The crisis impact on the political discourse of Portuguese social partners

The c isis impac on he poli ical discou se o Po uguese social pa ne s Raquel Rego Miguel Won B uno Ma ins Amália Mendes I ia del Río Pie e Lejeune 7. 162 ci izenship in c isis in oduc ion This chap e p o ides a sociological pe spec i e on ci izenship a a ime o c isis en iched wi h da a analysis echniques om compu e enginee ing and linguis ics. We base ou esea ch on he assump ion ha ci izenship assumes a poli ical and ci ic dimension illus a ed in an exempla y way h ough he de elopmen achie ed and ole pe o med by ade unions and employe s’ associa ions in ou socie ies. The ecen c isis imposed a Memo andum o Unde s anding (mou) in Po ugal (2011-2014). This comp omise challenged he al eady consolida ed democ a ic ins i u ions, inclusi e social dialogue mechanisms, h ough which bo h ade unions and employe s’ ep esen a i es acqui e he s a us o “social pa ne s” in co po a is egimes. In ac , h ough social conce a ion, bu mo e h ough collec i e ba gaining, hese ci il socie y o ganiza ions assume a unique hinge unc ion. We con ibu e o he olume on “ci izenship” wi h he unde s anding o he e olu ion o social pa ne s discou se in he con ex o he c isis. We hope o add o he deba e abou he quali y o democ acy, p o iding empi ical e idence on how Po uguese social pa ne s we e a ec ed by he sup a-na ional in e en ion o he oika (im , eu, ecb). We assume ha he asymme ic posi ions associa ed wi h he s uc u al na u e o social pa ne s in ou socie ies lead o e y di e en pe cep ions conce ning he neo-libe al policies implemen ed by he sup a-na ional in e en ion; and ha hei dis inc ideological o ien a ions a e e lec ed in hei poli ical p og ammes as a as hey a e he esul o a consensus ound h ough a collec i e unde s anding. Fu he mo e, hese w i en discou ses se e as guidelines o ac ion in he coming yea s e lec ing he app op ia e solu ions o a p oblem, and may, as a esul , help o p edic coope a ion/ esis ance. This is how we came o analyse social pa ne s’ inal documen s o gene al mee ings du ing he mos impo an pe iod o he c isis: be o e, du ing, and a e he oika p esence in Po ugal. In his chap e we answe wo main ques ions: o wha ex en is he c isis associa ed wi h he oika by he social pa ne s? Did he sup a-na ional in e en ion change social pa ne s’ a i udes owa d democ a ic mechanisms o social dialogue? The i s wo sec ions o his chap e embed ou esea ch in he discussion abou he des uc ion o co po a ism by neolibe al policies, and he ex e nal bu also in e nal easons o he lack o Eu opeaniza ion o union (in pa icula ) c isis and poli ical discou se o po uguese social pa ne s 163 opposi ion. Then we p esen and jus i y ou me hodological choices and, inally, we p esen and discuss ou indings, i s by o ganiza ion and hen compa ing he selec ed cases. he sup a-na ional ac o s’ imposi ion o aus e i y Acco ding o Culpeppe and Regan (2014), ade unions we e no in i ed o nego ia e pa hs o economic adjus men in he coun ies hi especially ha d by he c isis due o hei declining legi imacy, based on membe ship. Howe e , based on he Po uguese case, we sus ain ha ade unions ha e a ained a c ucial posi ion in Eu opean socie ies ha canno be judged (only) by he ga ekeepe unc ion o social peace. Al hough ade unions’ membe ship has been alling in wha has been called he “unionism c isis” and he Eu opean social model has been e oded – wi nessed h ough he eeze o he Eu opean social dialogue, o ins ance – ade unions a e also labou ma ke egula o s. Th ough collec i e ba gaining in pa icula , ade unions oge he wi h employe s’ ep esen a i es de ine wages and wo king condi ions, p o iding bene i s o hose beyond hei membe s. In ac , ade unions we e no in i ed o nego ia e he pa hs o economic adjus men in coun ies like Po ugal – despi e he celeb a ion o a social pac in 2012 wi h he weakes union pa ne , which did no p e en i om joining gene al s ikes some ime la e – because he sup a-na ional in e en ion is domina ed by a