INEGI's Contribution to the National Program for Research and Technology in Defense

NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY IN DEFENSE Proposal for a Contract Program in Transports, Aeronautics & Space Applications INEGI - Portugal (October 2009) Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 2 TABLE OF CONTENT 1. PROPONENT IDENTIFICATION 3 2. SUMMARY 4 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK AND RELEVANCE 4 3.1. Introduction 4 3.2. Rationale 5 3.3. Proposed Technologies 7 4. EXISTING EXPERTISE AT INEGI 10 4.1. INEGI Research Team for the Defense Program 10 4.2. INEGI Project Leader for the Program 12 4.3. Scientific Production of INEGI Team 12 5. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 13 6. PROPOSED WORK WITHIN THE RTD PROGRAM 13 6.1. Structures and Materials 13 6.2. Damage and Fracture Mechanics 15 6.3. Numerical Modelling Techniques 16 6.4. Experimental Mechanics and Non-Destructive Testing 17 6.5. Vibration Analysis and Control 18 6.6. Tribology and Maintenance 19 6.7. Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling 21 6.8. Sheet Metal Forming Technologies 22 6.9. Multidisciplinary Design and Manufacturing Optimization 23 7. INDICATIVE BUDGET 25 ANNEX I – Curriculum Vitae of INEGI Leading Scientist for Defense Activities 27 ANNEX II – Letter of Intent 37 ANNEX III – List of past and current R&D Collaborative Projects 41 Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 3 1. PROPONENT IDENTIFICATION INEGI is a private Non-Profit Organization (a University-to-Industry Interface Institute) aiming to contribute to the development of both industry and university, through research and development, demonstration and technology transfer in the areas of conception and project, design, mechanical simulation, materials, production engineering, energy, tribology and industrial maintenance, management and environment. The shareholders of INEGI are the University of Porto (40%), Industrial Associations and SME’s (60%). INEGI activities are focused on Mechanical Engineering, Industrial Management and Information Technology Engineering and its competence is recognized by Portuguese and European entities mainly because of its participation in a great number of successful R&D projects, and specialized services and consultancies to industry. Since its creation in 1986, INEGI has been growing steadily, broadening its area of intervention to almost all areas of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management. More than 1500 projects have been developed over the last 20 years, for public and private companies as well as governmental institutions, under different types of contracts, established according to the nature of the projects and the organisations involved. Whenever necessary and possible, the creation of INEGI/Client combined work teams has been assured, as well as the cooperation with other national and foreign technological infrastructures and support from institutions which are geared towards the funding of R&D and technology transfer activities. In July 1990 INEGI was awarded the status of Institution of Public Utility, and was also recognized as an important organisation for the scientific, Industrial and technological development in Portugal. INEGI staff is composed of some 180 people, 20% of which have a doctoral degree, 60% are graduate scientists and engineers, and the remaining 20% are technicians and administrative. The organizational chart of the Institute is as presented below (Figure 1). Further information about the mission, the organization and the activities of INEGI can be found in the Institute website at http://www.inegi.up.pt. Figure 1 – Organizational Chart of INEGI Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 4 2. SUMMARY Ground and Marine Transports, Aeronautics and Space are entering a new age - the age of sustainable growth – characterized by the need of more affordable, cleaner, quieter, safer mobility and space exploration. New research and development will be essential in responding to this challenge. With the present proposal, the Institute of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Management (INEGI) declares its interest and commitment to participate in future initiatives in the areas of Ground and Marine Transports, Aeronautics and Space, in response to calls for expressions of interest to be launched by the Portuguese Government under the National Program for R&T in Defense (RTD), during the next five years and subsequent equal periods of time. The mission consists of developing fundamental engineering science and associated technologies with application to defense, particularly to ground, marine, air and space vehicles, associated systems and components. The work programme is planned in accordance with the goal of the Portuguese DGAED in strengthening and integrating national Research Institutes, Universities and industrial companies in the marine, aeronautical and space sectors. A list of individual projects are proposed in Annex IV, and others can be added by initiative of the DGAED and other potential partners. This proposal gathers the expertise of more than 25 PhD senior researchers in the areas of Mechanical Engineering, Marine, Aeronautics and Space that have been developing a continued activity of research and development in line with the National and European priority areas of action, supporting industrial partners, regulatory entities, development planning, expert consulting and others, adding in this form to the improvement of technological development, the persecution of the national objectives for policies in science and technology and for a more visible and active involvement in international activities. The matrix of competences of INEGI with respect to the RTD program needs, the mission and objectives of the proposed activity of the Institute are described in the following sections. 3. DESCRIPTION OF THE WORK AND RELEVANCE 3.1. Introduction Transports, Marine, Aeronautics and Space activities play a vital role in Europe’s economy and our overall quality of life. However, by its very nature, this activity has impacts on the environment, ranging from air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution to urban sprawl, all of which impact on our health and well being. Sustainable ground, marine and air travel and space exploration can create viable, long-term economic and business opportunities. The development of new materials, processes, and design innovation technologies presents new strategic growth opportunities in an increasingly competitive global economy. Over the past two decades, new fields of engineering have emerged from a spurt of invention and innovation led by new materials. In particular, the emerging science of multifunctional materials has spurred progress engineering to enhance the performance of structural systems. The new technologies have invited us to revise the engineering rules, not only because they spur new industries but also because they embody a sweeping capacity to lower the weight and cost of designing and manufacturing new structural systems while improving overall performance. The fields of smart structures, advanced composites, alternative propulsion systems and communication, navigation and control capabilities are predicted to be some of key-enabling Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 5 technologies that will fuel industrial growth in the ground transports, marine, aeronautics and space sectors in the 21 st century. The improved understanding of these technologies and associated processes will be of direct use to the industrial partners. Given its multidisciplinary nature, covering materials science, aerodynamics, structures, controls, manufacturing, propulsion and instrumentation, the research will produce results that will directly benefit the purpose the RTD program and the related industrial sectors in Portugal, in Europe and in the world. Additionally, it should be noted the contribution of the proposed activities to the development of the national research and industrial sectors and the fostering of the Portuguese participation in the European common efforts to promote ground transports, marine, aeronautics and space. 