Documentation and maintenance of contact languages from South Asia to East Asia

Documen a ion and Main ance o Con ac Languages om Sou h Asia o Eas Asia Edi ed by Má io Pinha anda-Nunes and Hugo C. Ca doso Language Documen a ion & Conse a ion Special Publica ion 19 Documen a ion and Main enance o Con ac Languages om Sou h Asia o Eas Asia Edi ed by Má io Pinha anda-Nunes and Hugo C. Ca doso Language Documen a ion & Conse a ion Special Publica ion No. 19 Published online in 2019 as a Special Publica ion o Language Documen a ion & Conse a ion Language Documen a ion & Conse a ion Depa men o Linguis ics Uni e si y o Hawai‘i a Mānoa Moo e Hall 569 1890 Eas Wes Road Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822 USA h p:/n l c.hawaii.edu/ldc Uni e si y o Hawai‘i P ess 2840 Kolowalu S ee Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96822-1888 USA Ó All ex s and images a e copy igh o he espec i e au ho s/c ea o s, 2019 All chap e s a e licensed unde C ea i e Commons Licenses. Co e design by Bea iz Pinha anda Licensed unde C ea i e Commons A ibu ion Non-Comme cial No De i a i es License ISBN 978-0-9973295-6-8 h p://hdl.handle.ne /10125/24911 ! ! ! ! ! Con en s Con ibu o s i Fo ewo d Má io Pinha anda -Nunes & Hugo C. Ca doso ii 1 Documen ing mode n S i Lanka Po uguese Hugo C. Ca doso, Mahesh Radhak ishnan, Pa ícia Cos a & Rui Pe ei a 1 2 Kod ah K is ang: The Ini ia i e o Re i alize he K is ang Language in Singapo e Ke in Ma ens Wong 35 3 Pe anakans in Singapo e: Responses o language endange men and documen a ion Nala H. Lee 123 4 Documen ing online w i ing p ac ices: The case o nominal plu al ma king in Zamboanga Chabacano Edua do Toba Delgado 141 Con ibu o s Hugo C. Ca doso holds deg ees om he uni e si ies o Coimb a and Ams e dam and is cu en ly Assis an P o esso a he Uni e si y o Lisbon. His esea ch ocuses on language con ac in ol ing Po uguese, ha ing wo ked on Sa amaccan, a c eole o Su iname, bu especially on he Po uguese-based c eoles o Sou h Asia – hose o India (in pa icula , Diu and he Malaba Coas ) and S i Lanka –, endange ed languages which he has documen ed ex ensi ely. His wo k combines a synch onic desc ip i e pe spec i e wi h an in e es in he his o y o hese languages and in compa a i e app oaches. Among his (co-)edi ed olumes a e Language endange men and p ese a ion in Sou h Asia (2014, LD&C Special Publica ion), Ibe o-Asian C eoles: Compa a i e pe spec i es (John Benjamins, 2012; co-edi ed wi h Alan Bax e & Má io Pinha anda Nunes), and G adual C eoliza ion; S udies in hono o Jacques A ends (John Benjamins, 2009; co-edi ed wi h Rachel Selbach & Ma go an den Be g). Pa ícia Cos a holds an MA in Linguis ics and is cu en ly a PhD candida e a he Uni e si y o Lisbon. He doc o al esea ch mainly ocuses on language a ia ion and change in he Po uguese-based c eole o S i Lanka. P e iously, o he mas e 's hesis, she has also wo ked on ideophones in San ome, a c eole spoken in São Tomé and P íncipe, be o e engaging, as a esea ch assis an , in he mul idisciplina y p ojec Documen a ion o S i Lanka Po uguese. Nala H. Lee is an Assis an P o esso o Linguis ics a he Na ional Uni e si y o Singapo e. She is in e es ed in he spec um o language change b ough abou by mul ilingualism. Speci ically, he esea ch in e es s include language endange men , language dea h, and c eole s udies. She w o e a g amma o Baba Malay o he PhD disse a ion, and is a co-de elope o he Language Endange men Index, which is used by he Ca alogue o Endange ed Languages (www.endange edlanguages.com). She has published in jou nals such as Language in Socie y, Jou nal o Pidgin and C eole Languages, Language Documen a ion and Conse a ion, and he Annual Re iew o Linguis ics. Rui Pe ei a holds a deg ee in Languages, Li e a u es and Cul u es – Po uguese and English, om he Uni e sidade No a de Lisboa and is cu en ly inishing his mas e ’s deg ee in Linguis ics a he Uni e si y o Lisbon, unde he supe ision o P o . Hugo C. Ca doso. The ocus o his esea ch is a sociolingui ic s udy o he Bu ghe communi y in S i Lanka, aiming o assess he i ali y and ansmission a es (and ele an ela ed a iables) o he communi y’s endange ed