The smart city governance: from e-government to smart governance

Exce o do a igo: Be na do, Ma ia R. M. (2017). Sma Ci y Go e nance: F om E-Go e nmen o Sma Go e nance. In L. C. Ca alho (Eds), Handbook o Resea ch on En ep eneu ial De elopmen and Inno a ion Wi hin Sma Ci ies (pp. 290-326). IGI Global. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1978-2.ch014 The Sma Ci ies Go e nance: F om E-Go e nmen o Sma Go e nance ABSTRACT The sma go e nance is one o he cha ac e is ics o sma ci ies, has i s oo s in e-go e nmen , in he p inciples o good go e nance, and in he assump ions o pa icipa ion and in ol emen o ci izens in he public decision making. This chap e aims o answe he ques ion: “Wha sma go e nance p ac ices a e being implemen ed in sma ci ies” h ough an ex ensi e li e a u e e iew in he a eas o e-go e nmen , good go e nance, sma ci ies and sma go e nance and he con en analysis o he websi es o se en sma ci ies: Ams e dam; Ba celona; Copenhagen; Lisbon; Manches e ; Singapo e; and S ockholm. The objec i e was o iden i y he p esence o ac o s ela ed wi h e-pa icipa ion; e-se ices; and unc ioning o he public adminis a ion in he ci ies websi es. The chap e ends wi h di ec ions o u u e esea ch and he conclusion ha all he sma ci ies analyzed p esen ed some ac o s ela ed wi h sma go e nance, bu wi h di e en le els o de elopmen and applica ion. Keywo ds: E-Consul a ion, E-Decision Making, E-Go e nmen , E-Pa icipa ion, E-Se ices, Go e nance, Local Adminis a ion, Public Adminis a ion, Open Da a INTRODUCTION The sma ci y concep was ecen ly in oduced in he poli ical a ena and in academic esea ch in o de o highligh he ele ance and impo ance o in o ma ion and communica ion echnologies (ICT) in he de elopmen , g ow h, p oduc i i y and compe i i eness o mode n ci ies (Ca agliu, Del Bo & Nijkamp 2011). This is o en associa ed wi h he idea o a digi al ci y, wi h a high use o echnologies, pa icula ly in e ms o secu i y, communica ion in as uc u es, anspo s, heal h, educa ion and go e nance (Ceb ei os & Gulin, 2014; Gi inge e al., 2007; Juce icius, Pa asiené & Pa asius, 2014). Howe e , he concep o sma ci y goes beyond he echnology and is also ela ed wi h o he de e minan s o sus ainabili y and u ban g ow h, namely: human capi al, educa ion, social and ela ional capi al, sus ainabili y and en i onmen al issues (Ca agliu e al., 2011; Cohen, 2012; Wal a ens, 2015). Conside ing go e nance as one o he ele an aspec o sma ci ies (Cohen, 2012; Gi inge e al., 2007), due o he impo ance assumed by he adminis a ion and managemen o he ci y and he collabo a ion be ween he se e al s akeholde s o achie e he desi ed le els o de elopmen , g ow, sus ainabili y and quali y o li e, he main objec i e o he p esen s udy is o analyze how sma ci ies a e implemen ing sma go e nance. Adop ing he iew o sma go e nance as eme ging om he e olu ion o e-go e nmen , in a con ex o mode niza ion, con inuous g ow h and in eg a ion o ICT in public adminis a ion and om he in ol emen o he ci izens in public decision, his s udy aises one esea ch ques ion: Wha sma go e nance p ac ices a e being implemen ed in sma ci ies? The answe o he esea ch ques ion was achie ed h ough he accomplish o he esea ch objec i es:  To consolida e he concep s ele an o he s udy based on he li e a u e e iew o he opics: sma ci ies, go e nance, e-go e nance and good go e nance.  To analyze, based on he li e a u e, he e olu ion o ICT in public adminis a ion and he di e en de elopmen s ages o e-go e nmen .  To iden i y he ole o ICT in local go e nmen and he concep o sma go e nance.  To es ablish a se o ca ego ies o be included in a amewo k o analyze he sma go e nance in sma ci ies.  To iden i y and selec sma ci ies o be included in he case s udy.  