Editorial Introduction: Architectural Projections of a ‘New Order’ in Fascist and Para-Fascist Interwar Dictatorships

ascism 7 (2018) 133-140 <UN> © G i in and Almeida de Ca alho, 2018 | doi 10.1163/22116257-00702001 This is an open access a icle dis ibu ed unde he e ms o he p e ailing cc-by-nc license a he ime o publica ion. b ill.com/ asc Edi o ial In oduc ion: A chi ec u al P ojec ions o a ‘New O de ’ in Fascis and Pa a-Fascis In e wa Dic a o ships Roge G i in Ox o d B ookes Uni e si y dg i in@b ookes.ac.uk Ri a Almeida de Ca alho Ins i u o de Ciências Sociais da Uni e sidade de Lisboa i a.c[email p o ec ed] Abs ac The h ee a icles ha ollow a e he second pa o a special issue o Fascism de o ed o case s udies in ‘La in’ a chi ec u e in he ascis e a, he i s pa o which was pub- lished in olume 7 (2018), no. 1. The a chi ec u e o h ee clea ly pa a- ascis egimes comes unde he spo ligh : hose o Spain, Po ugal, and B azil, in each o which a genuine ascis mo emen was ei he abso bed in o a igh -wing dic a o ship (as oc- cu ed unde F anco) o disbanded by i while pe cep ibly e aining some ascis ele- men s (as in he case o he Salaza and Va gas egimes). Once again, he jux aposi ion o he a icles e eals unexpec ed elemen s o in e na ionalism, en anglemen s, and his oi es c oisées bo h sides o he A lan ic in he impac o he ascis expe imen s in Ge many and I aly. Keywo ds ascism – pa a- ascism – Po ugal – B azil – Spain – a chi ec u e – dic a o ships – in e wa pe iod The h ee a icles ha ollow a e he second pa o a special issue o Fascism de o ed o case s udies in ‘La in’ a chi ec u e in he ascis e a, he i s pa o Downloaded om B ill.com05/08/2019 01:38:53PM ia Technische In o ma ionsbiblio hek TIB - Hanno e and Ins i u o de Ciencias Sociais da UL G i in and Almeida de Ca alho ascism 7 (2018) 133-140 <UN> 134 which was published in olume 7 (2018), no. 1.1 The p ojec o igina ed in he ini ia i e o Ri a Almeida de Ca alho, pos doc o al esea ch ellow in cul u al his o y unde Salaza a he Ins i u e o Social Sciences o he Uni e si y o Lis- bon (ics) o isi Roge G i in (His o y, Ox o d B ookes Uni e si y) in May 2013 a e eading his Mode nism and Fascism. Though ha olume was conce ned p edominan ly wi h making an elabo a e case o seeing he o ali a ian expe - imen s o Fascism and Nazism wi hin he wide con ex o socio-poli ical and aes he ic ‘mode nism’, as a specialis in he in e wa pe iod o he own coun- y, Ri a immedia ely g asped i s po en ial ele ance o a adical eapp aisal o he na u e o cul u al p oduc ion unde Salaza ’s dic a o ship. His egime was assumed by many schola s in Po ugal and beyond (o en wo king wi h Ma xis p emises) o be ascis , and by he same oken eac iona y, and hence hos ile o he e hos o mode ni y and any so o ‘p og essi eness’. Almeida de Ca alho, on he o he hand, saw Salaza ism as oo oo ed in adi ional social and Ca holic isions o socie y o be ascis , and ye a he same o be a emp ing in i s own way o ins i u e an al e na i e mode ni y, and secu e he ins i u ional bases o a s able, p oduc i e and uniquely Po uguese u u e. He own wo k had independen ly con i med ha , e en i Salaza ’s Po ugal was no ully ascis , some o i s mos o wa d-looking a is ic eli es and social heo is s aspi ed o ake ad an age o he supp ession o libe al democ acy (which was widely seen as locked in a phase o e minal decline as he basis o ci