Between Husband and Father: Queen Isabel of Lancaster’s crossed loyalties

BETWEEN HUSBAND AND FATHER: QUEEN ISABEL OF LANCASTER'S CROSSED LOYALTIES Da e o ecep ion: 19" o No embe , 2008 Final da e o accep ance: 6Ih o Feb ua y, 2009 Isabel o Lancas e became engaged o A onso V o Po ugal when hey we e bo h se en yea s old. He a he was Ped o, he uncle o he in an king and egen o he ealm a e he o cing ou o he qneen no he Leono o A agon. The egency allowed Ped o o a oii his own lineage. Howe e , when A onso V ook o e he go e ninen , o he b anches o he oya1 amily and he high nobili y who el endange ed by Ped o's policy s a ed o u n he king agains him. We will show how Isabel nego ia ed he loyal y bo h o he husband and o he a be du ing he con lic ha a ose be ween he n, and how she managed o keep he s a us and powe while honou ing he a he 's memo y and p o ec ing he o he women o he lineage a e hc ignominious dea h o Ped o in a ba le agains he king. KEY WORDS Endogamy, P incely ma iage, Queenship, Regency, Roya1 amily. Endogamia, Nup iae p incipum, Manus eginae, Regeu is digni as, Regia do nus. I has been a gued ha a c icial poin in medie al noble women's und s anding o hemsel es was ha a man's place in he medie al wo ld was de ined p ima ily by his me nbe ship o a single pa i ineal amily while a wo nan's place was de ined by double and po en ially con adic o y amily allegiances.' Royal wo nen who na ied ab oad in o de o consolida e peace ea ies o o es ablish new alliances among wo mona chies, and who had o c oss cul u al, geog aphical, and linguis ic bounda ies in addi ion o a iilial ones, expe ienced his duali y in an exagge a ed o m; his nigh gi e hem a s ong sense o sel and enhance hei pe sonal p~we .~ Ye i was no wi hou dange : o eign qi eens could be c i icized, physically abused o e en mu de ed o Ea ou ing hei kin and coun ymen o in oducing new and "dep a ed" cus oms in he ealm.) János Bak has ne e heless ale ed o he ac ha oyal na iages made wi hin he bounda ies o one kingdon~ could also mee s ong c i icism as hey would ge a magna e's a nily oo close o he h ~ne.~ "Na i e" queeils we e also suspec ed o bene i ing hei ela i es and p o égés, hus dis u bing he exis ing balance among he a is oc acy and gi ing ise o an agonis ns and con lic s. Wha , hcn, i he na - iage was made wi hin he oyal amily i sel , de ying he canonical iinpedimen s? Would i s eng hen o en eeble he king's ole as a bi a o o he nobili y and so e eign o he ealm's subjec s? Would i ein o ce lo e and solida i y o sow dis- co d among he amily's di e en b anches? And he s a us oI he queen, woi ld i be enhanced o cu ailed by he p e ious posi ion as a membe o he oyals? We will y o answe hese and a he ela ed ques ions by analysing he case o Queen Isabel o Lancas e .' The idea o ma ying lsabel o he i s cousin A onso o Po ugal i s a ose in d ama ic condi ions: on Sep embe 9, 1438, King Dua e died suddenly om plague, lea ing as hei a boy aged 6. In his will, Dila e en us ed his wi e Leono o A agon wi h he gua dianship o hei child en and he egency o he ealm. Howe e , he deceased king had ou b o he s who saw in his si ua ion an oppo uni y o inc ease hei in luence and iches, and possibiy e en exe cise sup eme powe : Ped o. duke 1, Wood, Cha les T. "The Fi s %o Quecns Eli abe h, 1464-1503". Women and So e eigniy, Louise Olga Fiadenbu g, ed. Edi ihu gh: Edinb i gh Uni e si y P ess, 1992: 127. 2. Pai on . John Ca mi. "Mo he s. Daugh e s. 'Ma iage, Pow : Some Plan agenel E iden e, 1150- 1500". Medie al Queenship. .lohn Ca ni Pa sons, ?<l. NFW Yo k: SL. Ma lin's P ess. 1993: 77-78. 