To apply he amewo k p oposed o he iden i ica ion o he sma go e nance p ac ices adop ed in he selec ed sma ci ies. This chap e is o ganized in o six sec ions including his in oduc ion o he esea ch ques ion and main objec i es. In he second sec ion, “backg ound”, a e p esen ed and discussed he ele an concep s o his s udy and in he hi d sec ion “me hodology” a e exposed he adop ed me hodology o achie e he esea ch objec i es, he p oposed amewo k o analysis, and he s a egies applied o selec he se en sma ci ies: Ams e dam; Ba celona; Copenhagen; Lisbon; Manches e ; Singapo e; and S ockholm. In he ou h sec ion, “sma ci ies go e nance”, a e syn he ized and discussed he esul s o he con en analysis o he sma ci ies websi es. Finally, in he i h and six h sec ions a e p esen espec i ely he u u e esea ch di ec ions and he conclusion. BACKGROUND Some e ms and concep s ela ed o he applica ion o ICT and In e ne o go e nance and public adminis a ion s ill don´ ha e consensual de ini ions in he li e a u e and is e y common some o hem be used indisc imina ely. As an example, he concep s o e-go e nmen , e-go e nance, good go e nance, and sma go e nance a e o en used indis inc ly, howe e , i beginning o exis a easonable se o li e a u e ha analyzes and de ends hei di e ences (Bannis e & Connolly, 2012; Bonsón, To es Royo & Flo es, 2012). I is no an aim o his chap e o discuss hese di e ences, howe e i will be in oduced he concep s and de ini ions ha i he esea ch objec i es, including he sma ci ies concep . Sma ci ies The concep o sma ci y is no consensual o all he esea che s, depending on hei esea ch a ea he e a e di e en cha ac e is ics highligh ed (Angelidou, 2014; Ca agliu e al., 2011; Chou abi e al., 2012; Gil-Ga cia, 2015; Hollands, 2008; Juce icius e al., 2014). Howe e , i is possible o iden i y some common denomina o s in he se e al de ini ions p oposed in he li e a u e, namely: ICT; sus ainabili y; ci izens’ wel a e; quali y o li e; collabo a ion; de elopmen and compe i i eness (Ca agliu e al., 2011; Ceb ei os & Gulin 2014; Chou abi e al., 2012; Gil-Ga cia, Pa doa & Nam, 2015; Hollands, 2008; Juce icius e al., 2014). The applica ion o ICT o he de elopmen and mode niza ion o ci ies was epo ed by se e al au ho s as essen ial o he ans o ma ion o ci ies in o sma ci ies (Angelidou, 2015; Ceb ei os & Gulin, 2014; Cohen, 2012; Ca agliu e al., 2011; Chou abi e al., 2012; Deakin, 2014; Gi inge e al., 2007; Hollands, 2008), especially due o he p o ound changes ha hey could ep esen o he se e al aspec s o ci ies' li e. A he beginning ICT was a key ac o o change in ci ies, wi h he de elopmen o applica ions specially designed and ailo ed o he p oblems o he li e in u ban en i onmen , such as: a ic con ol, secu i y, in as uc u es, e icien use o esou ces, ne wo king connec ion o all hose in ol ed in he li e o he ci y, and e en o educa ion, esea ch and public se ices. The implemen a ion o ICT became a c i ical elemen o achie ing poli ical goals (Eu opean Commission, 2014) and was p omo ed by he Eu opean Union hough p og ammes such as Ho izon 2020 (Eu opean Commission, nd), wi h he objec i e o u n ci ies in o sma ci ies and imp o e ci izens' quali y o li e, lowe ing CO2 emissions, inc easing ene gy e iciency, educing bu eauc acy and p oducing mo e compe i i e ci ies (Siso, 2015). The inc easing digi iza ion o ci ies is essen ial bu no enough o de ine a sma ci y (Ca agliu e al 2011; Juce icius e al., 2014) and some au ho s see i as a po en ial sou ce o inc eased social inequali ies due o di e en oppo uni ies o access o ICT (Angelidou, 2014; Dillon, Deakins, Ho mann, Räcke s & Kohlbo n 2015; Wal a ens, 2015). So he echnology has u ned in o acili a ing ins umen s o sma ci ies' de elopmen ins ead o a main ac o . The ocus p og essi ely u ned o o he de e minan s o sus ainabili y and u ban g ow h, namely: human capi al, social and ela ional capi al, sus ainabili y and en i onmen al issues (Ceb ei os & Gulin 2014; Ca agliu, 2011; Cohen, 2012; Wal a ens, 2015). Se e al au ho s p oposed a se o componen s o ope a ionalize he concep o sma ci y. Meije and Bolí a (2016) classi ied he de ini ions o sma ci y in o h ee main g oups, depending