language Con ibu o s ! Mahesh Radhak ishnan (PhD, Macqua ie Uni e si y) is an an h opological linguis and e hnomusicologis wi h a b oad esea ch in e es in many aspec s o language, music, cul u e and pe o mance and is a collabo a o a Cen o de Linguís ica da Uni e sidade de Lisboa (CLUL), Visi ing Fellow in An h opology a he Aus alian Na ional Uni e si y, and Resea ch Assis an a he Paci ic and Regional A chi e o Digi al Sou ces in Endange ed Cul u es (PARADISEC) a he Sydney Conse a o ium o Music, Uni e si y o Sydney in addi ion o being a Resea ch A ilia e a he Aus alian Resea ch Council Cen e o Excellence o he Dynamics o Language. Mahesh ecen ly comple ed a Pos doc o al Resea ch Fellowship a CLUL (Sep 2017- Feb 2019), wo king as an e hnomusicologis /linguis on he ELDP- unded Documen a ion o S i Lanka Po uguese (DSLP) p ojec coo dina ed by D . Hugo C. Ca doso since Sep embe 2017. Wi hin his p ojec Mahesh was documen ing and esea ching he pe o mance adi ions and language o speake s o S i Lanka Po uguese. Besides he p esen publica ion and o he s in p epa a ion om he DSLP p ojec Mahesh has p e iously published on I ish sean-nós and Sou h Indian Ca na ic singing, and on e hnog aphic, pe o mance-cen ed and musicolinguis ic app oaches o he s udy o song, and has also p esen ed esea ch in he a eas o language documen a ion, Aus alian Abo iginal languages, Cel ic S udies and pe o mance s udies, in addi ion o con ening he Sung Poe y g oup, an in e disciplina y discussion g oup based in Aus alia explo ing schola ship a he in e sec ions o language, music and cul u e in sung pe o mance. Edua do Toba Delgado has a PhD in Linguis ic S udies om he Uni e si y o A Co uña, Spain and an MA in he use o In o ma ion and Communica ion Technologies in Language Resea ch om he Na ional Dis ance Educa ion Uni e si y, Spain. A e s a ing a ca ee as an English Teache o he Spanish Public Ne wo k o Language Schools, he was a consul an o he Spanish Minis y o Educa ion in Mad id, and o he Spanish Embassies in Po ugal and he USA. He is cu en ly a membe o he Depa men o Spanish o he Uni e si y o Vigo, Spain. His esea ch ocuses on Zamboanga Chabacano, a a ie y o Philippine C eole Spanish, including aspec s such as online w i ing p ac ices, lexical o igins o eduplica ions. His main inno a ion in he ield o c eolis ics is he s udy o spon aneous online in e ac ion, mos ly aken om social media. This app oach has p o ided him wi h a unique and ex ensi e co pus o con empo a y Zamboanga Chabacano samples. Ke in Ma ens Wong is he ounde and di ec o o he Kod ah K is ang e i aliza ion ini ia i e in Singapo e, and a g adua e in linguis ics om he Na ional Uni e si y o Singapo e. His esea ch ocuses on he his o y o K is ang and he Eu asian communi y in Singapo e, and his wo k has been published in he edi ed olumes Singapo e Eu asians: Memo ies, Hopes and D eams (Wo ld Scien i ic) and Re i alizing endange ed languages: A p ac ical guide (Camb idge Uni e si y P ess, o hcoming). i Acknowledgmen s ! Acknowledgmen s We a e e y g a e ul o Alexand e Lebel o his p ecious assis ance wi h he inal p oo eadings and he o ma ing o his olume. We also wish o hank Bea iz Pinha anda o he design o he co e . ! Language Documen a ion & Conse a ion Special Publica ion No. 19 Documen a ion and Main enance o Con ac Languages om Sou h Asia o Eas Asia ed. by Má io Pinha anda-Nunes & Hugo C. Ca doso, pp. ii–x h p:/n l c.hawaii.edu/ldc/sp19 h p://hdl.handle.ne /10125/24904 Fo ewo d Má io Pinha anda-Nunes Uni e si y o Macau Hugo C. Ca doso Uni e sidade de Lisboa In he ime spanning om Himmelmann’s (1998) seminal a icle, he p ac ice o language documen a ion has unde s andably de eloped a disce nible ocus on endange ed, mino i y and lesse desc ibed languages. While he p ima y conce n o documen a y linguis ics lies speci ically in ‘da a collec ion, ep esen a ion and di usion (…) wi h g amma s, dic iona ies, and ex collec ions as seconda y, dependan p oduc s’ (Aus in, 2006:87), a na u al en anglemen wi h linguis ic desc ip ion has become e iden , bu also wi h language conse a ion and e i aliza ion. As a esul o he ealiza ion o he global pe asi eness o language