Schuchardt's archive and the 'lost' Asian-Portuguese creoles

Schucha d ’s a chi e and he 'los ' Asian-Po uguese c eoles Hugo C. Ca doso Uni e sidade de Lisboa hca [email protected] Resea ch suppo ed by: - A 1708 memo ial by he p o es an p ies s Op den Akke and Tho n on o he Po uguese chu ch o Ba a ia (quo ed in Lopes 1936: 67-68): “The po uguese language is used daily and p i a ely by he sla es o he amilies who come om Ceylon and he [Co omandel] Coas ; by all he owne s o he sla es and hei child en in hei daily in e ac ion wi h he sla es and he indigenous ch is ians; by he amilies and people who come om Siam, Malacca, Bengal, he Co omandel Coas , he island o Ceylon, he Malaba coas , Su a and e en Pe sia; and e en he hea hens who li e in his ci y and ade wi h he ch is ians o hei sla es lea n o speak po uguese.” Po uguese in Asia Hugo Schucha d (1842-1927) -1882: K eolische S udien II. Übe das Indopo ugiesische on Cochim. -1883: K eolische S udien III. Übe das Indopo ugiesische on Diu. -1883: K eolische S udien VI. Übe das Indopo ugiesische on Mangalo e. -1889: Bei äge zu Kenn nis des k eolischen Romanisch: VI. Zum Indopo ugiesischen on Mahé und Cannano e. -1889: Bei äge zu Kenn nis des c eolischen Romanisch. V. Allgemeine es übe das Indopo u- giesische (Asiopo ugiesische). -1890: K eolische S udien IX. Übe das Malaiopo ugiesische on Ba a ia und Tugu. -ms.: Zum Indopo ugiesischen on Ceylon [ed. by de Sil a Jayasu iya 1999] Hugo Schucha d (1842-1927) -30 co esponden s w i e abou Luso-Asian c eoles: a) P ies s and missiona ies (e.g. Louis S . Cy , Angelus Ma ei, Paul-Amb oise Bigande ,…); b) Colonial adminis a o s (e.g. Pe y da Câma a, Ge man Consula e in Ba a ia, D . Bos,…); c) Philologis s/linguis s (e.g. Adol o Coelho, Sebas ião Rodol o Dalgado, Robe Caldwell, Julien Vinson, William Goone illeke,…); d) O he s (e.g. M . d’C uz,…). The epis ola y co pus Loca ions Loca ions Loca ions Loca ions S . Cy (Jul 17 h, 1883) […] 1o. Dans la Mission du Madu é, […] l’élémen Po ugais es insensible e p esque nul. Les Hollandais, dès la p emiè e moi ié du 17 siècle, s’é an empa és de Négapa am, Tu ucu in e au es illes du li o al, les Po ugais qui s’y é aien é ablis, qui è en en g and nomb e le pays, e ceux qui y es è en ini en pou laplupa , pa ê e abso bés dans l’élémen Hollandais e puis dans l’élémen Anglais. A Négapa am l’on ou e enco e une ing aine de amilles de Po ugais mélangés, quelques unes po an de beaux noms, comme d’A aide, d’Albuque que, de Ba e o e c e c; mais elles son ès pau es e ne jouissen d’acucune considé a ion. 1s . In he Madu ai Mission, he Po uguese elemen is unno iceable and almos absen . Wi h he Du ch, since he mid 17 h cen u y, ha ing aken con ol o Nagapa inam, Tu ico in and o he coas al owns, he Po uguese who had se led he e le he a ea in la ge numbe s, and hose who s ayed mos ly ended up being abso bed in o he Du ch elemen and, la e on, in o he English elemen . In Nagapa inam, we s ill ind some wen y amilies o mixed Po uguese, some wi h beau i ul names such as d’A aide, d’Albuque que, de Ba e o e c e c; bu hey a e e y poo and enjoy no conside a ion. + S . Cy (Jul 17 h, 1883) 2e. Quan à la langue Po ugaise, elle es , on peu di e, main enan inconnue dans ces pa ages du Madu é, e elle ne s’enseigne nulle pa . Les quelques amilles don j’ai ai men ion plus hau pa len enco e dans leu s maisons une so e de Po ugais; mais l’Anglais e le Tamoul, langue du pays, y son plus communémen employés. Ces ema ques s’appliquen uniquemen à no e Mission du Madu é, ca nous sa ons qu’en d’au es pa ies de l’Inde, comme Mad as, Cochin, Bombay, Calcu a e c., l’élémen Po ugais s’es mieux conse é e es plus ma qué. […] 2nd. Wi h espec o he Po uguese language, we can say ha i is cu en ly unknown in hese pa s o Madu ai, and i is no augh anywhe e. The ew amilies I ha e men ioned abo e s ill speak a