in hei ocus: sma ci ies as ci ies using sma echnologies ( echnological ocus), sma ci ies as ci ies wi h sma people (human esou ce ocus) and sma ci ies as ci ies wi h sma collabo a ion (go e nance ocus). Hollands (2008) iden i ied he opics ela ed wi h he concep o sma ci y as: in o ma ion echnology, business inno a ion, go e nance, communi ies and sus ainabili y. Chou abi e al. (2012) conside ed as componen s o a sma ci y: echnology, managemen and o ganiza ion, go e nance, policy, people and communi ies, economy, buil in as uc u e, and na u al en i onmen . Acco ding o Cohen (2012, 2015) and Gi inge , e al. (2007), sma ci ies should exhibi six main in e connec ed cha ac e is ics: sma economy; sma people; sma go e nance; sma mobili y; sma en i onmen ; and sma li ing. In he p esen chap e is adop ed a holis ic iew o sma ci y ha in ol es an in e connec ed and closed ela ion be ween he se e al dimensions o he ci y’s li e, whe e echnologies, human esou ces and collabo a ion be ween all he ci y ac o s a e essen ial o he de elopmen and g owing o he ci y. Howe e , acco ding o he esea ch objec i es, he dimension o go e nance, and special he sma go e nance, p oposed by some au ho s will be deba ed in a mo e deeply way. Go e nance and Good Go e nance Go e nance is ela ed o he in e ac ion be ween public sec o , ci izens and p i a e en i ies and he ways how socie y o ganizes i sel o collec i e decision making (UN, 2001, p. 54). Acco ding o he de ini ion o he Canada's Ins i u e o Go e nance (nd), go e nance is he p ocess whe eby socie ies o o ganiza ions make impo an decisions, de e mine whom hey in ol e and how hey ende accoun (G aham, Amos & Plump e, 2003). The e m go e nance, pa icula ly when e e ed in he con ex o public sec o , appea s in he li e a u e closely linked o he p inciples o good go e nance. Acco ding o he Uni ed Na ions (Uni ed Na ions [UN], nd) and o he Wo ld Bank (WB), suppo ed by se e al au ho s and o ganiza ions, including he Canada's Ins i u e o Go e nance (nd), good go e nance is ela ed o aspec s o p omo es: equi y, pa icipa ion, plu alism, anspa ency, accoun abili y and he ule o law. The Uni ed Na ions (UN, 2006, p. 4) e e ed a de ini ion o good go e nance o he O e seas De elopmen Adminis a ion o he Uni ed Kingdom o G ea B i ain and No he n I eland ha includes ou majo componen s namely:  Legi imacy: go e nmen should ha e he consen o he go e ned;  Accoun abili y: ensu ing anspa ency, being answe able o ac ions and media eedom;  Compe ence: e ec i e policymaking, implemen a ion and se ice deli e y; and  Respec o law and p o ec ion o human igh s In he Council o Eu ope (2008) iew he e a e 12 p inciples o good go e nance a local le el:  Fai conduc o elec ions, ep esen a ion and pa icipa ion: he elec ions mus be ee, ai and ee o aud.  Responsi eness: objec i es, ules, s uc u es, and p ocedu es mus be adap ed o he expec a ions and needs o ci izens, and he se ices, applica ions and complain s should be p o ided and answe ed wi hin a easonable ime  E iciency and e ec i eness: he esul s should mee he objec i es; he a ailable esou ces should be used e icien ly and he e iciency and e ec i eness o se ices mus be e alua ed and imp o ed egula ly.  Openness and anspa ency: decisions should be aken and en o ced in acco dance wi h he ules and egula ions and ci izens mus access o all no con iden ial in o ma ion which could enable hem o know abou decisions, implemen a ion o policies and esul s so ha hey can moni o and con ibu e e ec i ely o he wo k o he local au ho i y.  Rule o law: local au ho i ies should en o ce he law and judicial decisions and apply he ules and egula ions impa ially and acco ding o law.  E hical conduc : he public good mus be placed abo e indi idual in e es s, co up ion mus be ough and con lic s o in e es ha migh bias he decision making should be imely communica ed.  Compe ence and capaci y: he echnical and p o essional skills o hose in ol ed in go e nance should be con inuously upda ed, imp o ed and main ained in o de o achie e be e esul s.  