3.2. Rationale The output from INEGI’s proposed research activities within the RTD program will provide basic and applied research to support the development of innovative technologies, focusing on the use of multifunctional materials, through the expansion of knowledge in materials science, controls and instrumentation engineering. In the aeronautics and space engineering fields, for example, the current trends point towards the development and design of more affordable vehicles in terms of cost, more habitable in terms of comfort ride and noise pollution, more survivable and safe in the advent of accidents, and more efficient in terms of air pollution. Figure 2 depicts the requirements that drive the development of new technologies and the basic research needed to realize novel concepts such as morphing , autonomous, allcomposite, green, quiet air and space vehicles and platforms. Affordability, Survivability, Habitability, Manufacturability Integration, Innovation, Safety, Environment, Efficiency Requirements G round, Marine A eronautics & Space vehicles autonomous v ehicles spacecraft and probes green v ehicles morphing aircraft novel configurations rigidizable and inflatables quiet v ehicles all - composite v ehicles Technologies: • Smart structures • Composite and metallic structures • Joining and repair • Structural Integrity • Health monitoring • Inflatable materials • Noise and vibration • Robotics • Efficient engines • Mechatronic systems • High lift and drag reduction • Crashworthiness INEGI Capabilities: • Composite materials • Mechanical and product design • Damage and fracture mechanics • Structural analysis and vibrations • Tribology & industrial maintenance • Testing of materials and products • Exp. stress analysis & NDT • Multidisciplinary optimization • Actuators and sensors • Rapid prototyping and tooling • Sheet metal forming technologies Figure 2 – Synergy between the needs, the proposed technologies and the research capabilities at INEGI Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 6 (a)-Autonomous Vehicles: Autonomous Unmanned Ground, Marine, Air and Space growing family of vehicles (AUVs) includes a large number of new technological developments. They can be considered as disruptive because they will revolutionize air and space engineering in many areas. We are looking at novel concepts and configurations for uninhabited air vehicles. Tomorrow’s avionic systems will control clusters of micro-satellites and swarms of mini and micro AUVs that will fly and work together. Cooperative control will enable swarms to execute coordinated tasks, like search and rescue and fire surveillance. Smart materials research has long been the foundation of studies on smart and adaptive technologies for aerospace vehicles. The unique capabilities of smart materials and structures have inspired numerous innovative concepts that are crucial enablers to adaptive structural morphing, active flow control, simplified mechanisms and a host of other approaches. On the propulsion side, counter flow thrust vectoring is a fluidic technique developed with the dual objective of achieving thrust vectoring without the use of movable parts, and at the same time, avoiding hysteretic behaviour common to fluidic devices. (b)-Green Vehicles: Advances in materials are allowing researchers to evaluate new composite and aluminium possibilities to find the best solutions for durability and cost. Composite materials provide greater durability, reduced maintenance, and increased potential for future development. Interestingly, there is little weight difference between composite and aluminium materials and the cost of the fabricating composite components has become more competitive. It is also possible that sensors will be embedded into the composite structures to monitor the health and help schedule maintenance. Researchers are also looking at incorporating health-monitoring systems that will allow the vehicle structure to self-monitor and report maintenance requirements to headquarters-based computer systems. Another improvement in efficiency will come in the way the vehicles are designed and built. (c)-Quiet Aircraft: Increases in air traffic and growth in populations that surround airports are resulting in a noise impact on a larger percentage of the community and a stronger desire to reduce the noise around airports. There are many sources of noise from current aircraft. The fan blades, by pushing through the air, cause noise by themselves. Once past the fan, the air is split down two different paths, the fan duct and the core duct. The theory of noise generation (aeroacoustics) has to be studied and computer codes to simulate the theory have to be developed. The final goal of this effort is to have computer models for jet noise that will predict the source of the noise and how it is sent into the surrounding air. Theoretical understanding of jet noise is used to develop ideas for noise reduction concepts that are tested in model scale. An approach to noise reduction is the active noise control effort. The primary principle of active noise control is to sense the noise disturbances in the engine and cancel them before they leave the engine. In effect, negative noise is made to cancel out the engine's sound waves so that no noise is heard. This is a multidisciplinary effort involving duct acoustics, controls, and actuator/sensor design. (d)-Morphing Aircraft: Active aeroelastic and morphing aerospace structures are ideal applications for smart materials. A substantial research effort is beginning to be devoted in the field of morphing/active aeroelastic technologies, the vast majority of which is in the USA. There is a major need for the EU to expand its research capabilities in this rapidly developing area, in order to develop new fuel efficient morphing/active aeroelastic aircraft designs which will be able to compete with future US designs. Developing new concepts, as well as enhancing current approaches, will not be enough; the technology is getting mature enough to consider its integration into the overall multidisciplinary aircraft design methodology. Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 7 (e)-All-Composite Vehicles: The increased use of advanced composite materials in all kinds of vehicles would lead to major reductions in the operating costs of equipments. The manufacture of an all composite vehicle requires a high level of structural integration leading to important gains in terms of weight savings, and in the reduction of both manufacturing and maintenance costs. Some of the required key technologies required for an all-composite vehicles include design tools for highly-loaded junctions (e.g. wing-to-fuselage, for the aircrafts), inspection procedures, damage tolerance, repair, crashworthiness, damage monitoring, and architectures with combined functions. (f)-Novel Configurations: Today’s commercial and military transport aircrafts present the classical configuration consisting of a fuselage for the cabin, a wing to lift it and horizontal and vertical tail-planes at the rear part of the fuselage for stability and control. This typical configuration is fully adapted to technologies developed in the last decades. Since then several technological improvements are reaching a level of maturity that will allow to perform a novel optimisation of the global architecture of the aircraft, taking advantage of all progress in the domains of aerodynamics, structures, flight controls, multidisciplinary design, etc. Novel aircraft configurations will require validation for lifting and flight stability and control taking into account safety and certification issues. The objective is to demonstrate an increased operational efficiency of civil aircraft incorporating new configurations and technologies in response to market forecasts. Future demand will remain segmented: long and short range, high and low capacity, transonic and super sonic speed, luxury and economy, express service versus scheduled service. Solutions will include those that depend on new approaches; to the use of fixed and rotary wing aircraft, to product design and development and to operating concepts. 3.3. Proposed Technologies The value-added products and processes delineated in the preceding section will require the development of new technologies in order to realize the proposed novel systems. The proposed new technologies include new research and development in the fields of smart structures, composite structures, health monitoring, joining and repair, inflatable and rigidizable materials for application to large space structures, efficient engines, drag reduction and high-lift devices, mechatronic systems, robotics, instrumentation, flight testing, noise and vibration suppression, to name a few. (a)-Smart Structures: In the past decade, technological developments in materials and computer sciences have evolved to the point where their synergistic combination has culminated in a new field of multi-disciplinary research in adaptation. The advances in material sciences have provided a comprehensive and theoretical framework for implementing multi-functionality into materials, and the development of high-speed digital computers has permitted the transformation of that framework into methodologies for practical design and production. Adaptive structures represent a new approach or design philosophy that integrates the actions of sensors, actuators and control circuit elements into a single system that can respond adaptively to environmental changes in a useful manner. These integrated systems possess a functionality that adds significant value to materials, technologies or end-products, which in turn enables system performance enhancements that are not possible with traditional conventional approaches. The European Aerospace Industry is committed to increase the use of advanced composite materials and adaptive or smart structures in primary aircraft and spacecraft structures. Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 8 The key technological developments that have combined to establish the potential feasibility of mechatronic systems and advanced adaptive structures include the development of functional materials and their utilization in devices such as distributed actuators and sensors, and the advent of faster computers, new algorithms and signal processing technologies. The electro-magneto-thermo-mechano-rheological materials have opened up new horizons in terms of actuation simplicity, compactness and miniaturization potential. The most recognized types of materials are shape memory alloys, magnetostrictive materials and piezoelectrics, which develop strains or displacements when exposed to thermal, magnetic and electric fields, respectively. (b)-Composite Structures: The certification process of advanced composite structures relies upon a large number of expensive experimental tests. This fact contributes to the high cost of composite structures. Therefore, the development of design tools based on accurate models that simulate the mechanical behaviour of composite materials is required to reduce the cost of a composite structure. With the advent of novel manufacturing techniques it is possible to define new types of composite structures. Commercial systems for precise placement of prepreg composite tows allow the fabrication of advanced composite structures in which the tows may be precisely laid down along curvilinear paths within a given ply to produce what is called “variable stiffness” (VS) composite laminates. VS laminates have great potential for improving the structural performance of composite structures in terms of stiffness, buckling, and failure loads. (c)-Health Monitoring: The aircraft industry, one of the most innovative industries, is constantly obliged to introduce new materials and technologies. Structural health monitoring (SHM) in this industry is of fundamental importance from the point of view of weight reduction, for monitoring hot spot areas for early damage detection and to perform crack monitoring. The expected weight reduction may result from a modification in today’s damage tolerance philosophy, if the detectable damage sizes can be reduced. There are two main application areas for SHM, the Maintenance and the Design. Within the former the main preoccupations are i) the reduction of inspections, ii) the crack monitoring, iii) the corrosion monitoring, iv) the life extension and v) the early crack detection, most critical in areas with restricted access, with difficulty in applying non-destructive techniques (NDT) and when the load spectra are variable. The latter has as main objectives the improvement of structural efficiency and most of all the saving in the weight. The predicted areas where developments are intended to be focussed are those related to NDT methods for the early detection of faults, i.e., the development of appropriate techniques for accurate damage detection, mainly in composite structures. These will consist essentially on vibration-based methods. (d)-Joining and Repair: Both bonded and bolted joints are extensively used to join the components of aerospace structures. However, due to the stress concentrations created, the joints are a source of weakness and contribute to an excess of weight. Considering that the joints are very often the critical part of a structure, the soundness of their design procedures is reflected on the overall weight and cost of the product. Therefore, reliable and general joint design methods for aerospace structures are required to avoid unnecessary over design and the corresponding weight penalties. The spacecraft structures can be subjected to both lowand high velocity impacts resulting from events such as runway debris or bird impacts. These events may damage a structural component, and repair procedures need to be defined. The procedures typically used to repair structural components are both bonded and bolted patches. Therefore, the novel joining Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 9 technologies to be developed will be relevant for the design of repair procedures for advanced aircraft and spacecraft structures. (e)-Mechatronic Systems: Mechatronics plays an important role in systems design since many technical processes and products in the area of mechanical and electrical engineering are showing and increasing integration of mechanics with computing control and information processing. This integration is between the components (hardware) and by the information driven functions (software) resulting in integrated systems called mechatronic systems. Its development involves finding an optimal balance between the basic mechanical structure, sensors and actuators implementation, automatic information processing and overall control. Thus, formerly mechanical functions are replaced by computer controlled functions, resulting in simpler mechanical structures and increased functionality. This technical progress has a very large impact in the engineering world with particular relevance to aeronautical and space industries. Mechatronic design is essential features in designing new aircrafts and space crafts. Examples of this are the green aircraft that relies on embedded sensors into its composite structures to monitor the health and help maintenance planning, or the quiet aircraft where sensors and actuators are integrated to reduce noise by active means. At technological level mechatronics is the cornerstone to development in smart structures, in health monitoring, noise and vibration control, in developing new sensors and actuators, and robotics systems. (f)-Crashworthiness: The recent Concorde tragedy highlighted that even impacts from so called “soft-bodies” such as tyre debris or birds can be catastrophic. Most “events” have less serious consequences, but it is estimated that around 350 fatalities have occurred due to bird strikes, and during 1990-1998, $74m worth of damage was done to US aircraft by impacts with wildlife. High velocity impacts on aircraft due to flying objects and survivable crash landings on different surfaces are complex phenomena because of the high number of variables involved. Such variables include material characteristics of the impacted media, impactors and surfaces at high strain rate, and the interaction between the aircraft structure and the impactors or surfaces. Therefore, aerospace manufacturers rely heavily on tests, supported by empirical equations, for design and certification of aircraft subjected to such impacts. These methods are not only time-consuming and expensive but they lead to conservative design, resulting in a weight penalty and hence an adverse effect on the performance of aircraft. With the developments in software and hardware computing power, it is now becoming more realistic to develop computational methods for predicting the behaviour of aircraft structures subjected to survivable crashes and high velocity impact scenarios. The objective is to develop methods/tools to predict the behaviour of aircraft structures subjected to high velocity impacts. Implementation of such methods will contribute to enhanced safety through damage tolerant aircraft design and the development of crashworthy aircraft concepts. (g)-Noise and Vibration: Vibrations can cause damage due to material fatigue or compromise performance of precision instruments. They pose health risks to humans from industrial noise and potential failure of heavy equipment and structures. Stray vibration may cause misreading and reduced sensitivity in navigational gyroscopes, communication antennas, etc. They can also affect tolerances and surface finish in precision machining due to chatter vibrations in machine tools. Thus, elimination of undesired vibrations is very important from various considerations. Traditionally, vibrations are absorbed through passive methods, which employ isolating springs and dampers. These passive methods are usually unable to provide sufficient bandwidth or attenuation. Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 16 • Development of advanced constitutive models able to represent the onset and interaction of intralaminar damage (e.g. matrix transverse cracks) and interlaminar damage (delamination). • Development of mesh-independent Finite Element Models implementing the proposed constitutive models. • Experimental validation of the proposed technologies. 6.3. Numerical Modelling Techniques Technological Relevance: Recently, the limitations of conventional computational methods, such as classical finite elements, became apparent. There are many problems of industrial interest which cannot be easily treated with these classical mesh-based methods: for example, the simulation of manufacturing processes such as extrusion where it is necessary to deal with extremely large deformation of the mesh or simulations of failure where the modelling of the propagation of cracks with arbitrary and complex pats is needed. The underlying structure of the classical mesh-based methods, which is strongly dependent on their reliance on a mesh, is not ideally suited for the treatment of discontinues that not coincide with original mesh edges. The objective of mesh-free methods is to eliminate at least part of the mesh dependency structure by constructing the approximation entirely in terms of nodes. The application of the new numerical techniques is promising mainly in areas where the traditional finite element solution are difficult or even impossible, namely in problems with free surfaces and moving discontinuities. The research and development of these new numerical techniques may allow the simulation of the filling of moulds in polymer flow or in casting of metals, where it is necessary to track at each instant the moving free surface of the joining of different free surfaces. Research Expertise: INEGI researchers have more than 20 years of research in numerical techniques (finite differences, finite element method, meshless methods, etc…) in solid mechanics with many PhD and MSc theses concluded, papers published in the most important international journals and many projects in this field. Technical Activities: The following activities and related objectives will be contemplated: • Analyse the behaviour of mesh-free methods and its comparison with finite element method in some industrial applications. • Determine in which situations mesh-free methods can be advantageous (in comparison with finite element method). • Study of some problems related to the Element Free Galerkin (EFG) method, namely volumetric locking (especially in 3D problems) and shear locking (in shell and plate structures). • Develop new formulations based on EFG method, in order to avoid or alleviate the volumetric locking, • Study and develop these new formulations for thin shell structures (in order to attenuate the shear locking), including isotropic and anisotropic nonlinearities. • Promote the use of these new numerical methods on the virtual prototyping processes of industrial parts. Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 17 6.4. Experimental Mechanics and Non-Destructive Testing Technological Relevance: Experimental techniques are very important tools not only for numerical modelling validation but also for prototypes inspection and for structural integrity diagnosis. In fact, by using the appropriate experimental techniques, relevant information, concerning the structural behaviour of structures and parts, can be obtained. The combined use of experimental and numerical techniques, by which experimental data are introduced in the numerical routines for stress calculation, have a great potential. This method of structural analysis is known as “hybrid technique”; it leads to a considerable improvement on the final result accuracy and to a very significant reduction of the calculation time in the numerical modelling. This methodology can be very useful for development of new structures and machines and also for its inspection and monitoring. From the many experimental techniques available, image techniques, like holographic and Moiré interferometry and image correlation, have nowadays a leading position in this area. They are non-destructive, extremely sensitive and reliable and the obtained experimental data can easily be converted in a digital form for automatic data acquisition and processing. Every year new research & development, national and international, projects are submitted to improve the available experimental techniques and implement new applications. One important example is the development of new inspection techniques in composite materials by using optical methods. This inspection methodology was developed during the last decade and is now ready to be used as an important tool in aeronautic industry. Experimental methods are now facing important challenges in new areas of research like: nanotechnologies, smart structures, high performance composites and also in areas like structural inspection and monitoring. Using the new equipment available and more powerful data acquisition and processing devices new techniques and applications are being developed and implemented. Image techniques lead to field measurements were gradients and abnormal behaviours are easily detected, so important effort is dedicated to its development. New detectors and new “illumination” sources like IR, Ultra Sounds and X-ray detection, allow the construction of new devices which may be applied in the quality control of structures and components. Research Expertise: The INEGI proponent group has more than twenty years of experience in the use of experimental techniques for engineering applications, in different activities like consulting, inspection of structures and other services for mechanical design support. It has been involved in many R&D National and International Projects, Transference of Technology and Advanced Education activities. Technical Activities: The following activities and related objectives will be contemplated: • Development of image methods for characterization of residual stress fields and structural integrity inspection. • Design and construction of new prototypes for 3D shape characterization based on image processing techniques associated to structured light illumination. New algorithms and illumination devices will be developed. • Based on existing software new routines will be implemented for 3D vision, image segmentation, identification and following of geometries obtained from deformed bodies. New industrial and medical applications of digital vision will be investigated. • Development of NDT non contact techniques based on laser illumination and IR detection. In the second case impulse and sinusoidal excitation will be studied. Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 18 • Implementation of new techniques to study transient phenomena in metallic and composite parts. Pulsed lasers and high acquisition rate cameras will be used to obtain the image records, and TV-holography, Moiré and image correlation techniques will be used to assess the dynamic displacement fields. • New image processing algorithms will be implemented, based on neuronal networks and fuzzy logic, for image interpretation. These new routines will be used for automatic detection of defects and to improve the interpretation of images obtained with displacements measurement. • Development of techniques for the characterization of the dynamic behaviour of materials under compression, tension and bending loads. These techniques will be used to study isotropic and non-isotropic materials. • Implementation of set-ups to investigate the dynamic behaviour of adaptive components integrating sensors and actuators. Optical fibres and PZTs will be used as sensors being the actuators built with PZT fed with an appropriate signal. • Development of laser pulsed techniques based on Nd:YAG and Ruby lasers illumination and double and multiple high speed video image recordings. • Design and construction of new equipment for experimental measurements and non destructive inspection. 6.5. Vibration Analysis and Control Technological Relevance: Active and passive vibration control mechanisms in structures are effective solutions to control and reduce dynamic effects in light and flexible structures, such as high vibration levels and noise emission, and to extend working life of mechanical parts under cyclic loading or impact. The usual configuration of smart structures contains a system of piezoelectric sensors that convert the strains of the structure into electric signals. These signals are fed into a controller that in turn activate a system of piezoelectric actuators in order to modify in real-time the structure response to external excitation. The most widely exploited application of the smart structure technology is active vibration control or active damping. The application of viscoelastic layers on light structures can provide a simple and reliable passive damping mechanism, particularly efficient under specific conditions of vibration. The damping treatments with viscoelastic layers can be applied on the surface of the vibrating structure, with or without a constraining layer, or integrated in the structure constituting a sandwich material. These treatments are widely used in the aeronautical and aerospace industry, where they are the prime solution of passive damping treatments of light and large structures. Vibration control in adaptive structures can be achieved with segmented surface-bonded piezoelectric sensors and actuators coupled by a controller. Designing and analysing practical smart structures and selecting the positions of the piezoelectric patches require the use of reliable models combined with adequate numerical techniques to simulate the dynamical behaviour. The numerical models must take into account the coupled electro-mechanical effects induced in the structure and incorporate an algorithm of control. The damping mechanism of the passive treatments with viscoelastic layers is closely related to the high shear deformation that occurs in the viscoelastic layer as a result of the constraining effect of the adjacent layers. Thus, the numerical model must describe accurately the deformation of the dissipative layer and represent correctly the viscoelastic material properties. As the active mechanisms of vibration control are more efficient in the low frequency range and the passive ones in the high frequencies, the main purpose of this action is the development and Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 19 characterisation of hybrid mechanisms combining piezoelectric patches and viscoelastic materials leading to an efficient mechanism in a broadband frequency. Research Expertise: The INEGI proponent group has more than 20 years of research and development in the fields of Vibration Analysis and Modal Analysis. Participation in a considerable number of international and national R&D projects. Many MSc and PhD Thesis concluded, and more than 50 technical papers in international journals and conferences. Technical Activities: The following activities and related objectives will be contemplated: • Modeling and experimental validation of passive damping treatments achieved with superficial or embedded viscoelastic layers; • Development of multi-layer and multi-material viscoelastic damping treatments for broadband temperature applications; • Numerical and experimental investigation of the parametric effects of the viscoelastic layers, material properties and treatment configuration on the vibration damping; • Development and experimental validation of a finite element to model the active vibration control of adaptive structures with piezoelectric patches with sensing and actuating capabilities; • Numerical investigation of the effectiveness of classical and optimal control strategies to suppress vibrations in adaptive structures with piezoelectric patches; • The parametric effects of the localization, shape and dimensions of piezoelectric sensors and actuators and control parameters on the vibration control of adaptive structures under sine and multi-sine excitation; • Modeling, development and testing of hybrid vibration control mechanisms combining piezoelectric patches and viscoelastic layers. 