kind o Po uguese in hei homes; bu English and Tamil, he local language, a e used mo e o en he e. These obse a ions apply only o ou Madu ai Mission, because we know ha , in o he pa s o India, such as Mad as, Cochin, Bombay, Calcu a e c., he Po uguese elemen has esis ed be e and is mo e e iden . Lei ão e Cas o (Jan 30 h, 1884) + […] Pe co endo a cos a de Co omandel e esidindo algum empo em Meliapo , nada encon ei esc ip o em po uguez-c eoulo e não c eio que haja. Em Meliapo e Mad as poucas pessoas exis em já que o allem, mas ao con a io em Cuddalo e, em Pondiche y, em T anqueba e em Ka ical, é essa a língua de que se se e o po o Es -Indio ch is ão, ou homens de chapeu. Di e e po em an o do nosso po uguez, que não é possí el aze a mais pequena idea do que aquelles indios nos que em signi ica , allando-a, nem nós conseguimos que elles comp ehendam o nosso po uguez. Ha ing a elled he Co omandel Coas and ha ing esided o a while in Mylapo e, I ha e ound no hing w i en in C eole Po uguese, and I do no hink he e is any hing. In Mylapo e and Mad as, he e a e now ew people who speak i , bu , on he con a y, in Cuddalo e, Pondiche y, T anqueba , and Ka ical, ha is he language used by he ch is ian Eas Indian people, o ha ed men. Howe e , i di e s so much om ou Po uguese ha i is impossible o ha e he sligh es idea o wha hose Indians wan o say o us, no a e we able o make hem unde s and ou Po uguese. Lei ão e Cas o (Jan 30 h, 1884) + A lingua po ugueza mis u ada ali com o amul, com o ancez, com o inglez, que é hoje a lingua o icial em oda a cos a, se excep ua mos os pequenos e i o ios de Pondiche y e Ka ikal, co ompeu-se me pa ece, pe dendo as pala as po ugu ezas a sua e minação, com a apidez da p onuncia; seguindo-se na declinação dos nomes, na conjugação dos e bos e na collocação anspos a das pala as, a indole de linguas es anhas, como o inglez e o amul; designando- se uns objec os pelo seu nome amul, ou os pelo que em em po uguez, ou inglez, e admi indo-se dessas di e en es linguas uma ou ou a pa e da o ação. The Po uguese language, mixed he e wi h Tamil, F ench, and English, which is nowadays he o icial language o he en i e coas , wi h he excep ion o he small e i o ies o Pondiche y and Ka ikal, has become co up ed, i seems o me, wi h he Po uguese wo ds losing hei endings wi h he speed o p onuncia ion; ollowing he ways o o eign languages, such as English and Tamil, in he declension o nouns, he conjuga ion o e bs, and he ansposed placemen o wo ds; designa ing some objec s by hei Tamil name, o he s by he name hey ha e in Po uguese o English, and admi ing om hose languages one pa o he clause o ano he . Lei ão e Cas o (Jan 30 h, 1884) + Assim o in ini o impessoal dos e bos, ou qualque empo ou pessoa delles, passa am a designa odos os empos e pessoas. Mim papia dizem elles po exemplo em ez de “eu allo” Vóç Pad ên bom? po “Você, Pad e, es á bom?” Mim za á ai po “Vou-me embo a, ou e i o-me já” Bê ig (ba iga) óóm ( ome) comê (come ) po “ enho ome; que o come ”. […] O po uguez c eoulo di e e pois do nosso 1º na en oação da oz imi ada d’ou as linguas 2º no modo apido de p onuncia po alli as pala as jun ando o im d’umas com o p incipio das ou as de modo que nada se pe cebe So, he impe sonal in ini i e o e bs, o any o he ense o pe son, came o designa e all enses and pe sons. Fo example, Mim papia is wha hey say o “I speak” Vóç Pad ên bom? o “Fa he , a e you well?” Mim za á ai o “I am lea ing igh away” Bê ig (belly) óóm (hunge ) comê (ea ) o “I am hung y, I wan o ea ”. C eole Po uguese he e o e di e s om ou s 1s in he in ona ion o he oice, immi a ed om o he languages 2nd in he apid p onuncia ion o wo ds he e, using he end o one wi h he beginning o ano he in such a way ha you canno unde s and any hing Lei ão e Cas o (Jan 30 h, 1884) + 3º nas pala as po uguezas adul e adas po omissão de syllabas, an o no im como no p incipio, e.g. a pala a es a que ica eduzida a á, supp imindo-se lhe a p imei a syllaba e o da ul ima 4º na signi icação de mui as dessas pala as como ê , signi icando es a 5º na in oducção de pala as es angei as egualmen e, como as nossas, es opiadas. 