3. Bak, János M. "Roles and Fun ions o1 Quecns io Á pádian and Ange in Hunga y (1000-1386 A.D.)", Medie al Queen hip. John Ca mi Pa so is, cd. Ncw Yo k: S . Mai in's P ess, 1993: 14-16; Hak, János M. "Oueens as Sca~enaa s in Medie al ilun~a y'', Qu ns and Oueenshin in Medie al Eu on . Anne Diia uii, andEa iy~ide n S udies, 3712 (2007): 393-418. 4. Bak. János M. "Quecns as scapejioals in Medie al Hunga y" ... : 228. 5. Isabel was he g and-daugh e o Philippa o1 Lancas e , qucen oÍPo iiga1 by he na iagc io King Joáo I(1385-1433). Philippa was e y Ío id oi he Plamapene oiigins and ansmi ed his p ide -and lie amily name, "Lenca , " in Po uguese- o he p ugeny. Sil a, N(anuela San os. "Filipa dc Lencas e e o a nbien i cul i~ al na co e de se" pai (1360-1387)". Clio. No asé ie. 16117 (2007): 253-254. BETWE~N HUSBAND AND FK~IER 207 o C~imb a;~ Hen ique, duke o Viseu and mas e o he mili a y o de o Ch is ;' Joao, mas e o he mili a y o de o San iag~,~ and A onso, coun o ba celo^,^ an elde bu illegi i na e hal -b o he ."' The queen's counsello s wa ned he especially agains Ped o, who was "a powe iul P i ice, belo ed by he People, who ha[d] child en and in whom migh en e he desi e o eigning, which o e powe s al1 he o he s"." Bu Leono had o he easolis no o us him comple ely: he a he , Fe nando o Aii eque a. had gained he h one o A agon in compe i ion wi h o he applican s, among which s ood Jai me o U gell, Ped o's a he -in-law." As a es ~l o Jaume's e usal o accep his ou come, his es a es we e con isca ed and he died in cap i i y; his wi e and daugh e s hus became dependen on he new king o hei li ing.I3 Ch onicle s such as Goines Eanes de Zii a a asse ha he e was always ill will amony Leono and Ped o because o chis old amilia an ag~nism'~ hough some node n his o ians do no{ hink ha was he main eason o hei disag ee~nen .'~ Appa en ly, Leono s a cd lo go e n alone wi hoi any open opposi ion sho iy a c he p ociama ion o he son as King A onso V and he eading o he will o he deceased.I6 Ne e heless, o secu e Ped o's loyal y o he in an king, she p oposed 6. Tlie e is no eccii biog aphy ol Ped o bu1 aii e i i c schola ly jou ial Izas beeii dcdica ed u s e al aspeas o his li e and wo ks on his 500 D bi hday: Aiblos, LXIX, 1993. On he pe iod o his li e ha made Ihi n anious bo h in his homeland and ab oad. see Rogen, F ancis M. The T a e1,s o he In an e Dom Ped o q Po n<gal. Camb idge (Mass.): Ha a d Uni si y P ess, 1961; Co eia, Ma ga ida Sé ulo. As Via#ens do In an e D. i>ed,ii. Lisbon: G adi a. 2000. 7. 011 TIen iqile. see Russei, Pe e E. P ince Iiex>y mThe Na igaio ~,: A Lile. New Ha e i - London: Yale Uni e si y P ess, 2000; Sousa, Joao Sil a de. A Casa Senho iai do in an e D. Hen ique. Lisbon: Li os Ho i- zon c, 1991 8. On Joáo. ec Medei os, Ma ia Dlilcina Viei a Coelho de. O In an e D. 3060 (1400-1442). Subsidios pa a u na biog a a. Lisboii: Fanildade de 1.c as da Uni e sidade de 1.i boa (Mas e hesis). 1999. 9. O i him he e is only an old biog aphy: klachado, Jos6 Tiniá eo Mon al áu. Dnm A onso P i nei o Duquc de B agan$a. Sua ida e si a ob a. Lisbon: Li a ia Po ugal, 1964. 10. The e exis ed a i h legi ima e h o hei, Fe nando bu1 hc was imp isoncd in Mo occo since ic de- ea1 o Tangie in 1438.1.Ie was ne e o be libe a ed iin il his d a h in 1443 and he e o e colild play no ole in he poli ical s cne in his homelund. On his ii e and hc cons mnion oí ]lis mc no y, see Fon es, .loa(> Luis Ingles. Pe cu sos e Memó ia: do Ii2 anu D. Fe nando ao in an e Sanio. Cascais: Pa imonia. 