iliza ion) and he inc easingly au ho i a ian s a e o pionee a dynamic syn- hesis o conse a ism and mode ni y so as o ealize i s own ideal o a heal hy socie y. This would eplace he s agna ion, backwa dness and ana chy o a ledgling democ a ic Po ugal wi h a co po a is , Ca holic, bu eju ena ed and mode n s a e, capable o de ending he na ion om he win h ea posed bo h by communism and he mos ‘pagan’, adical, and socially dis up i e o ms o ascism. F om his pe spec i e, i was no jus cynical p opaganda ha led he egime which eme ged om he new cons i u ion o 1933 o be bap ized Es ado No o, he New S a e. I was chosen also, a leas o Salaza and some wi hin his poli ical, in ellec ual and c ea i e eli es o signal he ins i u ion o Po ugal’s own ‘ hi d way’: no ascism’s hi d way be ween libe al democ acy and Bolshe ism, bu a hyb id o eac iona y conse a ism wi h e olu iona y ascism. I was in he aspi a ion o some a chi ec s o demons a e h ough ad- di ions o he buil en i onmen he e hos o inno a ion and egene a ion ha 1 Fascism: Jou nal o Compa a i e Fascis S udies 7 (2018): 1–108, accessed July 17, 2018, h p:// booksandjou nals.b illonline.com/con en /jou nals/22116257/7/1. Downloaded om B ill.com05/08/2019 01:38:53PM ia Technische In o ma ionsbiblio hek TIB - Hanno e and Ins i u o de Ciencias Sociais da UL 135Edi o ial In oduc ion ascism 7 (2018) 133-140 <UN> co esponded o Po ugal’s peculia ly ‘pa a- ascis ’ hi d way2 ha Almeida de Ca alho had sensed an a ini y be ween he c ea ion o he o ali a ian ‘ mode nis s a e’—which acco ding o G i in’s analysis,3 was he ul ima e goal o Fascism and Nazism—and elemen s o o iginal syn hesis isible in he s a e a chi ec u e and u ban enewal o Salaza ’s egime a e i had assumed an openly dic a o ial o m. The esul o he Ox o d mee ing was he wo kshop ‘Poli ics and Aes he - ics on he Mo e: The Uses o A chi ec u e in Fascis and Dic a o ial Regimes’ chai ed by Ri a Almeida de Ca alho and held a he Ins i u e o Social Scienc- es a he Uni e si y o Lisbon (ics-ul), in May 2014. I b ough oge he Roge G i in wi h A is o le Kallis (His o y, Uni e si y o Keele), and Sul ana Wahnón (Theo y o Li e a u e, Uni e si y o G anada), o p esen a ions on a chi ec- u al de elopmen s in Hi le ’s Ge many, Mussolini’s I aly, Salaza ’s Po ugal, and F anco’s Spain espec i ely, and was a ended by p o esso An ónio Cos a Pin o. I was o u he explo e he hesis ha pa a- ascis egimes e lec ed in some p ojec s o a chi ec u al and u ban enewal hei unde lying kinship wi h he mo e adical socio-cul u al mode nis expe imen s o he wo ascis s a es, ha he pa icipan s decided o in i e submissions on he in e wa a - chi ec u al scene in B azil and A gen ina. The plan was o de o e a special is- sue o Fascism o a chi ec u al mode ni y in Ge many and i e ‘La in’ socie ies in he in e wa pe iod, one ascis (Mussolini’s I aly) and ou widely seen, i no as pa a- ascis , hen as in luenced by ascism. The a icles by Anahi Bal- len (Uni e si y o Quilmes) and F ancisco Sales T ajano Filho (Uni e si y o São Paulo) a e he ui o his decision. Meanwhile, o he sake o cohe ence, Daniel Domenech (PhD s uden in he depa men o he His o y and Theo y o A chi ec u e, Uni e si y o G anada), whose pos g adua e esea ch special- izes in he documen ing he ex ao dina y a ie y o idiosync a ic in e wa expe imen al and mode nis buildings in igh -wing egimes all o e Eu ope, was