3 d in he adul e a ion o Po uguese wo ds h ough he ommission o syllables as much a he end as a he beginning, e.g. he wo d es a , which is educed o á by supp essing he i s syllable and he o he las one 4 h in he meaning o many o hose wo ds, such as e meaning es a 5 h in he in oduc ion o o eign wo ds, jus as adul e a ed as ou s. Lei ão e Cas o (Jan 30 h, 1884) 6º em não se declina em os nomes nem se conjuga em os e bos, nem se dis ingui o gene o e nume o dos adjec i os, se indo um caso qualque da declinação, um empo e uma pessoa qualque do e bo, um gene o, ou um nume o qualque do nome subs an i o ou adjec i o, pa a udo quan o que em exp imi . 7º Na al a do cump imen o das nossas eg as de syn axe, de modo que não p eside uma ideia, um pensamen o ge al, que no emp ego e collocação das pala as pa a o ma em o ações, que no des as pa a compo em o discu so 6 h in no declining nouns no conjuga ing e bs, no dis inguishing he gende and numbe o adjec i es, wi h one case o he declension, one ense and one pe son o he e b, one gende o numbe o he noun o adjec i e o all ha hey wish o exp ess. 7 h In he lack o compliance wi h ou ules o syn ax, in such a way ha no ideia o a gene al hough p esides o e ei he he use o he placemen o wo ds o o m clauses, o he placemen o hese o compose speech Main cha ac e is ics: -Code-swi ching; -Bo owings ( om English and Tamil); -Pe cei ed di e ences in in ona ion and a e o speech (in ela ion o Po uguese); -Reduc ion/Elision o pos -s ess syllables (o he e ymon): e.g. Pad (>P . Pad e), Bê ig (>P . ba iga); -In a ian nouns and adjec i es; -In a ian e bs, no mally based on P g. in ini i e (e.g. papia ); bu see ên (>P . em) and ai (>P . ai); Co omandel - Summa y Main cha ac e is ics: -Pe sonal p onouns: 1s = mim (> P . o m used wi h p eposi ions); 2s = óç (<P . ós o ocê); -Func ional con la ion o P . possessi e e b e and s age-le el copula es a (e.g. Vóç Pad ên bom?); -Ve bal ope a o á om P . es a , e.g. Mim za á ai (con inuous/impe ec i e?); -Peculia wo d o de (in ela ion o Po uguese); -Ex eme ellipsis (?): Bê ig óóm comê. Co omandel - Summa y Bengal -Paul-Amb oise Bigande , F ench missiona y, Vica - Apos olic o Sou he n Bu ma and schola o Buddhism. Sou ce Bigande (Ma 21s , 1882) […] j’ai le eg e de ous ai e sa oi que la langue po ugaise, je eux di e le Pa ois hono é de ce i e, a comple emen dispa u de Rangoon, Maulmain, Ta oy e Me gui, c’es à un el poin , que je peux à peine ou e une pe sonne dans ces qua e locali és qui puisse con e se en Po ugais. Lo sque j’a i ai en 1837 su la cô e Tenasse im, j’ai dus me me e a app end e le Pa ois Po ugais pou me ai e comp end e des Ch é iens. Mais je ne a dais pas a me [?] que ce e langue, a peine comp ise de ceux qui la pa laien , ne pou ai ê e le moyen pou communique l’ins uc ion éligieuse aux pau es […] I eg e o in o m you ha he Po uguese language, ha is he Pa ois honou ed wi h ha i le, has comple ely disappea ed om Rangoon, Maulmain, Ta oy and Me gui, and o such an ex en ha I can only ind one pe son in hese ou loca ions who can con e se in Po uguese. When I a i ed, in 1837, on he Coas o Tenasse im, I had o s a lea ning he Po uguese Pa ois o make mysel unde s ood by he Ch is ians. Bu I soon [ ealised?] ha his language, unde s ood only by hose who spoke i , could no be he means o impa eligious ins uc ion o he poo + Bigande (Ma 21s , 1882) […] Dans l’espace de 40 e quelques années, le pa ois po ugais a absolumen dispa u. A mon a i ée à Ta oy, en 1837, on chan ai à le Noël, a l’Epiphanie des can iques en Po ugais, mais ils on aussi dispa u. Plusieu s ieilla ds e ieilles que