Inno a ion and openness o change: hey should be sough inno a i e solu ions o p oblems, and measu es adop ed and cu en me hods o achie e be e esul s.  Sus ainabili y and long- e m o ien a ion: he e mus be conce n wi h communi y sus ainabili y and i s u u e, and in o de no o ans e p oblems and ensions, be hey en i onmen al, s uc u al, inancial, economic o social, o u u e gene a ions.  Sound inancial managemen : he e should be a conce n no o exceed he cos o public se ices, bu a he same ime does no educe he p o ision o basic se ices.  Human igh s, cul u al di e si y and social cohesion: human igh s mus be p o ec ed and espec ed and all ypes o disc imina ion mus be comba ed. Cul u al di e si y should be ea ed as an asse , and e o s should be made o ensu e pa icipa ion and in ol emen o all ci izens in he local communi y.  Accoun abili y: all decision-make s, collec i e and indi idual, mus ake esponsibili y o hei decisions and explain hem p ope ly. Go e nance can be used in se e al con ex s such as co po a e go e nance, in e na ional go e nance, na ional go e nance and local go e nance. Fo he pu poses o he p esen esea ch was conside ed he local go e nance and as ele an dimensions:  Openness  Pa icipa ion  T anspa ency and accoun abili y  Human igh s and social inclusion ICT and E-Go e nmen The de elopmen s o ICT we e ollowed om he beginning by hei in eg a ion in se e al ela ed a eas no only o esea ch, bu especially o business, day o day li e and also o public adminis a ion. The use o ICT has associa ed he idea o speed and e iciency, especially as ega ds he collec ion, handling, analysis and a ailabili y o da a and in o ma ion. In his con ex , he i s uses o ICT by go e nmen s and public adminis a ion we e essen ially ela ed wi h “mass p ocessing asks, using main ame compu e s in a eas such as collec ing na ional s a is ics and axa ion p ocessing e u ns” (O ganiza ion o Economic Coope a ion and De elopmen [OECD], 2003, p. 22). In ac , he adop ion o ICT by go e nmen s has in luenced la gely he de elopmen and adop ion o ICT by o he sec o s (OECD, 2003). I was in he 90s o he 20 h cen u y, wi h he gene aliza ion o he use o In e ne , ha eme ged he i s expe iences o e-go e nmen wi h he pu pose o p o iding public se ices, in he sense ha i is now de ined by he Uni ed Na ions: “ he use and applica ion o ICT in he public adminis a ion o mode nize and s eamline public adminis a ion b inging i close o ci izens and o imp o e he quali y o se ices” (UN, 2014, p. 2). Howe e , he concep o e-go e nmen is mo e han In e ne use o online se ices deli e y, e-go e nmen is associa ed wi h a deep ans o ma ion in public adminis a ion and go e nance. (OECD, 2003). Wi h he de elopmen o echnology and In e ne , e-go e nmen begun o in eg a e wo k lows and p ocesses, o e ec i ely manage da a and in o ma ion, enhance public se ice deli e y, as well as expand communica ion channels o engagemen and empowe men o people (Akman, Yazici, Mish a & A i oglu, 2005; Gil-Ga cia & Helbig, 2014; UN, 2014). E-go e nmen includes ICT media ion o ela ions be ween (UN, 2003):  Go e nmen s (go e nmen - o-go e nmen : G2G) in o de o sha ing da a and conduc ing elec onic exchanges be ween go e nmen al ac o s, which in ol es bo h in a and in e agency exchanges a he na ional le el, as well as exchanges among he na ional, p o incial and local le els;  Go e nmen and en e p ises (go e nmen - o-business: G2B) ha in ol es business-speci ic ansac ions (e.g. paymen s wi h ega d o sale and pu chase o goods and se ices) as well as p o ision on line o business- ocused se ices; and  Go e nmen and ci izens (go e nmen - o-consume /ci izen: G2C) in ol es ini ia i es designed o acili a e people’s in e ac ion wi h go e nmen as consume s o public se ices and as ci izens. This includes in e ac ions ela ed o he deli e y o public se ices as well as o pa icipa ion in he consul a ion and