2000. l l. Thesc a e ilie wo ds ha he ch onicle o he cal n assume hey Iha e uscd. Pina, Riii de. Ch onica do Senho Rey D. A onso V. C ónicasde Rui de Pina, M. 1.opes de Almeida. ed. Po o: L llo b I mao. 1977: 591. 12. Ped o inaiiied .launie's ooides daiigli e . Isabel. On he ciicu ns a ices o1 he ele a ion o Fe nando o An eque o he lh one o A agon, see Vic ns Vi es, Jaime. "Los T as á na as y Ca aluiia". Hisio ia de Es- paña. Ranión Menendcz Pidal, di . Mad id: Espasa~Calpc, 1982: XV, 669-681: Saba é, Flocel. "El Comp o- niís de Casp". ilis d ia de la Co ona d'Aii agó, F nes Bclci>giie , di . Ba celona: Edicions 62. 2007: 287-304. 13. 'end eil, F uncesca; Massii. Angcls. Jaume el Di so o , dn ei com e d'u geii Ba elona: Aedos, 1956: 113-120. 14. Zu a a. Gomes Ean s de. C ónica do Conde D. Dua ie deMenescs, La iy I<ing, ed. Lisbon: Uni c sidade No a de Lisbon, 1978: 110. 15. Fonsecu, Luis Adao da. O Condes á ei D. Ped o de Po ugal. Po o: ins i u o Nacional de ln es iga~ao Cien í ica - Cen o de HisiO ia da Uni c sidade do Po o. 1982: 22-23. 16. Tbe i s clia e s issued by he in lile name o1 he1 son da e om Scp e nbe 29 and <)c cibe 6. 1438. Mo eno. Huliibe o Baqu io. A Bn alha de A(i¿ n>h i u. Aniecede~ es e signi icado his ó ico Coi nbi-a: Uiii e sidad de Coiinb a, 1979: L 8. he ma iage o A onso V o he duke's daugh e Isabel, s aiing ha i had been King Dua e's las will as decla ed by his con esso . This sugges ion was gladly accep ed and he quecn issued a cha e decla ing he a angemen s made." Though he e e ence o I<ing Dua e's iii en ion was o be used again lale on by Ped o o jus i y his insis ence on his ma imonial p ojec , we ha e easons o belie e ha i was Leono 's idea, no Dua e's. I is ue ha he deceased kiiig was e y oiid o his b o he and liked o please him. Bu when choosing a b ide o his i s -bo n child he would p obably look heyond he bo de s o he kingdom, as bis p edecesso s had done, o es ablish new alliances o s eng hen old ones while a oiding a he same ime o disa ange he exis ing balance among he a is oc acy by dis inguishing a membe o one o i s lineages.'@ Leono did no ha e much o a choice. She aced u gen p ohiems: she knew ha he Po uguese people mis us ed he o being he sis e o he "in an es de A agón" who we e pe sis en ly ying o gain con ol o al1 he Ch is ian kingdoms o£ he lbe ian Peninsula.'"~ secu e he independence o he ealm, he subjec s wan ed one o he Po uguese "p íncipes de A isn o be Regeii ins ead o he .'O So, o be su e ha she would be able o keep oyal auiho i y and LO hand i o e o he son when he woilld ha e he p ope age, she needed o be on good e ms wi h he in-laws, a id especially wi h Ped o. P omising ha his daugh e would be queen and his u u e g and-son would be king was a way oí seci~ ing ha he would ne e a emp o d i e A onso V om he h one, no allow o he s o do so. In he inimedia e p esen , howe e , Leono also made an app oach o Ped o, ag eeing o sha e he go e nmen wi h him: she would keep he u o ship o he child en and he managemen o he oyal inances wh'ile he would be in cha ge o he adminis a ion o j~is ice and he de ence o he ealm.2' These wo se lemen s we e ne e heless s ongly opposed by he queen's coun- sello s, and abo e al1 by he coun o Ba celos, who had also wished o play a ole in he go e nmen and o ha e he king ina ied o his g and-daugh e Isabel.22 He and he a chbishop o Lisbon Ped o de No onha, whom he queen us ed mo e 17. Pina. Rui de. Ch onicado S nho Rey D. A onS0 V..: 594-596. 18. Theie we e o he possibic op iuns, especially in Enyland o Bu gundy as sugges ed by Go nes. Sa il An ónio. D. A anso V. Rio de Mou o: Cí culo de 1.ei o es. 2006: 62. 