neolibe al ideology. As James Raymond V eeland (2003) explains, du ing c ises, Go e nmen s use condi ionali y, ha is speci ic policy p esc ip ions imposed by he In e na ional Mone a y Fund (im ), in exchange o loans o de eloping coun ies, o impose unpopula policies. Also Balbona and Begega sus ain ha go e nmen s seem o use “… he imposi ion o aus e i y as a mechanism o he a oidance o blame” (2015, 289). Fo V eeland (2003), he im p og ammes ha e a nega i e e ec on economic g ow h bu hese e ec s a e dis ibu ed unequally and some a e no e en hu . Mo eo e , he e o ms may lead o di e en le els o poli ical opposi ion, inclusi ely om he ade unions and o he ep esen a i e ci il socie y o ganiza ions (Mou y and S and ing 2017). In i s lending and ad iso y ole, he im , as Eicheng een and Woods (2015) s a e, in e enes in na ional a ai s, aising he isk o weakening democ a ic 164 ci izenship in c isis ins i u ions. The weigh o membe coun ies such as he Uni ed S a es in im decision-making, in keeping wi h how o ing igh s depend on he quo a size, is one eason o some passiona e eac ions i aises. Balbona and Begega sus ain ha in he ecen c isis we wen “ om ba gaining o imposi ion” (2015, 272). In ac , he ins i u ions o social dialogue became a isk o demoli ion, as he Spanish au ho s say, bu no only because o social conce a ion, which has a pu e consul a i e ole, bu in pa icula h ough he o ensi e add essed owa d collec i e ba gaining (S ole o 2015). In he same sense, decision-make s conside ed he cen aliza ion o Eu opean economic policy, and he e o e des uc ion o co po a ism, as he bes p ocess o gua an eeing Eu ozone s abili y and his u he mo e equi ed aus e i y measu es (P osse 2016). Howe e , one o he al e na i e solu ions called o by some au ho s (S ockhamme 2013) was Eu opean solida i y and an “ …ins i u ion-building ha gua an eed a ole o labou o ganisa ions (o mo e b oadly labou and capi al) in he adminis a ion and unding o he decisions o he ins i u ion. E ec i ely, hese measu es would amoun o he c ea ion o a Eu opean wel a e s a e”(S ockhamme 2013, 16-17). The im ideology, as ha o o he in e na ional ins i u ions, usually is p esen ed as he doc ine o economic neu ali y. This doc ine, which assumes ha poli ics s ays o one side and ha economic decisions a e neu al, p o ides an ideological smokesc een o Wes e n na ions o in e ene in a ou o ee ade capi alism. Howe e , such in e na ional aid calls na ional so e eign y in o ques ion e en while he opposi e sides o he labou ela ions con lic may see his di e en ly. As a neolibe al app oach, his is expec ed o sa is y employe in e es s and be o he dis a ou o hose o wo ke s. Ha ing p esen ed im mission aims as “… o ensu e he s abili y o he in e na ional mone a y sys em— he sys em o exchange a es and in e na ional paymen s ha enables coun ies (and hei ci izens) o ansac wi h each o he ” (h p://www.im .o g/en/Abou ), he im p esence may clea ly lead us o expec o gene a e oppo uni ies o he en ep eneu s, and a h ea o he powe o ade unions and socially p o ec ed wo ke s. In sum, he cen aliza ion o Eu opean economy seems o be he pa h ound o gua an ee Eu ozone s abili y and, acco ding o he leading ac o s o ha p ocess, sup a-na ional ins i u ions, ha pa h implies he exclusion o social pa ne s. c isis and poli ical discou se o po uguese social pa ne s 165 he lack o social pa ne s capable o coping wi h sup a-na ional ac o s The analysis o he eac ion owa d a sup a-na ional in e en ion o a neolibe al ac o , such as he im , seems limi ed o o ganiza ions a a Eu opean le el (Mülle and Pla ze 2017). Acco ding o E ne (2008), ade unions a e no expec ed o ake poli ical posi ions agains Eu opean ends because hey emain subme ged in na ional speci ici ies. The au ho conside s ha unions adop echnoch a ic and na ional s a egies in esponse o he eu in eg a ion p ocess, because na ional di e se iden i ies, he in eg a ed Eu opean ma ke , and he sup ana ional eu go e nance s uc u es p e en Eu opean collec i e ac ion. Neolibe al ac o s seem