j’ai in e ogés au suje de ces can iques m’on di qu’é an en an s, ils se sou iennen d’en a oi en endu pa le . […] Les poin s saillan s du pa ois Po ugais el que je l’ai ou é, ces son 1eomission p esqu’en iè e de l’a icle. 2eBien sou en le plu iel du subs an i es inusi é. 3eP esque ou es modi ica ions des noms, e p onoms, son mises de co ê. Wi hin 40 some hing yea s, he Po uguese pa ois comple ely disappea ed. When I a i ed in Ta oy, in 1837, hey used o sing Po uguese hymns du ing Ch is mas, o Epiphany, bu hese ha e also disappea ed. Se e al old men and women ha I ha e inqui ed om wi h ega d o hese hymns old me ha hey emembe hea ing i being spoken when hey we e child en. The salien cha a e is ics o he Po uguese pa ois, as I ound i , a e 1s nea o al ommission o he a icle. 2nd O en, he plu al o he noun is unusual. 3 d Almos all modi ica ions o nouns and p onouns a e neglec ed. + Bigande (Ma 21s , 1882) 4eLes adjec i s quali ian un nom au plu iel on la o me du singulie 5eCe qui désigne le passé e le u u es exp imé pa deux simples mo s: ja, e lo, ajou és au p esen . La consonne inale de l’in ini i es oujou s laisée de co é. […] Je eg è e qu’il ne soi pas en mon pou oi de ous donne de plus amples enseignemen s, ni de ou e quelqu’un qui puisse le ai e. Ca ce pa ois, ou e qu’il n’es plus pa lé, excep é à Malacca, n’a jamais é é éc i ni é udié, e n’a é é qu’une lingua anca des igno an s, e su ou des ma ins. […] 4 h The adjec i es ha quali y a plu al noun ha e he singula o m. 5 h Wha designa es pas and u u e is exp essed by wo simple wo ds: ja, and lo, added o he p esen . The inal consonan o he in ini i e is always le aside. I eg e ha i is no in my powe o gi e you mo e comple e in o ma ion no ind someone who can do so. Fo his pa ois, in addi ion o no longe being spoken, excep in Malacca, was ne e w i en no s udied, and was no mo e han a lingua anca o he igno an , and especially o he seamen. Main cha ac e is ics: -Apocope o – ( om he e ymon) in e bs; -(Nea - o al?) absence o nominal and p onominal mo phology; -Unusual plu al o ms (supple ion? eduplica ion?); -No numbe ag eemen be ween adjec i e and noun; -(Nea - o al?) absence o a icle; -Ve bal ope a o s ja (pas ) and lo ( u u e). Bu ma - Summa y Flo es island Loca ion Flo es La an uka Dilli Sa u -Geo ge Ka el Niemann, Du ch na u alis (Sousa 2014b); -Timon Hen icus de Kinde en, sec e a y o he Koninklijk Ba a iaasch Genoo schap an Kuns en en We enschappen [Royal Ba a ian Socie y o A s and Sciences]; (Ahlg imm-Siess 2014); -José dos San os Vaquinhas, Po uguese mili a y man and colonial adminis a o who se ed in Timo ; -Johan Hend ik Ke n, Du ch philologis , bo n in Ja a (Sousa 2014c). Sou ces Niemann (Jul 20 h, 1883) […] He Humme, de meh e e Jah e esiden au Timo wa , ha mi bes imm gesag dass wede au dem holländisches Timo noch bei den schwa zen Po ugiesen au Flo es ein po ugiesisches Ja gon gesp ochen wi d; nu inden sich in dem au Timo & Flo es gesp ochenes Malaiischen meh e e Po ugiesische Wö e und Ausd ücke. Mis e Humme, who esided in Timo o se e al yea s, has assu ed me ha nei he in Du ch Timo no among he black Po uguese o Flo es is a Po uguese ja gon spoken; one only inds in he Malay spoken in Timo and Flo es se e al Po uguese wo ds and exp essions. de Kinde en (No 6 h, 1884) […] Auch e hiel en wi einen B ie on He n Heslinga, R. K. P a e zu La an uka au de Insel Flo es, wo in e melde dasz in den Kampung’s and dem Sees and Malaiisch ge ede wi d, welches zwa iele po ugiesische Wö e en hal en ein Ja gon abe , wie is in Ih en C eolischen S udien angegeben, daselbs nich zu inden is . We also ecei ed a le e om M . Heslinga, Roman Ca holic minis e o La an uka on Flo es island, in which he epo s ha in he own and he along he coas Malay is used, and al hough i con ains many Po uguese wo ds, no ja gon can be ound he e as indica ed in you C eole S udies.