decision making p ocess. Go e nmen s had ma ked hei i s online p esences hough s a ic pages wi h unila e al in e ac ion. Acco ding o he Uni ed Na ions epo (UN, 2001) ha was he “eme ging in o ma ion se ices” s age o e-go e nmen de elopmen , bu o he au ho s de ine his ini ial phase as “in o ma ion” (Capgemini, Rand Eu ope, IDC, Soge i, and DTi, 2009; OECD, 2003) and “one-way in e ac ion” (Capgemini e al. 2009). Al hough his s age appea s o be a e y modes en a i e o he public adminis a ion en e in o he digi al age, he u h is ha his ga e isibili y o go e nmen s, allowed a educ ion o cos s and cha ges in public adminis a ion and imp o ed ci izens' access o in o ma ion and public se ices (OECD, 2003). In 2001 he Uni ed Na ions p epa ed a epo on e-go e nmen and concluded ha 169 o i s 190 membe s (89%) had ma ked i s p esence on he web wi h go e nmen websi es. Howe e , o hese 169 coun ies, 36 ma ked hei p esence only h ough s a ic websi es wi h single en y po als. (UN, 2001). The a ailabili y o in o ma ion o ci izens is s ill an aspec o go e nmen po als, bu no he main aspec , cu en ly mos coun ies has e ol ed o mo e sophis ica ed o ms o in e ac ion wi h ci izens and public se ices' supply. See, o example, he go e nmen web pages o Ne he lands (h ps://www.go e nmen .nl/) o F ance (h p://www.gou e nemen . /en/news) In a second s age e-go e nmen has begun o inc ease he impo ance o ci izens in he design o he go e nmen al po als, in he ype o in o ma ion and se ices p o ided by public sec o and in he way o in e ac ion be ween go e nmen al ins i u ions. These changes we e due o awa eness o he impo ance o ci izens, he demands exp essed by ci izens and o he echnological de elopmen s ha allowed he de elopmen o mo e and mo e i e a i e usabili y solu ions. This esul s in po als ha enable no only “one-way in e ac ion bu also wo-way in e ac ion” (Capgemini e al. 2009), wi h he possibili y o ci izen o explo e and in e ac ed in a mo e pe sonalized way wi h he public adminis a ion and wi h he in o ma ion. The e was possible o download o ms o go e nmen se ices and applica ions, as o example he o ms o p in and ill ou he ax e u ns. Some limi ed e-se ices enable he ci izens o submi eques s o non-elec onic o ms o pe sonal in o ma ion. The si es ha e audio and ideo capabili ies and a e mul i-lingual. Acco ding o he Uni ed Na ions epo (UN, 2014) his was he “enhanced in o ma ion se ices” s age o e-go e nmen de elopmen , and acco ding o OECD (2003) his was he “in e ac i e in o ma ion le el”. This s age o e-go e nmen de elopmen equi ed a g ea e e o and in es men in accessibili y o si es, bu especially a “g ea e in es men in hinking abou how ci izens will use ha in o ma ion, abou ules o making ce ain in o ma ion public and accessible, and abou he a ge audience and he ypes o ools ha can add alue o he use expe ience, making i easie o ind wha he o she is looking o and / o ailo ing in o ma ion sea ches” (OECD, 2003, p. 74). Coun ies' online p esence begun o expand as he numbe o i s o icial websi es inc eased. Con en s we e equen ly upda ed and he e we e links o o he o icial pages, minis ies o depa men s (UN, 2001). The adop ion and use o ICT and In e ne in all le els o socie y, as well as he con inuous and apid echnological de elopmen s, compu e s and In e ne high pene a ion a e among he popula ion and he ansi ion o web 2.0 ook he e-go e nmen o he nex le el o public se ices deli e y and in e ac ion be ween public adminis a ion and he ci izen. The in e ac ion was essen ially bila e al, he ci izen won he possibili y o exp essing hei opinion abou public se ices, go e nmen p og ams and policies. In addi ion, he go e nmen al po als ha e email add ess o which he ci izen can send speci ic eques s, he e a e also “sugges ion boxes”, and e en discussion o ums o speci ic issues. In connec ion wi h he se ices, he e is a g owing possibili y o make a se o ope a ions online such as eques s o ce i ica es, deli e y and paymen o