north of Germany on the west coast of Schleswig-Holstein. It has been supported from 2011 to 2014, as one of four model regions, by the Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL) within the framework of the pilot project "LandZukunft". The model region Dithmarschen focused especially on the development, promotion and retention of the regions’ own skills. 22 One important field of action was dedicated to network building between local enterprises and educational institutions, in order to facilitate an early contact between young and 18 Cf. Hercksen, 2013, p. 22. 19 Tivig u.a., 2008, p. 8. 20 Cf. Institut für Raumordnung und Entwicklungsplanung (IREUS), 2011, p. 64. 21 Cf. Institut für Mittelstandsforschung Bonn (IfM), 2008, p. 22f. 22 Kreis Dithmarschen, 2012, enclosure 6, n. p. 64 Organizing Commmittee Firmino, Ana, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Cardoso, António Barros, Universidade do Porto Ferreira, Cármen, Universidade do Porto Martins, Felisbela, Universidade do Porto Poggi, Francesca, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Antunes, Gonçalo, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Pina, Helena, Universidade do Porto Fernandes, João Luís, Universidade de Coimbra Santos, Norberto, Universidade de Coimbra Remoaldo, Paula, Universidade do Minho Scientific Committee Amit-Cohen, Irit, Bar Ilan University, Israel Ancuta, Catalina, West University of Timisoara, Romania Barcus, Holly, Macalester College, USA Bicalho, Ana, Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Bryant, Chris, Montreal University, Canada Caldeira, Maria José, Universidade do Minho, Portugal Cardoso, António Barros, Universidade do Porto, Portugal Cawley, Mary, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Dermendzhiev, Atanas, Veliko Tarnovo University, Bulgaria Dermendzhieva, Stela, Veliko Tarnovo University, Bulgaria Fernandes, João Luís, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal Ferreira, Cármen, Universidade do Porto, Portugal Firmino, Ana, Co-Chair CSRS/IGU, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal Fuerst-Bjelis, Borna. University of Zagreb, Croacia Grabski-Kieron, Ulrike, Münster Universität, Germany Ianos, Ioan, University of Bucharest, Romania Jones, Roy, Curtin University, Australia Jousseaume, Valérie, Université de Nantes, France Kim, Doo-Chul, Co-Chair CSRS/IGU, Okayama University, Japan Laurens, Lucette, Université Montpellier, INRA, France Lober, Lučka, University of Maribor, Slovenia Lourenço, Júlia, Universidade do Minho, Potugal Margetic, Christine, Université de Nantes, France Martins, Felisbela, Universidade do Porto, Portugal Pina, Helena, Universidade do Porto, Portugal Remoaldo, Paula, Universidade do Minho, Portugal Roxo, Maria José, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal Sakaja, Laura, University of Zagreb, Croacia Santos, Norberto, Universidade de Coimbra, Portugal Serge, Schmitz, Université de Liége, Belgique Thissen, Frans, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands Valerià, Paül, The University of Western Australia, Australia Woods, Michael, Aberystwyth University, United Kingdom