o coun on a c ucial asymme y in Eu opean policies o impose hei iew (E ne 2008). While economic policy akes on a Eu opean scale, social policy has a na ional base and ha con ibu es o a de ici o Eu opean e lec ion in na ional deba es. As Scha p explains: In he na ion s a e, bo h ypes o policy had been in poli ical compe i ion a he same cons i u ional le el. In he p ocess o Eu opean in eg a ion, howe e , he ela ionship has become asymme ic as economic policies ha e been p og essi ely Eu opeanized, while social-p o ec ion policies emained a he na ional le el. As a consequence, na ional wel a e s a es a e cons i u ionally cons ained by he “sup emacy” o all Eu opean ules o economic in eg a ion, libe aliza ion and compe i ion law. A he same ime, hey mus ope a e unde he iscal ules o mone a y union while hei e enue base is e oding as a consequence o ax compe i ion and he need o educe non-wage labou cos s. (Scha p 2002, 665-666) I he e a e conce ns o e social inclusion in Eu opean ea ies o a Eu opean Employmen S a egy, he e is also a co esponding need o espec he di e si y o na ional con ex s (Scha p 2002; E ne 2008). Thus, despi e he las inancial c isis ha ing c ea ed simila p oblems in di e en coun ies, social policies we e le behind on he need o con e gence. And his is how social policies con ibu e o a weak esponse om he wo ke s’ side. The e was opposi ion and mobiliza ion in coun ies like Po ugal, namely h ough gene al s ikes, which doubled i s numbe in a ew yea s, bu wi h no poli ical consequences be o e he elec ions. Na ional speci ici ies weaken ade unions’ ac ion a a Eu opean le el, making i mo e di icul o de elop common s a egies (Mülle and Pla ze 2017). 166 ci izenship in c isis In hese na ional speci ici ies, we mus con empla e he eali y o en enched na ional pa ochialisms as a majo cons ain upon he possibili y o sup ana ional ins i u ion-building (Abbo 2011). The Eu opean ade union mo emen has simply no had enough in luence: “The c isis did no s op popula p o es . Howe e , Eu opean ade unions p ima ily ough p essing de ensi e s uggles a he company o na ional le el and he e o e ecu en ly lacked he esou ces necessa y o engage in longe - e m ans o ma i e s uggles” (E ne 2015, 358). Based on hei compa ison o Eu opean ade union o ganiza ions, be o e and a e 2008, Mülle and Pla ze (2017) iden i y how ade unions wen om a pe iod o o ganiza ional consolida ion and imp o ing ins i u ional powe esou ces owa d a less Eu opean engaged mo emen ha ing a new economic go e nance amewo k, which only ein o ces he asymme ies. These au ho s conclude ha ade unions need o p esen plausible al e na i e policies. And hey canno only lobby o e o m o he ins i u ional se -up o he new economic go e nance amewo k. They also need o o e come he na ional sphe e. In he au ho s’ wo ds: “[ ade unions] need o g an a highe p io i y o ‘Eu ope’ and all ha his implies in e ms o speci ic ac i i ies, in e ms o bo h s a egies and o ganisa ion, and e lec his in he alloca ion o sca ce s a and ma e ial esou ces” (Mülle and Pla ze 2017, 310). In he same sense, Lima and A iles also said: “T ade unions a e s ill capable o mobilizing wo ke s when needed, bu na ional ade union ac ion mus be coo dina ed wi h egional and Eu opean ac ion o de elop al e na i e policy op ions” (Lima and A iles 2011, 400). One mus ha e in mind ha ade unions usually ocus on he na ional le el because his is whe e wo kplace p oblems can be iden i ied and ac o s in luencing na ional unions a e mo e easily iden i ied. Fu he mo e, as E ne (2008) s esses, he choice o ac a a ce ain le el is p ima ily de e mined by he means a ailable. Li e a u e does no seem o ela e much he sca ce na ional unions’ opposi ion owa d neolibe al policies wi h he mobiliza ion capaci y o he Eu opean T ade Union Con ede a ion (e uc). Co inne Gobin no iced ha his sup a-na ional o ganiza ion pe o ms a unionism o he op (Gobin 1997, 137) and is no poli ically in luen ial. The e uc ook posi ion on aus e i y, ha ing o ganized demons a ions o