in i ed o w i e an a icle ocused on a chi ec u e unde F anco, a he 2 Pa a- ascism he e e e s o in e wa dic a o ial egimes ha adop ed some o he appings and policies o he wo ascis egimes bu wi hou he ul ima e o ali a ian goal o a o al ans o ma ion o socie y, which in he long un would ha e demanded he des uc ion o adi ional eli es, social s uc u es and eligious ins i u ions on a pa wi h Bolshe ism. See: An ónio Cos a Pin o and A is o le Kallis, ed., Re hinking Fascism and Dic a o ship in Eu- ope (London: Palg a e, 2014). 3 This opic is explo ed in chap e s 6, 8, 10 and 11 o Roge G i in, Mode nism and Fascism: The Sense o a Beginning unde Mussolini and Hi le (London: Palg a e, 2007). Downloaded om B ill.com05/08/2019 01:38:53PM ia Technische In o ma ionsbiblio hek TIB - Hanno e and Ins i u o de Ciencias Sociais da UL G i in and Almeida de Ca alho ascism 7 (2018) 133-140 <UN> 136 han on he Falangis aes he ic heo y ha had been he subjec o he o iginal pape on Spain, a decision app o ed by P o esso Wahnón. The e a e se e al a ionales behind he eclec ic choice o na ional case s ud- ies, apa om he ac ha hey cumula i ely demons a e ye again how mis- guided i was o an ea lie gene a ion o schola s o assume ha ascisms and hei kind we e nihilis ic, backwa d-looking, an i-mode ni y, an i-cul u e, and ope a ed wi hou a ecognizable ideology. One is ha o oo long compa a i e ascis s udies ha e emained s ubbo nly Eu ocen ic and igno ed he wide in e na ionalis dimension o ascism and ela ed au ho i a ianisms, despi e he ac ha Plínio Salgado’s Ação In eg alis a B asilei a [aib; B azilian In e- g alis Ac ion] p oduced a highly o iginal and widely suppo ed, hough ul- ima ely abo i e, ascis mo emen , and Pe onism in A gen ina was clea ly in luenced by elemen s o he ‘na ional socialism’ pionee ed by p e-Axis I alian Fascism. The e we e o he ailed mo emen s clea ly indeb ed o Eu o- pean ascism in Chile (Mo imien o Nacional Socialis a de Chile), Sou h A ica ( Ossewab andwag), India (Indian Legion), China ( he Blueshi s), all o which belonged o he ex ended amily o ascis assaul s on s a e powe , wi hou o - ge ing Japan, whose o ali a ian egime was no echnically ascis (because o i s dependency on he adi ional cul o a di ine empe o ), bu was deeply indeb ed o i s e hos, o ganiza ional s uc u es, and s yle o e en s in Nazi Ge many in i s o ma i e s age. Meanwhile, igh -wing egimes in Eu ope and La in Ame ica displayed a ying deg ees o ‘ ascis iza ion’ ha poin ed o an a ini y and solida i y wi h he ‘ ascis e a’. Second, explo ing a opic which b ings oge he ascis wi h pa a- ascis dic a o ships wi hin he same hema ic analysis consciously con ibu es o he g owing schola ly ecogni ion ha such mo emen s and egimes mus be s udied mo e ex ensi ely in hei wide his o ical con ex and no jus as samples o gene ic ascism and dic a o ship. Mo e p ecisely, hey a e o be app oached as p oduc s o a deeply c isis- idden pe iod o mode n his o y when, as he Spanish Ci il Wa came o symbolize o an en i e gene a ion, an almos Manichaean s uggle was widely belie ed o be aking place o he soul o Wes e n ci iliza ion. In (pa ially) Eu opeanized egimes all o e he wo ld wo i al s a egies o e e sing chaos and decline had c ys allized in he wake o he G ea Dep ession: a ious pe mu a ions o adical (illibe al) igh we e pi ed agains he o ces o he adical (illibe al) le . The