19. 011 his aiilily. e Beni o Ruano. Eloy LosIn/an es de A agdn. Mad id: Real Academia de la His o ia, 2002. 20. Jus like lhei A agoiiese counie pa s, [he Po ugucse p inces we e ac i eiy p omo ed by lie polili- cal o o aeanda o heii lime and in hici ed b la e oels and his o ians. See Fonseca. Luis Adao da. . .. I . 11 1, l.. 5.1 . .,:LIII):~~ c~,!~>c,IL!.~ <>. s. O e .l 8#li$',i (jllil<l <Id; .l .li~l i.iii:ii li i.i i .a ii.i iii iii.i,ji .I iiii, ii.iii.i Ili<~ .i .., ii K ,.i,i.i> I i ~ i,.i.i.~~i~i.i? .o ii.>ii! ., ,l.,,8, 1'mi.j Delgada: Uni e sidade dos~~o cs, 1984: 295-302: Fonseca, Liiis AdZo da. "Una elegía inédi a sob e la laniilia de A is. Un aspec o de la p opaganda polí ica en la Península ibé ica a nie8iados del siglo XV". Anua io de Es udiosMedie ales, 16 (1986): 449-463. 21. Pina. Rui de. Ci onicadoSenho Rq D. A o so V..: 599. 22. This lady was la e o ma y Juan 11 o1 Caslile and o gi e bi li o Isabel, he u u e Ca holic Queen. 0ii he , ee Ca so i, Ma silio. "Dona Isabel (1428-1496)". in in nsdePo ugaiRainha m Espanha. Lisbon: A Es e a dos Li os. 2007: 149-179. han anyone else, managed o make he s ep back in bo h decisions, aising he an- ge o he b o he -in-law, who o e wi h his own hands hc ma imonial ag eemen she had asked him o e u n o he^.'^ Tliough Leono and Ped o e en ually signed ano he ag eemen a he Co es o To es No as, in No embe 1438, and ac ually began sha ing he go e nmen , he e was no way o es o e us among hem and no u he men ion was made abou he ma iage o hei child en. As di icul ies accumula ed, he u baii popu- la ion s a ed o show signs o un es and o accuse he queen o being he cause o al1 w ongs. A yea la e , new Co es ga he ed in Lisbon and he ep esen a i es o he concelhos (mainly he la ges u ban cen es). led by he capi al, elec ed Ped o sole Regen o he ealm; he o he wo s a es ag eed, excep o a Eew suppo e s o he queen who le he assembly o e used o sign he eco d o he p oceedings. Leono was also dep i ed o he gua dianship o wo o he child en: I<ing A onso V and Fe nando, he second in he line o succe~sion.~~ The qiieen ied o o e come his si ua ion wi h he mili a y suppo o he o de o he Hospi alle s whose p io was ai hlul o he . Bu she ecei ed no immedia e help ei he om he coun o Ba celos o om he cousin he king o Cas ile and he b o he s, he kings o A agon and Na a e. She was co isequen ly o ced o lea e he coun y wi h he e inue and y o ga he mo e suppo in Cas ile.'' A e besieging he o ess o C a o wi h he help o his b o he Joiio, Ped o wen o Viseu o join o ces wi h his o he b o he Hen ique in o de o ha e a s ong a my o subdue he queen's suppo e s who had ga he ed in he no h o he coun- y, and especially he coun o Ba celos. Be o e s a ing he igh , hough, Ped o sen him messenge s o e ing him peace and o gi eness in exchange o his lea ing he queeii's ac ion. 1 ook some ime bu e en ually Coun A onso accep ed he e ms o he pac . The econcilia ion be ween he wo es anged b o he s allowed he p og ession o he ma imonial p ojec be ween A onso V and Isabel o Lancas- e : he coun o Ba celos who had been one o i s s onges opponen s, ag eed o i s immedia e conclusion in e u n o Ped o's es i u ion o he A chbishop o Lisbon, who was in exile in Cas ile, o his digni y and belonging~.'~ A his poin , no mo e impedimen s s ood in he way: bo h child en we e oE age o commi hemsel es COK he u u e2' and he papa1 dispensa ion o consanguini y had a i ed wo mon hs ea lie . Alas, i had been gi en sec e ly o he Po uguese ambassado s " i ae oces o acuio", in o de no o displease he kings o Cas ile, A agon and Na a e who had in e ened agains he ma iage a he eques o 23. Pina, Riii de. Ckionicado SenhoiRey D. A lonso V..: 595-596. 