holding i s cong ess in A hens in 2011, bu demons a ions we e ela i ely weak: May 2009, 250,000 pa icipan s; Sep embe 2010, 100,000 pa icipan s; No embe 2012, hund eds o c isis and poli ical discou se o po uguese social pa ne s 167 housands o demons a ions (Deg yse 2013). The e uc conside s aus e i y measu es mainly as coun e -p oduc i e. In ac , he e uc is a mega-s uc u e bu assembles e y dis inc o ganiza ions, no only om di e en Eu opean egions bu also om he same coun y. In sum, al hough i would be impo an ha he “…unionis s pe cei e[e] he eu as an e ec i e amewo k o collec i e ac ion and no jus a h ea ” (E ne 2008, 194), he e a e ex e nal and in e nal easons o he lack o Eu opeaniza ion o union s a egies. me hodology We he e in end o asce ain which ways social pa ne s discou ses e ol ed wi hin he con ex o he c isis and in pa icula conside ing he sup a-na ional in e en ion o he oika as a de ining momen in Po uguese his o y. Hence, we analysed social pa ne s “ oices” be o e, du ing, and a e he oika p esence (May 2011-May 2014). The e a e wo main easons o use he w i en discou se as a good sou ce o da a. Fi s , i ensu es he compa a i e exe cise, which would be less eliable h ough in e iews o ins ance when aking in o conside a ion he dis ance om he e en s and he end o ebuild discou ses. Second, he w i en discou se is bo h a se o ideas and an in e ac i e p ocess (Schmid 2002), which means i may be a way o gain ag eemen o e o m om ele an policy ac o s. The e o e, we analysed he poli ical p og ammes o social pa ne s. These documen s a e based on a collec i e consensus and se e as guidelines o a manda e (usually 3-4 yea s), o bo h in e nal and ex e nal audiences, binding he espec i e o ganiza ions wi h u u e claims and ac ions. We analysed he w i en discou ses o he cg p-in-Con ede ação Ge al dos T abalhado es Po ugueses-In e syndical (Gene al Con ede a ion o Po uguese Wo ke s) and cip-Con ede ação Emp esa ial de Po ugal (Con ede a ion o Po uguese Business). These a e he wo mos ep esen a i e, in luen ial, and oldes Po uguese social pa ne s, al hough he e a e nei he objec i e no legal c i e ia o assess i s ep esen a i eness, p e ailing a “mu ual ecogni ion” sys em (Eu o ound 2016). We unde ook a mul idisciplina y analysis conside ing he use o echniques om o he scien i ic ields. Fi s , we applied wo d ex ac ion wi h he help o compu e enginee ing o iden i y key-ph ases (wo ds o sequences o wo ds 168 ci izenship in c isis ha ep esen en i ies and/o opical ph ases ), oge he wi h hei occu ence ( equency) and cen ali y, i. e., how ele an a key-ph ase is when conside ing each documen as a connec ed web o possible key-ph ases (Won e al. o hcoming). We ha e addi ionally conside ed speci ic and opically- ela ed wo ds,1 namely “Eu ope”, “eu”, “ oika”, “c isis”, “so e eign y”, “in e e ence”, and wo social pa ne s a a Eu opean le el ( he e uc and BusinessEu ope), no au oma ically iden i ied as key-ph ases om he algo i hm. Then, wi h he help o linguis ic expe ise, we analysed he ideological discou se o he segmen s in which hose key-ph ases we e ound, seeking o unde s and he sense associa ed wi h hose wo ds. Ha ing ound a e y low equency o wo ds like “Eu ope”, we benchma ked i conside ing also he equency o “Go e nmen ”, assuming hey a e compa able in he poli ical sys em. Table 7.1 iden i ies he documen s analysed. 1 The analysis was ob iously made in Po uguese, wo ds being p esen ed in English only in his chap e . Poli ical documen s analysed be o e he oika a i al du ing he oika p esence a e he oika depa u e cg p-in 2008 P og ama de cong esso (11 h gene al mee ing p og amme) 2012 P og ama de cong esso (12 h gene al mee ing p og amme) 2016 P og ama de cong esso (13 h gene al mee ing p og amme) cip 2010 Plano Ac i idades 2010-12 (ac i i y plan) 2011* Plano Ac i idades 2011 (ac i i y plan) 2017 Candida u a 2017-19 (elec o al p og amme) Sou ce: cg p gene al mee ing p og ammes (2008, 2012, 2016); cip ac i i y plans (2010, 2011, 2017). * We also conside ed in a