6.6. Tribology and Maintenance Technological Relevance: The need for a reduction of power dissipation in mechanical components requires the substitution of petrol oils (in order to reduce CO2 emissions) by new compatible low viscosity (reduce fuel consumption) biodegradable gear oils based on native polioesters or water based polialquilen glycols, eliminating toxic tribo-reactive additives (reduce particulate emissions). In many applications, the protection/performance provided by standard lubricant additives must be replaced by tribo-reactive materials and surface coatings. The development of low friction coatings and the analysis of their properties and performance are of major importance and will demand a systematic use of nanotechnologies. These new tribological systems will have different performances and will impose a complete revision and update of maintenance practice. Low viscosity lubricants generate very low film thickness between the contacting surfaces in mechanical components. Thus, new models must be developed for the mixed film and boundary EHD lubrication regimes, taking into account the surface roughness interaction, lubricant rheological properties and contact temperature. These models are of major importance for the prediction of contact fatigue and scuffing in gear teeth. The innovative approach is to consider a system problem and not a lubricant problem: The role of toxic EP/AW additives (C, S-Zn, …) will be taken by the use of self-lubricating triboreactive materials such as the Austempered Ductile Iron or using low friction self-lubricating surface coatings. Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 20 New environmental friendly greases based on polyurea thickners are of major interest for rolling bearing and ball-screw applications. These new biodegradable greases require extensive evaluation of the performance of mechanical components lubricated with them and also the establishment of reliable procedures to analyse contaminated grease samples for the condition monitoring of such mechanical components. As in most electro-mechanical devices, the tribological contacts set the technological limits of surfaces, the relation between reliability and tribology is of great importance, as it is for maintenance strategies too. Research Expertise: The INEGI proponent group has more than 20 years of research and development in the field of Tribology: Participation in many international 26 national R&D projects, 25 MSc and 8 PhD thesis concluded, and more than 70 technical papers in international journals and conferences, collaboration with many European research laboratories and industrial companies. Technical Activities: The following activities and related objectives will be contemplated: • Development of a mixed film EHD lubrication model taking into account the roughness and friction interaction between the contacting surfaces, the lubricant rheological properties and the contact temperature. • Modelisation of the contact fatigue behaviour of gear teeth considering a mixed film EHD lubrication model and cumulative contact fatigue damage model (e.g. Dang-Van), correlated with experimental results from gear contact fatigue tests. • Development of a boundary film EHD lubrication model taking into account the lubricant rheological parameters, the contact temperature and the surface roughness of the contacting surfaces. • Modelisation of the scuffing behaviour of gear teeth considering a boundary EHD lubrication model and local scuffing criteria (dissipated energy, film breakdown), correlated with experimental results from gear scuffing tests. • Experimental characterisation of the contact fatigue properties of low friction high resistance tribo-reactive materials, such as the Austempered Ductile Iron, and it’s application to aeronautical gears. • Development of additive free biodegradable oil and grease lubricants and their application to gears made of tribo-reactive materials (ADI) and to steel gears coated with low friction surface coatings (MoST and Carbon-Chromium). • Experimental contact fatigue behaviour of rolling bearings lubricated with additive free biodegradable greases; Influence of grease contamination on the contact fatigue life of rolling bearings. • Condition monitoring of large bore / low speed rolling bearings, lubricated with biodegradable greases. • Design, manufacturing and testing of a high speed rolling bearing test rig, with load, speed, temperature and torque control. • Development of design strategies to include the tribological data in the reliability analysis. • Development of maintenance strategies that are based in condition monitoring of components and equipments. Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 21 6.7. Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling Technological Relevance: The rapid development and the easy accessibility to CAD programs associated to the Rapid Prototyping (RP) and Rapid Tooling (RT) technologies are fundamental to answer present companies´ demands. In fact, in recent years companies are continuously under a tremendous pressure to reduce the time to market of their new high quality products. To answer this goal, the Design and Product Development departments have to use CAD programs, RP and RT systems to manufacture prototypes of parts or/and tools to produce pre series of the products under development. RP and RT machines can be used to fulfil this objective, but these equipments are very expensive and use a limited range of materials, which makes the necessity to associate them to conversion technologies such as: moulds in silicone and resins, ceramic and plaster moulding, investment casting processes, etc., to reduce costs and to produce prototypes in the same materials as the final products. The aim of rapid prototyping and rapid tooling systems is to anticipate the overall development and production process of new products to the early project stages, in order to reduce the time to market and to avoid expensive design changes in advanced stages of the product development. The goal is to get the prototype in the same material and manufacturing process of the production parts. It is noticeable that rapid prototyping technologies allows the production of parts of any geometry and complexity and so, they can exhibit potential to compete with traditional CNC machining that, at present, dominates the wide tool manufacturing market. Another advantage is the possibility to get, directly embedded in the mould, conformal cooling lines that allow reducing injection-moulding cycle times. Using rapid tooling processes it is possible to rapidly obtain prototype working tools to produce the first prototypes or pre-series, by different manufacturing processes, in a faster and cheaper way than the traditional machining processes. The great interest for these technologies has been revealed in numerous projects that are being developed all over the industrial countries (United States, Europe and Asia), in universities, laboratories and companies whose policy, sometimes, is not trading, but to get strategic advantages over their competitors. The main advantages of these precision foundry processes are: high dimensional stability, easy collapsibility, high resistance to thermal shock and accurate details reproduction (finger prints and leather textures, for example), and good surface quality and speed (when compared with traditional machining). As indirect rapid tooling processes, and even as a production tooling, the production of metallic tools by ceramic or plaster moulding and ceramic shells can be much more promising than direct rapid tooling processes such as SLSm from DTM and DMLS from EOS. Research Expertise: The INEGI proponent group has more than 20 years of work in the field of foundry and more than 10 years in the fields of rapid prototyping, rapid tooling and conversion technologies, where different types of national and international projects were developed, and the technologies developed where transferred to the industry. The team has developed its own technology of investment casting for aluminium and other non-reactive alloys. This technology is being used to produce functional prototypes and parts for the automotive industry and other applications for Portuguese, German and other industries. A considerable amount of papers where published in national and international conferences and in journals of the speciality. One book about Rapid Prototyping, Rapid Tooling and Conversion Technologies was also published. Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 22 Technical Activities: The following activities and related objectives will be contemplated: • Improve the State-of-Art in the Rapid Prototyping and Rapid Tooling areas and Conversion Technologies. • Supply the companies involved in RTD consortium with the necessary knowledge to produce advanced parts for aeronautical industry with new designs and in a short period of time (reduce the time to market). • The tools manufactured will be used to produce functional prototypes or pre-series through final different manufacturing processes such as plastics injection, sheet metal forming, die casting, etc. • Starting with rapid prototyping techniques, such as stereolitography (SL), laminated object manufacturing (LOM) or traditional model manufacturing techniques (reproduction with polymeric filled resins or silicones), develop a rapid tooling process based on polymeric matrix composites and metal spray surface layers to produce composite tools. Metallic fillers allow significant improvement in the resin thermal conductivity, while small amounts of milled fibres enhance the wear resistance, with little changes in the processability and in the allowed aluminium concentration in the resin matrix. A metallic sprayed layer on the external surface of the composite can be applied in some types of moulds and significantly reduce the thermoplastic injection cycle. • Use ceramic and plaster moulding and ceramic shells (investment casting process) to produce metallic parts or tools. The metallic parts/tools are obtained by directly pouring different types of metals (aluminium, copper, zinc, reactive alloys and others) into precision ceramic or plaster moulds and ceramic shells. • Manufacture ceramic shells for reactive alloys, using binders and ceramics based on calcium or ytria stabilized zirconia and other materials. • Develop the whole technology, from the melting under vacuum or controlled atmosphere to the finishing and control of prototypes and parts. • All the casting process will be accomplished with the simulation of feeding and solidification in order to produce cast moulds/parts with adequate mechanical properties. 