600, 604. 24. Pina, Rui de. Ch onica do Senho Rey D. A onso V...: 624-645; The same e en s a e epo ed. wi h ecou sc o a he sou ces. by Mo cno. Humbe o Baquc o. A Ba alha de Al a obei a ..: 9-65. 25. Pina, R ii de. Ch onica do Senho Rey D. il onso V...: 664-677; Mo eno, Hun be o Baque o. A Baiaiha de Al a obei a ..: 69-92. 26. Pina, Rui de. Ch onica do Senho Rey D. Amn o V...: 674-679. 27. The king had iu ned nine and Isabel was only a ew mon hs younge . Canon law es ablished ha child en could be cngaged o ina y a e iu ning se en. Deb B. Cyiille. 'Tu, elix Au ia. nube'. La dy insiie de Habsbou g el so poli ique ma imoniale A la in du Moyen Agc (XI1Ic-M si2cles) Tu nhou : B epols, 2005: 39. Qiieen Leono .'"u i was conside ed sa is ac o y o ca y on wi h he plan. Ped o summoned he Co es o ga he in To es Ved as in May 1441 and ob ained hei consen o he ce emony oge he wi h a subs an ial dona ion (p escn ed as a " ich p esen ") o cons i u e Isabel's househo d. The be o hal inaily ook place la e ha mon h, in Ascension Day in he own o 6bidos.2y A p ope bu11 can e a yea la e o a i y he o al dispensa ion and he ows made by he child en, and o emembe ha hese ows had o be con i med when hey would each he legal majo i y.'O Ha ing nade his nine-yea -old daugh e he u u e queen. Pcd o con inued o ele a e his amily by making his i s -bo n son Ped o Cons able in 1443 and mas e o he mili a y o de o A is in 1444." This in u ia ed he coun o O~ ém,~~ who belie ed ha he posi ion o Cons able belonged he edi a ily o his amily.13 The Regen also ewa ded hose who had s ood by him, gi ing hem he pe sonal he- longings and es a es seized I om he de ea ed.'" Ri he did no o ge o please as well hose who had joined his pa y a a la c s age: indeed, he coun o Ba celos was made duke o B aganza in 1442 and Sancho de No onha coun o Odemi a in 1446." Exilcd in Cas ile. Leono kep asking he cousin and he b o he s o demand om Ped o he e u n o he digni y and o he u o ship o he child en. Se e al embas- sies we e sen by hem o Po ugal wi h his pu pose bu ob ained no a ou able a iswe om he Regen . E en ally she le he Cas~ilian cou and i s in igues o seek e uge in a con en . Dep i ed o he dowe and he dow y she was en i led o ecei e o suppo he h ough he wid~whood'~ and ha ing spen al1 he jewels and sil e o help he b o he s eco e hei sup emacy in Cas ile," she li ed in po e y and died unde suspicious condi ions in Feb ua y 1445.'8 28. Pina. Rui de. Ch o zica do Senko Rey D. A//onso V...: 673-674. 29. Pina, Rni de. Ck onica do Senho Rey D. A lonso V...: 680. 30. Monumenia Hen icina. ed. An ónio Joaquini Dias Dinis. Coimb a: Con~issio execiiii a das comen o- a&s do V cen ená io da mo e do in an c D. Hen iqoe. 1962: Vil, 319-321 (doc. no 217). 31. Fonseca. Luis AdZo da. O Condes á ei D. Ped o de Po ugal ... : 31 32. The i s -boin o ihe wo so ls o he coun o Ba celos: he oihe one wa he coun o A aiolos. 33. iad beloi~ged o his g and a he Nuno Al a es Peiei a, his b o hei-ii,-law Joio 2nd his nephew Diogo. who had died i hou piogeny: he couni o Ou dm claimed ha he was n x in ihe iine o suc- cession. al hough he lale ailed o p o e ha he e wa a iy clai~s conceiiiing Iie edi y in ihe o igiiial cuncession. Conha, Ma alda Soa es da. Linkagem. Pa en esco e Pode A Casa de Biaganca (1384-1483). Lis- hon: Funda@o da Casa de H aganca. 1990: 75-76. 34. Mo eno. Humbe o Baq ie o. A Ba alha de Aya obei a ..: 97-133. 