i s momen he cip P og amme o he iennium 2014-2016, because he 2011 documen was published in Ma ch, hus be o e he oika a i ed in May 2011. Howe e , he 2014 documen is sho e han usual (12 pages ins ead o abou 50) and i s con en does no change ou indings signi ican ly. Table 7.1 c isis and poli ical discou se o po uguese social pa ne s 169 indings he backg ound O e he las ou decades, no only has he Po uguese economy changed, ollowing he Eu opean Economic Communi y in eg a ion and he subsequen s ages in he Eu opean p ojec , in pa icula he Eu ozone, bu he Po uguese labou ela ions sys em has also acqui ed a le el o ma u i y. The s abiliza ion o he na ional indus ial ela ions sys em in he beginning o he 1990s illus a es his as all ep esen a i e o ganiza ions we e included in he social conce a ion council. Al hough he main union o ganiza ion, cg p-in, s a ed by e using o pa icipa e in social conce a ion, i joined and signed he i s social pac s in 1991. In addi ion o he ansposi ion o a no ma i e amewo k and o he legisla i e aspec s, Eu opean in eg a ion has con ibu ed o he eme gence o a new pa e n o social ela ions, ma ked by he ins i u ionaliza ion o social dialogue a he na ional le el (Royo 2012). Fo many social ac o s, Eu ope ep esen ed no only economic encou agemen o adop ing ee ma ke s bu also a poli ical oppo uni y o plu alis egimes (González 2012). The pola iza ion o labou ela ions in Po ugal also conce ns he Eu opean p ojec . While o cg p he Eu opean in eg a ion was an “ad en u e” (Ca axo 2011) and i s ini ial ejec ion a he Eu opean T ade Union Con ede a ion seems o e lec i (Cas anhei a 1985), o cip, one can iden i y an impo an ecep i eness, conside ing he s eng hening o he ee ma ke and he suppo p o ided o democ a ic egimes. Despi e he ideological di ision amongs employe s be ween hose o ien ed owa d he A lan ic economy and hose in e es ed in he Eu opean economy, he Eu opean p ojec seemed o push employe s u he in o Eu ope in conjunc ion wi h he p oblems a ising in he ex-colonies (González 2012). Po ugal has made ecou se o a sup a-na ional suppo on h ee occasions since he ad en o democ acy: in 1977-79, 1983-85, and in 2011-14. The i s wo we e an im in e en ion and he las was a oika in e en ion, hus also including he Eu opean Cen al Bank and he Eu opean Commission. In ac , he i s and second im in e en ions in Po ugal we e held in a pe iod o p epa a ion o joining he Eu opean Economic Communi y wi h he membe ship applica ion p ocess unning om 1977 h ough o accession in 1986. Fo he las in e en ion, Po ugal was no only in eg a ed in o he 176 ci izenship in c isis cip men ions social conce a ion in a b ie bu suppo i e way in he pos - oika published documen , while he e was no e e ence in he documen o he pe iod p io o he oika’s a i al. Simul aneously, collec i e ba gaining also dese es a e y b ie e e ence in bo h pe iods. The cip posi ion sus ains ha no hing is able o change he s a us quo, in pa icula in he pe iod ollowing he oika. This e lec s how he cip in ends o lobby o he main enance o he de egula ion eached since he implemen a ion o he Labou Code in 2003: In pa icula , cip will be in ansigen in main aining he legal amewo k in o ce o collec i e ba gaining, in pa icula as ega ds nego ia ion space, alidi y, and o e sigh , as well as he legal egime on wo king ime and o ganiza ion, du a ion o aca ions, and compensa ion o ex a wo k. (2017, 19 – au ho s’ ansla ion) compa ing cg p and cip discou ses on he imposi ion o aus e i y by sup a-na ional ac o s Compa ing he discou ses o he wo main social pa ne s, cg p and cip, we ealize hey a e no only ideologically dis inc bu opposi e, pola izing he wo sides o labou ela ions. Bo h discou ses a e ideological and assume a bellige en one. They clea ly iden i y he “enemy”: on he one hand, capi al, on he o he , he s a e. The wa like language is common o bo h o ganiza ions al hough he w i en cg p discou se also includes in e jec ions, while cip is so ening i s discou se ollowing he depa u e o he oika. The