axes. Acco ding o he Uni ed Na ions epo (UN, 2014) his was he “ ansac ional se ices” s age o e-go e nmen de elopmen , and acco ding o OECD (2003) and Eu opean Commission (Capgemini e al. 2009) his was he “ ansac ion le el”. Some au ho s, o di e en ia e and enhance in e ac i i y on his le el o e-go e nmen , adop ed he designa ion o “go e nmen 2.0” o “e-go e nmen 2.0” (Sun, Ku & Shih, 2015; UN, 2010). This s age o e-go e nmen de elopmen in ol es he exchange o pe sonal and e en con iden ial in o ma ion, equi es go e nmen pla o ms ha ensu e p i acy and secu i y condi ions. In he Uni ed Na ions epo published in 2001 i was concluded ha he e-go e nmen had passed he s age o expe ience and was well implemen ed in abou 89% o he UN coun ies, and i was a pe manen pa o he go e nmen p ocess, al hough a di e en le els o de elopmen . The Uni ed Na ions con inue o publish egula epo s on he e-go e nmen si ua ion and only in 2014 i appea s ha all coun ies ha comp ise he Uni ed Na ions a he ime (193) ha e a go e nmen p esence on he In e ne . Howe e , he e a e ew coun ies ha could be conside ed o be in he “ ansac ional le el” and is being e y di icul o go o he las e-go e nmen de elopmen le el ha was designa ed by he Uni ed Na ions as he “connec ed se ices” s age o e-go e nmen de elopmen and o Eu opean commission (Capgemini e al., 2009) as he “ a ge isa ion le el”. OECD designed his s age as “da a sha ing” (OECD, 2003, pp. 74-75): “o ganiza ion’s abili y o sha e wi h o he go e nmen o ganiza ions pe sonal in o ma ion, when app o ed by law and/o wi h he use 's p io consen .” The “connec ed se ices” s age is de ined by Uni ed Na ions (2014) as a s age whe e go e nmen s in e ac s wi h he ci izens in a mo e p oac i e way, asking o opinions and in o ma ion h ough web 2.0 and o he in e ac i e ools. The in o ma ion, da a and knowledge a e sha ed and communica ed be ween go e nmen agencies and ci izens h ough in eg a ed applica ions and he e-se ices a e ailo ed o he needs and desi es o he s ockholde s. “Go e nmen s c ea e an en i onmen ha empowe s ci izens o be mo e in ol ed wi h go e nmen ac i i ies o ha e a oice in decision-making.” (UN, 2014, p.195) In Table 1 a e p esen ed he s ages o he mo e signi ican e-go e nmen de elopmen models ci ed in his chap e . Table 1. e-go e nmen de elopmen models (UN, 2014; Capgemini e al., 2009; OECD, 2003) Uni ed Na ions (2014) Eu opean Union (2009) OECD (2003) 1s s age Eme ging In o ma ion Se ices In o ma ion In o ma ion Le el 2nd s age Enhanced In o ma ion Se ices One-Way In e ac ion In e ac i e In o ma ion Le el 3 d s age T ansac ional Se ices Two-Way In e ac ion T ansac ion Le el 4 h s age Connec ed Se ices T ansac ion Le el Da a Sha ing Le el 5 h s age NA Ta ge isa ion/Au oma ion Le el NA The g ea challenge o e-go e nmen now consis s in c ea ing condi ions no only echnological bu also human and in he public managemen s uc u e o achie e he las wo s ages o de elopmen (UN, 2014). Howe e , o e he pas decade and a hal i was possible o iden i y o he challenges and aspec s o e- go e nmen ha inc easingly he ocus on ci izens and hei ac i e pa icipa ion in he go e nance h ough he In e ne and o he elec onic ools. So o e ime conce ns and challenges ela ed wi h he use o online and elec onic ools we e eme ging as: e-se ices (UN, 2001); e-pa icipa ion (UN, 2003), e-inclusion (UN, 2005); e-in o ma ion (UN, 2008); e-consul a ion (UN, 2008); connec ed go e nance (UN, 2008); open-da a (UN, 2010); e-decision making (UN, 2008, 2012); and open go e nmen da a (UN, 2014). Some coun ies, al hough a e no s ill ully in he las le el o de elopmen o e-go e nmen , ha e some cha ac e is ics o hese le els, pa icula ly wi h ega d o e-pa icipa ion and e-decision making. Could be p esen as examples wo coun ies ha in ecen epo s o he Uni ed Na ions (UN 2010, 2012, 2014) showed high le els o de elopmen o e-go e nmen : Republic o Ko ea (h p://www.ko ea.ne ) and Aus alia (h p://www.aus alia.go .au/) Al hough he