six a icles appea ing in his and he las issue o Fascism complemen each o he in cas - ing a na ow beam o ligh on a complex, messy wo ld o global socio-poli ical uphea al, c isis and isions o enewal in o which he Wes had descended by he 1930s. I is a beam ha illumina es he way a chi ec s and own planne s Downloaded om B ill.com05/08/2019 01:38:53PM ia Technische In o ma ionsbiblio hek TIB - Hanno e and Ins i u o de Ciencias Sociais da UL 137Edi o ial In oduc ion ascism 7 (2018) 133-140 <UN> wi h an i-libe al, an i-communis , and na ionalis ic ideals played hei pa in wea ing wha Da id Robe s calls ‘ he b aided dynamic’ and ‘complex web o in e ac ion’ which cons i u ed ‘a new uni e se on he Righ ’ o which ascism was only a ‘subse ’.4 Once his posi ion is accep ed, i is no longe possible o ea ascism as a disc ee , pu e phenomenon which has been abs ac ed om his o y, like an o gan su gically emo ed om he li ing body o his o y and placed in a ja o in es iga ion. In hese six a icles he dense connec i e is- sues be ween sepa a e bu o ganically ela ed cul u al phenomena and he po- li ical egimes ha sponso ed o hos ed hem a e in en ionally le isible, and he po ousness o he memb anes be ween hem made e iden . Hope ully, his p ojec will encou age o he schola s wo king in ascis s udies o u n hei minds o wo k collabo a i ely on ui ul case s udies in he signi ican a eas o o e lap, con inui y, and communica ion ha exis ed be ween ascisms, conse a i e e olu ions, mode nizing pa a- ascisms, and eac iona y conse a isms ha a ose be o e 1945 in di e se poli ical, social, and cul u al sphe es. As mo e s uden s o ascism adop his app oach, he e is bound o be a g owing app ecia ion o he his oi es c oisées and dynamic ansna ional bo owings, in e ac ions and in luences which cha ac e ize he ela ionship be ween indi idual ascisms and o he adical igh -wing and le - wing policies o he ime gene a ed as esponses o he deepening s uc u al p oblems o libe al democ acy as a iable o m o economic sys em and po- li ical go e nance, an appa en ly global c isis which caused so many a e e y le el o socie y o look o a way ou o he cul-de-sac and e en pos ula e he dawning o a ‘new e a o humani y’.5 The inal a ionale, which became pa icula ly e iden when he i s d a s o all six a icles we e ead oge he , is ha hey demons a e he po en ial alue o compa a i e s udies in ascism, mode ni y, and cul u al inno a ion o he concep ‘ oo ed mode nism’. Ce ainly, i is a concep ha seems o ap- ply o he hyb ids be ween adi ion and mode n a chi ec u e ha p oli e a ed unde all six egimes. Much ime is de o ed o making he case o his concep 4 Da id Robe s, Fascis In e ac ions: P oposals o a New App oach o Fascism and i s E a, 1919– 1945 (New Yo k: Be ghahn, 2016), 224–227. 5 This is he main heme o A Qua a Humanidade [The Fou h Humani y] (Rio de Janei o: Li a ia José Olympio, 1934), w i en by he leade o B azilian In eg alism, Plínio Salgado, bu is a ecu en heme oo o I alian Fascism ( o he cen ali y o he same palingene ic my h o I alian Fascism, see Pie -Gio gio Zunino, L’ideologia del ascismo: Mi i, c edenze e alo i nella s abilizzazione del egime (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2013), Chap e 2, ‘Senso del empo e senso della s o ia’. Downloaded om B ill.com05/08/2019 01:38:53PM ia Technische In o ma ionsbiblio hek TIB - Hanno e and Ins i u o de Ciencias