p agma ic posi ions o he social pa ne s eme ge ou o hei mos impo an key ph ases, as Table 7.2 shows. Top h ee inno a i e ele an key-ph ases be o e and a e he T oika du ing he oika p esence a e he oika depa u e cg p-in Labou ma ke En e p ises Employmen Collec i e ba gaining Righ s Righ -wing policy cip Ma ke economy Po uguese economy Judicial sys em Membe s’ ne wo k Economic g ow h Comp omise Sou ce: cg p gene al mee ing p og ammes (2008, 2012, 2016); cip ac i i y plans (2010, 2011, 2017). Table 7.2 c isis and poli ical discou se o po uguese social pa ne s 177 Al hough bo h social pa ne s always p esen he same i s key ph ase (“wo ke s” in he cg p case, and “companies” in he cip case), he ele an new wo ds emphasize hei con ex ual conce n, which clea ly is he na ional si ua ion. Thus, he cg p seems mainly conce ned abou he high unemploymen a e be o e he oika a i al, changing i s ocus o he need o eco e he collec i e ba gaining powe a e i s depa u e. We would explain his shi in he co e demands by he sligh dec ease in he unemploymen a e a e he oika le bu especially by he pe cep ion o an oppo uni y o e e se he s a us quo wi hin he newly p e ailing poli ical con igu a ion. On he o he side o he di ide, aced by he oika, cip elec ed he judicial sys em as he ocus o i s campaigning. I conside ed ha he judicial sys em posed an obs acle o he de elopmen o he Po uguese economy. This issue loses impo ance a e he oika le . We can explain he judicial sys em’s loss o impo ance bo h h ough conside ing he oika’s changes o he legal amewo k, and also h ough he eme gence o a new conce n. In ac , a e he oika le , he cip ocused on he comp omise associa ed wi h he main enance o he s a us quo, and seemingly adop ing a econcilia o y discou se. Finally, he pos - oika cip documen also displays conce ns o e i s own membe s. This in e nal ques ion p obably s ems om he loss o membe s o he need o eco e hei us . We would no e ha in Ma ch 2014, he o me cip p esiden s accused he cu en incumben o ha ming membe s’ in e es s when signing a pe i ion calling o he enego ia ion o he public deb (Negócios 2014). In no social pa ne discou se does Eu ope o any co esponding wo d, like eu o B ussels, achie e impo ance, al hough cg p makes mo e e e ences o “Eu ope” han cip. This does no mean ha Eu ope was expec ed o p esen a high sco e, because he subjec is in p inciple no he ocus o he p og amme o a na ional o ganiza ion mee ing, bu i could assume a mo e impo an posi ion conside ing he oika composi ion and i s aus e i y policies. The benchma king wi h wo ds like Go e nmen and oika showed ha Eu ope is mo e impo an al hough s ill wi h ew occu ences. In any case, we also obse e a dec ease o impo ance o Eu ope and ela ed wo ds in he discou se o cg p while i inc eases in he cip discou se a e he oika depa u e. No e o ins ance ha a sec ion o he 2017 cip documen is en i led: “A Con ede a ion commi ed o Eu ope Uni ed a ound Compe i i eness”. Also he e e ence o he sup a-na ional social pa ne s in which cg p and cip a e a ilia ed (e uc and BusinessEu ope espec i ely) is low, as we can see in Figu e 7.1. 178 ci izenship in c isis cg p and cip occu ences o selec ed key-ph ases Sou ces: cg p gene al mee ing p og ammes (2008, 2012, 2016) and cip ac i i y plans (2010, 2011, 2017). 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20162012 CGTP CIP 2008 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 201720112010 C isis eu/Eu ope/B ussels ces / e uc im Go e nmen So e eign y In e e ence T oika Figu e 7.1 c isis and poli ical discou se o po uguese social pa ne s 179 The posi ion o selec ed key ph ases in bo h discou ses seems o show ha he “c isis” disappea ed qui e soon om he social pa ne s’ discou ses. And while “ oika” o ins ance ne e en e ed in he cip discou se, i dec eases he impo ance achie ed in cg p discou se. In ac , while cg p emphasizes he oika as i s enemy, cip ends o con ey he imp ession ha oika’s in e en ion was no mal. The g ea capi al and he execu o s o igh -wing poli ics a