endange men , hese associa ed endea ou s ha e signi ican ly expanded hei i ali y and isibili y in ecen yea s. Howe e , as Ga e (2006) no es, con ac languages ha e been o some ex en absen om discou ses on language endange men , bu also om ins i u ional ini ia i es o coun e he si ua ion, a ac he a ibu es o ac o s ela ed o many o hese languages’ ela i e ecen ness and a pe cei ed lack o au onomy (wi h espec o hei lexi ie s). Howe e , he eali y is ha , in p ac ice, con ac languages ha e also been and con inue o be he objec o language documen a ion, desc ip ion, and e i aliza ion e o s, as demons a ed in his special olume wi h conc e e e e ence o he egions o Sou h, Sou heas and Eas Asia. This pa icula geog aphic ocus – which is highly pe inen , since con ac languages o Asia a e in gene al less p ominen han hei A lan ic coun e pa s in he li e a u e – de i es om he ac ha he genesis o his olume ela es o he 2nd Con e ence o Language Con ac in Asia and he Paci ic, hos ed by he Uni e si y o iii Fo ewo d by Má io Pinha anda-Nunes & Hugo C. Ca doso ! Macau in Sep embe 2016. The con e ence co e ed a di e se scope o sub ields ela ed o language con ac , in ol ing language desc ip ion o mo pho-syn a ic and phonological phenomena, language acquisi ion s udies, and language documen a ion and e i aliza ion o mino i y languages. F om his a he eclec ic lis o opics, a selec ion o hose con e ence pape s, wi h wo o he addi ions, ocusing on documen a ion and e i aliza ion, came o cons i u e his special publica ion o Language Documen a ion & Conse a ion. Th oughou he cen u ies, he egions o Sou h, Sou heas , and Eas Asia ha e been e ile in ins ances o linguis ic con ac , and hey ha e he e o e wi nessed he o ma ion o se e al con ac languages, unde s ood he e, wi h e.g. Ansaldo (2007: 4), as languages o med in “high-con ac en i onmen s”, which may ange om pidgins o c eoles and mixed languages. This olume includes s udies ela ed o a small subse o hese, namely S i Lanka Po uguese, Papia K is ang, Baba Malay, and Zamboanga Chabacano. The ac ha h ee ou o hese ou languages a e Ibe ian-lexi ied c eoles does no – despi e he expe ise o he edi o s – e lec an in en ional na owing o he scope o he olume; i is he esul o he submissions ecei ed and o he subsequen pee - e iew p ocess. The opening a icle, en i led ‘Documen ing mode n S i Lanka Po uguese’, is co- au ho ed by Hugo C. Ca doso, Mahesh Radhak ishnan, Pa ícia Cos a and Rui Pe ei a and epo s on a documen a ion p ojec unded by he Endange ed Languages Documen a ion P og amme. The au ho s begin by p o iding a his o ical o e iew o he sociohis o ical con ex behind he o ma ion o S i Lanka Po uguese (SLP), a c eole language o ha Sou h Asian island, as well as o he ex en o i s documen a ion since he 19 h cen u y. The a icle hen goes on o desc ibe he ac ions unde aken wi hin he ‘Documen a ion o S i Lanka Po uguese’ (DSLP) p ojec o engage wi h i s a ious ace s: i) he su ey o he sociolinguis ic s a us o mode n SLP, including geog aphic dis ibu ion, numbe o speake s, speake pe cep ions o luency, language ansmission and i ali y; ii) he me hodology o language documen a ion, including he de ini ion o an o hog aphy ansc ip ion and anno a ion s a egies; iii) he coo dina ion be ween language documen a ion and e hnomusicological esea ch, buil in o he p ojec ; i ) he loca ion and ansc ip ion o a e and a chi al sou ces ela ing o SLP. This a icle p o ides a desc ip i e accoun o he challenges, me hods and choices in ol ed in a speci ic documen a ion p ojec ocusing on an endange ed c eole, which may se e o in o m simila endea ou s elsewhe e. Ke in Ma ens Wong’s ‘Kod ah K is ang: The ini ia i e o e i alize he K is ang language in Singapo e’ is a de ailed desc ip ion and sel -assessmen o a e i aliza ion p ojec se up by he himsel , aimed a e i ing he use o Papia K is ang (PK), he Po uguese-lexi ied c eole o iginally de eloped in Malacca, among he Eu asian communi y o Singapo e. The a icle begins wi h a desc ip ion o he genesis o PK and i s he i age communi y, i s sp ead o Singapo e, cu en issues on he naming o he language, and numbe o speake s. The emainde o his ex ensi e a icle in oduces