35. Cunha. Ma alda Soa es da. Linhagem. Pn en e cDe Pode ... : 154. 36. He inai imonial coni ac ipula ed hai. a ie he dea li o he Iiusband, she would ha e M o yea s o ihoose ei he o siay in Po ugal and keep he es a es. en s and nain ciiance, o o lea e lie couniiy and iecci Boih ihe dowe and ie dow y. The special condi iaiis nndei which she le i explain why she was unablc o iecci e any o hese sums. Rod igue , Ana Ma ia S. A. "Fo he hono o lie lineage and body The Dowc s and Dow ics o Some Laie Medie al Qiseens o Po ugal". e-Jou nai oJPonquese Hii- o!y, 5-1 (2007): 5-7. 37. Pina, Rui de. Ch onica do Senho Rey D. A in.70 V...: 681. 38. The ch oniclei Rui de Pina sla es ha she and he sis e Maiia. queen o Ca ilc, wc e poisoned by a woliluii sen by hei con mon ene ny Al a o de Luna. Howe c , i e sy np om oí liei illness may No mo e ha a n~on h la c , Queen Isabel ecci ed o~n he a he (in &e nainc o he Icing) he owns o Alenque , Sin a, Óbidos, To es Ved as, To es No as, Al- aiáze e, and Aldeia Galega io he o hold "as Queen Philippa had heid ~hem".)~ I is qui e nleaning ul ha in his cha e Ped o should p e e o men ion his mo he Philippa o Lancas e a he han his sis e -in-law Leono , who was he p e ious holde o hese es a es bu had been dep i ed o hem by he Co es o É o a o 1442.*' In ac , du ing h ce yea s, he queenly holdings had heen acan ; howe e , he Regen had no da ed o dona e hem o his daugh e while he expa ia ed queen-mo he was s ill ali e. Bu was Isabel o Lancas e eally a queen in 1445? Was she uly en i led o e- cei e he queen's end~wmen ?~' No qui e so because he wo eenage s we e io p ope ly ma ied ye . Isabel had al eady passed he age o wel e whicli, o gi ls, was conside ed he minimum o making he ows and consumma ing he ma i- mony; bu he supposed hilsband was only o each he legal majo i y o boys, Ihe age o o~ een,~~ on Janua y 15, 1446. Only hen new Co es ga he ed in Lisbon o wi ness he solemn passing o¡ he go e nmen om he hands o Regen Ped o in o he king's hands. The h ee s a es also once mo e ga e hei consen o he ma iage o A onso V and Isabel.*' Royal ma imonial ag eemen s had o he app o ed ac Co ies because hey we e e y se ious ma e s ha engaged no only he oya1 anii y bu he en i e na ion. They we e ~isnally embedded in poli ical, mili a y and coinme cial alliances wi ii o he kingdoms and genc a ed expenses no only a sho no ice wi h he a i al o! hc h ide, he li u gical ce emony, and he co esponding eas s, bu also a long e m wi h he main ena ice o he queen du ing he li e ime and he paymen o he dowe i she was o become a widow. Thc consen o he h ee s a es o he ealm was he e o e necessa y o he signing o he in e na ionai ea ies and he iinposing o he axes ha would mee he co~ s.~' indica e neiiingi is. Al a ez Palen ~iela. Vicen e Angel. "Ma ía. iii un a de A agón y eina de Cas illa", Es udos de Homenagem ao P ojho Dou o José Ma ques. Po o: Faci~ldade de Lc as da Uni e sidade <lo Po o. 2006: IV, 370. 39. Fon es Medie ais da Hisió ia To eano, ed. José Ma ia Co deiio de Sousa. To es Ved as: Cama a Mu- ~iicipal, 1958: 71-72 (doc. no 64). 40. Pina. Rui de. Ch onicadoSenho ReyD. A on o V..: 682. 41. The queen's endoi men and supplc nen a y g an s inade by he king wc e he wo c go ies o ie enue ha suppoi ed he qucens o Po ugal aiid ihei household; in England, he e wss also he queen-gold (Johns one. I-lilda. "Th'he Queen's Hoiisehold". TheEngiish Go e nmen a: Wo k, 1327-1336. Vol. 1 - Cenl al and P e ogaii e Admini n ion. James F. Willa d, Willia n A. Mo is. cds. Camb idgc (Mass.): Mediae al Acadcmy o Ame ica Publica ioiis. 