e esponsible o he p oblems wi h which he wo ke s, he people, and he coun y a e con on ed. All p oblems we e agg a a ed by he implemen a ion o he Pac o S abili y and G ow h (pec) and he “agg ession p og amme”, bu he “end o he oika” did no ep esen an end o in e e ence in Po ugal. (2016, 24) When making a gene al compa ison be ween cg p and cip, cip eme ges as mo e inno a i e. In ac , while cg p documen s con ain almos 50% new key ph ases, cip deploys abou 60% o new key ph ases when compa ed wi h p e ious documen s. We can illus a e his by i s in oduc ion o new subjec s, such as clima e change, which alls beyond he scope o cg p’s discou se. Such inno a ion does no necessa ily mean ha cip explo ed his subjec in any p og essi e ashion. In ac , in 2017, he cip main ained ha i would no suppo any no ms mo e ad anced han hose o he eu, especially in he en i onmen al ield. We should also ake in o accoun how, in 2010, cip also in ended o in oduce he deba e on nuclea ene gy as a po en ial al e na i e ene gy sou ce (2010, 31). In sum, he poli ical p og ammes seem o play ideological oles add essing membe s while simul aneously cla i ying he alues o hese an agonis ic ac o s. While he cg p elec s “capi al” as i s enemy and s ands in a ou o mo e solida i y and equali y, eaching u he in i s poli ical posi ion by a i ming i s le ish a ilia ion, cip elec s he “s a e” as he enemy and ea i ms he alue o ma ke solu ions and indi idual esponsibili y. Thei ideological o ien a ions did no change o e he pe iod o he oika’s in e en ion. Thei discou ses so ened as hey mo ed on om he heigh o he c isis, al hough he cg p’s e e ences o he igh -wing policies eme ged mo e clea ly, as well as social conce a ion c i icism. Fu he mo e, in he mos ecen documen s, bo h o ganiza ions s ess hei conc e e p io i ies o he Po uguese economy in he coming yea s: inc eases in wages and eco e ing collec i e ba gaining powe s o he cg p and he educ ion o he weigh o he s a e in he 180 ci izenship in c isis economy o enable i s g ow h as amed by cip’s Eu opean commi men s. Thei p agma ic posi ions may also be summa ized as a p o o con a i ude owa d he s a us quo le behind by he oika. discussion and conclusion The cen aliza ion o Eu opean economy seems o be he pa h ound o gua an ee Eu ozone s abili y, and ha pa h implied he exclusion o social pa ne s om he comp omise be ween he Po uguese go e nmen and he oika, in May 2011. Social pa ne s we e no in i ed o nego ia e pa hs o economic adjus men in Po ugal because he sup a-na ional in e en ion is domina ed by a neolibe al ideology, im condi ionali y usually being used o implemen unpopula policies. Po uguese union con ede a ions, and cg p in pa icula , e ealed an impo an opposi ion o he p esence o he oika, as he en i y mainly esponsible o aus e i y measu es and a sup a-na ional in e en ion o neolibe al ac o s. Gene al s ikes we e called and cg p is known o i s communis in luence, hus, we could expec ha i s poli ical w i en discou se showed a p o es eac ion mo e han cip a suppo ing one. Ne e heless, ou indings show ha he c isis seems o disappea qui e soon om bo h social pa ne s’ discou ses and ha bo h cg p and cip discou ses gi e a much lowe impo ance o sup a-na ional ac o s han du ing he oika p esence, a ew yea s be o e. In ac , he c isis and na ional p oblems seem olde han he oika p esence and amed by a mo e in-dep h igh agains an abs ac enemy. This ideological a i ude o Po uguese social pa ne s may help o explain why he c isis disappea ed so quickly om he poli ical p og ammes. Ou indings show ha he bellige en one o he discou se is, no only a union ea u e, bu , ha ing ound i in employe s’ discou se also, we conside i a cha ac e is ic o ou labou ela ions sys em. Bo h o ganiza ions ha e clea enemies, abs ac , and pola ized: capi al o cg p and he s a e o cip. Na ional p oblems consume mos a en ion o bo h Po uguese social pa ne s, which joins li e a u e indings when i conside s ha na ional o ganiza ions and unions in pa icula s ay subme ged in