Sociais da UL G i in and Almeida de Ca alho ascism 7 (2018) 133-140 <UN> 138 in G i in’s a icle on he a chi ec u e o he Thi d Reich, so space does no need o be de o ed o i s exposi ion he e, excep o sugges ha a deep psycho- logical signi icance and a dis inc i e cul u al s a emen can be ead in o he equen ecou se o ascis and pa a- ascis egimes o s ipped classicism o o o he , mo e idiosync a ic a emp s o blend allusions o icon building-s yles, designs, o echniques om he na ion’s eal o my hic pas wi h ul a-mode n elemen s. They epi omize an age collec i ely diso ien ed and auma ized by wa , social-economic collapse, he spec e o global ci iliza ional decline, and he h ea o Bolshe ism, and in need o a ec i e e e ence poin s and cul u al bea ings. While h oughou he ‘Wes ’ eli es in e e y sphe e o c ea i i y and e o m did hei bes o poin o a pa h along which hei na ion could mo e o wa ds in o wha Wins on Chu chill called ‘b oad, sunli uplands’, many among hem, along wi h hei public, we e anxious o keep in sigh he eas- su ing pano ama o he lowland alley o he pas ha s e ched benea h, e en i i s sigh was now pa ially blocked by ominous clouds. Fo he pu poses o his explo a o y exe cise in compa a i e ascis and pa a- ascis s udies, each specialis was in i ed o w i e an a icle wi hin a b oadly sha ed concep ual amewo k. This accep s he o ali a ian and hus e olu iona y na u e o ascis ul ana ionalism, which dis inguished i om he an i- e olu iona y and ul ima ely an i- ascis na u e o pa a- ascis e- gimes which pa ially emula ed hem, a s ance which did no p e en hem om bo owing om some o hei ex e nal ea u es. Gi en he leng h o each a icle i was decided o publish hem in wo g oups o h ee. In he las issue o Fascism ( olume 7, issue 1), Roge G i in’s a icle on he oo ed mode nism o Nazi a chi ec u e, was ollowed by A is o le Kallis’ accoun o he in ense compe i ion among highly inno a i e a chi ec s unde Mussolini o es ablish a s yle which e lec ed he essen ial na u e o he egime. The hi d was Anahi Ballen ’s su ey o he a ied a chi ec u al aes he ics ha came in o being un- de Pe onism, a poli ical ideology and sys em pa ly inspi ed by I alian Fas- cism, e en hough he Axis Powe s had al eady been de ea ed. The aspi a ions, aes he ics, and building p ojec s conside ed in he a icle esona e s ikingly wi h hose o he wo ascis egimes examined in he ea lie a icles. Wha eme ges oo is he shee a ie y o he pe mu a ions o a mode nism oo ed in he alues o an o en my hicized pas , which o m a hidden common denomi- na o o a emp ed schemes o cul u al enewal unde Hi le , Mussolini, and Pe ón despi e hei ob ious con as s. In he p esen issue, he a chi ec u e o h ee clea ly pa a- ascis egimes comes unde he spo ligh : hose o Spain, Po ugal, and B azil, in each o which a genuine ascis mo emen was ei he abso bed in o a igh -wing dic a o ship Downloaded om B ill.com05/08/2019 01:38:53PM ia Technische In o ma ionsbiblio hek TIB - Hanno e and Ins i u o de Ciencias Sociais da UL 139Edi o ial In oduc ion ascism 7 (2018) 133-140 <UN> (as occu ed unde F anco) o disbanded by i while pe cep ibly e aining some ascis elemen s (as in he case o he Salaza and Va gas egimes). Once again, he jux aposi ion o he a icles e eals unexpec ed elemen s o in e - na ionalism, en anglemen s, and his oi es c oisées bo h sides o he A lan ic in he impac o he ascis expe imen s