1940: 250-299). Only he queen-gold did no1 exis in Po ugal as well. 42. Deh is. Cy iile. '~ , .iiXAzi in. nube' ... : 39. 43. Pina, Rui dc. Ch onica do Senho Rey D. A lonso V...: 696-697. 44. W kniiw ha he kingdo n con ibii d wo and a hal pedidos ( axcs) o he ma iiage o A onso V and Isabel; one and a hal was collec ed in 1447 and hc eniaining one in 1448. Gon<al es, I ia Pedidos e em~ és:ilnospiibiicosen~ Po uyaldu aniea idadeMédia. Lishon: Cen o de Es udos Piscais da Dii c~5o-Ge al das Con ibui(óes e lnipos os, 1964: 162. In he case o his pa icula ma iage, he e we e no ex e na1 implica ions bu a delica e in e na1 si ua ion emained whe e an ambi ious a he was p o i ing om his aiisi o y posi ion oi powe o o ce his daugh e in o he king's bed in spi e o o he magna e's opposi ion. This is p obably he eason why Ped o ca ed o ob ain he app o al oi he Co es a each s ep o he p ocess: he ne ded he decision o be i e ocable, no mal e wha his inal des iily migh be. The u u e p o ed him ighi o be so cau ious. Though ha ing a ained legal ma,jo i y, A onso V decided o le his uncie ule o some mo e ime, un il he himsel would eel p epa ed o do i on his own. I was only in 1447 ha he asked Ped o lo hand o e he go e nmen o him and he Re- gen ag eed, p o ided he king ac ually ook Isabel as his wi e a chu ch as ~ell.~' The lku gical ce emony ook place in May in San a ém and, as no ma imonial con- ac had been signed be o e, a oyal cha e was issued s a ing he a angemen s made conce ~iing he wellbeing o he queen. This cha e e eals ha Isabel's a he did no endow he wiih a do~ y.~~ This migh ha e le he in a e y unpleasan inancia1 si ua ion i ii we en' o he good disposi ion o he husband on he b~hal .~~ Though his belo ed wi e, as he said, b ough no dow y, A onso V y an ed he a dowe o wen y housand golden escudos ha she was allowed o lea e o he hei s a e he dea h. He also appoin ed as he aiinual main enance he same sum o 1.165.000 eais ha his mo he had enjoyed. In addi ion, o cons i u e Isabel's cama a ( he adminis a i e uiii ha managed he queen's end~wmen ~~) hc king dona ed o he al1 he lands and u ban cen es ha had belonged o he p e ious queens o Po ugal -in ac , hose ha had al eady been ans e ed o he possession h ee yea s ea lie - includiog he co esponding oyal igh s and en s, he whole ju isdic ion, he pa onage o he local chu ches and he appoin meli o he app op ia e o icial~.~~ 45. This i how he ch onide pu s i , In acs. h las1 docu ncni signed by Ped o as Regen da es om .Iiily 8, bii lie wedding had al eady aken place wo nion lis ea lie . Pina, Rui dc. "Ch onica do Senho Rey D. A onsa V" ... : 698-699: Mo eno, Humb i o Baqiie o. A Balalhade Ai a ob i a ..: 259. 46. An uncommon si ua ion among ihe queens o Po ugal bu no o iilly unkiiown: Leono Tcles and Philippa o Lancas ei in he 14'Qen u y did no b ing dow ies ei h Rod igues, Ana Ma ia Seab a de Almeida. "Fo he hono o he lineage and body" ... : 4. 47. I he wi e b ough no dow y, he husband was no o ced by law o en usi he wi h a dowc : she wocild hc e o e ha e no inancia1 independence and necd o iely on him o al1 he expenses. Fo i i- s ance, when Juan o Ca ile na ied Ma ga c o Aus iia and lhis sis e Juana nia i d ?hilip o Bu gun- dy, he wo gi ls sac i iced hei dow ies in exchange o a en o 20.000 escudos paid by hei hu ba ids. Bu while M ga e go he sha e Juana did no ecei e Iie s and ne c managed o con ol hc own ina ices. This p e en ed hc om g an ing he ideli y o he niembeis o hc houseliold by showing he gene osi y ha was expecled om a queeo, A am. Belhany. La Reina Juma. Gobie no. piedad y dinas ía. Mad id: Ma cial Pons, 2001: 86-93, 48. As de ined by Có do a Mi alles. Al a o Fe nandcz de. La Co le de isubel 1. Ri os e ce emonias de una eina (1474-1504). Mad id: Dykinson. 