e o o a la ge numbe o coun ies o adop e-go e nmen and achie e hei highes le els o de elopmen , he e a e s ill se e al obs acles o i s implemen a ion, obs acles no conce ned only wi h he de elopmen o echnology, o he le el o economic de elopmen and in es men in he coun ies o e en wi h human esou ces o de elopmen solu ions and e-go e nmen ools (UN, 2014), bu mo e wi h issues ela ed wi h: di e en popula ion access o ICT; digi al li e acy; and wi h he adhe ence o he ci izens o his kind go e nmen . Ci izens s ill ha e a lack o con idence in e-go e nmen sys ems, mainly because hey ea o he sa e y o you da a and in o ma ion. Sma Go e nance o Sma Ci ies The implemen a ion o e-go e nmen is also ex ended o o he le els o go e nmen , in pa icula : egional, municipal and local. Al hough hese le els o go e nmen adop in la ge scale wha is de eloped and implemen ed a na ional le el (Gil-Ga cia & Ma inez-Moyano, 2007), and mo eo e hey do no ha e he same inancial, echnological and human esou ces as he na ional go e nmen , he u h is ha he local go e nmen has a p i ileged posi ion among he popula ion due o hei physical p oximi y, which allows i o ha e a be e pe cep ion o he needs, conce ns and expec a ions o ci izens (Gil-Ga cia & Ma inez-Moyano, 2007). Thus i gains special ele ance he s udy and analysis o local e-go e nmen and ools o each ci izens and p omp hem o be ac i ely in ol ed in he li es o hei ci ies o ge se ices, es ablish pa ne ships, make sugges ions, p esen p oposals o pa icipa e in public consul a ions. The con inuous e olu ion o ICT and he apid expansion o In e ne associa ed wi h he inc ease o use s and he changes in hei ela ionship wi h hese echnologies, in pa icula wi h web 2.0 ools (O'Reilly, 2007), p omo ed changes in beha io s, needs and demands o he ci izens and s essed ci izens’ desi e o in ol emen on hei ci ies’ go e nance, which can be acili a ed by ICT, and led o he ans o ma ion o adminis a i e decision making p ocess (Gi inge e al., 2007). The use o In e ne and ICT ools, simila ly o wha happened wi h go e nmen , could also ex ended o go e nance, gi ing ise o he e m e-go e nance. The e m e-go e nance appea s associa ed wi h he e-go e nmen al hough he concep o e-go e nance is b oade and co e s aspec s o he use o ICT and In e ne o acili a e he communica ion be ween he go e nmen and he ci izens in o de o p o ide in o ma ion and ools ha allow o ci izens a mo e ac i e and in o med pa icipa ion in decisions public which imp o es anspa ency and accoun abili y o public adminis a ion, as well as social inclusion and con idence in he democ a ic p ocess (To es, Pina & Ace e e, 2006). This means ha e-go e nance includes aspec s o e-go e nmen and aspec s o he in ol emen o he ci izens in public policy issues and decisions which co esponding o he highe le els o e-go e nmen de elopmen de ined by he Uni ed Na ions (UN, 2014). The sma go e nance is deba ed by se e al au ho s and is conside ed as one o he key ea u es in he implemen a ion and managemen o a sma ci y (Chou abi e al., 2012; Cohen, 2012; Gi inge e al., 2007), and will una oidably has a s ong componen o e-go e nmen and ools o e-go e nance, especially conside ing he local le el, is based on communica ion and collabo a ion be ween go e nmen and ci izens, media ed by ICT, and in he p inciples o good go e nance. Gi inge , e al. (2007) p esen he sma go e nance as one o he six main ea u es o a sma ci y: sma economy; sma people; sma go e nance; sma mobili y; sma en i onmen ; and sma li ing. This six cha ac e is ics o a sma ci y a e closely in e ela ed and i is impo an o no e ha each one ha e in luence and a e in luenced by he o he s, hough in di e en scales. Fo example, h ough a sma go e nance wi h g ea e anspa ency o go e nmen and ee access o da a ela ed wi h a se o ci y’s aspec s (open da a o e-in o ma ion), he ci izens will be mo e in o med and ha e he oppo uni y o ac i ely pa icipa e in he managemen and decisions o he ci y (e-decision