6.8. Sheet Metal Forming Technologies Technological Relevance: Sheet metal forming is an industrial process strongly dependent on numerous interactive parameters. In the last few years, metal forming simulation, using FE methods, brought new advances to this technology, allowing the prediction of most industrial problems (spring-back, buckling, necking, etc.) New materials introduced by automotive and aeronautical companies, for fuel consumption reduction, like new aluminium alloys, also brought new challenges that need a better description of material behaviour, through more efficient plasticity models, with new yield criteria, hardening laws, texture phenomenon, etc. The purpose of this action is to exchange and strengthen knowledge and experience about recent metal forming developments, for educational and technology transfer actions. The proposed activity plan intends to strengthen the development of several subjects related with metal forming processes and particularly with sheet metal area. Such subjects include the development of capabilities in numerical modelling using the FE method applied to metal forming processes; to encourage its application to industries by technology transfer; to provide education and training in metal forming technology to technicians and engineers. The research group has a wide experience in European and International Projects with industrial Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 23 companies and Universities. Moreover, the participation in national research projects with Portuguese companies has lead to successful state-of-the-art products exported to Europe, USA and South America. Research Expertise: The INEGI proponent group has a wide experience in European and International Projects with industrial companies and Universities. Moreover, the participation in national research projects with Portuguese companies has lead to successful state-of-the-art products exported to Europe, USA and South America. The group has more than 20 years of work in the field of sheet metal forming, with a strong connection to European and Japanese research groups and companies, having participated in several European and International projects (Brite-Euram, IMS, etc.). A considerable number of papers has been published in national and international conferences and in journals of the speciality. The group has published more than six books about sheet metal forming. Technical Activities: The following activities and related objectives will be contemplated: • Develop R&D and training activities in the field of Sheet Metal Forming Technologies, with direct application for the RTD program. • Use numerical modelling “tools” and the Finite Element Method to save time and money in the process of product development of metal forming components. This is very much related with application of new materials, the current short product cycles, competitiveness, reduction of experimental try-out, etc. However, this area still needs developments in order to get correct predictions. Such developments include, for example: implementation of better and updated mechanical models to characterize materials; the prediction of the correct geometry of the stamping tools, which compensates spring back and reduces or eliminates the need for experimental tool correction and try-out. • Use new tooling materials. This is particularly important in the production of low volume series (10-10.000 parts). Alternative tooling materials like polyurethane or wood for producing sheet metal tools may give opportunity for low tooling costs as well as small lead time, and there is a need only to overcome lack of know-how on its processing and also its wear durability related to required product geometry, material and expected production volume. This subject may also be related with the development of the concept of rapid tooling and rapid prototyping. • Education and training of metal forming technology, as well as its numerical modelling to both technicians and engineers. 6.9. Multidisciplinary Design and Manufacturing Optimization Technological Relevance: The design of complex engineering systems requires the involvement of several teams of specialists in different disciplines each dependent on the work of the other groups. Furthermore with the increasing demand on system capabilities and dependability not only the product complexity increases but also the analyses required from each involved discipline should be more reliable and based on more complex and accurate design/analysis tools. These added complexities not only promote higher team specialization, with the consequent difficulties in communication, and data interchange, but also increases the involved disciplines interdependency. Single design/single discipline design methodologies could not successfully tackle such type of complexities. On the other hand Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) is a methodology specifically developed to tackle this type of difficulties in the design of complex Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 24 engineering systems. It relies on optimization methods to coherently exploit the synergism of the mutually interacting engineering fields involved in the design problem. Design and development of aeronautics and aerospace systems and structures is probably one of the areas were this difficulties are more apparent and this probably justifies why it is the area were more effort has been putted in the development of MDO as an effective design tool. Aeronautic and aerospace systems are formed not only by various highly interacting subsystems but also involving several scientific/technical areas. Here, besides the strong interdependency of the different subcomponents involved in the structure/system, the design process involves various disciplines such as, structures, propulsion, control and aerodynamics, requires complex analysis and the design variables are numerous and interdisciplinary. This makes the development of MDO methodologies for the design of aerospace structures and systems a crucial step for a successful effort. Research Expertise: INEGI research group has an extensive experience with the development of optimization methodologies for single and multidisciplinary problems. The group has developed and applied these methodologies to the project of aerospace and mechanical structures, design of composite and cellular materials, smart and adaptive structures, manufacturing processes, etc. These methodologies and expertise have been developed in a single and multidisciplinary context and have been decisive in the group active involvement in several national and international and European projects. The research group has also an important experience in the organization of scientific meetings and workshops in MDO. Technical Activities: MDO methodologies are crucial for the development of the different technologies and its successful integration into the systems and/or structures. So MDO in INEGI is a horizontal activity area where a strong part of the development will be the synergetic integration of the research activity in the other areas. Besides the horizontal efforts there are specific developments still required to extend MDO into a methodology to tackle practical aeronautical engineering design problems within the RTD program, namely: • Optimization Algorithms: Development of reliable optimization tools either gradient based, stochastic (e.g. genetic algorithms, evolutionary algorithms) or hybrid for single and multi-objective optimization problems. • Sensitivity analysis: Development of sensitivity analysis tools to characterize the design influence on the state variables or on the system response (e.g. stresses, frequencies …) and taking into account the problems interdisciplinary. • Parallel/distributed computing methodologies: Development of parallel and/or distributed computing methodologies in the different disciplinary models to decrease the time and the hardware capabilities required for the different analysis. • Integration of disciplinary simulation tools: Development of data management structures that permit common treatment of different geometric models, model interchange of information and integrated data analysis processing. • Applications to structural and manufacturing processes within the RTD program. Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 25 7. INDICATIVE BUDGET FOR THE WHOLE PROGRAM For the calculation of the Budget for the above activities, the average Man/Month Rate for INEGI personnel is 12.000,00 Euro. Accordingly to the man-month allocation given in Table-1 (page 10), the total budget of the participation of INEGI in the proposed contract for the National Program of Offsets is estimated in 12M€ for the whole period of 5 years. The cost breakdown for each individual action or project will be presented in due time. Porto-Portugal, 15th October 20089 Joaquim Silva Gomes (Scientific Coordinator) Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 32 [18]-J.M. Monteiro, J.A.Chousal, F.M. Santos, M.A.P. Vaz and J.F. Silva Gomes “A Miniaturized Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometer”, Proceedings of the International Conference Mechanics in Design, Ontário/Canadá, May 7-9, 1996, pp. 1021-1028. [19]-J.F. Silva Gomes, “Innovation and Technology Transfer in Portugal. The Role of the University-Industry Interface Institutes”, tti’96 Technology Transfer & Innovation Conference, TCD, London, July 1-3, 1996. [20]-Cirne, J. M. O. S., Melo, F. J. M. Q., Leal, J. L. Vaz, M. A. P. and J.F. Silva Gomes, ”The Study of the Propagation of Axisymmetric Stress Waves along a Composite Pipe”, ICCE3, 3 rd International Conference on Composites Engineering, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA, July 20-24, 1996. [21]-Fernando F. Santos, Jaime M. Monteiro, José A. Chousal, Mário A. P. Vaz e J.F. Silva Gomes; “Interferometria de Speckle na Análise Não Destrutiva de estruturas em Materiais Compósitos”, Física 96, 13-17 de Set. 1996, Faro, Portugal. [22]-J.F. Silva Gomes and M.A.P. Vaz. “Holographic Techniques for Ground Testing of Aeronautical and Aerospatial Structures and Materials”. International Workshop on Aerospace and Powered Lift Technologies”, UBI, Covilhã, 7-9 July 1997. [23]-F.Q. Melo, J.L.Leal, M. A. P. Vaz and J.F. Silva Gomes. “Numerical and Experimental Analysis of Axisymmetric Stress Waves in Cylindrical Shells”. International Workshop on Aerospace and Powered Lift Technologies”, UBI, Covilhã, 7-9 July 1997. [24]-J.A.O. Simões, M.A.P. Vaz, J.F. Silva Gomes e A.T. Marques, “Influência da Rigidez da Prótese da Anca na Distribuição das Deformações no Fémur”. Mecânica Experimental, Revista APAET, Associação Portuguêsa de Análise Experimental de Tensões, LNEC, Nº 2, (1997), pp. 11-19. [25]-J.A.O. Simões, M.A.P. Vaz, J.F. Silva Gomes e A.T. Marques, “Influência dos Músculos na Caracterização do Campo das Deformações num Fémur Compósito”. Mecânica Experimental, Revista APAET, Associação Portuguêsa de Análise Experimental de Tensões, LNEC, Nº 2, (1997), pp. 20-28. [26]-J.F. Silva Gomes and M.A.P. Vaz, “Impact Damage Detection in Composite Panels by Shearography”. 13 th US Congress of Applied Mechanics, Florida, 21-26 June 1998. [27]- J. Monteiro, F. Santos, M.A.P. Vaz, J.F. Silva Gomes. “Application of Digital Holographic Techniques for Non Destructive Inspection of Coating Debonds”. Proceedings of the Mechanics in Design Conference, Nottingham, (6-9 July 1998), Ed. C.R. Gentle &J.B. Hull, pp.209-216. [28]- J. Monteiro, F. Santos, J.G. Chousal, M.A.P. Vaz, J.F. Silva Gomes. “A Michelson Type of Shear Interferometer for non Destructive Inspection of Debondings in Structures ”. Proceedings of the International Thermal Spray Conference Vol.1 (1988) pp. 825-829. [29]J.A.O. Simões, M.A.P. Vaz, J.F. Silva Gomes and A.T. Marques, “Development of a Controlled Stiffness Composite Femoral Prosthesis”. Mechanics in Design Conference, Nottingham, 6-9 July 1998. [30]-J.A. Chousal, M.A.P. Vaz and J.F. Silva Gomes, “Digital Holographic Interferometry for Non Destructive Testing”. Proceedings of the Mechanics in Design Conference, Nottingham, (6-9 July 1998), Ed. C.R. Gentle &J.B. Hull, pp.167-175. [30]-J.A. Chousal and J.F. Silva Gomes, “Improvement of Holographic Interferometry Results by Digital Image Processing”, Proceedings of the 11 th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Oxford, (24-28 August 1998), Ed.I.M. Allison/Balkema, pp. 733-738. [31]-J.A. Chousal and J.F. Silva Gomes, “Speckle Interferometry Phase Determination Using a Single Interferogram”, Proceedings of the 11 th International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Oxford, (24-28 August 1998), Ed.I.M. Allison/Balkema, pp. 595-6008. [32]-J.O. Carneiro, H. Lopes, J.D. Rodrigues, F.Q. Melo and J.F. Silva Gomes, “The Modal Analysis of a Pipe Elbow with Realistic Boundary Conditions”, 15 th Symposium Danubia-Adria on Experimental Methods in Solid Mechanics, Bertinoro/Italy, 30 September-3 October 1998. [33]-J.M Monteiro, A.P. Vaz, F.Q. Melo and J.F. Silva Gomes, “Use of Interferometric Techniques for Measuring the Displacement Field in the Plane of a Part-Through Crack Existing in a Plate”, 15 th Symposium Danubia-Adria on Experimental Methods in Solid Mechanics, Bertinoro/Italy, 30 September-3 October 1998. [34]-J.F. Silva Gomes and M.A.P. Vaz, “Holographic Techniques in Experimental Mechanics of Solids and Non-Destructive Testing”. 18 th Symposium on Experimental Mechanics of Solids, Warsaw/Poland 14-16 October 1998. Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 33 [35]- J.F. Silva Gomes et al., “Análise Experimental de Tensões e Mecânica Experimental – Proceedings do 3º Encontro Nacional da APAET”, Porto, 24-26 March 1999. [36]- J.F. Silva Gomes and Shaker A. Meguid, Proceedings of International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure, Porto, 19-22 March 1999. [37]-J.F. Silva Gomes et al. Proceedings do CLME’99 - 1º Congresso Luso-Moçambicano de Engenharia, Maputo/Moçambique, 14-16 September 1999. [38]-F.Q. Melo, J.O. Carneiro and J.F. Silva Gomes, “Pseudo-Dynamic Techniques in Structural Analysis and Design”, IRF’99 International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure, Porto/Portugal, 19-22 July 1999. [39]-J.O. Carneiro, H. Lopes,J.D. Rodrigues, F.Q. Melo, and J.F. Silva Gomes, “The Dynamic Analysis of a Piping System Detail Using Pseudodynamic Techniques”, IRF’99 International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure, Porto/Portugal, 19-22 July 1999. [40]-J.O. Carneiro,J.D. Rodrigues, F.Q. Melo, and J.F. Silva Gomes, “Vibration Analysis of a Beam Using Modal Dynamic Approach and Pseudodynamic Techniques”, IRF’99 International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure, Porto/Portugal, 19-22 July 1999. [41]-F.Q. Melo, J. Monteiro, M.A.P. Vaz and J.F. Silva Gomes, “Assessment of the stress-intensity factor of a part-through crack in a plate by holographic interferometry”, IRF’99 International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure, Porto/Portugal, 19-22 July 1999. [42]-J.A. Chousal and J.F. Silva Gomes, “Image Processing Aided Shearography for Composite Materials: Non-Destructive Damage Detection”, IRF’99 International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure, Porto/Portugal, 19-22 July 1999. [43]-J.A. Chousal and J.F. Silva Gomes, “Speckle Interferometry Phase Determination in Transient Problems”, IRF’99 International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure, Porto/Portugal, 19-22 July 1999. [44]-N.F. Rilo, J.M. Cirne and J.F. Silva Gomes, “On Reliability of Spherical Pressure Vessel Support Design by BS and ASME Codes”, IRF’99 International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure, Porto/Portugal, 19-22 July 1999. [45]-J.M. Cirne, A. Amaro, N.F. Rilo, M.T. Vieira, M.A.P. Vaz and J.F. Silva Gomes, “Young’s Modulus of Tungsten using Holographic Interferometry and Finite Element Techniques”, IRF’99 International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure, Porto/Portugal, 19-22 July 1999. [46]-J.M. Monteiro, J.A.O. Simões, M.A.P. Vaz and J.F. Silva Gomes, “Holographic Interferometry of Bone Implant Interface”, IRF’99 International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure, Porto/Portugal, 19-22 July 1999. [47]-N.F. Rilo, M.A.P.Vaz, J.F. Silva Gomes, R.A. Leal e J.M. Cirne, “A Avaliação do Dano em Materiais Compósitos Laminados e a Investigação no Lome (FEUP) e no Cemuc (FCTUC)”, 3º Encontro Nacional de Análise Experimental de Tensões e Mecânica Experimental, Porto/Portugal, 22-24 March, 1999. [48]-J.L. Esteves e J.F. Silva Gomes, “Técnicas Experimentais de Análise de Tensões em Juntas Adesivas”, 3º Encontro Nacional de Análise Experimental de Tensões e Mecânica Experimental, Porto/Portugal, 22-24 March, 1999. [49]-J.F. Silva Gomes e M.A.P. Vaz, “A Holografia e Técnicas Afins na Mecânica Experimental e Processos de Controlo Não Destrutivo”, 3º Encontro Nacional de Análise Experimental de Tensões e Mecânica Experimental, Porto/Portugal, 22-24 March, 1999. [50]-J.M. Monteiro, M.A.P. Vaz, F.Q. Melo e J.F. Silva Gomes“Avaliação do Factor Intensidade de Tensão ao Longo de uma Fenda Existente numa Placa, Utilizando Técnicas de Interferometria Holográfica”, 3º Encontro Nacional de Análise Experimental de Tensões e Mecânica Experimental, Porto/Portugal, 22-24 March, 1999. [51]-J.A. Simões, J.M. Monteiro, M.A.P. Vaz e J.F. Silva Gomes, “Estudo da Interface Osso/Implante Utilizando Técnicas de Interferometria Holográfica”, 3º Encontro Nacional de Análise Experimental de Tensões e Mecânica Experimental, Porto/Portugal, 22-24 March, 1999. [52]-A.P. Amaro, J.M. Cirne, M.T. Vieira, M.A.P. Vaz e J.F. Silva Gomes, “Utilização da Interferometria Laser na Determinação do Módulo de Young do Tungsténio”, 3º Encontro Nacional de Análise Experimental de Tensões e Mecânica Experimental, Porto/Portugal, 22-24 March, 1999. Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 34 [53]- J.F. Silva Gomes, “O Papel dos Institutos de Interface nas Relações Universidade-Indústria. O caso do INEGI na FEUP”, 1º Congresso Luso-Moçambicano de Engenharia, Maputo/Moçambique, 14-16 September, 1999. [54]-J.A. Chousal, J.F. Silva Gomes, “Measuring Large Displacements by Image Processing Correlation”, M2D, 3rd International Conference on Mechanics & Materials in Design, Orlando 2000. [55]-N.F. Rilo, M.A.P. Vaz, J.F. Silva Gomes, R.A.P. Leal e J.M. Sousa Cirne, A Avaliação do Dano em Materiais Compósitos Laminados e a Investigação no LOME (FEUP) e no GME (CEMUC-FCTUC), Mecânica Experimental, Nº 5 (2000), pp. 69-81. [56]-J.F. Silva Gomes, J.M. Monteiro and M.A.P. Vaz, “NDI of Interfaces in Coating Systems Using Digital Interferometry”, International Journal of Mechanics of Materials, Vol. 32 (2000), pp. 837-843. [57]-Joaquim A.O. Carneiro, Hernani R Lopes, Francisco J.M.Q. de Melo, José F. Dias Rodrigues e J.F. Silva Gomes, “Análise de Estruturas de Tubagens sob Solicitação Sísmica Usando Técnicas Pseudodinâmicas”, Revista Portuguesa de Engenharia de Estruturas, Nº 48 (2000), pp. 49-57. [58]-Jaime M. Monteiro; Mário A. P. Vaz; Francisco Q. Melo; J. F. Silva Gomes; “Use of Interferometric Techniques for Measuring the Displacement Field in the plane of a part-through Crack Existing in a Plate”, Int. Jour, of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 78 (2001) 253-259. [59]-Francisco Q. Melo, J.A.O. Carneiro, H.R. Lopes, J.F. Dias Rodrigues, J. F. Silva Gomes, “The Dynamic Analysis of Piping Systems using Pseudo-Dynamic Techniques”, Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design, Vol. 36-5 (2001), pp. 441-451. [60]-N.F. Rilo, J.F. Silva Gomes, J.M. Cirne and R. Leal, “Stresses from Radial Loads and External Moments in Spherical Ppressure Vessels”, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 215-2 (2001), pp. 99-109. [61]-J.F. Silva Gomes et al., Proceedings do CLME’2001 - 2º Congresso Luso-Moçambicano de Engenharia, Maputo/Moçambique, 4-6 September 2001. [62]-J.F. Silva Gomes, “Ligação Universidade-Indústria. Inovação, Investigação e Desenvolvimento”, 2º Congresso Luso-Moçambicano de Engenharia, Maputo/Moçambique, 4-6 September 2001. [63]-J.F. Silva Gomes et al., Análise Experimental de Tensões e Mecânica Experimental, Proceedings do 4º Encontro Nacional da APAET”, Bragança, 17-19 October 2001. [64]-F. M. Santos; J. Monteiro; M. A. P. Vaz e J. F. Silva Gomes; “A Shearography na Inspecção não destrutiva de Materiais Compósitos”; 4º Encontro Nacional de Análise Experimental de Tensões e Mecânica Experimental, 17-19 October 2001, IPB, Bragança. [65]-Monteiro, J. M.; Santos, F. M.; Vaz, M. A. P. e Silva Gomes, J. F.; “Uso de Técnicas Interferométricas Pulsadas para Inspecção Não destrutiva de Estruturas Compósitas”; 4º Encontro Nacional de Análise Experimental de Tensões e Mecânica Experimental, 17-19 October 2001, IPB, Bragança. [66]-J.F. Silva Gomes, “Laser Interferometry Techniques: Trends and Future Prospects”, International Conference on New Trends in Design and Manufacture, Aswan/Egypt, 3-7 November 2001. [67]-J.F. Silva Gomes et al., Engenharia e Inovação para o Desenvolvimento, Proceedings CLME’2003-3º Congresso Luso-Moçambicano de Engenharia, Maputo/Moçambique, 19-21 August 2003. [68]-J.F. Silva Gomes e F.J. Mota Torres, “Promoção da Sociedade do Hidrogénio em Portugal”, 3º Congresso Luso-Moçambicano de Engenharia, Maputo/Moçambique, 19-21 August 2003, pp. 265-275. [69]-J.F. Silva Gomes et al., Análise Experimental de Tensões e Mecânica Experimental, Proceedings do 5º Encontro Nacional da APAET”, Coimbra, 21-23 January 2004. [70]-Francisco Queiros de Melo; Fernando José Ferreira; Mário Augusto Vaz; Joaquim Silva Gomes, “Elasticplastic Stress Waves in Ductile-hardening Materials using Finite Element Techniques and a Split-hopkinson Pressure Bar”, Proceedings International Conference on Computational & Experimental Engineering & Sciences, Funchal, Madeira/Portugal, 26-29 July, 2004. [71]-J.F. Silva Gomes, “Mecânica dos Sólidos e Resistência dos Materiais”, Edições INEGI, Porto, 2004 (ISBN: 972-8826-06-0). Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 35 [72]-S.A. Meguid, A. Czekanski and J.F. Silva Gomes, Chapter 10, Advances in Computational Contact Mechanics, in Progress in Engineering Computational Technology, B.H.V. Topping and C.A. Mota Soares (eds.), Saxe-Coburg Publications, pp. 219-247, 2004. [73]-J.F. Silva Gomes et al., “A Engenharia como Factor de Inovação e Progresso”, Edições INEGI, Porto, 2005 (ISBN: 972-8826-08-7). [74]-J.F. Silva Gomes et al., Proceedings do CLME’2005-4º Congresso Luso-Moçambicano de Engenharia, Maputo/Moçambique, 30AUG-1SEP 2005, Edições INEGI 2005 (ISBN: 972-8826-07-9). [75]-M.A.P. Vaz e J.F. Silva Gomes, “ O LOME integrado na estratégia do INEGI apoiando a indústria nacional”; Tecnometal, 2005. [76]-M.A.P. Vaz, J. M. Monteiro e J.F. Silva Gomes, “A investigação em Biomecânica no Laboratório de óptica e de Mecânica Experimental do DEMEGI”; 1º Encontro Nacional de Biomecânica Abrantes, 3-4 de February 2005. [77]-J.F. Silva Gomes e Mário A.P. Vaz; “ Ensaio de Análise Experimental de Tensões para o Estudo da Estabilidade da Ponte Móvel de Leixões”; 6º Congresso Nacional de Mecânica Experimental, Ponta Delgada, Açores/Portugal, 27-29 July 2005. [78]-J.F. Silva Gomes and Shaker A. Meguid, Mechanics and Materials in Design, Edições INEGI, Porto, 2006 (ISBN: 972-8826-11-7). [79]-J.F. Silva Gomes and Shaker A. Meguid, Proceedings of M2D’2006 – 5 th International Conference on Mechanics and Materials in Design, Porto 24-26 July 2006, Edições INEGI, Porto, 2006 (ISBN: 972-8826-10-9). [80]-J.F. Silva Gomes, “Análise de Tensões em Placas, Cascas e Reservatórios”, Edições INEGI, Porto, 2007 (ISBN: 978-972-8826-13-0). [81]-J.F. Silva Gomes and Shaker A. Meguid, Integrity, Reliability and Failure, Challenges and Opportunities, Edições INEGI, Porto, 2009 (ISBN: 972-8826-12-8). [82]-J.F. Silva Gomes and Shaker A. Meguid, Proceedings of IRF’2009-3rd International Conference on Integrity, Reliability and Failure, Porto, 20-24 July 2009., Edições INEGI, Porto, 2006 (ISBN: 972-8826-12-10). Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 36 Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 37 ANNEX II LETTER OF INTENT FROM INEGI REPRESENTATIVES Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 38 Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 39 LETTER OF INTENT Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for Research and Technology in Defense (RTD) INEGI-Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica e Gestão Industrial, is a Private Non-Profit Research Institute duly organized and existing under the laws of Portugal, whose registered office is at Rua do Barroco, 174, 4465-591 Leça do Balio, Portugal). INEGI hereby declares its interest and commitment to participate in future initiatives in the domain of Aeronautics, Space and other related areas, in response to calls for expressions of interest to be launched by the Portuguese Government under the National Program for Research and Technology in Defense (RTD). To support this goal, INEGI shall support and assist the Government and the Ministry of Defense in finalising the Proposals in order to submit it in due time to the appropriate sources for the necessary funding. INEGI shall provide The Portuguese Government and the other partners with all pertinent technical and cost data, which either the Government or INEGI deems necessary for the preparation of the Proposal as well as all technical support or other such support as may be mutually agreed upon. The different activities in the framework of the RTD program will be developed using the laboratory facilities available at INEGI for the main areas that are mentioned in the present proposal, and which are described above. The contract will be signed for a first period of five years, which can be extended for subsequent equal periods of time. Professor J.F. Silva Gomes is the research leader that will be responsible for the participation of INEGI in the RTD Program for Transports, Marine, Aeronautical and Space applications. INEGI team will also include other scientists and engineers, as described in the proposal, most of them having previous experience in many BRITE–EURAM, CRAFT, and STREP projects of the EC Framework Programmes, and having an extensive experience both in research and technology transfer activities. At the present stage, it is estimated that the total contribution of INEGI to the RTD Program for Transports, Marine, Aeronautical and Space activities should be of the order of 1000 Man/Month. For the calculation of the corresponding budget, the average man/month rate for INEGI personnel is 12.000,00 Euro. This is of the order of 12M€ for the whole period of 5 years. Porto-Portugal, 15 October 2009 Augusto Barata da Rocha Joaquim Silva Gomes (President of INEGI) (Scientific Coordinator) Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 40 Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 41 ANNEX III LIST OF PAST AND CURRENT R&D COLLABORATIVE PROJECTS Transports, Aeronautics and Space Applications Proposal for a Contract under the National Program for R&T in Defense Page 48 36 Acronym: BOJO Title: Increase of Bolted Joint Performance for CFRP Structures Contract Nº: TEC-MCS/2005/1270/In/AO Budget: 50 000,00 € Role: Partner 37 Acronym: POSH Title: Modelling of Porous Shells Contract Nº: AO/1-5092/06/NL/PM Budget: 37.505,00 € Role: Partner 38 Acronym: NACO Title: Non-conventional matrix-carbon nanotube composite for applications in space Contract Nº: AO/1-5172/06/NL/SFE Budget: 37.000,00 € Role: Partner 39 Acronym: Parmax Title: New thermoplastic based composite for highly demanding space applications Contract Nº: 16813/02/NL/PA (addendum) Budget: 26.100,00 € Role: Project Leader 40 Acronym: ESA2002/1 Title: Inserts for CFRP Structures Contract Nº: 16813/02/NL/PA Budget: 400.000,00 € Role: Project Leader