2002: 52. 49. Monumen a I n i ina ..., 1968: 1X. 243-247 (doc. 11' 159). Du ing he cou se o he li e, he I<ing made o he concessions o his wi e?O in 1450, he dona ed o he he en h o he commodi ies deal wi h in he cus oms o Lisbon, Opo o, Viana, A ei o, Bua cos, Se úbal, Fa o and Ta i a, and he i h o he goods belonging o bu gled ships; in 1452, he ans e ed o he possession an es a e ha had belonged o he b olhe Ped o, and in 1453 he conceded o he he adminis a ion o a majo a anda ew houses in Lisbon." Wi h al1 his cash, es a es, and en s, she had no di icul y in main aining he s a us and a sizable hou~ehold.~~ Thus Isabel o Lancas e uly became a Queen when he a he 's o une ini ia ed a decline. Soon she would ha e lo s a nego ia ing he loyal y bo h o he p ogeni o and he husband. I was no1 an easy ma e o a gi l aged sixieen, bu she had been educa ed o be he queen o Po ugal and she knew exac ly wha was expec ed om he . Though Isabel and A oiiso V had been b ough up oge he since he age o eigh , as he Regen was also he u o o he King5? hey only began io cohabi as hus- band and wi e a le hei wedding i 1 1447. Un o una ely o Isabel, she bo e no child un il Janua y 1451, when she ga e bi h o a i s p ince. Joio, who died sho ly a e wa d~.'~ No ha ing p o ided he h one wi h an hci in he i s h ee yea s o he ma iage, he Queen's posi ion was agile in he ace o he iii will ha g ew in ihe cou agains he a he . As he ch onicle Rui de Pina pu s i , i we e he Regen 's ene nies - he coun o Ba celos, now also duke o B aganza; his son he coun o Ou ém; he a chbishop o Lisbon and his b o he Coun Sancho de No onha, anda ew o he s who we e al1 o me pa iisans o Queen Leono - ha con inced he I<ing o go e n alone because hey eckoned hey would be able o manipula e bim o11 hei behal . They we e no con en wi h d i ing Ped o ou o go e n nen , hough, and no only did hey accuse he Regen o eason and nade him lea e he cou , bu hey also ied o b ing his b o he Hen ique in o disc edi in he King's eyes, so ha he would no be able o help him." Alonso V is hus p esen ed by he ch onicle as an inexpe i- enced young man, suscep ible o being in luenced by icious counsello s, Ye we do no helie e he King o be im~na u e and nai e. He ac ually ac ed agains Ped o and his iends as hci enemies sugges ed because i was bis ue will 50. Supplemen a y g an s we e o en made by he Po iuguese kings o hei dau~h e s-in-law o hei wi es in o de o allow hem io main aín hei s a us and o ul ii hei du ics: see, íos ins ance. Suusa, I o Ca - nei o de. A Rainha D. I ono (1458-1525). Pode mise icá dia, eligiosidade e espi i uaiidade no Po ugal do Renas- cimen o. Lishon: Funda<So Caious Gulhenkian - FundagZo pa a a Ciencia e a Tecnoingia. 2002: 147-148. 51. Mo eno, Humbe o Baque a; F ei as, Isabel Vaz de. A Co e de A onso iio Te npo e os Homens. Gijón: T cu, 2006: 307-308. 52. On he composi ion o he household. sce Mo eno. Humbei o Baque o; F ei as. Isabel Vaz de. A Co ede AJonso V...: 303-307. 53. I has been denions a ed ha he King had hi own liai~sehold. di e en om hc Regen 's, Gomcs. Suul An ónio. D. A inso V...: 52. Bu1 ihey we c o en Loge he and i nlay be p esuincd h Ped o's wi e and child en also siayed wi h he n. 54. The e a e doub s abou he enac da e a bi h o his p in e and hc da e o his dea h is unknown. Comes, Saul An ónio. D. A onso V...: 90. 55. Pina. Rui de. Ch oniia do Senho Rey D. A ónso V...: 698-703.