na ional p oblems. While cg p keeps ocused on he eco e y o i s collec i e ba gaining powe , cip in ends o es ablish comp omises in o de o p ese e he al eady achie ed de egula ion o he labou ma ke . Bo h social pa ne s seem o adop a less c isis and poli ical discou se o po uguese social pa ne s 181 bellige en a i ude a e he oika’s depa u e, mo i a ed by di e en easons. While cg p in ends o eco e collec i e ba gaining powe bu is awa e ha he issue is no men ioned in he ag eemen s be ween he socialis pa y and he o he le -wing pa ies wi h a sea in he pa liamen , cip in ends o apply p essu e using social conce a ion, in which i possibly will no mee cg p, a leas in he las s age o nego ia ions. Appa en ly, he sup a-na ional in e en ion only unde lined he cg p opposi ion owa d social conce a ion, based on he ine icien social pac signed wi h he ug in 2012. cg p seems o dep ecia e social conce a ion as i he go e nmen used social pac s o i s own democ a ic image, con ibu ing o he decline in unions’ legi imacy, which is suppo ed by some li e a u e. The wo Po uguese social pa ne s do mu ually sha e a b oad lack o a en ion o he b oade Eu opean scena io, which also joins li e a u e on he opic. This happens, conce ning no only Eu opean ins i u ions, bu also Eu opean social pa ne s wi h which hey a e a ilia ed. One canno neglec he ac ha he absence o an a icula ion be ween he Eu opean and he na ional o ganiza ions con ibu es o a less cohesi e and in luen ial mo emen . And his a icula ion p oblem seems he e o e an impo an esea ch opic o a nea u u e p o iding new insigh s on why he Eu opean union mo emen is no capable o dealing wi h cen alized neolibe al policies. Al hough ou esul s con ibu e o knowledge abou he e olu ion o social pa ne s in he ace o he economic c isis and Eu ope, especially on how impo an was he sup a-na ional imposi ion o aus e i y, ou esea ch also ook place unde cons ain s. An impo an limi a ion s ems om he na u e and pa iali y o he documen s analysed. Only h ough conside ing o he documen s may we gain an e ec i e o e iew o he w i en discou ses o social pa ne s. O he sou ces also hold ele ance, including p ess eleases, boa d membe in e iews, and di e se In e ne pla o m con en , e en i he poli ical p og ammes a e supposed o be he esul o a collec i e consensus and o he sou ces a e less sys ema ic. Fu he mo e, one mus be awa e ha al hough he poli ical documen s analysed a e guidelines o ac ion, ac o s’ s a egy is also he esul o a daily e lec ion buil upon unexpec ed e en s and in e ac ions. acknowledgemen s This esea ch was suppo ed by he Po uguese Founda ion o Science and Technology ( e e ence: uid/soc/50013/2013 – s h/bpd/108014/20 15 — pes - oe/lin/ui0214/2013). 182 ci izenship in c isis ____________________________________ aquel ego Ins i u o de Ciências Sociais, Uni e sidade de Lisboa A . P o . Aníbal Be encou 9 — 1600-036 Lisboa, Po ugal aquel. [email p o ec ed] o cid.o g/0000-0002-7342-8695 ____________________________________ miguel won Ins i u o de Engenha ia de Sis emas e Compu ado es – In es igação e Desen ol imen o miguelwon@ ecnico.ulisboa.p o cid.o g/0000-0003-0745-7452 ____________________________________ b uno ma ins Ins i u o de Engenha ia de Sis emas e Compu ado es – In es igação e Desen ol imen o b uno.g.ma ins@ ecnico.ulisboa.p o cid.o g/0000-0002-3856-2936 ____________________________________ amália mendes Cen o de Linguís ica, Faculdade de Le as, Uni e sidade de Lisboa amaliamen[email p o ec ed]a.p o cid.o g/0000-0001-6815-2674 ____________________________________ i ia del ío Cen o de Linguís ica, Faculdade de Le as, Uni e sidade de Lisboa igay[email p o ec ed] o cid.o g/0000-0002-4187-6485 ____________________________________ pie e lejeune Cen o de Linguís ica, Faculdade de Le as, Uni e sidade de Lisboa lejeunepie e@ho mail.com o cid.o g/0000-0002-2495-9043 ____________________________________ e e ences abbo , K. 2011. “Theo ising in e na ional ade unionism”. 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