in Ge many and I aly. I would be hea ening o hink ha he combined impac o his wo-pa special issue will be o encou age his o ians o such dispa a e ields as A , Cul u e, Li e a- u e, An h opology, socio-poli ical heo y, eugenics, cinema, own planning, Law, poli ical eligion and s a e p opaganda, o be lu ed in o he compa a i e s udies o de elopmen s unde ascis , pa a- ascis , o conse a i e igh -wing egimes in he wen ie h cen u y which bea wi ness o he ac ha he con- ques o powe and c ea ion o a new ype o s a e by ascis mo emen s in I aly and Ge many did indeed gi e ise o o e a decade o mode n his o y a ‘ ascis e a’. This e m is ce ainly no o be unde s ood as e e ing o he spon ane- ous o e h ow o libe al o conse a i e egimes by ully- ledged ascis s a es all o e he wo ld. Fa om i . Bu i sugges s ha he wo ascis egimes o - e ed ole models o how o b ing abou na ional g ea ness, a dynamic u u e, and na ional enewal secu ed h ough he, some imes u hless, deploymen o a monopoly powe o s a e powe , he eby gene a ing a g a i a ional o ce wi hin na ionalis poli ics which cu ed poli ical, social, and cul u al space owa ds hem. The age o indi idualism, laissez- ai e capi alism and he ‘nigh - wa chman’ s a e seemed o e o good. A bulwa k had o be c ea ed by he mode n s a e agains he socie al b eakdown being p esided o e by libe alism and he des uc ion o adi ion, eligion, and he na ion h ea ened by he sp ead o Bolshe ism. The solu ion was a s a e based on powe ul na ionalism, wi h o wi hou a adically an i-conse a i e, e olu iona y agenda o ans o - ma ion. The high deg ee o imp o isa ion demanded by mo emen s and s a e agencies in he chao ic, c isis- idden na ional and in e na ional si ua ion o he in e wa pe iod is e lec ed in he plu al, p o oundly incohe en schemes o a chi ec u al enewal. Ye e en in hei he e ogenei y and equen de i a- i eness, he p ojec s e iewed in hese six a icles also e lec how a chi ec s, he mos op imis ic o c ea i e a is s, s uggled o es ablish isual and men al empla es which would poin he way o al e na i e mode ni ies, new wo lds and und eam u opias. They ha e been w i en in he hope ha he expe imen al, u u al, and some imes e en ludic quali y o some a chi ec u e and own planning in he ascis e a will gain wide ecogni ion as aspec s o an a emp ed cul u al enaissance. Pe e Adam exho ed us in A o he Thi d Reich o see e e y hing Downloaded om B ill.com05/08/2019 01:38:53PM ia Technische In o ma ionsbiblio hek TIB - Hanno e and Ins i u o de Ciencias Sociais da UL G i in and Almeida de Ca alho ascism 7 (2018) 133-140 <UN> 140 he Nazis p oduced in he name o cul u e ‘ h ough he lens o Auschwi z’ and hence ‘as he a is ic exp ession o a ba ba ic ideology’.6 By con as , hese essays in i e eade s no o misin e p e ascis and pa a- ascis expe imen- a ion and inno a ion in he cul u al sphe e by hei ine i able associa ion wi h s a e e o , o al wa and genocide. Ra he hey a e o be app oached as a la gely spon aneous and o en c ea i e esponse o he dep hs o he in e wa c isis, and as he exp ession o o en imp essi ely imagina i e ques s o new ci iliza ional meanings, asks, and o ms symbolizing hope in a new u u e, and anew mode nism. 6 Pe e Adam, A o he Thi d Reich (New Yo k: Ab ams, 1992), 9. Downloaded om B ill.com05/08/2019 01:38:53PM ia Technische In o ma ionsbiblio hek TIB - Hanno e and Ins i u o de Ciencias Sociais da UL