making) and a consul a ion o he ci izens ca ied ou by he public sec o (e-consul ing), could in luence he se ices p o ided pa icula ly in e ms o heal h and sa e y (sma li ing), in as uc u e o be implemen ed namely in e ms o communica ions (sma mobili y) incen i es o inno a ion and en ep eneu ship (sma economy), en i onmen p o ec ion (sma en i onmen ) o scien i ic, cul u al and social ac i i ies (sma li ing) ha will g ea ly imp o e he sa is ac ion and quali y o li e. In his pe spec i e, and al hough his chap e limi s he analysis o sma go e nance o sma ci ies i will always ha e links o o he ea u es o sma ci ies. Se e al au ho s who ha e dedica ed hemsel es o he s udy o sma ci ies discussed a se o indica o s and ac o s ela ed o sma go e nance. Acco ding o Gi inge e al. (2007) sma go e nance p esen s he de e mining ac o s:  Pa icipa ion in decision making  Public and social se ices  T anspa en go e nance Cohen (2012) also p o ides he same six sma ea u es p oposed by Gi inge e al. (2007), including he sma go e nance, bu used a sligh ly di e en se o indica o s o sma go e nance:  Enabling supply and demand side policy  T anspa ency and open da a  ICT and e-go e nmen In 2015 Cohen has an upda e o i s sma go e nance indica o s o i s annual anking o sma ci ies:  Online se ices  In as uc u es  Open go e nmen Acco ding o Scholl and Scholl (2014) sma go e nance is based on he key ac o s:  Openness and anspa ency o go e nmen decision making and ac ions,  Open in o ma ion  S akeholde pa icipa ion and collabo a ion  Le e aging go e nmen ope a ions and se ices ia in elligen and in eg a ed echnology use  Go e nmen ’s ole o acili a o o inno a ion, sus ainabili y, compe i i eness, and li abili y Chou abi e al., (2012) elabo a ed a li e a u e e iew and summa ized he ac o s o go e nance as ollow:  Collabo a ion  Leade ship and champion  Pa icipa ion and pa ne ship  Communica ion  Da a-exchange  Se ice and applica ion in eg a ion  Accoun abili y  T anspa ency The li e a u e e iew allowed o iden i y some common elemen s in he di e en sma go e nance de ini ions, namely: pa icipa ion in he public li e o he ci y; online se ices, o e-se ices; and issues ela ed wi h unc ioning o public adminis a ion. The pa icipa ion in he public li e o he ci y is ela ed o he in ol emen o ci izens, bo h as indi iduals and as companies, in poli ics, social issues and ele an decisions o hei ci y. A sma ci y mus ha e mechanisms mos ly suppo ed by ICT o acili a e and encou age his in ol emen and ci izen pa icipa ion in ci y li e. This pa icipa ion, o e-pa icipa ion, and in ol emen can ha e mo e passi e o mo e ac i e cha ac e is ics as de ined in he epo o he Uni ed Na ions in 2014 (UN, 2014):  e-in o ma ion, whe e ci izens ha e access o open da a po als whe e hey can consul in o ma ion upda ed o eely use o hei p ojec s o business, con ibu ing o he g ow h and de elopmen o he ci y;  e-consul a ion, whe e ci izens a e in i ed o gi e hei iews on issues ela ed o a se o issues o municipal and social policies; and  e-decision making, in which he ci izens pa icipa e in policy o in he co-p oduc ion o se ices. The a ailabili y o a wide ange o public and social se ices supplied online, o he e-se ices, is a cen al issue in sma go e nance as well as he possibili y o access hese se ices ia mul iple de ises, including mobile de ices, and he abili y o make online paymen s. I is also impo an he a ailabili y o communica ion channels be ween he s akeholde s bu especially ha enable an e ec i e communica ion be ween he ci izen and he public adminis a ion. Finally, he unc ioning o public adminis a ion, unde his chap e is ela ed o he p ac ical unc ioning o he municipali y as an all, in hei day o day, in hei municipal adminis a ion unc ions and wi h he image o e iciency, hones y and e hics ha goes o he ci izens, in e ms o anspa ency, accoun abili y, comba ing aud, espec o human igh s and e o s o social inclusion o all i s ci izens. METHODOLOGY […]